EP3574320A1 - Test d'assurance de source et d'assainissement de produits alimentaires et applications sensibles - Google Patents

Test d'assurance de source et d'assainissement de produits alimentaires et applications sensibles

Info

Publication number
EP3574320A1
EP3574320A1 EP19750913.6A EP19750913A EP3574320A1 EP 3574320 A1 EP3574320 A1 EP 3574320A1 EP 19750913 A EP19750913 A EP 19750913A EP 3574320 A1 EP3574320 A1 EP 3574320A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dna
tags
character
item
items
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19750913.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3574320A4 (fr
Inventor
Antonios Zografos
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safetraces Inc
Original Assignee
Safetraces Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Safetraces Inc filed Critical Safetraces Inc
Publication of EP3574320A1 publication Critical patent/EP3574320A1/fr
Publication of EP3574320A4 publication Critical patent/EP3574320A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
    • G06Q10/087—Inventory or stock management, e.g. order filling, procurement or balancing against orders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/018—Certifying business or products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3236—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
    • H04L9/3239—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions involving non-keyed hash functions, e.g. modification detection codes [MDCs], MD5, SHA or RIPEMD
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to tracking source and/or sanitation practices.
  • the disclosure relates more particularly to apparatus and techniques for using non-coding DNA sequences for source tracking and sanitation monitoring.
  • Sanitation testing can be done by checking surfaces for contaminants, but often that is not accurate enough.
  • Non-coding DNA sequences form tags (or tag sequences) and a value can be encoded with tag sequences, such as where the presence of one tag sequence indicates a“1” in one binary position, the absence of that one tag sequence indicates a“0” in that binary position, and the set of presences and absences of tag sequences associated with various binary positions forms a binary word that provides information about the item in, or on, where the tag sequences are found.
  • the non-coding DNA sequences might be taken from seaweed DNA or other DNA that contains sequences uncommon in other foods or marked objects. The sequences are small enough that they would not be coding sequences.
  • a taggant that is applied to the food or object might comprise a plurality of the non-coding DNA sequences provided in powder form, mixed with water, alcohol, wax, or some other base, and/or encapsulated. Applying the taggant to the food or object labels the food or object, in a food safe way, where the label can be in the form of a binary word having some word length with each bit of the binary word having a bit position in the binary word.
  • particular non-coding DNA sequences correspond to particular bit positions, and the presence or absence of one of those non- coding DNA sequences indicates a bit value in a particular bit position of the label applied to the food or object.
  • the presence of the tags can later be detected using DNA PCR or other techniques. With those techniques, very little of the taggant is needed for the tag label to be recognizable.
  • the label comprises other than binary bits at each bit position.
  • the non-coding DNA sequences include a static portion that is a sequence of nucleotides that is common to all of the non-coding DNA sequences and a variable portion that distinguishes each non-coding DNA sequence from the other non-coding DNA sequences.
  • the taggant in effect labels a food or item at the source of production and in the case of food, the taggant can be detected at the point of consumption, even if all packaging is removed.
  • the taggant serves as a signal for sanitation practices, such as where the taggant is applied to a surface that is to be sanitized and presence of any, or more than a threshold amount of, taggant is an indication of inadequate sanitation.
  • the label applied by the taggant can represent a producer identity, a product identifier, a time/date of production, or other data determinable when the taggant is applied.
  • items are tagged by having applied thereon a plurality of non-coding DNA tags, wherein a selection of particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about tagged items and wherein a non-coding DNA tag comprises a DNA sequence that would not otherwise be present in a tagged item.
  • the DNA tags are non-coding in that they are not coding sequences of DNA that might be part of a cellular operation of coding for protein production and other uses of coding DNA.
  • the items tagged might be food items.
  • the information might include information as to a source of those food items.
  • the items tagged are surfaces requiring sanitary handling and the information includes information as to whether the surfaces were sanitized sufficiently.
  • the DNA tags can be selected from among a set of DNA tags that represents and/or corresponds to a label that is a binary word with bits in bit positions corresponding to whether a particular DNA tag was selected, and wherein the DNA tags of the selection are combined with a carrier to form a taggant that is applied to surfaces requiring sanitary handling or items to be tagged.
  • an item can be tagged by DNA tags selected from a set of N DNA tags by applying those DNA tags of the set that correspond to one bit value of the N-bit value (e.g., where a“1” is present in a bit position i in the N-bit value, the z-th DNA tag of the set of DNA tags is included in the material applied to the tagged item and where a“0” is present in a bit position z in the N-bit value, the z-th DNA tag of the set of DNA tags is not included in the material applied to the tagged item, or other variation).
