EP3601490B1 - Method and use to prevent deposits in engine - Google Patents
Method and use to prevent deposits in engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3601490B1 EP3601490B1 EP18715912.4A EP18715912A EP3601490B1 EP 3601490 B1 EP3601490 B1 EP 3601490B1 EP 18715912 A EP18715912 A EP 18715912A EP 3601490 B1 EP3601490 B1 EP 3601490B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- glycol
- alcohol
- molecular weight
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
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- GHKSKVKCKMGRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanol Chemical compound NCCCNCCO GHKSKVKCKMGRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GFIWSSUBVYLTRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethylamino]ethanol Chemical compound OCCNCCNCCO GFIWSSUBVYLTRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAOXFRSJRCGJLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanamine Chemical compound NCCN1CCN(CCN)CC1 PAOXFRSJRCGJLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQNLLSNNESIVOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorooctadecanoic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(Cl)C(O)=O DQNLLSNNESIVOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLDMCLJNYBFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyclohexyloctadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(O)=O)C1CCCCC1 JLDMCLJNYBFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFCSWCVEJLETKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-piperazin-1-ylethanol Chemical compound OCCN1CCNCC1 WFCSWCVEJLETKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJNRGSHEMCMUOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-piperidin-1-ylethanamine Chemical compound NCCN1CCCCC1 CJNRGSHEMCMUOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYSGFFTXMUWEOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(dimethylamino)propan-1-ol Chemical compound CN(C)CCCO PYSGFFTXMUWEOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDHWOCLBMVSZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-imidazol-1-ylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound NCCCN1C=CN=C1 KDHWOCLBMVSZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQGKDMHENBFVRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-aminopentan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCCCCO LQGKDMHENBFVRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- WUGQZFFCHPXWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanolamine Chemical compound NCCCO WUGQZFFCHPXWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene oxide Chemical compound C1OC1C1=CC=CC=C1 AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001346 alkyl aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005263 alkylenediamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoethylpiperazine Chemical compound NCCN1CCNCC1 IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004202 aminomethyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CREXVNNSNOKDHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azaniumylideneazanide Chemical group N[N] CREXVNNSNOKDHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid group Chemical group C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005595 deprotonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010537 deprotonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003916 ethylene diamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 1
- AOXPHVNMBPFOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O AOXPHVNMBPFOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000250 methylamino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002780 morpholines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QOHMWDJIBGVPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n',n'-diethylpropane-1,3-diamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCCN QOHMWDJIBGVPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CVHXKYDSSDLCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-(2-octoxyethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOCCNCCN CVHXKYDSSDLCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSEBQUMQLHKANI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-(3-decoxypropyl)-n'-methylpropane-1,3-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCOCCCN(C)CCCN WSEBQUMQLHKANI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMENJLNZKOMSMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN IMENJLNZKOMSMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYIODHFKZFKMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(methylamino)ethanamine Chemical compound CCN(NC)NC NYIODHFKZFKMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWVGZFQJXVPIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(methylamino)propan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(NC)NC SWVGZFQJXVPIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)C ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-acid Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004986 phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004885 piperazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-aminoethyl)amine Chemical compound NCCN(CCN)CCN MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/1905—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/18—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L10/02 - C10L10/16
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
- C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
Definitions
- This present invention relates to fuel compositions, methods and uses relating thereto.
- the invention relates to ester additives for fuel used in spark ignition engines.
- SI engine spark ignition
- the construction of such engines can change with use as deposits build up on certain components and through wear of other components. These changes in construction may not only change parameters such as power output and overall efficiency; they can also significantly alter the pollutant emissions produced.
- fuel additives have been developed to minimise wear and deposit build-up phenomena. Examples include anti valve seat recession additives to reduce wear and detergents to reduce deposit build-up.
- throttle body injectors As a replacement for carburettors so called throttle body injectors were used with just a single injector taking the place of the carburettor. The position of a throttle body injector was thus very similar to that of the carburettor and the temperature regime was thus similar.
- the systems so far outlined were designed to provide an air fuel mixture that was approximately stoichiometric.
- the engine power was determined by the amount of stoichiometric mixture provided to the cylinder. This was controlled by restricting the flow of mixture into the cylinders, known as throttling. This inevitably incurred pumping losses thus reducing the efficiency of the overall system.
- injection systems where the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.
- Such engines are alternatively known as direct injection spark ignition (DISI), direct injection gasoline (DIG), gasoline direct injection (GDI) etc.
- DISI direct injection spark ignition
- DIG direct injection gasoline
- GDI gasoline direct injection
- Injecting directly into the combustion chamber allows for some degree of stratification of the charge thus allowing an overall lean mixture whilst having a local rich or stoichiometric mixture to facilitate reliable combustion.
- This injection strategy however means that the fuel injector is subjected to higher temperatures and pressures. This increases the likelihood of forming deposits from the high temperature degradation of the fuel.
- the fact that the injector is in the combustion chamber also exposes the injector to combustion gases which may contain partially oxidised fuel and or soot particles which may accumulate, increasing the level of deposits.
- detergent additives include hydrocarbyl-substituted amines, hydrocarbyl substituted succinimides, Mannich reaction products, polyether amines and quaternary ammonium salts. All of these known detergents are nitrogen-containing compounds.
- WO 2010/136822 discloses a method of controlling deposits and/or improving the efficiency and/or improving the fuel economy in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted a detergent compound which is the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine.
- the present invention relates in particular to detergent compounds for gasoline fuel that don't contain nitrogen. Such compounds are much less commonly used as detergents.
- a gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 , wherein R is ethylene or propylene, R 1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- a method of combatting deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline composition comprising as an additive the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 , wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R 1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- an ester compound as a detergent additive in a gasoline composition in a direct injection spark ignition engine; wherein the ester compound is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 , wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R 1 is hydrogen; and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- the method of the second aspect preferably involves combusting in the engine a composition of the first aspect.
- the present invention relates to a composition, a method and a use involving a fuel additive.
- This additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 .
- the additive may be referred to herein as "the additive of the present invention” or as "the ester additive”.
- the ester additive may comprise a single compound. In some embodiments mixtures containing more than one ester additive may be used. References herein to "an additive" of the invention or “the additive” include mixtures comprising two or more such compounds.
- the additive of the present invention is prepared from a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300.
- hydrocarbyl substituent or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character.
- hydrocarbyl groups include:
- references to optionally substituted alkyl groups may include aryl-substituted alkyl groups and references to optionally-substituted aryl groups may include alkyl-substituted or alkenyl-substituted aryl groups.
- the additive of the present invention is the reaction product of an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 and an optionally substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof of formula (A3) or (A4): wherein R 2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300.
- the substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof may comprise a mixture of compounds including groups R 2 of different lengths.
- any reference to the molecular weight of the group R 2 relates to the number average molecular weight for the mixture.
- R 2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 800 to 1200.
- the compound of formula H(OR) n OR 1 may take a number of forms.
- n 1 and R 1 is hydrogen.
- the ester additive of the invention is prepared from a diol.
- R may be substituted, the alcohol may be a polyol.
- the ester may be prepared from a polyalkylene glycol.
- Each alcohol molecule H-(OR) n -OH can react with one or two acid or anhydride molecules.
- the ester additive of the invention may be prepared from an alkylene glycol or a polyalkylene glycol.
- R is an optionally substituted alkylene group.
- the alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 has more than 2 hydroxy groups and the group R is a hydroxyl substituted alkylene group. Such a group may have 1, 2 or more hydroxyl groups.
- the alcohol H-(OR) n -OR 1 may be glycerol, penterythritol or trimethylolpropane.
- R is an unsubstituted alkylene group.
- R is an optionally substituted alkylene group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, suitably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R is an unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, suitably 2 to 6, for example 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R may be straight chained or branched.
- R may be an ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, or hexylene group. When R has more than 2 carbon atoms any isomer may be present.
- R is an ethylene or a propylene group, most preferably a propylene group.
- R may be a group of formula (CH 2 ) x wherein x is from 2 to 12, preferably from 2 to 6.
- R is a straight chain or branched alkylene group and the alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and neopentyl glycol.
- R is preferably CR a R b CR c R d and the alcohol has the formula H-(OCR a R b CR c R d ) n OH wherein each of R a , R b , R c and R d is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group.
- each R a , R b , R c and R d is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 4, for example 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
- each of R a , R b , R c and R d is independently selected from hydrogen and an unsubstituted alkyl group, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, suitably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 atoms, for example 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- at least two of R a , R b , R c and R d is hydrogen, more preferably at least three of R a , R b , R c and R d is hydrogen.
- R a , R b , R c and R d are all hydrogen and R is an ethylene group CH 2 CH 2 .
- R a , R b , R c , and R d is hydrogen and the other is an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 4, suitably 1 to 2, and most preferably 1 carbon atoms.
- polyhydric alcohols used to prepare the additive of the present invention are prepared from epoxides, preferably terminal epoxides.
- R may comprise a mixture of isomers.
- the polyhydric alcohol may include moieties -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )- and -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 - in any order within the chain.
- R may comprise a mixture of different groups for example ethylene, propylene or butylene units. Block copolymer units are preferred in such embodiments.
- R is preferably an ethylene, propylene or butylene group.
- R may be an n-propylene or n-butylene group or an isopropylene or isobutylene group.
- R may be -CH 2 CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )- or -CH 2 CH(CH 2 CH 3 )-.
- R is ethylene or propylene. More preferably R is -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -. Most preferably R is -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -.
- n is at least 1.
- n is from 1 to 100, preferably from 1 to 50, more preferably from 1 to 30, more preferably from 1 to 24, preferably from 1 to 20, suitably from 1 to 16, preferably from 1 to 14.
- n is from 4 to 10, for example from 6 to 8.
- n is from 1 to 6, suitably from 2 to 5, for example 3 or 4.
- n is from 8 to 16, for example from 11 to 14.
- n is from 18 to 26, suitably from 20 to 24, for example 22 to 23.
- the ester additive may be prepared from a polyhydric alcohol or an ether thereof.
- the polyhydric alcohol may be a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 425.
- the polyhydric alcohol may be selected from triethylene glycol, tetraethyelene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
- the polyhydric alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and oligomers or polymers thereof.
- the polyhydric alcohol may be a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 725.
- substituted succinic acids and anhydrides may also contain mixtures of compounds.
- the acid/anhydride and the alcohol are reacted in an approximately 1:1 molar ratio, for example from 1.2:1 to1:1.2.
- the additive preferably includes compounds having the formula (C1) or (C2):
- the additive may also include oligomers or polymers having a structure of formula (D): wherein m is at least 1 and one of each X and Y is R 2 and the other is hydrogen, and Z is hydrogen or COCHXCHYCOOH.
- the alcohol is of formula HO(RO) n H wherein R is a C 1 to C 6 alkylene group, preferably ethylene or propylene; n is from 1 to 40, preferably from 1 to 30; and the acid/anhydride and alcohol are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.25:1 to 1:1.25, for example about 1:1.
- the alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and oligomers or polymers thereof; alkanediols having 1 to 12, preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and sugar alcohols or ethers thereof.
- ester additive of the present invention is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 ;wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 is selected from:
- the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 800.
- the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol.
- the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol selected from glycerol, pentaerythritol and trimethyolpropane.
- ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyethylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 800.
- the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having 4 to 16, preferably 6 to 8 alkoxy groups.
- the ester additive of the present invention is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 ; wherein R 2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300; wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 is selected from:
- the gasoline compositions of the present invention may contain a mixture of different ester additives.
