EP3555242B1 - Additives for improving the thermal stability of fuels - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to the use of certain polymers.

Out WO 15/113681 copolymers with at least one free carboxylic acid pendant group and their use as fuel additives are known. It is described that stabilizers must also be added to fuels, which indicates that the copolymers described do not have any stabilizing property.

Background of the invention:

In diesel fuels, according to DIN EN590, thermal or oxidation stability, measured as text according to DIN EN 15751, of at least 20 hours is required. The addition of renewable raw materials, in particular fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), reduces this stability, so that there is a need for additives for fuels to increase the stability.

The fuel decomposes at points where the fuel is exposed to oxygen and / or increased temperature, often catalyzed by metal surfaces. Such conditions often exist within the injection system, where elevated temperatures of up to 100 ° C and higher can be reached.

In the injection systems of modern diesel engines, deposits from such decomposition cause significant performance problems. It is widely recognized that such deposits in the spray channels can lead to a reduction in the fuel flow and thus to power loss. Deposits on the injector tip, on the other hand, impair the optimal formation of fuel spray and thus cause poor combustion and the associated higher emissions and increased fuel consumption. In contrast to these conventional, "external" deposit phenomena, "internal" deposits (summarized as internal diesel injector deposits (IDID)) also form in certain parts of the injectors, especially on the nozzle needle, on the control piston, on the valve piston, on the valve seat the control unit and the guides of these components, increasing performance problems. Conventional additives show insufficient effectiveness against these IDIDs.

The “injection system” is understood to mean that part of the fuel system in motor vehicles from the fuel pump up to and including the injector outlet. The term “fuel system” is understood to mean the components of motor vehicles that are in contact with the respective fuel, preferably the area from the tank up to and including the injector outlet.

The present invention is based on the object of providing additives for use in modern diesel and gasoline fuels which increase the stability of the fuels, particularly of biofuels.

• in einem ersten Reaktionsschritt (I) Copolymerisation von
  1. (A) mindestens einer ethylenisch ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure oder deren Derivate, bevorzugt einer Dicarbonsäure,
  2. (B) mindestens einem α-Olefin mit von mindestens 12 bis zu einschließlich 30 Kohlenstoffatomen,
  3. (C) optional mindestens einem weiteren, mindestens 4 Kohlenstoffatome aufweisenden, aliphatischen oder cycloaliphatischen Olefin, das ein anderes als (B) ist und
  4. (D) optional eines oder mehrerer weiterer copolymerisierbarer Monomere, die verschieden von den Monomeren (A), (B) und (C) sind, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus
     • (Da) Vinylestern,
     • (Db) Vinylethern,
     • (Dc) (Meth)acrylsäureestern von Alkoholen, die mindestens 5 Kohlenstoffatome aufweisen,
     • (Dd) Allylalkoholen oder deren Ether,
     • (De) N-Vinylverbindungen, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Vinylverbindungen von mindestens ein Stickstoffatom enthaltenden Heterocyclen, N-Vinylamide oder N-Vinyllactame,
     • (Df) ethylenisch ungesättigte Aromaten
     • (Dg) α,β-ethylenisch ungesättigte Nitrilen,
     • (Dh) (Meth)acrylsäureamiden und
     • (Di) Allylaminen,
       gefolgt von
• in einem zweiten optionalen Reaktionsschritt (II) teilweise oder vollständige Hydrolyse und/oder Verseifung von im aus (I) erhaltenen Copolymer enthaltenen Anhydrid- oder Carbonsäureesterfunktionalitäten, wobei der zweite Reaktionsschritt zumindest dann durchlaufen wird, wenn das aus Reaktionsschritt (I) erhaltene Copolymer keine freien Carbonsäurefunktionalitäten enthält, zur Verbesserung der thermischen und/oder Oxidationsstabilität von I Biobrennstoffölen oder oevorzugt Dieselkraftstoffen, enthaltend mindestens einen Fettsäurealkylester.

The task is solved by
the use of copolymers available from

• in a first reaction step (I) copolymerization of
  1. (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or its derivatives, preferably a dicarboxylic acid,
  2. (B) at least one α-olefin having from at least 12 up to and including 30 carbon atoms,
  3. (C) optionally at least one further aliphatic or cycloaliphatic olefin having at least 4 carbon atoms, which is other than (B) and
  4. (D) optionally one or more further copolymerizable monomers which are different from the monomers (A), (B) and (C), selected from the group consisting of
     • (There) vinyl esters,
     • (Db) vinyl ethers,
     • (Dc) (meth) acrylic acid esters of alcohols which have at least 5 carbon atoms,
     • (Dd) allyl alcohols or their ethers,
     • (De) N-vinyl compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl compounds of heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen atom, N-vinyl amides or N-vinyl lactams,
     • (Df) ethylenically unsaturated aromatics
     • (Dg) α, β-ethylenically unsaturated nitriles,
     • (Dh) (meth) acrylic acid amides and
     • (Di) allylamines,
       followed by
• in a second optional reaction step (II) partial or complete hydrolysis and / or saponification of anhydride or carboxylic acid ester functionalities contained in the copolymer obtained from (I), the second reaction step is run through at least when the copolymer obtained from reaction step (I) does not contain any free carboxylic acid functionalities to improve the thermal and / or oxidation stability of biofuel oils or preferably diesel fuels containing at least one fatty acid alkyl ester.

Summary of the invention:

These copolymers are distinguished in particular by the fact that they act against oxidation and / or thermal stress on fuels, which cause a wide variety of deposits in the fuel and / or injection system that impair the performance of modern diesel engines.

Description of the copolymer

The monomer (A) is at least one, preferably one to three, particularly preferably one or two and very particularly preferably exactly one ethylenically unsaturated, preferably α , β- ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof, preferably a dicarboxylic acid or their derivatives, particularly preferably the anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid, very particularly preferably maleic anhydride.

• die betreffenden Anhydride in monomerer oder auch polymerer Form,
• Mono- oder Dialkylester, bevorzugt Mono- oder Di-C₁-C₄-alkylester, besonders bevorzugt Mo-no- oder Dimethylester oder die entsprechenden Mono- oder Diethylester, sowie
• gemischte Ester, bevorzugt gemischte Ester mit unterschiedlichen C₁-C₄-Alkylkomponenten, besonders bevorzugt gemischte Methylethylester.

Derivatives are understood here

• the anhydrides in question in monomeric or polymeric form,
• Mono- or dialkyl esters, preferably mono- or di-C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl esters, particularly preferably mono- or dimethyl esters or the corresponding mono- or diethyl esters, as well
• mixed esters, preferably mixed esters with different C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl components, particularly preferably mixed methyl ethyl esters.