  • a“1” is present in a bit position i in the N-bit value
  • the z-th DNA tag of the set of DNA tags is included in the material applied to the tagged item and where a“0” is present in a bit position z in the N-bit value, the z-th DNA tag of the set of DNA tags is not included in the material applied to the tagged item, or other variation.
  • the z-th bit being represented by the presence or absence of the z-th DNA tag of the set of DNA tags
  • there are 2N DNA tags in the set of DNA tags with one DNA tag (the z-th“0” tag) being applied to the tagged item if“0” is in bit position z in the N-bit value and another DNA tag (the z-th“1” tag) being applied to the tagged item if“1” is in bit position z in the N-bit value.
  • the z-th“0” tag being applied to the tagged item if“0” is in bit position z in the N-bit value
  • another DNA tag the z-th“1” tag
  • the DNA tags that are applied can be carried in a carrier, such as air, water, alcohol or other volatile substance, a wax, a powdering agent, and/or microbeads.
  • a carrier such as air, water, alcohol or other volatile substance, a wax, a powdering agent, and/or microbeads.
  • information relating to the tagging and/or labeling process are recorded, in a public blockchain and might include one or more of a time of production, a name of a company, production details, a type of food, a supervisor name, a batch size, an expected customer, a serial number of a taggant dispenser, a label assigned to a batch, a code alphabet, error correction used, a taggant suspension type, and/or sequences of DNA nucleotides used for the plurality of non-coding DNA tags.
  • a method for tagging items comprising applying a plurality of non coding DNA tags, wherein a selection of particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the items.
  • An apparatus for tagging items comprising applying a plurality of non coding DNA tags, wherein a selection of particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the items.
  • a reading apparatus might be used for reading tags from tagged items tagged with a plurality of non-coding DNA tags, wherein a selection of particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the tagged items.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates how a taggant might be applied during existing production processes.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a computer-controlled tank system that might be provided with a designated label and then control which tanks containing tag sequences are opened and tag sequences mixed to form the taggant that is to be applied.
  • FIG. 3 shows a table of probabilities of contamination.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a process flow in which the non-coding DNA sequences and taggants might be used.
  • Techniques described and suggested herein include forming binary (or nonbinary) sequences that are encoded by the presence and/or absence of tags each comprising non coding DNA snippets.
  • Source assurance is the provision if traceable information related to where a food item originated, which might be needed even if there are no packages to mark.
  • Source traceback is slow, imprecise, and occasionally impossible.
  • the taggant containing the non-coding DNA sequences is applied at the source and remains with the food item until consumption, so the food item can be tracked.
  • the set of non-coding DNA sequences used in the taggant forms a data element that can be represented by a binary word.
  • the existence and tracking of specific binary words can be combined with the use of public blockchains so that a relationship between a source, the binary word, the food and other relationships can be publicly posted and be unalterable.
  • Item level traceability enables swift response to outbreaks, counterfeiting, adulteration, etc. and with this information posted to a public blockchain, it can be traced and responded to by others unrelated to the provider of the foodstuffs. This item level traceability can also be a key to fulfilling sustainability and responsible sourcing promises to consumers, as well as reducing human and economic impact of outbreaks and recalls.
  • a taggant corresponds to a 28-bit binary word, but in some systems it could be a 16-bit binary word, a 40-bit binary word, or some other length.
  • Each bit position in the word corresponds to a particular non-coding DNA sequence, such that the presence in the taggant of that particular non-coding DNA sequence is interpreted as the label for that tagged item having a“1” in the bit position of the word that, by perhaps predetermined designation, is assigned to be associated with that particular non-coding DNA sequence.
  • a non-coding DNA sequence might comprise around 50 to 200 base pairs in a sequence.
  • the taggant might comprise a plurality of the non-coding DNA sequences, in a very low concentration, perhaps in a carrier, such as alcohol, water, wax, etc., or as a powder.
  • the particular non-coding sequences (“tags”) might be unique to the environment, such as drawn from seaweed when used for tagging foods other than seaweed.
  • the tag sequences might be non-coding, non-viable, non-toxic, generally regarded as safe oligonucleotide.
  • the tag sequences might be microencapsulated in edible particles and/or mixed with carrier liquids. In effect, the collections of tags form“barcodes” by combining multiple DNA tag sequences in unique combinations.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates how a taggant might be applied during existing production processes.
  • apple processing often an organically neutral camauba wax coating is applied to apples to maintain freshness and to allow apples to be stored and brought to market outside of their harvesting season.
  • the taggant might comprise the tag sequences mixed with the wax prior to coating.