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to a gasoline fuel composition.
- gasoline a liquid fuel for use with spark ignition engines (typically or preferably containing primarily or only C4-C12 hydrocarbons) and satisfying international gasoline specifications, such as ASTM D-439 and EN228.
- the term includes blends of distillate hydrocarbon fuels with oxygenated components such as alcohols or ethers for example methanol, ethanol, butanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl t-butyl ether (ETBE), as well as the distillate fuels themselves.
- oxygenated components such as alcohols or ethers for example methanol, ethanol, butanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl t-butyl ether (ETBE), as well as the distillate fuels themselves.
- MTBE methyl t-butyl ether
- ETBE ethyl t-butyl ether
- the ester additive is present in the gasoline composition in an amount of at least 0.1ppm, preferably at least 1 ppm, more preferably at least 5 ppm, suitably at least 10 ppm, preferably at least 20 ppm, for example at least 30ppm or at least 50 ppm.
- the ester additive is present in the gasoline composition in an amount of less than 10000 ppm, preferably less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 300 ppm, for example less than 250 ppm.
- ester additive is present in the gasoline fuel composition in an amount of suitably less than 200 ppm, for example less than 150 ppm.
- ester additive is present in the gasoline in an amount of from 80 to 130 ppm.
- the gasoline compositions of the present invention may comprise a mixture of two or more ester additives.
- the above amounts refer to the total amounts of all such additives present in the composition.
- ester additive compounds that may be present include mixtures formed by reacting a mixture of different alcohols of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 with a succinic acid having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and/or mixtures formed by reacting an alcohol of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 with a mixture of succinic acids having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and/or compounds formed by reacting a mixture of alcohols of formula H-(OR) n -OR 1 with a mixture of succinic acids having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300.
- Such mixtures may also include mixtures of initially pure fully formed ester compounds.
- mixtures may arise due to the availability of starting materials or a particular mixture may be deliberately selected to use in order to achieve a benefit.
- a particular mixture may lead to improvements in handling, a general improvement in performance or a synergistic improvement in performance.
- esters additives may be used without additional components.
- ester additive (i) is used with one or more additional components (ii) selected from:
- the ratio of the ester additive (i) to additional components (ii) when present is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1.
- the ratio of the ester additive (i) to carrier oil a) when present is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- the ratio of the ester additive (i) to mannich base additives d) when present is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- the ratio of the total of the quaternary ammonium salt additive (i) and components b), c), d) and e) to carrier oil a) when present is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50 : 50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- All ratios are weight ratios on an active basis.
- the total amount of compound(s) (i) and each compound a) -f) specified in the respective definition is to be taken into account.
- the carrier oil may have any suitable molecular weight.
- a preferred molecular weight is in the range 500 to 5000.
- the carrier oil may comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity.
- the oil of lubricating viscosity includes natural or synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils, or mixtures thereof.
- the oil of lubricating viscosity is a carrier fluid for the dispersant and/or other performance additives.
- Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils or mixtures thereof.
- Synthetic oils include a hydrocarbon oil, a silicon-based oil, a liquid ester of phosphorus-containing acid. Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerised Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes.
- Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
- the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises an API Group I, II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof, and in another embodiment API Group I, II, III or mixtures thereof.
- the carrier oil may comprise a polyether carrier oil.
- the polyether carrier oil is a mono end-capped polyalkylene glycol.
- the end cap is a group consisting of or containing a hydrocarbyl group having up to 30 carbon atoms. More preferably the end cap is or comprises an alkyl group having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms or from 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may be branched or straight chain. Preferably it is a straight chain group.
- hydrocarbyl end capping groups include alkyl-substituted phenyl, especially where the alkyl substituent(s) is or are alkyl groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 12, preferably straight chain.
- the hydrocarbyl end capping group may be attached to the polyether via a linker group.
- Such end capped polyalkyleneglycols are obtainable by the polymerisation of C 2 -C 6 alkylene oxides either as homopolymers or copolymers containing 4-100 repeat units. Copolymers may be random copolymers or block copolymers.
- polyether carrier oil is a mono end-capped polypropylene glycol.
- the carrier oil is a polyalkyleneglycol monoether of the formula: where R 10 is a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and each R 11 and R 12 is independently selected in each--O-CHR 11 -CHR 12 --unit; and x is an integer of from 5 to 100, preferably 10 to 50, preferably 10 to 30, preferably 10-25, more preferably 12 to 25, more preferably 12 to 20.
- R 10 is a straight chain C 1- C 30 alkyl, preferably C 4 -C 20 alkyl, preferably C 8 -C 18 alkyl, and more preferably C 12 -C 18 alkyl or C 8 -C 14 alkyl.
- R 10 is an alkylphenyl group preferably an alkylphenyl group, wherein the alkyl moiety is a straight or branched chain alkyl of from about 1 to about 24 carbon atoms.
- one of R 11 and R 12 is lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More preferably, one of R 11 and R 12 is methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen.
- the carrier oil is a polypropyleneglycol monoether of the formula: where R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and x are as defined for (C1) above, and in each repeat unit one of R 11 and R 12 are hydrogen and the other is methyl.
- Such alkyl polypropyleneglycol monoethers are obtainable by the polymerisation of propylene oxide using an aliphatic alcohol, preferably a straight chain primary alcohol of up to 20 carbon atoms, as an initiator. If desired a proportion of the propyleneoxy units, for example up to 50% of the propyleneoxy units by weight, may be replaced by units derived from other C 2 -C 6 alkylene oxides, e.g. ethylene oxide or isobutylene oxide, and are to be included within the term "polypropyleneglycol".
- the initiator may be a phenol, alkyl phenol, a hydrocarbyl amine or amide, containing 1-30 carbon atoms, preferably a saturated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl group such as alkyl, phenyl or phenalkyl etc.
- Preferred initiators include long chain alkanols giving rise to the long chain polypropyleneglycol monoalkyl ethers.
- the polyalkyleneglycol may be an ester.
- the carrier oil may be a polypropyleneglycol monoester of the formula where R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and x are as defined for (C1) above and R 13 is a C 1- C 30 hydrocarbyl group, preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group, and more preferably C 1- C 10 alkyl.
- a polyetheramine may be present.
- polyetheramines function as deposit control additives. It is common for polyetheramines to be used as detergents and/or as carrier oils. For the purpose of this specification polyetheramines are classed herein as carrier oils.
- Suitable hydrocarbyl-substituted polyoxyalkylene amines or polyetheramines employed in the present invention are described in the literature (for example US 6217624 and US 4288612 ) and have the general formula: or a fuel-soluble salt thereof;
- R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and x are as defined for (C1) above;
- A is amino, N-alkyl amino having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, N,N-dialkyl amino having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in each alkyl group, or a polyamine moiety having about 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms; and y is 0 or 1.
- A is amino; N-alkyl amino having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, preferably about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; N,N-dialkyl amino having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in each alkyl group, preferably about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; or a polyamine moiety having from about 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably about 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and about 2 to 24 carbon atoms. More preferably, A is amino or a polyamine moiety derived from a (poly)alkylene polyamine, including alkylene diamine. Most preferably, A is amino or a polyamine moiety derived from ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine.
- the polyetheramines will generally have a molecular weight in the range from about 600 to about 10,000.
- Fuel-soluble salts of the compounds of formula I can be readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or substituted amino group and such salts are contemplated to be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits.
- Suitable salts include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid.
- Preferred salts are derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
- the carboxylic derived acylating agent may be a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent as described for the quaternary ammonium salt(s) (i).
- Amines useful for reaction with these acylating agents include the following four categories:
- (poly)alkylene polyamines (1) include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, tri(tri-methylene)tetramine, pentaethylenehexamine, hexaethylene-heptamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, and other commercially available materials which comprise complex mixtures of polyamines.
- higher ethylene polyamines optionally containing all or some of the above in addition to higher boiling fractions containing 8 or more nitrogen atoms etc.
- (poly)alkylene polyamines (1) which are hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N,N' -bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) tetramethylene diamine, etc.
- (poly)alkylene polyamines (1) which are hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N,N' -bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) tetramethylene diamine, etc.
- Suitable compounds of this type include hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines wherein the polyamines are as described above and the heterocyclic substituent is selected from nitrogen-containing aliphatic and aromatic heterocycles, for example piperazines, imidazolines, pyrimidines, morpholines, etc.
- heterocyclic-substituted polyamines (2) are N-2-aminoethyl piperazine, N-2 and N-3 amino propyl morpholine, N-3(dimethyl amino) propyl piperazine, 2-heptyl-3-(2-aminopropyl) imidazoline, 1,4-bis (2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 1-(2-hydroxy ethyl) piperazine, and 2-heptadecyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazoline, etc.
- the aromatic polyamines (3) are the various isomeric phenylene diamines, the various isomeric naphthalene diamines, etc.
- the amine reactant may alternatively be a compound of general formula R 16 R 17 NH where each of R 16 and R 17 independently represents a hydrocarbyl group (as defined herein), preferably a hydrocarbon group (as defined herein), or a hydrogen atom.
- At least one of R 16 and R 17 represents a hydrocarbyl group.
- both R 16 and R 17 represent a hydrocarbyl group.
- a preferred hydrocarbyl group for each of R 16 and R 17 is a group of the formula -[R 18 NH] p R 19 X
- a preferred hydrocarbyl group for each of R 16 and R 17 is a group of the formula -[(CH 2 ) q NH] p (CH 2 ) r X
- X is -CH 3 , or -OH.
- amines which may be used to prepare the acyclated nitrogen compounds (b) include compounds derived from amines selected from ammonia, alkylamines e.g. butylamine, aminoethylethanolamine, aminopropan-2-ol, 5-aminopentan-1-ol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, monoethanolamine, 3-aminopropan-1-ol, 2-((3-aminopropyl)amino)ethanol, dimethylaminopropylamine, and N-(alkoxyalkyl)-alkanediamines including N-(octyloxyethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and N-(decyloxypropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane.
- alkylamines e.g. butylamine, aminoethylethanolamine, aminopropan-2-ol, 5-aminopentan-1-ol, 2-(2-aminoe
- amines which may be used in this invention and having a tertiary amino group can include but are not limited to: N,N-dimethyl- aminopropylamine, N,N-diethylaminopropylamine, N,N-dimethyl- amino ethylamine.
- the nitrogen or oxygen containing compounds capable of condensing with the acylating agent and further having a tertiary amino group can further include amino alkyl substituted heterocyclic compounds such as 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole and 4- (3-aminopropyl)morpholine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine, 3,3-diamino-N- methyldi-propylamine, and 3'3-aminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine).
- amino alkyl substituted heterocyclic compounds such as 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole and 4- (3-aminopropyl)morpholine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine, 3,3-diamino-N- methyldi-propylamine, and 3'3-aminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine).
- alkanolamines including but not limited to triethanolamine, trimethanolamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropanol, N,N-diethylaminopropanol, N,N- diethylaminobutanol, N,N,N-tris(hydroxyethyl)amine and N,N,N-tris(hydroxymethyl)amine.
- a preferred acylated nitrogen compound of this class is that made by reacting a poly(isobutene)-substituted succinic acid-derived acylating agent (e.g., anhydride, acid, ester, etc.) wherein the poly(isobutene) substituent has between about 12 to about 200 carbon atoms and the acylating agent has from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, succinic-derived acylating groups; with a mixture of ethylene polyamines having 3 to about 9 amino nitrogen atoms, preferably about 3 to about 8 nitrogen atoms, per ethylene polyamine and about 1 to about 8 ethylene groups.