The derivatives are preferably anhydrides in monomeric form or di-C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl esters, particularly preferably anhydrides in monomeric form.

In the context of this document, C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl is understood to mean methyl, ethyl, iso -propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, iso- butyl, sec- butyl and tert -butyl, preferably methyl and ethyl, particularly preferably methyl.

The α , β- ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids are those mono- or dicarboxylic acids or their derivatives in which the carboxyl group or in the case of dicarboxylic acids at least one carboxyl group, preferably both carboxyl groups, are conjugated with the ethylenically unsaturated double bond.

Examples of ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids that are not α, β-ethylenically unsaturated are cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride, exo-3,6-epoxy-1,2,3,6- tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of α, β-ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid and ethyl acrylic acid, preferably acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, referred to as (meth) acrylic acid for short in this document, and particularly preferably acrylic acid.

Particularly preferred derivatives of α, β-ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids are methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate.

Examples of dicarboxylic acids are maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid (2-methylenebutanedioic acid), citraconic acid (2-methylmaleic acid), glutaconic acid (pent-2-ene-1,5-dicarboxylic acid), 2,3-dimethylmaleic acid, 2-methylfumaric acid, 2,3 Dimethylfumaric acid, methylenemalonic acid and tetrahydrophthalic acid, preferably maleic acid and fumaric acid and particularly preferably maleic acid and its derivatives.

In particular, the monomer (A) is maleic anhydride.

The monomer (B) is at least one, preferably one to four, particularly preferably one to three, very particularly preferably one or two and in particular exactly one α-olefin having from at least 12 up to and including 30 carbon atoms. The α-olefins (B) preferably have at least 14, particularly preferably at least 16 and very particularly preferably at least 18 carbon atoms. The α-olefins (B) preferably have up to and including 28, particularly preferably up to and including 26, and very particularly preferably up to and including 24 carbon atoms.

The α-olefins can preferably be linear or branched, preferably linear 1-alkenes.

Examples of these are 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-nonodecene, 1-eicoses, 1-docoses, 1-tetracoses, 1-hexa , of which 1-octadecene, 1-eicoses, 1-docoses and 1-tetracoses, and mixtures thereof are preferred.

Further examples of α-olefins (B) are those olefins which are oligomers or polymers of C ₂ to C ₁₂ olefins, preferably of C ₃ to C ₁₀ olefins, particularly preferably of C ₄ to C ₆ olefins. Examples are ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, pentene isomers and hexene isomers; preference is given to ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene and isobutene.

Namely as α-olefins (B) are oligomers and polymers of propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, and mixtures thereof, especially oligomers and polymers of propene or isobutene or mixtures of 1-butene and 2-butene. Among the oligomers, the trimers, tetramers, pentamers and hexamers and mixtures thereof are preferred.

In addition to the olefin (B), at least one, preferably one to four, particularly preferably one to three, very particularly preferably one or two and in particular exactly one further aliphatic or cycloaliphatic olefin (C) having at least 4 carbon atoms, which is a other than (B) is polymerized into the copolymer according to the invention.

The olefins (C) may be olefins with a terminal (α) double bond or those with a non-terminal double bond, preferably with an α double bond. The olefin (C) is preferably olefins having 4 to fewer than 12 or more than 30 carbon atoms. If the olefin (C) is an olefin having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, this olefin (C) does not have a double bond in the α position.

Examples of aliphatic olefins (C) are 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, pentene isomers, hexene isomers, heptene isomers, octene isomers, nonene isomers, decene isomers, undecene isomers and mixtures thereof .

Examples of cycloaliphatic olefins (C) are cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclooctene, cyclodecene, cyclododecene, α- or β-pinene and mixtures thereof, limonene and norbornene.

Further examples of olefins (C) are polymers containing more than 30 carbon atoms of propene, 1-butene, 2-butene or isobutene or olefin mixtures containing such, preferably of isobutene or olefin mixtures containing such, particularly preferably having an average molecular weight M. _w in the range from 500 to 5000 g / mol, preferably 650 to 3000, particularly preferably 800 to 1500 g / mol.

The oligomers or polymers containing isobutene in copolymerized form preferably have a high content of terminally arranged ethylenic double bonds (α double bonds), for example at least 50 mol%, preferably at least 60 mol%, particularly preferably at least 70 mol% and very particularly preferably at least 80 mol%.

Both pure isobutene and isobutene-containing C4 hydrocarbon streams, for example C4 raffinates, in particular “raffinate 1”, C4 cuts from isobutane, are suitable as isobutene sources for the preparation of such oligomers or polymers containing isobutene in copolymerized form -Dehydrogenation, C4 cuts from steam crackers and from FCC crackers (fluid catalysed cracking), provided they are largely freed from the 1,3-butadiene contained therein. A C4 hydrocarbon stream from an FCC refinery unit is also known as a "b / b" stream. Further suitable isobutene-containing C4 hydrocarbon streams are, for example, the product stream of a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or the product stream from a metathesis unit, which are usually used after conventional purification and / or concentration. Suitable C4 hydrocarbon streams generally contain less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm, butadiene. The presence of 1-butene and of cis- and trans-2-butene is largely uncritical. The isobutene concentration in the said C4 hydrocarbon streams is typically in the range from 40 to 60% by weight. Thus raffinate 1 generally consists essentially of 30 to 50% by weight isobutene, 10 to 50% by weight 1-butene, 10 to 40% by weight cis- and trans-2-butene and 2 to 35% by weight % Butanes; In the polymerization process according to the invention, the undisplayed butenes in raffinate 1 are generally practically inert and only the isobutene is polymerized. In a preferred embodiment, a technical C4 hydrocarbon stream with an isobutene content of 1 to 100% by weight is used as the monomer source for the polymerization, in particular from 1 to 99% by weight, above all from 1 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, in particular a raffinate 1 stream, a b / b stream from an FCC refinery unit , a product stream from a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or a product stream from a metathesis unit.

In particular when using a raffinate 1 stream as the isobutene source, the use of water as the sole initiator or as a further initiator has proven useful, especially when at temperatures from -20 ° C to + 30 ° C, in particular from 0 ° C to + 20 ° C, polymerized. At temperatures from -20 ° C. to + 30 ° C., in particular from 0 ° C. to + 20 ° C., it is also possible, however, to dispense with the use of an initiator when using a raffinate 1 stream as the isobutene source.

The isobutene-containing monomer mixture mentioned can contain small amounts of contaminants such as water, carboxylic acids or mineral acids without there being any critical loss of yield or selectivity. It is expedient to avoid an accumulation of these impurities by removing such pollutants from the isobutene-containing monomer mixture, for example by adsorption on solid adsorbents such as activated carbon, molecular sieves or ion exchangers.