  • the label i.e., the binary word encoded by the presence or absence of particular DNA tag sequences in the taggant applied
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a computer-controlled tank system might be provided with a designated label and then control which tanks containing tag sequences are opened and tag sequences mixed to form the taggant that is to be applied.
  • Such a dispensing system might be able to apply a unique label (e.g., a unique DNA barcode) every three seconds, i.e., be able to switch between unique labels in a production process as fast as every three seconds while ensuring that one batch that is supposed to get one label and the next batch that is supposed to get a different label do not get labels “bleeding” over from batch to batch.
  • a unique label e.g., a unique DNA barcode
  • the labels correspond to 28-bit binary words, there are over 250,000,000 possible unique labels. With error correction included, the binary words could be longer or the codeword space could be less than 2 L 28 codewords.
  • the dispensing system might be used on fruits, nuts, grains, other agricultural products, or other produced materials.
  • the materials could be bulk granular material, liquids, etc.
  • taggant might be used to label ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the point of production to help track cases of production of improvised ammonium nitrate explosives to determine their source of ammonium nitrate. As the taggant applied is so low volume, it would not be expected to affect the uses of the materials.
  • FIG. 3 shows a table of probabilities of contamination, according to one source (adapted from International Commission for the Microbiological Safety of Foods (ICMSF), Microorganisms in Foods 7: Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management, Springer Science + Business Media, New York, NY (2002; ISBN: 0306472627)). That table shows the probability of accepting a contaminated lot (i.e., getting an acceptable test result on a lot that is actually contaminated) on the basis of contamination rate and the number of samples tested). Microbial tests do not guarantee product safety, as there are sampling challenges, non-uniform manufacturing practices, non-uniform distribution of contamination, non- uniform sampling, and non-testing of food contact surfaces for fear of self-incrimination. Generally, process controls are more effective and reliable than microbial tests.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a process flow in which the non-coding DNA sequences and taggants might be used.
  • data is entered such as lot information and other details pertinent to a batch of material to be labeled with taggant. This might be done via a cloud- connected interface such as a tablet usable on a production floor.
  • this information is conveyed to a server that can record the details (for later use in interpreting read labels, for example), authenticate a request and generate an instruction set to be sent to a taggant dispenser that is network-connected. Information might also be recorded in a transaction on a public blockchain so that the instruction set cannot be later altered without detection.
  • the taggant is created from the combination of tag sequences that is consistent with the provided instruction set.
  • the taggant is dispensed onto the food products or items to be tagged.
  • a sample is collected for testing.
  • samples can be analyzed using PCR or other techniques. Then, at step 7, the results of the analysis can be provided.
  • step 6 The results of the analysis might be done by, in step 6, first determining which tags were present or absent. Then, as part of step 7, the presence or absence of tags is represented by a binary word and that binary word is used as a lookup (or the information is encoded directly in the binary word) perhaps by reference to the server mentioned in step 2 or by reference to a public blockchain. In that manner, the labeling of a product can be done from source to consumer, regardless of the changes or absence of packaging or conventional labels.
  • tags-identity associations By placing the tags-identity associations on a public blockchain, unrelated parties can check a product in a supply chain, independent of the labels applied by intermediaries and the labeling of food products are not limited to labels on the pallet, box, or bag. This would allow third parties to make informed decisions in the event of a recall regarding affected lots, and provides for improved facility and product sanitation based on impact on product quality, shelf life, and safety.
  • a grain producer might be running an app on a smartphone or tablet and input into the app details of a batch of grain (e.g., time of production, name of company, production details, type of grain, supervisor name, serial number and network address of their taggant dispenser, etc.).
  • the app might then send those details in a data record to a server that records the details, assigns a unique label (in the form of a binary word, for example, to be used as a DNA“barcode”).
  • the server might also maintain a database of the particular sequences of nucleotides that are in each of the tags that are in the tanks of the taggant dispenser that that grain producer is operating.
  • the server might then send, as a network message, the identified dispenser a listing of the unique label to be used for that batch.
  • this process might be done for multiple batches at a time, where the grain producer operator inputs data for several batches and their dispenser receives several unique labels. Since the dispenser is programmed to understand how to mix tags in taggant according to the bits of the unique label, the dispenser can provide taggant that in effect labels the grain with the unique label.