- a poly(isobutene)-substituted succinic acid-derived acylating agent e.g., anhydride, acid, ester, etc.
- succinic-derived acylating agent e.g., anhydride, acid, ester, etc.
- acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of a molar ratio of acylating agent : amino compound of from 10:1 to 1:10, preferably from 5:1 to 1:5, more preferably from 2.5:1 to 1:2, more preferably from 2:1 to 1:2 and most preferably from 2:1 to 1:1.
- the acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of acylating agent to amino compound in a molar ratio of from 1.8:1 to 1:1.2, preferably from 1.6:1 to 1:1.2, more preferably from 1.4:1 to 1:1.1 and most preferably from 1.2:1 to 1:1.
- This type of acylated amino compound and the preparation thereof is well known to those skilled in the art and are described in the above-referenced US patents.
- the acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of acylating agent to amino compound in a molar ratio of from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1, preferably from 2.2:1 to 1.8:1.
- acylated nitrogen compound belonging to this class is that made by reacting the afore-described alkylene amines with the afore-described substituted succinic acids or anhydrides and aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having from 2 to about 22 carbon atoms.
- the mole ratio of succinic acid to mono-carboxylic acid ranges from about 1:0.1 to about 1:1.
- Typical of the monocarboxylic acid are formic acid, acetic acid, dodecanoic acid, butanoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, the commercial mixture of stearic acid isomers known as isostearic acid, tolyl acid, etc.
- Such materials are more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,216,936 and 3,250,715 .
- a further type of acylated nitrogen compound belonging to this class is the product of the reaction of a fatty monocarboxylic acid of about 12-30 carbon atoms and the afore-described alkylene amines, typically, ethylene, propylene or trimethylene polyamines containing 2 to 8 amino groups and mixtures thereof.
- the fatty mono-carboxylic acids are generally mixtures of straight and branched chain fatty carboxylic acids containing 12-30 carbon atoms. Fatty dicarboxylic acids could also be used.
- a widely used type of acylated nitrogen compound is made by reacting the afore-described alkylene polyamines with a mixture of fatty acids having from 5 to about 30 mole percent straight chain acid and about 70 to about 95 percent mole branched chain fatty acids.
- a mixture of fatty acids having from 5 to about 30 mole percent straight chain acid and about 70 to about 95 percent mole branched chain fatty acids.
- isostearic acid those known widely in the trade as isostearic acid. These mixtures are produced as a by-product from the dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,812,342 and 3,260,671 .
- the branched chain fatty acids can also include those in which the branch may not be alkyl in nature, for example phenyl and cyclohexyl stearic acid and the chloro-stearic acids.
- Branched chain fatty carboxylic acid/alkylene polyamine products have been described extensively in the art. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,110,673 ; 3,251,853 ; 3,326,801 ; 3,337,459 ; 3,405,064 ; 3,429,674 ; 3,468,639 ; 3,857,791 .
- These patents are referenced for their disclosure of fatty acid/polyamine condensates for their use in lubricating oil formulations.
- the molar ratio of the acylating group of an acylating agent defined above and the reacting amine group of said amine is in the range 0.5-5:1, preferably 0.8-2.2:1.
- the reaction product is called mono-PIBSI, and at a ratio of 2:1 it is called bis-PIBSI and requires a polyamine as reactant.
- Preferred acylated nitrogen compounds for use herein include: the compound formed by reacting a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a PIB molecular weight of 900 to 1100, for example approximately 1000 with aminoethyl ethanolamine or triethylene tetramine; and the compound formed by reacting a PIBSA having a PIB molecular weight of 650 to 850, for example about 750 with tetraethylene pentamine.
- PIBSA polyisobutylene succinic anhydride
- the ratio of PIBSA to amine is from 1.5:1 to 0.9:1, preferably from 1.2:1 to 1:1.
- acylated nitrogen compounds for use herein include: the compound formed by reacting a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a PIB molecular weight of 900 to 1100, for example approximately 1000 with tetraethylene pentamine, the ratio of PIBSA to amine being from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1, preferably from 2.2:1 to 1.8:1.
- PIBSA polyisobutylene succinic anhydride
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted amines suitable for use in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in a number of patents. Among these are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554 ; 3,438,757 ; 3,454,555 ; 3,565,804 ; 3,755,433 and 3,822,209 . These patents describe suitable hydrocarbyl amines for use in the present invention including their method of preparation.
- the Mannich additives comprise nitrogen-containing condensates of a phenol, aldehyde and primary or secondary amine.
- Mannich additives can be made by reacting simultaneously or sequentially at least one of each of the following: active hydrogen compound for example a hydrocarbon-substituted phenol (e.g., an alkyl phenol wherein the alkyl group has at least an average of about 8 to 200; preferably at least 12 up to about 200 carbon atoms), having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to an aromatic carbon, with at least one aldehyde or aldehyde-producing material (typically formaldehyde or a precursor thereof) and amine.
- active hydrogen compound for example a hydrocarbon-substituted phenol (e.g., an alkyl phenol wherein the alkyl group has at least an average of about 8 to 200; preferably at least 12 up to about 200 carbon atoms), having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to an aromatic carbon, with at least one aldehyde or aldehyde-producing material (typically formaldehyde or a precursor thereof) and amine.
- active hydrogen compound for example
- Mannich additives may be the product of a Mannich reaction between:
- the present invention provides a gasoline composition comprising a quaternary ammonium salt(s) additive (i) and a Mannich additive.
- aldehyde component (a1) of the Mannich additive may be used as aldehyde component (a1) of the Mannich additive.
- the aldehyde component (a1) is an aliphatic aldehyde.
- the aldehyde has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Most preferably the aldehyde is formaldehyde.
- Amine component (b1) may be at least one amino or polyamino compound having at least one NH group.
- the amino compounds include primary or secondary monoamines having hydrocarbon substituents of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbon substituents of 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.
- the amine component (b1) is a polyamine.
- Polyamines may be selected from any compound including two or more amine groups.
- the polyamine is a (poly)alkylene polyamine (by which is meant an alkylene polyamine or a polyalkylene polyamine; including in each case a diamine, within the meaning of "polyamine”).
- the polyamine is a (poly)alkylene polyamine in which the alkylene component has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, most preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the polyamine is a (poly) ethylene polyamine (that is, an ethylene polyamine or a polyethylene polyamine).
- the polyamine has 2 to 15 nitrogen atoms, preferably 2 to 10 nitrogen atoms, more preferably 2 to 8 nitrogen atoms.
- the polyamine component (b1) includes the moiety R 21 R 22 NCHR 23 CHR 24 NR 25 R 26 wherein each of R 21 , R 22 R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen, and an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.
- polyamine reactants used to make the Mannich reaction products of the present invention preferably include an optionally substituted ethylene diamine residue.
- R 21 and R 22 are hydrogen.
- both of R 21 and R 22 are hydrogen.
- R 21 , R 22 , R 25 and R 26 are hydrogen.
- R 23 and R 24 are hydrogen.
- each of R 23 and R 24 is hydrogen.
- R 23 is hydrogen and R 24 is alkyl, for example C 1 to C 4 alkyl, especially methyl.
- R 25 and R 26 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.
- each is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl moiety.
- each is independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C(1-6) alkyl moiety.
- each of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 is hydrogen and R 26 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.
- R 6 is an optionally substituted C(1-6) alkyl moiety.
- Such an alkyl moiety may be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, amino (especially unsubstituted amino; -NH-, -NH 2 ), sulpho, sulphoxy, C(1-4) alkoxy, nitro, halo (especially chloro or fluoro) and mercapto.
- heteroatoms incorporated into the alkyl chain, for example O, N or S, to provide an ether, amine or thioether.
- R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 or R 26 are hydroxy-C(1-4)alkyl and amino-(C(1-4)alkyl, especially HO-CH 2 -CH 2 - and H 2 N-CH 2 -CH 2 -.
- the polyamine includes only amine functionality, or amine and alcohol functionalities.
- the polyamine may, for example, be selected from ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylene-hexamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, heptaethyleneoctamine, propane-1,2-diamine, 2(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol, and N',N'-bis (2-aminoethyl) ethylenediamine (N(CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) 3 ). Most preferably the polyamine comprises tetraethylenepentamine or ethylenediamine.
- the polyamines used to form the Mannich additives of the present invention may be straight chained or branched, and may include cyclic structures.
- the Mannich additives of the present invention are of relatively low molecular weight.
- molecules of the Mannich additive product have a number average molecular weight of less than 10000, preferably less than 7500, preferably less than 2000, more preferably less than 1500.
- Optionally substituted phenol component (c1) may be substituted with 0 to 4 groups on the aromatic ring (in addition to the phenol OH).
- it may be a tri- or di- substituted phenol.
- Most preferably component (c1) is a mono-substituted phenol. Substitution may be at the ortho, and/or meta, and/or para position(s).
- Each phenol moiety may be ortho, meta or para substituted with the aldehyde/amine residue.
- Compounds in which the aldehyde residue is ortho or para substituted are most commonly formed. Mixtures of compounds may result.
- the starting phenol is para substituted and thus the ortho substituted product results.
- the phenol may be substituted with any common group, for example one or more of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkyl group, a nitryl group, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an ether, an alkoxy group, a halo group, a further hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an alkyl mercapto group, an alkyl sulphoxy group, a sulphoxy group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group or a nitro group.
- an alkyl group an alkenyl group, an alkyl group, a nitryl group, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an ether, an alkoxy group, a halo group, a further hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an alkyl mercapto group, an alkyl sulphoxy group, a sulphoxy group, an
- the phenol carries one or more optionally substituted alkyl substituents.
- the alkyl substituent may be optionally substituted with, for example, hydroxyl, halo, (especially chloro and fluoro), alkoxy, alkyl, mercapto, alkyl sulphoxy, aryl or amino residues.
- the alkyl group consists essentially of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- the substituted phenol may include a alkenyl or alkynyl residue including one or more double and/or triple bonds.
- the component (c1) is an alkyl substituted phenol group in which the alkyl chain is saturated.
- the alkyl chain may be linear or branched.
- component (c1) is a monoalkyl phenol, especially a para-substituted monoalkyl phenol.
- Preferably component (c1) comprises an alkyl substituted phenol in which the phenol carries one or more alkyl chains having a total of less 28 carbon atoms, preferably less than 24 carbon atoms, more preferably less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 18 carbon atoms, preferably less than 16 carbon atoms and most preferably less than 14 carbon atoms.
- each alkyl substituent of component (c1) has from 4 to 20 carbons atoms, preferably 6 to 18, more preferably 8 to 16, especially 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
- component (c1) is a phenol having a C12 alkyl substituent.
- the or each substituent of phenol component (c1) has a molecular weight of less than 400, preferably less than 350, preferably less than 300, more preferably less than 250 and most preferably less than 200.
- the or each substituent of phenol component (c) may suitably have a molecular weight of from 100 to 250, for example 150 to 200.
- Molecules of component (c1) preferably have a molecular weight on average of less than 1800, preferably less than 800, preferably less than 500, more preferably less than 450, preferably less than 400, preferably less than 350, more preferably less than 325, preferably less than 300 and most preferably less than 275.
- Components (a1), (b1) and (c1) may each comprise a mixture of compounds and/or a mixture of isomers.
- the Mannich additive is preferably the reaction product obtained by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of from 5:1:5 to 0.1:1:0.1, more preferably from 3:1:3 to 0.5:1:0.5.