Although less preferred, it is also possible to react monomer mixtures of isobutene or the isobutene-containing hydrocarbon mixture with olefinically unsaturated monomers which are copolymerizable with isobutene. If monomer mixtures of isobutene are to be copolymerized with suitable comonomers, the monomer mixture preferably contains at least 5% by weight, particularly preferably at least 10% by weight and in particular at least 20% by weight isobutene, and preferably at most 95% by weight, especially preferably at most 90% by weight and in particular at most 80% by weight comonomers.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of olefins (B) and optionally (C), averaged over their amounts of substance, has at least 12 carbon atoms, preferably at least 14, particularly preferably at least 16 and very particularly preferably at least 17 carbon atoms.

For example, a 2: 3 mixture of docoses and tetradecene has an average value for the carbon atoms of 0.4 × 22 + 0.6 × 14 = 17.2.

The upper limit is less relevant and is generally not more than 60 carbon atoms, preferably not more than 55, particularly preferably not more than 50, very particularly preferably not more than 45 and in particular not more than 40 carbon atoms.

• (Da) Vinylestern,
• (Db) Vinylethern,
• (Dc) (Meth)acrylsäureestern von Alkoholen, die mindestens 5 Kohlenstoffatome aufweisen,
• (Dd) Allylalkoholen oder deren Ether,
• (De) N-Vinylverbindungen, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Vinylverbindungen von mindestens ein Stickstoffatom enthaltenden Heterocyclen, N-Vinylamide oder N-Vinyllactame,
• (Df) ethylenisch ungesättigte Aromaten und
• (Dg) α,β-ethylenisch ungesättigte Nitrilen
• (Dh) (Meth)acrylsäureamiden und
• (Di) Allylaminen.

The optional monomer (D) is at least one monomer, preferably one to three, particularly preferably one or two and very particularly preferably precisely one monomer selected from the group consisting of

• (There) vinyl esters,
• (Db) vinyl ethers,
• (Dc) (meth) acrylic acid esters of alcohols which have at least 5 carbon atoms,
• (Dd) allyl alcohols or their ethers,
• (De) N-vinyl compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl compounds of heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen atom, N-vinyl amides or N-vinyl lactams,
• (Df) ethylenically unsaturated aromatics and
• (Dg) α, β-ethylenically unsaturated nitriles
• (Dh) (meth) acrylic acid amides and
• (Di) allylamines.

Examples of vinyl esters (Da) are vinyl esters of C ₂ to C ₁₂ carboxylic acids, preferably vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl pentanoate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl octanoate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl decanoate, and vinyl esters of Versatic acids 5 to 10, preferably Vinyl ester of 2,2-dimethylpropionic acid (pivalic acid, Versatic acid 5), 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid (neohexanoic acid, Versatic acid 6), 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid (neoheptanoic acid, Versatic acid 7), 2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid ( Neooctanoic acid, Versatic acid 8), 2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid (neononanoic acid, Versatic acid 9) or 2,2-dimethyloctanoic acid (neodecanoic acid, Versatic acid 10).

Examples of vinyl ethers (Db) are vinyl ethers of C ₁ - to C ₁₂ alkanols, preferably vinyl ethers of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol , n-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol , sec- butanol, tert- butanol, n -Hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) or 2-ethylhexanol.

Preferred (meth) acrylic acid esters (Dc) are (meth) acrylic acid esters of C ₅ to C ₁₂ alkanols, preferably of n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol ), 2-ethylhexanol or 2-propylheptanol. Pentyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 2-propylheptyl acrylate are particularly preferred.

Examples of monomers (Dd) are allyl alcohols and allyl ethers of C ₂ - to C ₁₂ -alkanols, preferably allyl ethers of methanol, ethanol, iso -propanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, iso -butanol, sec -butanol, tert -butanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) or 2-ethylhexanol.

Examples of vinyl compounds (De) of heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen atom are N-vinylpyridine, N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylmorpholine.

Preferred compounds (De) are N-vinylamides or N-vinyllactams:
Examples of N-vinylamides or N-vinyllactams (De) are N-vinylformamide, N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylcaprolactam.

Examples of ethylenically unsaturated aromatics (Df) are styrene and α-methylstyrene.

Examples of α, β-ethylenically unsaturated nitriles (Dg) are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.

Examples of (meth) acrylic acid amides (Dh) are acrylamide and methacrylamide.

Examples of allylamines (Di) are allylamine, dialkylallylamine and trialkyl allylammonium halides.

Preferred monomers (D) are (Da), (Db), (Dc), (De) and / or (Df), particularly preferred (Da), (Db) and / or (Dc), very particularly preferred (Da) and / or (Dc) and in particular (Dc).

The incorporation ratio of monomers (A) and (B) and optionally (C) and optionally (D) in the copolymer obtained from reaction step (I) is generally as follows:
The molar ratio of (A) / ((B) and (C)) (in total) is generally from 10: 1 to 1:10, preferably 8: 1 to 1: 8, particularly preferably 5: 1 to 1 : 5, very particularly preferably 3: 1 to 1: 3, in particular 2: 1 to 1: 2 and especially 1.5: 1 to 1: 1.5. In the special case of maleic anhydride as monomer (A), the molar incorporation ratio of maleic anhydride to monomers ((B) and (C)) (in total) is about 1: 1. In order to achieve complete conversion of the α-olefin (B) it can nevertheless be useful to use maleic anhydride in a slight excess over the α-olefin, for example 1.01-1.5: 1, preferably 1.02-1.4 : 1, particularly preferably 1.05-1.3: 1, very particularly preferably 1.07-1.2: 1 and in particular 1.1-1.15: 1.

The molar ratio of obligatory monomer (B) to monomer (C), if it is present, is generally from 1: 0.05 to 10, preferably from 1: 0.1 to 6, particularly preferably from 1: 0, 2 to 4, very particularly preferably from 1: 0.3 to 2.5 and especially 1: 0.5 to 1.5.

In a preferred embodiment, no optional monomer (C) is present in addition to monomer (B).

The proportion of one or more of the monomers (D), if any, based on the amount of monomers (A), (B) and optionally (C) (in total) is generally from 5 to 200 mol%, preferably from 10 to 150 mol%, particularly preferably 15 to 100 mol%, very particularly preferably 20 to 50 mol% and in particular 0 to 25 mol%.

In a preferred embodiment, no optional monomer (D) is present.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the copolymer consists of monomers (A) and (B).

In a second reaction step (II) the anhydride or carboxylic ester functionalities contained in the copolymer obtained from (I) are partially or completely hydrolyzed and / or saponified.

In a preferred embodiment, the anhydride functionalities contained in the copolymer after reaction step (II) are essentially completely hydrolyzed.