  • the pertinent details about the labeling using the non-coding DNA sequences are made a public record that any third party could use. For example, suppose a regulator or food safety official traces an illness outbreak to a particular food item and there are samples of the food item available for testing. The regulator could collect the sample and test it to determine if it was labeled, perhaps by detecting a static portion of non-coding DNA sequences known to be in use. If it was labeled, they could look to the public ledger for a transaction containing the details of the production and without having to resort to research and identifying and getting the cooperation of many different parties in a supply chain can simply look to the blockchain ledger to identify the batch number and producer of the food in question.
  • Examples described herein provide for a method and apparatus for tagging items comprising applying a plurality of non-coding DNA tags, wherein the selection of the particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing
  • the items tagged can be food items and the information can include information as to a source of the food items.
  • the items tagged might be surfaces requiring sanitary handling, where the information includes information as to whether the surfaces were sanitized sufficiently.
  • DNA tags might be selected from among a set of DNA tags with the selection representing and/or corresponding to a label that is a binary word with bits in bit positions corresponding to whether a particular DNA tag was selected.
  • the selection of DNA tags might be combined with a carrier to form a taggant that is applied to surfaces requiring sanitary handling or items to be tagged.
  • the carrier of the taggant might be air, water, alcohol or other volatile substance, a wax, a powdering agent, and/or microbeads.
  • a method might provide for tagging items comprising applying a plurality of non coding DNA tags, wherein the selection of the particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the tagged items, substantially as shown herein.
  • An apparatus for tagging items might comprise apparatus for applying a plurality of non-coding DNA tags, wherein the selection of the particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the tagged items, substantially as shown herein.
  • An apparatus might be provided for reading tags from tagged items tagged with a plurality of non-coding DNA tags, wherein the selection of the particular tags corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing
  • tags might be recorded in a public blockchain transaction.
  • these techniques could be used for tracing a product to its origins or other point in a supply chain it passes through, testing for efficacy of a sanitation process, or both, with information provided in a public manner to allow for independent testing and assessment.
  • a process might start with the selection of a tag to be applied.
  • This tag might be for applying to a product or a surface for later detection without requiring packaging or visible labeling or alteration.
  • the tag might be represented by, and correspond to, a unique sequence of characters.
  • each character is selected from a binary alphabet, so that the sequence of characters is a bit sequence.
  • the alphabet has more than two possible characters.
  • An example of such a tag might be a 28-bit, 32-bit, or 60-bit value.
  • each character has a value and a sequence position (e.g., there might be a“1” in the 45th position in the character sequence and a“0” in the seventh position in the character sequence).
  • DNA snippets there might be a set of noncoding DNA snippets, wherein one of the DNA snippets is associated with one of the character values at one of the character positions. For example, there might be 120 DNA snippets to select from, where 60 DNA snippets are DNA tags for the 60 possible character positions that could have a character value of“1” and 60 other DNA snippets are DNA tags for the 60 possible character positions that could have a character value of“0”. In some variations, some of the character values could be represented by the absence of any of the set of DNA snippets.
  • the set of DNA snippets that make up the DNA tag are 28 DNA snippets and where a character position has a character value of“1”, the corresponding DNA snippet of the 28 DNA snippets is present and when that character position has a character value of“0”, none of the 28 DNA snippets are present.
  • there are M possible characters per character position, and there are N positions there are M L N possible distinct tags.
  • a material can be formulated that might contain a carrier and the DNA snippets that correspond to the tag. This material can be applied to a product to be able to trace the product, to a surface to be able to later test for sanitation efficacy, or to a product that is later washed and shipped, to be able to determine both how well it was washed and where it originated.
  • the tag and additional information about the product or surface can be posted to an unalterable blockchain ledger and at a later time, a sample can be taken from the product or surface, and tested to identify which of the noncoding DNA snippets are present and then the blockchain ledger read to find the blockchain transaction that has the additional information about the product or surface that corresponds to the unique sequence of characters represented by the DNA snippets found in the sample.
  • the techniques described herein are implemented by one or generalized computing systems programmed to perform the techniques pursuant to program instructions in firmware, memory, other storage, or a combination.
  • Special- purpose computing devices may be used, such as desktop computer systems, portable computer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or any other device that incorporates hard-wired and/or program logic to implement the techniques.