- components (a1) and (b1) are preferably reacted in a molar ratio of from 6:1 to 1:4 (aldehyde:polyamine), preferably from 4:1 to 1:2, more preferably from 3:1 to 1:1.
- the molar ratio of component (a1) to component (c1) (aldehyde:phenol) in the reaction mixture is preferably from 5:1 to 1:4, preferably from 3:1 to 1:2, for example from 1.5:1 to 1:1.1.
- Some preferred compounds used in the present invention are typically formed by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of 2 parts (a1) to 1 part (b1) ⁇ 0.2 parts (b1), to 2 parts (c1) ⁇ 0.4 parts (c1); preferably approximately 2:1:2 (a1 : b1 : c1).
- Some preferred compounds used in the present invention are typically formed by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of 2 parts (a1) to 1 part (b1) ⁇ 0.2 parts (b1), to 1.5 parts (c1) ⁇ 0.3 parts (c1); preferably approximately 2:1:1.5 (a1 : b1 : c1).
- Suitable treat rates of the quaternary ammonium salt(s) additive (i) and when present the Mannich additive will depend on the desired performance and on the type of engine in which they are used. For example different levels of additive may be needed to achieve different levels of performance.
- aromatic ester component which may be employed additive composition is an aromatic ester of a polyalkylphenoxyalkanol and has the following general formula:
- the preferred aromatic ester compounds employed in the present invention are those wherein R is nitro, amino, N-alkylamino, or -CH 2 NH 2 (aminomethyl). More preferably, R is a nitro, amino or -CH 2 NH 2 group. Most preferably, R is an amino or -CH 2 NH 2 group, especially amino.
- R 1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or amino. More preferably, R 1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. Most preferably, R 1 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to 3,000, more preferably about 700 to 3,000, and most preferably about 900 to 2,500.
- the compound has a combination of preferred substituents.
- one of R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More preferably, one of R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen. Most preferably, R 2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R and/or R 1 is an N-alkylamino group
- the alkyl group of the N-alkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, the N-alkylamino is N-methylamino or N-ethylamino.
- each alkyl group of the N,N-dialkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, each alkyl group is either methyl or ethyl.
- particularly preferred N,N-dialkylamino groups are N,N-dimethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino and N,N-diethylamino groups.
- a further preferred group of compounds are those wherein R is amino, nitro, or -CH 2 NH 2 and R 1 is hydrogen or hydroxy.
- a particularly preferred group of compounds are those wherein R is amino, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen, and R 4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
- the R substituent is located at the meta or, more preferably, the para position of the benzoic acid moiety, i.e. para or meta relative to the carbonyloxy group.
- R 1 is a substituent other than hydrogen, it is particularly preferred that this R 1 group be in a meta or para position relative to the carbonyloxy group and in an ortho position relative to the R substituent.
- R 1 is other than hydrogen, it is preferred that one of R or R 1 is located para to the carbonyloxy group and the other is located meta to the carbonyloxy group.
- the R 4 substituent on the other phenyl ring is located para or meta, more preferably para, relative to the ether linking group.
- the aromatic esters (e) will generally have a molecular weight in the range from about 700 to about 3,500, preferably from about 700 to about 2,500.
- Fuel-soluble salt(s)s of the compounds (e) can be readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or substituted amino group and such salt(s)s are contemplated to be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits.
- Suitable salt(s)s include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid.
- Preferred salt(s)s are derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
- suitable salt(s)s can be obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group with a base.
- Such salt(s)s include salt(s)s of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium salt(s)s.
- Preferred salt(s)s of hydroxy-substituted compounds include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and substituted ammonium salt(s)s.
- the quaternary ammonium salt additive is suitably the reaction product of a nitrogen-containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and a quaternising agent.
- the nitrogen containing species may be selected from:
- Component (y) is a Mannich reaction product having a tertiary amine.
- the preparation of quaternary ammonium salts formed from nitrogen-containing species including component (y) is described in US 2008/0052985 .
- the nitrogen-containing species having a tertiary amine group is reacted with a quaternising agent.
- the quaternising agent may suitably be selected from esters and non-esters.
- Preferred quaternising agents for use herein include dimethyl oxalate, methyl 2-nitrobenzoate, methyl salicylate and styrene oxide or propylene oxide optionally in combination with an additional acid.
- An especially preferred additional quaternary ammonium salt for use herein is formed by reacting methyl salicylate or dimethyl oxalate with the reaction product of a polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride having a PIB number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and dimethylaminopropylamine.
- quaternary ammonium salts include quaternised terpolymers, for example as described in US2011/0258917 ; quaternised copolymers, for example as described in US2011/0315107 ; and the acid-free quaternised nitrogen compounds disclosed in US2012/0010112 .
- the fuel compositions of the invention may contain, in addition to the ester additive(s)(i) and the gasoline, and the other components (ii) (selected from (a) to (f) described above) when present, unreacted raw materials and other reaction products and any of the other additives conventionally added to gasoline as, for example, other detergents, dispersants, anti-oxidants, anti-icing agents, metal deactivators, lubricity additives, friction modifiers, dehazers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, markers, octane improvers, anti-valve-seat recession additives, stabilisers, demulsifiers, antifoams, odour masks, conductivity improvers, combustion improvers, etc.”
- other detergents dispersants, anti-oxidants, anti-icing agents, metal deactivators, lubricity additives, friction modifiers, dehazers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, markers, octane improvers, anti-valve-seat recession additives, stabili
- ester additives Such further ingredients could in principle be added separately to ester additives (i) but it is preferred for reasons of convenience and consistency of dosing to add them with ester additive(s) (i) and - when present, with further additive components (ii) - in a common additive composition.
- the additives (i) and (ii) (when present) is/are present in the fuel in the fuel storage tank which supplies the engine.
- they could be mixed into the fuel in the storage tank, preferably they are present in bulk fuel which is pumped into the storage tank.
- the present invention relates to improving the performance of spark ignition engines by combusting gasoline fuel compositions comprising an ester additive.
- the ester additives may be added to gasoline fuel at any convenient place in the supply chain.
- the additives may be added to fuel at the refinery, at a distribution terminal or after the fuel has left the distribution terminal. If the additive is added to the fuel after it has left the distribution terminal, this is termed an aftermarket application.
- Aftermarket applications include such circumstances as adding the additive to the fuel in the delivery tanker, directly to a customer's bulk storage tank, or directly to the end user's vehicle tank.
- Aftermarket applications may include supplying the fuel additive in small bottles suitable for direct addition to fuel storage tanks or vehicle tanks.
- Controlling deposits in the specification is intended to cover one or more of: reducing existing deposits ("clean-up”); reducing deposit formation (“keep-clean”); modifying deposits so as to reduce their negative effects.
- This control of deposits may lead to a significant reduction in maintenance costs and/or an increase in power and/or an improvement in fuel economy.
- the second aspect of the present invention provides a method of controlling deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine.
- the present invention provides a method of controlling deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- the present invention provides a method of improving the efficiency of a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- the present invention provides a method of operating a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- the present invention provides the use of (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; added into gasoline to control deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- the present invention provides the use of (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; added into gasoline to improve efficiency in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- the present invention provides the use of a gasoline comprising (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine to provide one or more of:-
- Additive A1 an ester additive not of the invention was prepared as follows: A mixture of alkenes having 20 to 24 carbon atoms was heated with 1.2 molar equivalents of maleic anhydride. On completion of the reaction excess maleic anhydride was removed by distillation. The anhydride value of the substituted succinic anhydride product was measured as 2.591 mmolg -1 .
- This product was then heated with one molar equivalent of polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 425, and the reaction was monitored by FTIR.
- Additive A2 was prepared by a method analogous to that used to prepare additive A1 except that a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 1000 was used in place of the mixture of alkenes.
Description
- This present invention relates to fuel compositions, methods and uses relating thereto. In particular, the invention relates to ester additives for fuel used in spark ignition engines.
- With over a hundred years of development the spark ignition (SI) engine has become a highly tuned piece of engineering. As the SI engine has become more highly tuned it has become more sensitive to variations in its construction. The construction of such engines can change with use as deposits build up on certain components and through wear of other components. These changes in construction may not only change parameters such as power output and overall efficiency; they can also significantly alter the pollutant emissions produced. To try and minimise these time-related changes to an engine's construction fuel additives have been developed to minimise wear and deposit build-up phenomena. Examples include anti valve seat recession additives to reduce wear and detergents to reduce deposit build-up.
- As engine technology has evolved so have the demands put upon fuel additive packages. Early gasoline detergents were formulated to overcome the problem of deposit build-up on carburettors. In a carburettor a partial vacuum in part of the engine intake system is used to draw fuel into the induction system. To provide better control of the fuel air mixture carburettors were replaced with fuel injection equipment where a pressure above atmospheric pressure was used to force the fuel into the intake system and to induce better atomisation of the fuel.
- As a replacement for carburettors so called throttle body injectors were used with just a single injector taking the place of the carburettor. The position of a throttle body injector was thus very similar to that of the carburettor and the temperature regime was thus similar.
- To obtain greater control over the fuel delivery into the engine cylinders there was a move to using individual fuel injectors for each cylinder. These injectors were thus placed in the individual inlet ports for each cylinder; this configuration thus became known as port fuel injection or PFI. Because the fuel injector was now placed closer to the combustion chamber it tended to get hotter. Also, as it was closer to the engine inlet port it was more likely to be subjected to exhaust gases passing back into the inlet system during the initial part of the inlet valve opening event. This made the injector more prone to deposit build up and thus increased the demands on the fuel additive required to minimise this deposit build-up.
- The systems so far outlined were designed to provide an air fuel mixture that was approximately stoichiometric. The engine power was determined by the amount of stoichiometric mixture provided to the cylinder. This was controlled by restricting the flow of mixture into the cylinders, known as throttling. This inevitably incurred pumping losses thus reducing the efficiency of the overall system.
- To overcome this problem engine designers have developed injection systems where the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. Such engines are alternatively known as direct injection spark ignition (DISI), direct injection gasoline (DIG), gasoline direct injection (GDI) etc. Injecting directly into the combustion chamber allows for some degree of stratification of the charge thus allowing an overall lean mixture whilst having a local rich or stoichiometric mixture to facilitate reliable combustion. This injection strategy however means that the fuel injector is subjected to higher temperatures and pressures. This increases the likelihood of forming deposits from the high temperature degradation of the fuel. The fact that the injector is in the combustion chamber also exposes the injector to combustion gases which may contain partially oxidised fuel and or soot particles which may accumulate, increasing the level of deposits. The ability to provide good atomisation of fuel and precise control of fuel flow rates and injection duration are critical to the optimum performance of these engine designs. The radically different operating environment of the fuel injector poses a whole new set of design constraints on the development of an effective fuel additive package. Mixture stratification can also result in combustion occurring in local rich regions leading to the formation of soot particles which can increase combustion chamber deposits. Because liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber there is a greater risk of liquid impingement on the combustion chamber surfaces, particularly the piston crown. Liquid fuel on the combustion chamber surfaces can undergo thermal decomposition leading to gum formation and thus increase the rate of build-up of combustion chamber deposits.
- An additional problem arising from injecting the fuel directly into the combustion chamber is that fuel impingement on the inlet valves is significantly reduced. The use of fuel containing detergents was relied upon to remove the deposits that build up on the inlet valve tulip as a result of lubricating oil passing down the valve stem and from combustion gases passing back into the inlet system during the initial part of the inlet valve opening event. In a direct injection engine the only possibility for fuel to impinge on the inlet valve tulip is from early injection and late inlet valve closing. This therefore makes it extremely difficult for a fuel borne detergent to have a significant effect on inlet valve deposits.