However, it is also possible, although less preferred, to hydrolyze at least 50% to less than 100%, for example 66% to 95% or 75% to 90%, of the anhydride functionalities contained in the copolymer after reaction step (II).

For hydrolysis, based on the anhydride functionalities present, the amount of water is added which corresponds to the desired degree of hydrolysis and the copolymer obtained from (I) is heated in the presence of the added water. As a rule, a temperature of preferably 20 to 150 ° C, preferably 60 to 100 ° C, is sufficient. If necessary, the reaction can be carried out under pressure in order to prevent the escape of water. Under these reaction conditions, the anhydride functionalities in the copolymer are generally converted selectively, whereas any carboxylic acid ester functionalities contained in the copolymer do not react or at least only react to a minor extent.

For saponification, the copolymer is reacted with an amount of a strong base in the presence of water which corresponds to the desired degree of saponification.

Hydroxides, oxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates of alkali or alkaline earth metals can preferably be used as strong bases.

The copolymer obtained from (I) is then heated in the presence of the added water and the strong base. As a rule, a temperature of preferably 20 to 130 ° C, preferably 50 to 110 ° C, is sufficient. If necessary, the reaction can be carried out under pressure.

It is also possible to hydrolyze the carboxylic ester functionalities with water in the presence of an acid. The preferred acids are mineral, carbon, sulfonic or phosphorus-containing Acids with a pKa value of not more than 5, particularly preferably not more than 4, are used.

Examples are acetic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, substituted succinic acids, aromatic-substituted or unsubstituted benzenesulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid; the use of acidic ion exchange resins is also conceivable.

The copolymer obtained from (I) is then heated in the presence of the added water and the acid. As a rule, a temperature of preferably 40 to 200 ° C., preferably 80 to 150 ° C., is sufficient for this. If necessary, the reaction can be carried out under pressure.

If the copolymers obtained from step (II) still contain residues of acid anions, it may be preferred to remove these acid anions from the copolymer with the aid of an ion exchanger and preferably to replace them with hydroxide ions or carboxylate ions, particularly preferably hydroxide ions. This is particularly the case when the acid anions contained in the copolymer are halides, sulfur-containing or nitrogen-containing.

The copolymer obtained from reaction step (II) generally has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 0.5 to 20 kDa, preferably 0.6 to 15, particularly preferably 0.7 to 7, very particularly preferably 1 to 7 and in particular 1, 5 to 54 kDa (determined by gel permeation chromatography with tetrahydrofuran and polystyrene as standards).

The number average molecular weight Mn is mostly from 0.5 to 10 kDa, preferably 0.6 to 5, particularly preferably 0.7 to 4, very particularly preferably 0.8 to 3 and in particular 1 to 2 kDa (determined by gel permeation chromatography with tetrahydrofuran and polystyrene as standard).

The polydispersity is generally from 1 to 10, preferably from 1.1 to 8, particularly preferably from 1.2 to 7, very particularly preferably from 1.3 to 5 and in particular from 1.5 to 3.

The content of free acid groups in the copolymer after passing through reaction step (II) is preferably from 1 to 8 mmol / g copolymer, particularly preferably from 2 to 7 and very particularly preferably from 3 to 7 mmol / g copolymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the copolymers contain a high proportion of adjacent carboxylic acid groups, which is determined by measuring the adjacency. For this purpose, a sample of the copolymer is tempered for a period of 30 minutes at a temperature of 290 ° C. between two Teflon films and an FTIR spectrum is recorded at a bubble-free point. The IR spectrum of Teflon is subtracted from the spectra obtained, the layer thickness is determined and the content of cyclic anhydride is determined.

In a preferred embodiment, the adjacency is at least 10%, preferably at least 15%, particularly preferably at least 20%, very particularly preferably at least 25% and in particular at least 30%.

use

The fuel can contain other customary additives. The copolymers described are often used in the form of fuel additive mixtures, together with customary additives: In the case of diesel fuels, these are primarily customary detergent additives, carrier oils, cold flow improvers, lubricity improvers, corrosion inhibitors other than the copolymers described, demulsifiers, dehazers , Antifoams, cetane number improvers, combustion improvers, antioxidants or stabilizers, antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators, dyes and / or solvents.

In the case of petrol, these are primarily lubricity improvers (friction modifiers), corrosion inhibitors other than the copolymers described, demulsifiers, dehazers, antifoams, combustion improvers, antioxidants or stabilizers, antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators, dyes and / or solvents.

Typical examples of suitable co-additives are listed in the following section:

B1) detergent additives

• (Da) Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen mit bis zu 6 Stickstoffatomen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat;
• (Db) Nitrogruppen, gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit Hydroxylgruppen;
• (Dc) Hydroxylgruppen in Kombination mit Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat;
• (Dd) Carboxylgruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen;
• (De) Sulfonsäuregruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen;
• (Df) Polyoxy-C₂- bis C₄-alkylengruppierungen, die durch Hydroxylgruppen, Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat, oder durch Carbamatgruppen terminiert sind;
• (Dg) Carbonsäureestergruppen;
• (Dh) aus Bernsteinsäureanhydrid abgeleiteten Gruppierungen mit Hydroxy- und/oder Amino- und/oder Amido- und/oder Imidogruppen; und/oder
• (Di) durch Mannich-Umsetzung von substituierten Phenolen mit Aldehyden und Mono- oder Polyaminen erzeugten Gruppierungen.

The usual detergent additives are preferably amphiphilic substances which have at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical with a number-average molecular weight (M _n ) of 85 to 20,000 and at least one polar group selected from:

• (Da) mono- or polyamino groups with up to 6 nitrogen atoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties;
• (Db) nitro groups, optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups;
• (Dc) hydroxyl groups in combination with mono- or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties;
• (Dd) carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts;
• (De) sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts;
• (Df) polyoxy-C ₂ - to C ₄ -alkylene groupings which are terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties, or by carbamate groups;
• (Dg) carboxylic acid ester groups;
• (Ie) groups derived from succinic anhydride with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups; and or
• (Di) groups produced by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines.

The hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergent additives, which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (M _n ) of 85 to 20,000, preferably 113 to 10,000, particularly preferably 300 to 5,000, more preferably 300 to 3,000, even more preferably from 500 to 2,500 and in particular from 700 to 2,500, especially from 800 to 1500. As a typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical, especially in connection with the polar, in particular polypropenyl, polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals with a number average molecular weight M _n of preferably 300 to 5,000, particularly preferably 300 to 3,000, more preferably 500 to 2,500, even more preferably 700 to 2,500, and in particular 800 to 1,500, in each case.