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Abstract

Un procédé de marquage d'éléments consiste à appliquer une pluralité d'étiquettes d'ADN non codantes, la sélection des traceurs particuliers correspondant à une séquence de code binaire ou non binaire contenant des informations concernant les éléments étiquetés.
EP19750913.6A 2018-02-07 2019-02-07 Test d'assurance de source et d'assainissement de produits alimentaires et applications sensibles Withdrawn EP3574320A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201862627589P 2018-02-07 2018-02-07
PCT/US2019/017123 WO2019157227A1 (fr) 2018-02-07 2019-02-07 Test d'assurance de source et d'assainissement de produits alimentaires et applications sensibles

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EP3574320A1 true EP3574320A1 (fr) 2019-12-04
EP3574320A4 EP3574320A4 (fr) 2020-10-28

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Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10556032B2 (en) 2018-04-25 2020-02-11 Safetraces, Inc. Sanitation monitoring system using pathogen surrogates and surrogate tracking
WO2021173156A1 (fr) * 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 Safetraces, Inc. Système de suivi et de notation de produits à l'aide d'étiquettes adn
US11853832B2 (en) 2018-08-28 2023-12-26 Safetraces, Inc. Product tracking and rating system using DNA tags
EP4097467A4 (fr) * 2020-01-31 2024-01-31 Safe Traces, Inc. Utilisation de fragments d'adn non codants combinatoires comme traceurs dans des produits de consommation et des chaînes d'alimentation

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US20060136728A1 (en) * 2003-08-15 2006-06-22 Gentry Craig B Method and apparatus for authentication of data streams with adaptively controlled losses
ITRM20050235A1 (it) * 2005-05-13 2006-11-14 Biolab S P A Tracciante alimentare naturale.
US8735327B2 (en) * 2010-01-07 2014-05-27 Jeansee, Llc Combinatorial DNA taggants and methods of preparation and use thereof
US10302614B2 (en) * 2014-05-06 2019-05-28 Safetraces, Inc. DNA based bar code for improved food traceability
US9436923B1 (en) * 2015-02-26 2016-09-06 Skuchain, Inc. Tracking unitization occurring in a supply chain
US10962512B2 (en) * 2015-08-03 2021-03-30 Safetraces, Inc. Pathogen surrogates based on encapsulated tagged DNA for verification of sanitation and wash water systems for fresh produce
US10796000B2 (en) * 2016-06-11 2020-10-06 Intel Corporation Blockchain system with nucleobase sequencing as proof of work
US10467586B2 (en) * 2017-03-23 2019-11-05 International Business Machines Corporation Blockchain ledgers of material spectral signatures for supply chain integrity management
US11625731B2 (en) * 2017-06-30 2023-04-11 Intel Corporation Methods, systems and apparatus to track a provenance of goods

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WO2019157227A1 (fr) 2019-08-15

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