- Effective control of deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine is, therefore, a challenging task. Knowledge gained in using additives in other contexts, for example in gasoline engines using carburettors or in gasoline engines using an individual, common, fuel injector, or fuel injectors in the inlet port of each cylinder, or in diesel engines, appear to be of little assistance in achieving effective control of deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- The particular difficulties in achieving effective control of deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine are known in the art. For example they are explained in
WO 01/42399 US 7112230 ,US 7491248 andWO 03/78553 - Even though fuel compositions and additives have been proposed for controlling deposits in each of the regimes described above, such difficulties show that there is a continuing need for fuel compositions which are effective in either or both of direct injection spark ignition gasoline engines and/or spark ignition gasoline engines without direct injection.
- Many different types of compounds are known in the art for use as detergent additives in fuel oil compositions, for the control of deposits in engines. Examples of common detergents include hydrocarbyl-substituted amines, hydrocarbyl substituted succinimides, Mannich reaction products, polyether amines and quaternary ammonium salts. All of these known detergents are nitrogen-containing compounds.
-
WO 2010/136822 discloses a method of controlling deposits and/or improving the efficiency and/or improving the fuel economy in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted a detergent compound which is the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine. - The present invention relates in particular to detergent compounds for gasoline fuel that don't contain nitrogen. Such compounds are much less commonly used as detergents.
- According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is ethylene or propylene, R1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of combatting deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline composition comprising as an additive the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an ester compound as a detergent additive in a gasoline composition in a direct injection spark ignition engine; wherein the ester compound is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen; and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- The method of the second aspect preferably involves combusting in the engine a composition of the first aspect.
- Preferred features of the first, second and third aspects of the invention will now be described. Any feature of any aspect may be combined with any feature of any other aspect as appropriate.
- The present invention relates to a composition, a method and a use involving a fuel additive. This additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1. The additive may be referred to herein as "the additive of the present invention" or as "the ester additive".
- The ester additive may comprise a single compound. In some embodiments mixtures containing more than one ester additive may be used. References herein to "an additive" of the invention or "the additive" include mixtures comprising two or more such compounds.
- The additive of the present invention is prepared from a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300.
- As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl substituent" or "hydrocarbyl group" is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:
- (i) hydrocarbon groups, that is, aliphatic (which may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic (including aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted aromatic) substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form a ring);
- (ii) substituted hydrocarbon groups, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent (e.g., halo (e.g. chloro,fluoro or bromo), hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g. C1 to C4 alkoxy), keto, acyl, cyano, mercapto, amino, amido, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, nitryl and carboxy);
- (iii) hetero substituents, that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this invention, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Heteroatoms include sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, and encompass substituents as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. In general, no more than two, preferably no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; typically, there will be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.
- In this specification, unless otherwise stated references to optionally substituted alkyl groups may include aryl-substituted alkyl groups and references to optionally-substituted aryl groups may include alkyl-substituted or alkenyl-substituted aryl groups.
-
- In some embodiments the substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof may comprise a mixture of compounds including groups R2 of different lengths. In such embodiments any reference to the molecular weight of the group R2 relates to the number average molecular weight for the mixture.
- In some embodiments R2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 800 to 1200.
- The compound of formula H(OR)nOR1 may take a number of forms.
- In some embodiments n is 1 and R1 is hydrogen. In such embodiments the ester additive of the invention is prepared from a diol. As R may be substituted, the alcohol may be a polyol.
- In some embodiments in which n is greater than 1 and R1 is hydrogen, the ester may be prepared from a polyalkylene glycol.
- Each alcohol molecule H-(OR)n-OH can react with one or two acid or anhydride molecules.
- The ester additive of the invention may be prepared from an alkylene glycol or a polyalkylene glycol.
- R is an optionally substituted alkylene group.
- In some embodiments the alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 has more than 2 hydroxy groups and the group R is a hydroxyl substituted alkylene group. Such a group may have 1, 2 or more hydroxyl groups.
- For example in some embodiments in which n is 1 the alcohol H-(OR)n-OR1 may be glycerol, penterythritol or trimethylolpropane.
- Preferably R is an unsubstituted alkylene group.
- Preferably R is an optionally substituted alkylene group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, suitably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Preferably R is an unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, suitably 2 to 6, for example 2 to 4 carbon atoms. R may be straight chained or branched.
- Suitably R may be an ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, or hexylene group. When R has more than 2 carbon atoms any isomer may be present. Preferably R is an ethylene or a propylene group, most preferably a propylene group.
- In some embodiments in which n is 1, R may be a group of formula (CH2)x wherein x is from 2 to 12, preferably from 2 to 6.
- In some embodiments in which n is 1, R is a straight chain or branched alkylene group and the alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and neopentyl glycol.
- In some preferred embodiments R is preferably CRaRbCRcRd and the alcohol has the formula H-(OCRaRbCRcRd)nOH wherein each of Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group. Preferably each Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 4, for example 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
- Preferably each of Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd is independently selected from hydrogen and an unsubstituted alkyl group, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, suitably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 atoms, for example 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Preferably at least two of Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd is hydrogen, more preferably at least three of Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd is hydrogen.
- In some embodiments Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are all hydrogen and R is an ethylene group CH2CH2.
- In some embodiments three of Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is hydrogen and the other is an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 4, suitably 1 to 2, and most preferably 1 carbon atoms.
- In some embodiments polyhydric alcohols used to prepare the additive of the present invention are prepared from epoxides, preferably terminal epoxides.
- R may comprise a mixture of isomers. For example when R is propylene, the polyhydric alcohol may include moieties -CH2CH(CH3)- and -CH(CH3)CH2- in any order within the chain.
- R may comprise a mixture of different groups for example ethylene, propylene or butylene units. Block copolymer units are preferred in such embodiments.
- R is preferably an ethylene, propylene or butylene group. R may be an n-propylene or n-butylene group or an isopropylene or isobutylene group. For example R may be -CH2CH2-, - CH2CH(CH3)-, -CH2C(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH(CH3)- or -CH2CH(CH2CH3)-.
- Preferably R is ethylene or propylene. More preferably R is -CH2CH2- or -CH(CH3)CH2-. Most preferably R is -CH(CH3)CH2-.
- n is at least 1. Preferably n is from 1 to 100, preferably from 1 to 50, more preferably from 1 to 30, more preferably from 1 to 24, preferably from 1 to 20, suitably from 1 to 16, preferably from 1 to 14.
- In some embodiments n is from 4 to 10, for example from 6 to 8.
- In some embodiments n is from 1 to 6, suitably from 2 to 5, for example 3 or 4.
- In some embodiments n is from 8 to 16, for example from 11 to 14.
- In some embodiments n is from 18 to 26, suitably from 20 to 24, for example 22 to 23.
- In embodiments in which n is more than 1 the ester additive may be prepared from a polyhydric alcohol or an ether thereof.
- In some embodiments the polyhydric alcohol may be a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 425.
- In some embodiments the polyhydric alcohol may be selected from triethylene glycol, tetraethyelene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
- In some embodiments the polyhydric alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and oligomers or polymers thereof.
- In some embodiments the polyhydric alcohol may be a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 725.
- The skilled person will appreciate that commercial sources of alcohols of formula H-(OR)n-OH will often contain mixtures of compounds, for example in which n may be between 6 and 10.
- Commercial sources of substituted succinic acids and anhydrides may also contain mixtures of compounds.
- Suitably the acid/anhydride and the alcohol are reacted in an approximately 1:1 molar ratio, for example from 1.2:1 to1:1.2.
-
-
- Suitably the alcohol is of formula HO(RO)nH wherein R is a C1 to C6 alkylene group, preferably ethylene or propylene; n is from 1 to 40, preferably from 1 to 30; and the acid/anhydride and alcohol are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.25:1 to 1:1.25, for example about 1:1.
- In some embodiments the alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and oligomers or polymers thereof; alkanediols having 1 to 12, preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and sugar alcohols or ethers thereof.
- In some embodiments the alcohol is selected from:
- ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, trehalose, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol and a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 1200.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the present invention is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1;wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 is selected from:
- ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, trehalose, sorbitol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol and a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 1200.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 800.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol selected from glycerol, pentaerythritol and trimethyolpropane.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and a polyethylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 800.
- In some embodiments the ester additive of the invention is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a PIB substituent with a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having 4 to 16, preferably 6 to 8 alkoxy groups.
- In some especially preferred embodiments the ester additive of the present invention is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1; wherein R2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300; wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 is selected from:
- butanediols, tripropylene glycol and polypropylene glycols having a number average molecular weight of from 300 to 600.
- The gasoline compositions of the present invention may contain a mixture of different ester additives.
- The first aspect of the present invention relates to a gasoline fuel composition.
- By the term "gasoline", it is meant a liquid fuel for use with spark ignition engines (typically or preferably containing primarily or only C4-C12 hydrocarbons) and satisfying international gasoline specifications, such as ASTM D-439 and EN228. The term includes blends of distillate hydrocarbon fuels with oxygenated components such as alcohols or ethers for example methanol, ethanol, butanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl t-butyl ether (ETBE), as well as the distillate fuels themselves.
- Suitably the ester additive is present in the gasoline composition in an amount of at least 0.1ppm, preferably at least 1 ppm, more preferably at least 5 ppm, suitably at least 10 ppm, preferably at least 20 ppm, for example at least 30ppm or at least 50 ppm.
- Suitably the ester additive is present in the gasoline composition in an amount of less than 10000 ppm, preferably less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 300 ppm, for example less than 250 ppm.
- In some embodiments the ester additive is present in the gasoline fuel composition in an amount of suitably less than 200 ppm, for example less than 150 ppm.
- Suitably the ester additive is present in the gasoline in an amount of from 80 to 130 ppm.
- In this specification any reference to ppm is to parts per million by weight.
- The gasoline compositions of the present invention may comprise a mixture of two or more ester additives. In such embodiments the above amounts refer to the total amounts of all such additives present in the composition.
- For avoidance of doubt mixtures of ester additive compounds that may be present include mixtures formed by reacting a mixture of different alcohols of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 with a succinic acid having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and/or mixtures formed by reacting an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 with a mixture of succinic acids having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and/or compounds formed by reacting a mixture of alcohols of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 with a mixture of succinic acids having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300. Such mixtures may also include mixtures of initially pure fully formed ester compounds.
- The use of mixtures may arise due to the availability of starting materials or a particular mixture may be deliberately selected to use in order to achieve a benefit. For example, a particular mixture may lead to improvements in handling, a general improvement in performance or a synergistic improvement in performance.
- In some preferred embodiments, the esters additives may be used without additional components. In other preferred embodiments, the ester additive (i) is used with one or more additional components (ii) selected from:
- a) carrier oils
- b) acylated nitrogen compounds which are the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine
- c) hydrocarbyl-substituted amines wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent is substantially aliphatic and contains at least 8 carbon atoms
- d) mannich base additives comprising nitrogen-containing condensates of a phenol, aldehyde and primary or secondary amine
- e) aromatic esters of a polyalkylphenoxyalkanol
- f) quaternary ammonium salts.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to additional components (ii) when present, is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to carrier oil a) when present, is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to hydrocarbyl substituted amine c) 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to mannich base additives d) when present, is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to aromatic ester e) 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the ester additive (i) to quaternary ammonium salt f) 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50:50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- Preferably the ratio of the total of the quaternary ammonium salt additive (i) and components b), c), d) and e) to carrier oil a) when present, is 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:50 : 50:1, preferably 1:15 to 20:1 preferably 1:15 to 10:1 preferably 1:10 to 10:1 preferably 1:5 to 5:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1.