The following are examples of the above groups of detergent additives:
Additives containing mono- or polyamino groups (Da) are preferably polyalkene mono- or polyalkene polyamines based on polypropene or highly reactive (ie with predominantly terminal double bonds) or conventional (ie with predominantly central double bonds) polybutene or polyisobutene with M _n = 300 to 5000, especially preferably 500 to 2500 and in particular 700 to 2500. Such additives based on highly reactive polyisobutene, which are made from polyisobutene, which can contain up to 20% by weight of n-butene units, by hydroformylation and reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such as dimethyl aminopropylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine can be prepared, in particular from the EP-A 244 616 known. If the production of the additives is based on polybutene or polyisobutene with predominantly central double bonds (mostly in the β and γ positions), the production route is by chlorination and subsequent amination or by oxidation of the double bond with air or ozone to form carbonyl or Carboxyl compound and subsequent amination under reductive (hydrogenating) conditions. For amination here amines, such as. B. ammonia, monoamines or the above polyamines can be used. Corresponding additives based on polypropene are particularly in the WO-A 94/24231 described.

Further special additives containing monoamino groups (Da) are the hydrogenation products of the reaction products of polyisobutenes with an average degree of polymerization P = 5 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as they are in particular in WO-A 97/03946 are described.

Further special additives containing monoamino groups (Da) are the compounds obtainable from polyisobutene epoxides by reaction with amines and subsequent dehydration and reduction of the amino alcohols, as are in particular in the DE-A 196 20 262 are described.

Additives containing nitro groups (Db), optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups, are preferably reaction products of polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerization of P = 5 to 100 or 10 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, such as those in particular in WO-A96 / 03367 and in the WO-A 96/03479 are described. These reaction products are usually mixtures of pure nitropolyisobutenes (e.g. α, β-dinitropolyisobutene) and mixed hydroxynitropolyisobutenes (e.g. α-nitro-β-hydroxypolyisobutene).

Hydroxyl groups in combination with additives containing mono- or polyamino groups (Dc) are, in particular, reaction products of polyisobutene epoxides, obtainable from polyisobutene having predominantly terminal double bonds with M _n = 300 to 5000 with ammonia, mono- or polyamines, as they are in particular in the EP-A 476 485 are described.

Carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (Dd) containing additives are preferably copolymers of C ₂ - to C ₄₀ olefins with maleic anhydride with a total molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, the carboxyl groups wholly or partially to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and a remaining Rest of the carboxyl groups are reacted with alcohols or amines. Such additives are in particular from EP-A 307 815 known. Such additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can, as in WO-A 87/01126 described, can be used with advantage in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.

Additives containing sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (De) are preferably alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinate, as it is in particular in US Pat EP-A 639 632 is described. Such additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can be used with advantage in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.

Additives containing polyoxy-C ₂ -C ₄ -alkylene groups (Df) are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines, which are obtained by reacting C ₂ - to C ₆₀ -alkanols, C ₆ - to C ₃₀ -alkanediols, mono- or di-C ₂ - to C ₃₀ -alkylamines, C ₁ - to C ₃₀ -alkylcyclohexanols or C ₁ - to C ₃₀ -alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per Hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, can be obtained by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines. Such products are particularly popular in the EP-A 310 875 , EP-A 356 725 , EP-A 700 985 and US-A 4,877,416 described. In the case of polyethers, such products also have carrier oil properties. Typical examples are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.

Additives containing carboxylic ester groups (Dg) are preferably esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, in particular those with a minimum viscosity of 2 mm ² / s at 100 ° C., as in particular in the DE-A 38 38 918 are described. Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids, and especially long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are suitable as ester alcohols or polyols. Typical representatives of the esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of iso-octanol, iso-nonanol, iso-decanol and iso-tridecanol. Such products also meet carrier oil properties.

Groups derived from succinic anhydride with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or especially imido groups (Dh) containing additives are preferably corresponding derivatives of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride and in particular the corresponding derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride, which by reaction of conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene with M _n = preferably 300 to 5000, particularly preferably 300 to 3000, more preferably 500 to 2500, even more preferably 700 to 2500 and in particular 800 to 1500, with maleic anhydride thermally in an ene reaction or above the chlorinated polyisobutene are available. The groupings with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups are, for example, carboxylic acid groups, acid amides of monoamines, acid amides of di- or polyamines which, in addition to the amide function, also have free amine groups, succinic acid derivatives with an acid and an amide function, carboximides with monoamines, carboximides with di- or polyamines which, in addition to the imide function, also have free amine groups, or diimides which are formed by the reaction of di- or polyamines with two succinic acid derivatives. Such fuel additives are generally known and are described, for example, in documents (1) and (2). They are preferably the reaction products of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines and particularly preferably the reaction products of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines. Of particular interest here are reaction products with aliphatic polyamines (polyalkyleneimines) such as in particular ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine and hexaethylene heptamine, which have an imide structure.

In a preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 2012/004300 , there preferably page 5, line 18 to page 33, line 5, particularly preferably of preparation example 1,

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in the unpublished international application with the file number PCT / EP2014 / 061834 and the filing date June 6, 2014, there preferably page 5, line 21 to page 47, line 34, particularly preferably the preparation examples 1 to 17.

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 11/95819 A1 , there preferably page 4, line 5 to page 13, line 26, particularly preferably preparation example 2. In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 11/110860 A1 , there preferably page 4, line 7 to page 16, line 26, particularly preferably of the preparation examples 8, 9, 11 and 13.

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 06/135881 A2 , there preferably page 5, line 14 to page 12, line 14, particularly preferably Examples 1 to 4. In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 10/132259 A1 , there preferably page 3, line 29 to page 10, line 21, particularly preferably example 3.

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 08/060888 A2 , there preferably page 6, line 15 to page 14, line 29, particularly preferably Examples 1 to 4. In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in GB 2496514 A , there preferably paragraphs [00012] to [00039], particularly preferably examples 1 to 3.

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the invention can be combined with quaternized compounds, as described in WO 2013 070503 A1 , there preferably paragraphs [00011] to [00039], particularly preferably examples 1 to 5.

Additives containing (di) groups produced by the Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines are preferably reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine or dimethyl aminopropylamine . The polyisobutenyl substituted phenols can be conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene with M _n = 300 to 5000 originate. Such "polyisobutene Mannich bases" are particularly in the EP-A 831 141 described.

One or more of the detergent additives mentioned can be added to the fuel in such an amount that the metering rate of these detergent additives is preferably 25 to 2500 ppm by weight, in particular 75 to 1500 ppm by weight, especially 150 to 1000 ppm by weight .-ppm.