- All ratios are weight ratios on an active basis. The total amount of compound(s) (i) and each compound a) -f) specified in the respective definition is to be taken into account.
- The carrier oil may have any suitable molecular weight. A preferred molecular weight is in the range 500 to 5000.
- In one embodiment the carrier oil may comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity. The oil of lubricating viscosity includes natural or synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is a carrier fluid for the dispersant and/or other performance additives.
- Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils or mixtures thereof. Synthetic oils include a hydrocarbon oil, a silicon-based oil, a liquid ester of phosphorus-containing acid. Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerised Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes.
- Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. In one embodiment the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises an API Group I, II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof, and in another embodiment API Group I, II, III or mixtures thereof.
- In another embodiment the carrier oil may comprise a polyether carrier oil.
- In a preferred aspect the polyether carrier oil is a mono end-capped polyalkylene glycol. Preferably the end cap is a group consisting of or containing a hydrocarbyl group having up to 30 carbon atoms. More preferably the end cap is or comprises an alkyl group having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms or from 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
- The alkyl group may be branched or straight chain. Preferably it is a straight chain group.
- Further hydrocarbyl end capping groups include alkyl-substituted phenyl, especially where the alkyl substituent(s) is or are alkyl groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 12, preferably straight chain.
- The hydrocarbyl end capping group may be attached to the polyether via a linker group. Suitable end cap linker groups include an ether oxygen atom (-O-), an amine group (-NH-), an amide group (-CONH-), or a carbonyl group -(C=O)-.
- Such end capped polyalkyleneglycols are obtainable by the polymerisation of C2-C6 alkylene oxides either as homopolymers or copolymers containing 4-100 repeat units. Copolymers may be random copolymers or block copolymers.
- In a preferred aspect the polyether carrier oil is a mono end-capped polypropylene glycol.
- In a preferred embodiment the carrier oil is a polyalkyleneglycol monoether of the formula:
- In a preferred embodiment R10 is a straight chain C1-C30 alkyl, preferably C4-C20 alkyl, preferably C8-C18 alkyl, and more preferably C12-C18 alkyl or C8-C14 alkyl.
- In another preferred embodiment R10 is an alkylphenyl group preferably an alkylphenyl group, wherein the alkyl moiety is a straight or branched chain alkyl of from about 1 to about 24 carbon atoms.
- Preferably, one of R11 and R12 is lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More preferably, one of R11 and R12 is methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen.
-
- Such alkyl polypropyleneglycol monoethers are obtainable by the polymerisation of propylene oxide using an aliphatic alcohol, preferably a straight chain primary alcohol of up to 20 carbon atoms, as an initiator. If desired a proportion of the propyleneoxy units, for example up to 50% of the propyleneoxy units by weight, may be replaced by units derived from other C2-C6 alkylene oxides, e.g. ethylene oxide or isobutylene oxide, and are to be included within the term "polypropyleneglycol". Alternatively, the initiator may be a phenol, alkyl phenol, a hydrocarbyl amine or amide, containing 1-30 carbon atoms, preferably a saturated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl group such as alkyl, phenyl or phenalkyl etc. Preferred initiators include long chain alkanols giving rise to the long chain polypropyleneglycol monoalkyl ethers.
- In a further aspect the polyalkyleneglycol may be an ester. In this aspect the carrier oil may be a polypropyleneglycol monoester of the formula
- In another embodiment a polyetheramine may be present.
- It is known to those skilled in the art that the class of compounds known as polyetheramines function as deposit control additives. It is common for polyetheramines to be used as detergents and/or as carrier oils. For the purpose of this specification polyetheramines are classed herein as carrier oils.
- Suitable hydrocarbyl-substituted polyoxyalkylene amines or polyetheramines employed in the present invention are described in the literature (for example
US 6217624 andUS 4288612 ) and have the general formula: - In general, A is amino; N-alkyl amino having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, preferably about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; N,N-dialkyl amino having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in each alkyl group, preferably about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; or a polyamine moiety having from about 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably about 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and about 2 to 24 carbon atoms. More preferably, A is amino or a polyamine moiety derived from a (poly)alkylene polyamine, including alkylene diamine. Most preferably, A is amino or a polyamine moiety derived from ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine.
- The polyetheramines will generally have a molecular weight in the range from about 600 to about 10,000.
- Fuel-soluble salts of the compounds of formula I can be readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or substituted amino group and such salts are contemplated to be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits. Suitable salts include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid. Preferred salts are derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
- Other suitable polyetheramines are those taught in
US 5089029 andUS 5112364 . - The carboxylic derived acylating agent may be a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent as described for the quaternary ammonium salt(s) (i).
- Amines useful for reaction with these acylating agents include the following four categories:
- (1) (Poly)alkylene polyamines of the general formula:
(R14)2N[U-N(R14)]nR14
- Specific examples of (poly)alkylene polyamines (1) include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, tri(tri-methylene)tetramine, pentaethylenehexamine, hexaethylene-heptamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, and other commercially available materials which comprise complex mixtures of polyamines. For example, higher ethylene polyamines optionally containing all or some of the above in addition to higher boiling fractions containing 8 or more nitrogen atoms etc.
- Specific examples of (poly)alkylene polyamines (1) which are hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N,N' -bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) tetramethylene diamine, etc.
(2) Heterocyclic substituted polyamines - Suitable compounds of this type include hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines wherein the polyamines are as described above and the heterocyclic substituent is selected from nitrogen-containing aliphatic and aromatic heterocycles, for example piperazines, imidazolines, pyrimidines, morpholines, etc.
- Specific examples of the heterocyclic-substituted polyamines (2) are N-2-aminoethyl piperazine, N-2 and N-3 amino propyl morpholine, N-3(dimethyl amino) propyl piperazine, 2-heptyl-3-(2-aminopropyl) imidazoline, 1,4-bis (2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 1-(2-hydroxy ethyl) piperazine, and 2-heptadecyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazoline, etc.
(3) Aromatic polyamines of the general formula:
Ar(NR15 2)y
wherein Ar is an aromatic nucleus of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each R15 is as defined above and y is from 2 to 8. - Specific examples of the aromatic polyamines (3) are the various isomeric phenylene diamines, the various isomeric naphthalene diamines, etc.
(4) The amine reactant may alternatively be a compound of general formula R16R17NH where each of R16 and R17 independently represents a hydrocarbyl group (as defined herein), preferably a hydrocarbon group (as defined herein), or a hydrogen atom. - Preferably at least one of R16 and R17 represents a hydrocarbyl group.
- Preferably both R16 and R17 represent a hydrocarbyl group.
- Suitable terminal groups of a hydrocarbyl group R16 and/or R17 may include -CH3, =CH2, -OH, - C(O)OH and derivatives thereof. Suitable derivatives include esters and ethers. Preferably a hydrocarbyl group R16 and/or R17 does not contain a terminal amine.
- A preferred hydrocarbyl group for each of R16 and R17 is a group of the formula
-[R18NH]pR19X
- wherein R18 is an alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbons, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3 carbons, preferably 2 carbons;
- wherein R19 is an alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbons, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3 carbons, preferably 2 carbons;
- wherein p is an integer from 0 to 10;
- wherein X is selected from -CH3, -CH2=CH2, -OH, and -C(O)OH.
- A preferred hydrocarbyl group for each of R16 and R17 is a group of the formula
-[(CH2)qNH]p(CH2)rX
- wherein p is an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2;
- wherein q is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2;
- wherein r is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2; and
- wherein X is selected from -CH3, -CH2=CH2, -OH, and -C(O)OH.
- Preferably X is -CH3, or -OH.
- Further amines which may be used to prepare the acyclated nitrogen compounds (b) include compounds derived from amines selected from ammonia, alkylamines e.g. butylamine, aminoethylethanolamine, aminopropan-2-ol, 5-aminopentan-1-ol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, monoethanolamine, 3-aminopropan-1-ol, 2-((3-aminopropyl)amino)ethanol, dimethylaminopropylamine, and N-(alkoxyalkyl)-alkanediamines including N-(octyloxyethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and N-(decyloxypropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane.
- Specific examples of amines which may be used in this invention and having a tertiary amino group can include but are not limited to: N,N-dimethyl- aminopropylamine, N,N-diethylaminopropylamine, N,N-dimethyl- amino ethylamine. The nitrogen or oxygen containing compounds capable of condensing with the acylating agent and further having a tertiary amino group can further include amino alkyl substituted heterocyclic compounds such as 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole and 4- (3-aminopropyl)morpholine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine, 3,3-diamino-N- methyldi-propylamine, and 3'3-aminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine). Other types of compounds capable of condensing with the acylating agent and having a tertiary amino group include alkanolamines including but not limited to triethanolamine, trimethanolamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropanol, N,N-diethylaminopropanol, N,N- diethylaminobutanol, N,N,N-tris(hydroxyethyl)amine and N,N,N-tris(hydroxymethyl)amine.
-
- A preferred acylated nitrogen compound of this class is that made by reacting a poly(isobutene)-substituted succinic acid-derived acylating agent (e.g., anhydride, acid, ester, etc.) wherein the poly(isobutene) substituent has between about 12 to about 200 carbon atoms and the acylating agent has from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, succinic-derived acylating groups; with a mixture of ethylene polyamines having 3 to about 9 amino nitrogen atoms, preferably about 3 to about 8 nitrogen atoms, per ethylene polyamine and about 1 to about 8 ethylene groups. These acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of a molar ratio of acylating agent : amino compound of from 10:1 to 1:10, preferably from 5:1 to 1:5, more preferably from 2.5:1 to 1:2, more preferably from 2:1 to 1:2 and most preferably from 2:1 to 1:1. In especially preferred embodiments, the acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of acylating agent to amino compound in a molar ratio of from 1.8:1 to 1:1.2, preferably from 1.6:1 to 1:1.2, more preferably from 1.4:1 to 1:1.1 and most preferably from 1.2:1 to 1:1. This type of acylated amino compound and the preparation thereof is well known to those skilled in the art and are described in the above-referenced US patents. In other especially preferred embodiments, the acylated nitrogen compounds are formed by the reaction of acylating agent to amino compound in a molar ratio of from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1, preferably from 2.2:1 to 1.8:1.