B2) carrier oils

Carrier oils used can be mineral or synthetic in nature. Suitable mineral carrier oils are fractions obtained during petroleum processing, such as bright stocks or base oils with viscosities such as from class SN 500 to 2000, but also aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons and alkoxyalkanols. A fraction known as "hydrocrack oil" and obtained during the refining of mineral oil (vacuum distillate cut with a boiling range of about 360 to 500 ° C., obtainable from natural mineral oil catalytically hydrogenated and isomerized and dewaxed under high pressure) can also be used. Mixtures of the abovementioned mineral carrier oils are also suitable.

Examples of suitable synthetic carrier oils are polyolefins (polyalphaolefins or polyinternalolefins), (poly) esters, (poly) alkoxylates, polyethers, aliphatic polyetheramines, alkylphenol-started polyethers, alkylphenol-started polyetheramines and carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols.

Examples of suitable polyolefins are olefin polymers with M _n = 400 to 1800, especially based on polybutene or polyisobutene (hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated).

Examples of suitable polyethers or polyetheramines are preferably compounds containing polyoxy-C ₂ - to C ₄ -alkylene groups, which are obtained by reaction of C ₂ - to C ₆₀ -alkanols, C ₆ - to C ₃₀ -alkanediols, mono- or di-C ₂ - To C ₃₀ alkylamines, C ₁ to C ₃₀ alkyl cyclohexanols or C ₁ to C ₃₀ alkyl phenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the event the polyetheramines, are obtainable by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines. Such products are particularly popular in the EP-A 310 875 , EP-A 356 725 , EP-A 700 985 and the US-A 4,877,416 described. For example, poly-C ₂ - to C ₆ -alkylene oxide amines or functional derivatives thereof can be used as polyether amines. Typical examples are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.

Examples of carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols are, in particular, esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, as they are in particular in US Pat DE-A 38 38 918 are described. Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids; long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols. Typical representatives the esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of isooctanol, isononanol, isodecanol and isotridecanol, e.g. B. di- (n- or isotridecyl) phthalate.

Further suitable carrier oil systems are, for example, in DE-A 38 26 608 , DE-A 41 42 241 , DE-A 43 09 074 , EP-A 452 328 and the EP-A 548 617 described.

Examples of particularly suitable synthetic carrier oils are alcohol-initiated polyethers with about 5 to 35, preferably about 5 to 30, particularly preferably 10 to 30 and in particular 15 to 30 C ₃ to C ₆ alkylene oxide units, e.g. B. propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide units or mixtures thereof, per alcohol molecule. Non-limiting examples of suitable starter alcohols are long-chain alkanols or long-chain alkyl-substituted phenols, the long-chain alkyl radical in particular being a straight-chain or branched C ₆ - to C ₁₈ -alkyl radical. Tridecanol and nonylphenol should be mentioned as special examples. Particularly preferred alcohol-initiated polyethers are the reaction products (polyetherification products) of monohydric aliphatic C ₆ to C ₁₈ alcohols with C ₃ to C ₆ alkylene oxides. Examples of monohydric aliphatic C ₆ -C ₁₈ alcohols are hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonyl alcohol, decanol, 3-propylheptanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol and their constitution and Positional isomers. The alcohols can be used both in the form of the pure isomers and in the form of technical mixtures. A particularly preferred alcohol is tridecanol. Examples of C ₃ to C ₆ alkylene oxides are propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide, butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide or tetrahydrofuran, pentylene oxide and hexylene oxide. Particularly preferred among these are C ₃ to C ₄ alkylene oxides, ie propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide and butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide. Butylene oxide is used in particular.

Other suitable synthetic carrier oils are alkoxylated alkylphenols, as described in US Pat DE-A 10 102 913 are described.

Particular carrier oils are synthetic carrier oils, the alcohol-initiated polyethers described above being particularly preferred.

The carrier oil or the mixture of different carrier oils is added to the fuel in an amount of preferably 1 to 1000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 500 ppm by weight and in particular 20 to 100 ppm by weight.

B3) cold flow improvers

Suitable cold flow improvers are in principle all organic compounds which are able to improve the flow behavior of middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels in the cold. Appropriately, they must have sufficient oil solubility. In particular, the cold flow improvers (“middle distillate flow improvers”, “MDFI”) used for middle distillates of fossil origin, that is to say for conventional mineral diesel fuels, are suitable for this. However, organic compounds can also be used are used which, when used in common diesel fuels, partly or predominantly have the properties of a wax anti-settling additive ("WASA"). They can also act partly or mainly as nucleators. However, it is also possible to use mixtures of organic compounds that are effective as MDFI and / or that are effective as WASA and / or that are effective as nucleators.

• (K1) Copolymeren eines C₂- bis C₄₀-Olefins mit wenigstens einem weiteren ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomer;
• (K2) Kammpolymeren;
• (K3) Polyoxyalkylenen;
• (K4) polaren Stickstoffverbindungen;
• (K5) Sulfocarbonsäuren oder Sulfonsäuren oder deren Derivaten; und
• (K6) Poly(meth)acrylsäureestern.

Typically, the cold flow improver is selected from:

• (K1) copolymers of a C ₂ - to C ₄₀ -olefin with at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
• (K2) comb polymers;
• (K3) polyoxyalkylenes;
• (K4) polar nitrogen compounds;
• (K5) sulfocarboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or their derivatives; and
• (K6) poly (meth) acrylic acid esters.

Both mixtures of different representatives from one of the respective classes (K1) to (K6) and mixtures of representatives from different classes (K1) to (K6) can be used.

Suitable C ₂ to C ₄₀ olefin monomers for the copolymers of class (K1) are, for example, those with 2 to 20, in particular 2 to 10 carbon atoms and with 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, in particular with a carbon-carbon Double weave. In the latter case, the carbon-carbon double bond can be arranged both terminally (α-olefins) and also internally. However, preference is given to α-olefins, particularly preferably α-olefins having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and, above all, ethylene.

In the copolymers of class (K1), the at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer is preferably selected from alkenyl carboxylates, (meth) acrylic acid esters and further olefins.

If further olefins are also polymerized in, these are preferably higher molecular weight than the above-mentioned C ₂ to C ₄₀ olefin base monomers. If, for example, ethylene or propene is used as the base olefin monomer, suitable further olefins are in particular C ₁₀ to C ₄₀ α-olefins. In most cases, other olefins are only also incorporated into the polymerization if monomers with carboxylic acid ester functions are also used.

Suitable (meth) acrylic acid esters are, for example, esters of (meth) acrylic acid with C ₁ to C ₂₀ alkanols, in particular C ₁ to C ₁₀ alkanols, especially with methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec. -Butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol and decanol and structural isomers thereof.

Suitable carboxylic acid alkenyl esters are, for example, C ₂ - to C ₁₄ -alkenyl esters, for example the vinyl and propenyl esters, of carboxylic acids having 2 to 21 carbon atoms, their hydrocarbon radicals can be linear or branched. Of these, the vinyl esters are preferred. Among the carboxylic acids with a branched hydrocarbon radical, preference is given to those whose branches are in the α-position to the carboxyl group, the α-carbon atom being particularly preferably tertiary, ie the carboxylic acid being what is known as a neocarboxylic acid. However, the hydrocarbon radical of the carboxylic acid is preferably linear.

Examples of suitable alkenyl carboxylates are vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neopentanoate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate and the corresponding propenyl esters, the vinyl esters being preferred. A particularly preferred alkenyl carboxylate is vinyl acetate; typical copolymers of group (K1) resulting therefrom are the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers ("EVA") used most frequently.

Particularly advantageously usable ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and their production are in the WO 99/29748 described.

Also suitable as copolymers of class (K1) are those which contain two or more different carboxylic acid alkenyl esters in copolymerized form, these differing in the alkenyl function and / or in the carboxylic acid group. Also suitable are copolymers which, in addition to the carboxylic acid alkenyl ester (s), contain at least one olefin and / or at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester in copolymerized form.

Also terpolymers from a C ₂ - to C ₄₀ -α-olefin, a C ₁ - to C ₂₀ -alkyl ester of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid with 3 to 15 carbon atoms and a C ₂ - to C ₁₄ -alkenyl ester of a saturated monocarboxylic acid with 2 to 21 Carbon atoms are suitable as copolymers of class (K1). Such terpolymers are in the WO 2005/054314 described. A typical terpolymer of this type is composed of ethylene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylic acid and vinyl acetate.

The at least one or the further ethylenically unsaturated monomers are present in the copolymers of class (K1) in an amount of preferably 1 to 50% by weight, in particular 10 to 45% by weight and above all from 20 to 40% by weight %, based on the total copolymer, polymerized. The majority by weight of the monomer units in the copolymers of class (K1) thus generally originate from the C ₂ to C ₄₀ base olefins.

The copolymers of class (K1) preferably have a number average molecular weight M _n from 1000 to 20,000, particularly preferably from 1000 to 10,000 and in particular from 1000 to 8000.

Typical comb polymers of component (K2) are, for example, through the copolymerization of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid with another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example with an α-olefin or an unsaturated ester such as vinyl acetate, and subsequent esterification of the anhydride or acid function with an alcohol with at least 10 carbon atoms available. Further suitable comb polymers are copolymers of α-olefins and esterified comonomers, for example esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride or esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid. Suitable comb polymers can also be polyfumarates or polymaleinates. In addition, homo- and copolymers of vinyl ethers are suitable comb polymers. Comb polymers suitable as components of class (K2) are, for example, also those in the WO 2004/035715 and in " Comb-Like Polymers. Structure and Properties ", NA Plate and VP Shibaev, J. Poly. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 8, pp. 117-253 (1974 ) ". Mixtures of comb polymers are also suitable.

Polyoxyalkylenes suitable as components of class (K3) are, for example, polyoxyalkylene esters, polyoxyalkylene ethers, mixed polyoxyalkylene ester ethers and mixtures thereof. These polyoxyalkylene compounds preferably contain at least one, preferably at least two, linear alkyl groups each having 10 to 30 carbon atoms and one polyoxyalkylene group with a number average molecular weight of up to 5000. Such polyoxyalkylene compounds are, for example, in EP-A 061 895 as well as in the U.S. 4,491,455 described. Special polyoxyalkylene compounds are based on polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols with a number average molecular weight of 100 to 5000. Furthermore, polyoxyalkylene mono- and diesters of fatty acids with 10 to 30 carbon atoms such as stearic acid or behenic acid are suitable.

Polar nitrogen compounds suitable as component of class (K4) can be both ionic and non-ionic in nature and preferably have at least one, in particular at least two, substituents in the form of a tertiary nitrogen atom of the general formula> NR ⁷ , where R ^{7 is} a C ₈ bis C ₄₀ hydrocarbon residue. The nitrogen substituents can also be present in quaternized form, that is to say in cationic form. Examples of such nitrogen compounds are ammonium salts and / or amides which can be obtained by reacting at least one amine substituted by at least one hydrocarbon radical with a carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 carboxyl groups or with a suitable derivative thereof. The amines preferably contain at least one linear C ₈ - to C ₄₀ -alkyl radical. Primary amines suitable for preparing the polar nitrogen compounds mentioned are, for example, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and the higher linear homologues; secondary amines suitable for this purpose are, for example, dioctadecylamine and methylbehenylamine. Amine mixtures are also suitable for this purpose, in particular amine mixtures available on an industrial scale, such as fatty amines or hydrogenated tall amines, such as those described in, for example Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, in the chapter "Amines, aliphatic Acids suitable for the reaction are, for example, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and succinic acids substituted with long-chain hydrocarbon radicals.

in denen die Variable A eine geradkettige oder verzweigte C₂- bis C₆-Alkylengruppe oder die Gruppierung der Formel III

darstellt und die Variable B eine C₁- bis C₁₉-Alkylengruppe bezeichnet. Die Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel IIa und IIb weisen insbesondere die Eigenschaften eines WASA auf.In particular, the component of class (K4) is an oil-soluble reaction product of poly (C ₂ to C ₂₀ carboxylic acids) having at least one tertiary amino group with primary or secondary amines. The poly (C ₂ -C ₂₀ -carboxylic acids) on which this reaction product is based preferably contain at least one tertiary amino group at least 3 carboxyl groups, especially 3 to 12, especially 3 to 5 carboxyl groups. The carboxylic acid units in the polycarboxylic acids preferably have 2 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular they are acetic acid units. The carboxylic acid units are linked to the polycarboxylic acids in a suitable manner, usually via one or more carbon and / or nitrogen atoms. They are preferably attached to tertiary nitrogen atoms which, in the case of several nitrogen atoms, are linked via hydrocarbon chains.
The component of class (K4) is preferably an oil-soluble reaction product based on poly (C ₂ to C ₂₀ carboxylic acids) of the general formula IIa or IIb having at least one tertiary amino group

in which the variable A is a straight-chain or branched C ₂ - to C ₆ -alkylene group or the grouping of the formula III

and the variable B denotes a C ₁ to C ₁₉ alkylene group. The compounds of the general formulas IIa and IIb in particular have the properties of a WASA.

Furthermore, the preferred oil-soluble reaction product of component (K4), in particular that of the general formula IIa or IIb, is an amide, an amide ammonium salt or an ammonium salt in which no, one or more carboxylic acid groups have been converted into amide groups.