- Another type of acylated nitrogen compound belonging to this class is that made by reacting the afore-described alkylene amines with the afore-described substituted succinic acids or anhydrides and aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having from 2 to about 22 carbon atoms. In these types of acylated nitrogen compounds, the mole ratio of succinic acid to mono-carboxylic acid ranges from about 1:0.1 to about 1:1. Typical of the monocarboxylic acid are formic acid, acetic acid, dodecanoic acid, butanoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, the commercial mixture of stearic acid isomers known as isostearic acid, tolyl acid, etc. Such materials are more fully described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,216,936 and3,250,715 . - A further type of acylated nitrogen compound belonging to this class is the product of the reaction of a fatty monocarboxylic acid of about 12-30 carbon atoms and the afore-described alkylene amines, typically, ethylene, propylene or trimethylene polyamines containing 2 to 8 amino groups and mixtures thereof. The fatty mono-carboxylic acids are generally mixtures of straight and branched chain fatty carboxylic acids containing 12-30 carbon atoms. Fatty dicarboxylic acids could also be used. A widely used type of acylated nitrogen compound is made by reacting the afore-described alkylene polyamines with a mixture of fatty acids having from 5 to about 30 mole percent straight chain acid and about 70 to about 95 percent mole branched chain fatty acids. Among the commercially available mixtures are those known widely in the trade as isostearic acid. These mixtures are produced as a by-product from the dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids as described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,812,342 and3,260,671 . - The branched chain fatty acids can also include those in which the branch may not be alkyl in nature, for example phenyl and cyclohexyl stearic acid and the chloro-stearic acids. Branched chain fatty carboxylic acid/alkylene polyamine products have been described extensively in the art. See for example,
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,110,673 ;3,251,853 ;3,326,801 ;3,337,459 ;3,405,064 ;3,429,674 ;3,468,639 ;3,857,791 . These patents are referenced for their disclosure of fatty acid/polyamine condensates for their use in lubricating oil formulations. - Suitably the molar ratio of the acylating group of an acylating agent defined above and the reacting amine group of said amine is in the range 0.5-5:1, preferably 0.8-2.2:1. At a ratio of 1:1 the reaction product is called mono-PIBSI, and at a ratio of 2:1 it is called bis-PIBSI and requires a polyamine as reactant.
- Preferred acylated nitrogen compounds for use herein include: the compound formed by reacting a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a PIB molecular weight of 900 to 1100, for example approximately 1000 with aminoethyl ethanolamine or triethylene tetramine; and the compound formed by reacting a PIBSA having a PIB molecular weight of 650 to 850, for example about 750 with tetraethylene pentamine. In each case the ratio of PIBSA to amine is from 1.5:1 to 0.9:1, preferably from 1.2:1 to 1:1. Other preferred acylated nitrogen compounds for use herein include: the compound formed by reacting a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a PIB molecular weight of 900 to 1100, for example approximately 1000 with tetraethylene pentamine, the ratio of PIBSA to amine being from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1, preferably from 2.2:1 to 1.8:1.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted amines suitable for use in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in a number of patents. Among these are
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554 ;3,438,757 ;3,454,555 ;3,565,804 ;3,755,433 and3,822,209 . These patents describe suitable hydrocarbyl amines for use in the present invention including their method of preparation. - The Mannich additives comprise nitrogen-containing condensates of a phenol, aldehyde and primary or secondary amine.
- Mannich additives can be made by reacting simultaneously or sequentially at least one of each of the following: active hydrogen compound for example a hydrocarbon-substituted phenol (e.g., an alkyl phenol wherein the alkyl group has at least an average of about 8 to 200; preferably at least 12 up to about 200 carbon atoms), having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to an aromatic carbon, with at least one aldehyde or aldehyde-producing material (typically formaldehyde or a precursor thereof) and amine.
- Thus the Mannich additives may be the product of a Mannich reaction between:
- (a1) an aldehyde;
- (b1) an amine; and
- (c1) an optionally substituted phenol.
- These compounds may be hereinafter referred to as "the Mannich additives". Thus in some preferred embodiments the present invention provides a gasoline composition comprising a quaternary ammonium salt(s) additive (i) and a Mannich additive.
- Any aldehyde may be used as aldehyde component (a1) of the Mannich additive. Preferably the aldehyde component (a1) is an aliphatic aldehyde. Preferably the aldehyde has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Most preferably the aldehyde is formaldehyde.
- Amine component (b1) may be at least one amino or polyamino compound having at least one NH group. The amino compounds include primary or secondary monoamines having hydrocarbon substituents of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbon substituents of 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.
- In a preferred embodiment, the amine component (b1) is a polyamine.
- Polyamines may be selected from any compound including two or more amine groups. Preferably the polyamine is a (poly)alkylene polyamine (by which is meant an alkylene polyamine or a polyalkylene polyamine; including in each case a diamine, within the meaning of "polyamine"). Preferably the polyamine is a (poly)alkylene polyamine in which the alkylene component has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, most preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Most preferably the polyamine is a (poly) ethylene polyamine (that is, an ethylene polyamine or a polyethylene polyamine).
- Preferably the polyamine has 2 to 15 nitrogen atoms, preferably 2 to 10 nitrogen atoms, more preferably 2 to 8 nitrogen atoms.
- Preferably the polyamine component (b1) includes the moiety R21R22NCHR23CHR24NR25R26 wherein each of R21, R22 R23, R24, R25 and R26 is independently selected from hydrogen, and an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.
- Thus the polyamine reactants used to make the Mannich reaction products of the present invention preferably include an optionally substituted ethylene diamine residue.
- Preferably at least one of R21 and R22 is hydrogen. Preferably both of R21 and R22 are hydrogen.
- Preferably at least two of R21, R22, R25 and R26 are hydrogen.
- Preferably at least one of R23 and R24 is hydrogen. In some preferred embodiments each of R23 and R24 is hydrogen. In some embodiments R23 is hydrogen and R24 is alkyl, for example C1 to C4 alkyl, especially methyl.
- Preferably at least one of R25 and R26 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.
- In embodiments in which at least one of R21, R22, R23, R24, R25 and R26 is not hydrogen, each is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl moiety. Preferably each is independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C(1-6) alkyl moiety.
- In particularly preferred compounds each of R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 is hydrogen and R26 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent. Preferably R6 is an optionally substituted C(1-6) alkyl moiety.
- Such an alkyl moiety may be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, amino (especially unsubstituted amino; -NH-, -NH2), sulpho, sulphoxy, C(1-4) alkoxy, nitro, halo (especially chloro or fluoro) and mercapto.
- There may be one or more heteroatoms incorporated into the alkyl chain, for example O, N or S, to provide an ether, amine or thioether.
- Especially preferred substituents R21, R22, R23, R24, R25 or R26 are hydroxy-C(1-4)alkyl and amino-(C(1-4)alkyl, especially HO-CH2-CH2- and H2N-CH2-CH2-.
- Suitably the polyamine includes only amine functionality, or amine and alcohol functionalities.
- The polyamine may, for example, be selected from ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylene-hexamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, heptaethyleneoctamine, propane-1,2-diamine, 2(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol, and N',N'-bis (2-aminoethyl) ethylenediamine (N(CH2CH2NH2)3). Most preferably the polyamine comprises tetraethylenepentamine or ethylenediamine.
- Commercially available sources of polyamines typically contain mixtures of isomers and/or oligomers, and products prepared from these commercially available mixtures fall within the scope of the present invention.
- The polyamines used to form the Mannich additives of the present invention may be straight chained or branched, and may include cyclic structures.
- In preferred embodiments, the Mannich additives of the present invention are of relatively low molecular weight.
- Preferably molecules of the Mannich additive product have a number average molecular weight of less than 10000, preferably less than 7500, preferably less than 2000, more preferably less than 1500.
- Optionally substituted phenol component (c1) may be substituted with 0 to 4 groups on the aromatic ring (in addition to the phenol OH). For example it may be a tri- or di- substituted phenol. Most preferably component (c1) is a mono-substituted phenol. Substitution may be at the ortho, and/or meta, and/or para position(s).
- Each phenol moiety may be ortho, meta or para substituted with the aldehyde/amine residue. Compounds in which the aldehyde residue is ortho or para substituted are most commonly formed. Mixtures of compounds may result. In preferred embodiments the starting phenol is para substituted and thus the ortho substituted product results.
- The phenol may be substituted with any common group, for example one or more of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkyl group, a nitryl group, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an ether, an alkoxy group, a halo group, a further hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an alkyl mercapto group, an alkyl sulphoxy group, a sulphoxy group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group or a nitro group.
- Preferably the phenol carries one or more optionally substituted alkyl substituents. The alkyl substituent may be optionally substituted with, for example, hydroxyl, halo, (especially chloro and fluoro), alkoxy, alkyl, mercapto, alkyl sulphoxy, aryl or amino residues. Preferably the alkyl group consists essentially of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The substituted phenol may include a alkenyl or alkynyl residue including one or more double and/or triple bonds. Most preferably the component (c1) is an alkyl substituted phenol group in which the alkyl chain is saturated. The alkyl chain may be linear or branched.
- Preferably component (c1) is a monoalkyl phenol, especially a para-substituted monoalkyl phenol.
- Preferably component (c1) comprises an alkyl substituted phenol in which the phenol carries one or more alkyl chains having a total of less 28 carbon atoms, preferably less than 24 carbon atoms, more preferably less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 18 carbon atoms, preferably less than 16 carbon atoms and most preferably less than 14 carbon atoms.
- Preferably the or each alkyl substituent of component (c1) has from 4 to 20 carbons atoms, preferably 6 to 18, more preferably 8 to 16, especially 10 to 14 carbon atoms. In a particularly preferred embodiment, component (c1) is a phenol having a C12 alkyl substituent.
- Preferably the or each substituent of phenol component (c1) has a molecular weight of less than 400, preferably less than 350, preferably less than 300, more preferably less than 250 and most preferably less than 200. The or each substituent of phenol component (c) may suitably have a molecular weight of from 100 to 250, for example 150 to 200.
- Molecules of component (c1) preferably have a molecular weight on average of less than 1800, preferably less than 800, preferably less than 500, more preferably less than 450, preferably less than 400, preferably less than 350, more preferably less than 325, preferably less than 300 and most preferably less than 275.
- Components (a1), (b1) and (c1) may each comprise a mixture of compounds and/or a mixture of isomers.
- The Mannich additive is preferably the reaction product obtained by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of from 5:1:5 to 0.1:1:0.1, more preferably from 3:1:3 to 0.5:1:0.5.
- To form the Mannich additive of the present invention components (a1) and (b1) are preferably reacted in a molar ratio of from 6:1 to 1:4 (aldehyde:polyamine), preferably from 4:1 to 1:2, more preferably from 3:1 to 1:1.
- To form a preferred Mannich additive of the present invention the molar ratio of component (a1) to component (c1) (aldehyde:phenol) in the reaction mixture is preferably from 5:1 to 1:4, preferably from 3:1 to 1:2, for example from 1.5:1 to 1:1.1.
- Some preferred compounds used in the present invention are typically formed by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of 2 parts (a1) to 1 part (b1) ± 0.2 parts (b1), to 2 parts (c1) ± 0.4 parts (c1); preferably approximately 2:1:2 (a1 : b1 : c1).
- Some preferred compounds used in the present invention are typically formed by reacting components (a1), (b1) and (c1) in a molar ratio of 2 parts (a1) to 1 part (b1) ± 0.2 parts (b1), to 1.5 parts (c1) ± 0.3 parts (c1); preferably approximately 2:1:1.5 (a1 : b1 : c1).
- Suitable treat rates of the quaternary ammonium salt(s) additive (i) and when present the Mannich additive will depend on the desired performance and on the type of engine in which they are used. For example different levels of additive may be needed to achieve different levels of performance.
-
- or a fuel-soluble salt(s) thereof wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
- R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8 wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
- R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and
- R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to 5,000.
- The preferred aromatic ester compounds employed in the present invention are those wherein R is nitro, amino, N-alkylamino, or -CH2NH2 (aminomethyl). More preferably, R is a nitro, amino or -CH2NH2 group. Most preferably, R is an amino or -CH2NH2 group, especially amino. Preferably, R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or amino. More preferably, R1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. Most preferably, R1 is hydrogen. Preferably, R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to 3,000, more preferably about 700 to 3,000, and most preferably about 900 to 2,500. Preferably, the compound has a combination of preferred substituents.
- Preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen. Most preferably, R2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
- When R and/or R1 is an N-alkylamino group, the alkyl group of the N-alkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, the N-alkylamino is N-methylamino or N-ethylamino.
- Similarly, when R and/or R1 is an N,N-dialkylamino group, each alkyl group of the N,N-dialkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, each alkyl group is either methyl or ethyl. For example, particularly preferred N,N-dialkylamino groups are N,N-dimethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino and N,N-diethylamino groups.
- A further preferred group of compounds are those wherein R is amino, nitro, or -CH2NH2 and R1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. A particularly preferred group of compounds are those wherein R is amino, R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen, and R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
- It is preferred that the R substituent is located at the meta or, more preferably, the para position of the benzoic acid moiety, i.e. para or meta relative to the carbonyloxy group. When R1 is a substituent other than hydrogen, it is particularly preferred that this R1 group be in a meta or para position relative to the carbonyloxy group and in an ortho position relative to the R substituent. Further, in general, when R1 is other than hydrogen, it is preferred that one of R or R1 is located para to the carbonyloxy group and the other is located meta to the carbonyloxy group. Similarly, it is preferred that the R4 substituent on the other phenyl ring is located para or meta, more preferably para, relative to the ether linking group.
- The aromatic esters (e) will generally have a molecular weight in the range from about 700 to about 3,500, preferably from about 700 to about 2,500.
- Fuel-soluble salt(s)s of the compounds (e) can be readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or substituted amino group and such salt(s)s are contemplated to be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits. Suitable salt(s)s include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid. Preferred salt(s)s are derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
- When the R or R1 substituent is a hydroxy group, suitable salt(s)s can be obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group with a base. Such salt(s)s include salt(s)s of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium salt(s)s. Preferred salt(s)s of hydroxy-substituted compounds include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and substituted ammonium salt(s)s.
- The quaternary ammonium salt additive is suitably the reaction product of a nitrogen-containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and a quaternising agent.
- The nitrogen containing species may be selected from:
- (x) the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound comprising at least one tertiary amine group and a primary amine, secondary amine or alcohol group;
- (y) a Mannich reaction product comprising a tertiary amine group; and
- (z) a polyalkylene substituted amine having at least one tertiary amine group.
- Examples of quaternary ammonium salt and methods for preparing the same are described in the following patents, which are hereby incorporated by reference,
US2008/0307698 ,US2008/0052985 ,US2008/0113890 andUS2013/031827 . - The preparation of some suitable quaternary ammonium salt additives in which the nitrogen-containing species includes component (x) is described in
WO 2006/135881 andWO2011/095819 . - Component (y) is a Mannich reaction product having a tertiary amine. The preparation of quaternary ammonium salts formed from nitrogen-containing species including component (y) is described in
US 2008/0052985 . - The preparation of quaternary ammonium salt additives in which the nitrogen-containing species includes component (z) is described for example in
US 2008/0113890 . - To form the quaternary ammonium salt additive (f) the nitrogen-containing species having a tertiary amine group is reacted with a quaternising agent.
- The quaternising agent may suitably be selected from esters and non-esters.
- Preferred quaternising agents for use herein include dimethyl oxalate, methyl 2-nitrobenzoate, methyl salicylate and styrene oxide or propylene oxide optionally in combination with an additional acid.
- An especially preferred additional quaternary ammonium salt for use herein is formed by reacting methyl salicylate or dimethyl oxalate with the reaction product of a polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride having a PIB number average molecular weight of 700 to 1300 and dimethylaminopropylamine.
- Other suitable quaternary ammonium salts include quaternised terpolymers, for example as described in
US2011/0258917 ; quaternised copolymers, for example as described inUS2011/0315107 ; and the acid-free quaternised nitrogen compounds disclosed inUS2012/0010112 . - Further suitable quaternary ammonium compounds for use in the present invention include the quaternary ammonium compounds described in the applicants copending applications
WO2011095819 ,WO2013/017889 ,WO2015/011506 ,WO2015/011507 ,WO2016/016641 andPCT/GB2016/052312 - The fuel compositions of the invention may contain, in addition to the ester additive(s)(i) and the gasoline, and the other components (ii) (selected from (a) to (f) described above) when present, unreacted raw materials and other reaction products and any of the other additives conventionally added to gasoline as, for example, other detergents, dispersants, anti-oxidants, anti-icing agents, metal deactivators, lubricity additives, friction modifiers, dehazers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, markers, octane improvers, anti-valve-seat recession additives, stabilisers, demulsifiers, antifoams, odour masks, conductivity improvers, combustion improvers, etc."
- Such further ingredients could in principle be added separately to ester additives (i) but it is preferred for reasons of convenience and consistency of dosing to add them with ester additive(s) (i) and - when present, with further additive components (ii) - in a common additive composition.
- Preferably the additives (i) and (ii) (when present) is/are present in the fuel in the fuel storage tank which supplies the engine. Although they could be mixed into the fuel in the storage tank, preferably they are present in bulk fuel which is pumped into the storage tank.
- The present invention relates to improving the performance of spark ignition engines by combusting gasoline fuel compositions comprising an ester additive.
- The ester additives may be added to gasoline fuel at any convenient place in the supply chain. For example, the additives may be added to fuel at the refinery, at a distribution terminal or after the fuel has left the distribution terminal. If the additive is added to the fuel after it has left the distribution terminal, this is termed an aftermarket application. Aftermarket applications include such circumstances as adding the additive to the fuel in the delivery tanker, directly to a customer's bulk storage tank, or directly to the end user's vehicle tank. Aftermarket applications may include supplying the fuel additive in small bottles suitable for direct addition to fuel storage tanks or vehicle tanks.
- Controlling deposits in the specification is intended to cover one or more of: reducing existing deposits ("clean-up"); reducing deposit formation ("keep-clean"); modifying deposits so as to reduce their negative effects.
- It has surprisingly been found that the gasoline compositions used in this invention achieve good control of deposits in spark ignition gasoline engines.
- It has surprisingly been found that the gasoline compositions used in this invention achieve good control of deposits even in the demanding context of the direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- This control of deposits may lead to a significant reduction in maintenance costs and/or an increase in power and/or an improvement in fuel economy.
- The second aspect of the present invention provides a method of controlling deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine.
- Suitably the present invention provides a method of controlling deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- (i) one or more ester additives of the first aspect and
- (ii) optionally, one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above.
- Suitably the present invention provides a method of improving the efficiency of a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- (i) one or more ester additives of the first aspect; and
- (ii) optionally, one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above.
- Suitably the present invention provides a method of operating a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine, the method comprising adding into the gasoline to be combusted:
- (i) one or more ester additives of the first aspect; and
- (ii) optionally, one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above wherein the method provides one or more of:-
- improved fuel economy
- reduced maintenance
- less frequent overhaul or replacement of injectors
- improved driveability
- improved power
- improved acceleration
- Suitably the present invention provides the use of (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; added into gasoline to control deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- Suitably the present invention provides the use of (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; added into gasoline to improve efficiency in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine.
- Suitably the present invention provides the use of a gasoline comprising (i) one or more ester additives as defined in the first aspect and, optionally of (ii) one or more additional components selected from a) - f) described above; in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine to provide one or more of:-
- improved fuel economy
- reduced maintenance
- less frequent overhaul or replacement of injectors
- improved driveability
- improved power
- improved acceleration
- Any feature of the invention may be combined with any other feature as appropriate.
- The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. In the examples which follow the values given in parts per million (ppm) for treat rates denote active agent amount, not the amount of a formulation as added, and containing an active agent. All parts per million are by weight.
- Additive A1, an ester additive not of the invention was prepared as follows:
A mixture of alkenes having 20 to 24 carbon atoms was heated with 1.2 molar equivalents of maleic anhydride. On completion of the reaction excess maleic anhydride was removed by distillation. The anhydride value of the substituted succinic anhydride product was measured as 2.591 mmolg-1. - This product was then heated with one molar equivalent of polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 425, and the reaction was monitored by FTIR.
- Additive A2 was prepared by a method analogous to that used to prepare additive A1 except that a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 1000 was used in place of the mixture of alkenes.
Claims (15)
- A gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is ethylene or propylene; R1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- A composition according to claim 1 wherein each R is -CH2CH2- or -CH(CH3)CH2-, preferably -CH(CH3)CH2-; and n is from 1 to 30.
- A composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4):ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol and a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 1200;preferably wherein the additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1; wherein R2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300; wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 is selected from:
tripropylene glycol and polypropylene glycols having a number average molecular weight of from 300 to 600. - A composition according to any preceding claim wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises one or more further additives selected from:a) carrier oilsb) acylated nitrogen compounds which are the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an aminec) hydrocarbyl-substituted amines wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent is substantially aliphatic and contains at least 8 carbon atomsd) mannich base additives comprising nitrogen-containing condensates of a phenol, aldehyde and primary or secondary aminee) aromatic esters of a polyalkylphenoxyalkanolf) quaternary ammonium salts.
- A composition according to any preceding claim wherein the gasoline composition comprises a mixture of two or more ester additives.
- A method of combatting deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline composition comprising as an additive the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300 and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen, and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- Use of an ester compound as a detergent additive in a gasoline composition in a direct injection spark ignition engine; wherein the ester compound is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride thereof having a polyisobutenyl substituent having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen; and n is a positive integer; wherein the polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride and alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 are reacted in a molar ratio of from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
- A method or use according to claim 6 or claim 7 wherein each R is ethylene or propylene, preferably -CH2CH2- or -CH(CH3)CH2-, more preferably -CH(CH3)CH2-; and n is from 1 to 30.
- A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 8 wherein the additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4):ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, trehalose, sorbitol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol and a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 1200;preferably wherein the additive is the reaction product of a succinic acid or anhydride of formula (A3) or (A4) and an alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1; wherein R2 is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 700 to 1300; wherein the alcohol of formula H-(OR)n-OR1 is selected from:
butanediols, tripropylene glycol and polypropylene glycols having a number average molecular weight of from 300 to 600. - A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 9 which achieves "keep clean" performance; and/or which achieves "clean up" performance.
- A method according to any of claims 6 or 8 to 10 wherein the deposits are injector deposits; suitably wherein the deposits are internal injector deposits.
- A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 10 which combats intake valve deposits.
- A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 12 wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises one or more further additives selected from:a) carrier oilsb) acylated nitrogen compounds which are the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an aminec) hydrocarbyl-substituted amines wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent is substantially aliphatic and contains at least 8 carbon atomsd) mannich base additives comprising nitrogen-containing condensates of a phenol, aldehyde and primary or secondary aminee) aromatic esters of a polyalkylphenoxyalkanolf) quaternary ammonium salts.
- A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 13 wherein the gasoline composition comprises a mixture of two or more ester additives.
- A method or use according to any of claims 6 to 14 which achieves an improvement in performance selected from one or more of:• improved fuel economy• reduced maintenance• less frequent overhaul or replacement of injectors• improved driveability• improved power• improved acceleration
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PCT/GB2018/050825 WO2018178672A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-03-28 | Method and use to prevent deposits in engine |
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US11174442B2 (en) | 2021-11-16 |
WO2018178672A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 |
GB201705088D0 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
GB2562604A (en) | 2018-11-21 |
CN110536953A (en) | 2019-12-03 |
GB201805016D0 (en) | 2018-05-09 |
EP3601490A1 (en) | 2020-02-05 |
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