Straight-chain or branched C ₂ - to C ₆ -alkylene groups of the variable A are, for example, 1,1-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 1,4- Butylene, 2-methyl-1,3-propylene, 1,5-pentylene, 2-methyl-1,4-butylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene (hexamethylene) and in particular 1,2-ethylene. The variable A preferably comprises 2 to 4, in particular 2 or 3, carbon atoms.

C ₁ - to C ₁₉ -alkylene groups of the variable B are above, for example, 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, hexamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene, dodecamethylene, tetradecamethylene, hexadecamethylene, octadecamethylene, nonadecamethylene and, in particular, methylene . The variable B preferably comprises 1 to 10, in particular 1 to 4, carbon atoms.

The primary and secondary amines as reaction partners for the polycarboxylic acids to form component (K4) are usually monoamines, in particular aliphatic monoamines. These primary and secondary amines can be selected from a large number of amines which - optionally linked to one another - carry hydrocarbon radicals.

Most of these amines on which the oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are based are secondary amines and have the general formula HN (R ⁸ ) ₂ , in which the two variables R ^8, independently of one another, are straight-chain or branched C ₁₀ - to C ₃₀ -alkyl radicals, in particular C ₁₄ - to C ₂₄ -alkyl radicals. These longer-chain alkyl radicals are preferably straight-chain or only branched to a small extent. As a rule, the secondary amines mentioned are derived from naturally occurring fatty acids or their derivatives with regard to their longer-chain alkyl radicals. The two radicals R ⁸ are preferably the same.

The secondary amines mentioned can be bound to the polycarboxylic acids by means of amide structures or in the form of the ammonium salts, and only some can be present as amide structures and some as ammonium salts. Preferably there are few or no free acid groups. The oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are preferably completely in the form of the amide structures.

Typical examples of such components (K4) are reaction products of nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or propylene-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid, each with 0.5 to 1.5 mol per carboxyl group, in particular 0.8 to 1.2 mol per carboxyl group , Dioleylamine, dipalmitinamine, dicoconut fatty amine, distearylamine, dibehenylamine or especially ditallow fatty amine. A particularly preferred component (K4) is the reaction product of 1 mol of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4 mol of hydrogenated ditallow fatty amine.

Further typical examples of component (K4) are the N, N-dialkylammonium salts of 2-N ', N'-dialkylamidobenzoates, for example the reaction product of 1 mole of phthalic anhydride and 2 moles of ditallow fatty amine, the latter being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated , and the reaction product of 1 mol of an alkenyl spirobislactone with 2 mol of a dialkylamine, for example ditallow fatty amine and / or tallow fatty amine, the latter two being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, mentioned.

Further typical structure types for the component of class (K4) are cyclic compounds with tertiary amino groups or condensates of long-chain primary or secondary amines with carboxylic acid-containing polymers, as they are in WO 93/18115 are described.

Sulfocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or their derivatives suitable as cold flow improvers of the component of class (K5) are, for example, the oil-soluble carboxamides and carboxylic acid esters of ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, in which the sulfonic acid function is present as a sulfonate with alkyl-substituted ammonium cations, as described in US Pat EP-A 261 957 to be discribed.

Poly (meth) acrylic acid esters suitable as cold flow improvers of the component of class (K6) are both homo- and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. Preference is given to copolymers of at least two (meth) acrylic acid esters which are different from one another and differ with regard to the alcohol which has condensed in. The copolymer may contain a further, different olefinically unsaturated monomer in copolymerized form. The weight average molecular weight of the polymer is preferably 50,000 to 500,000. A particularly preferred polymer is a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters of saturated C ₁₄ and C ₁₅ alcohols, the acid groups being neutralized with hydrogenated tallamine. Suitable poly (meth) acrylic acid esters are, for example, in WO 00/44857 described.

The cold flow improver or the mixture of different cold flow improvers is added to the middle distillate fuel or diesel fuel in a total amount of preferably 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 2000 ppm by weight, more preferably 50 to 1000 ppm by weight and especially from 100 to 700 ppm by weight, e.g. from 200 to 500 ppm by weight added.

B4) Lubricity improvers

Suitable lubricity improvers or friction modifiers are usually based on fatty acids or fatty acid esters. Typical examples are tall oil fatty acid, such as in WO 98/004656 and glycerol monooleate. Even those in the US 6,743,266 B2 The reaction products described from natural or synthetic oils, for example triglycerides, and alkanolamines are suitable as such lubricity improvers.

B5) Other corrosion inhibitors than the copolymer described

Suitable corrosion inhibitors are e.g. Succinic acid esters, especially with polyols, fatty acid derivatives, e.g. Oleic acid esters, oligomerized fatty acids, substituted ethanol amines and products that are sold under the trade name RC 4801 (Rhein Chemie Mannheim, Germany), Irgacor® L12 (BASF SE) or HiTEC 536 (Ethyl Corporation).

B6) demulsifiers

Suitable demulsifiers are, for example, the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl-substituted phenol and naphthalene sulfonates and the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of fatty acids, as well as neutral compounds such as alcohol alkoxylates, e.g. alcohol ethoxylates, phenol alkoxylates, e.g. tert-butylphenol ethoxylates, e.g. tert-butylphenol ethoxylates or tert-pentylphenol ethoxylates Alkylphenols, condensation products of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO), for example also in the form of EO / PO block copolymers, polyethyleneimines or polysiloxanes.

B7) Dehazer

Suitable dehazers are e.g. alkoxylated phenol-formaldehyde condensates, such as the products available under the trade name NALCO 7D07 (Nalco) and TOLAD 2683 (Petrolite).

B8) antifoam agents

Suitable antifoam agents are e.g. Polyether-modified polysiloxanes, for example the products available under the trade name TEGOPREN 5851 (Goldschmidt), Q 25907 (Dow Corning) and RHODOSIL (Rhone Poulenc).

B9) cetane number improvers

Suitable cetane number improvers are e.g. aliphatic nitrates such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and cyclohexyl nitrate and peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide.

B10) antioxidants

Suitable antioxidants are e.g. substituted phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 6-di-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol, and phenylenediamines such as N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.

B11) metal deactivators

Suitable metal deactivators are e.g. Salicylic acid derivatives such as N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine.

B12) solvents

Suitable ones are e.g. non-polar organic solvents such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylenes, "white spirit" and products sold under the trade names SHELLSOL (Royal Dutch / Shell Group) and EXXSOL (ExxonMobil), as well as polar organic solvents, for example alcohols such as 2 -Ethylhexanol, Decanol and Isotridecanol. Such solvents usually get into the diesel fuel together with the aforementioned additives and co-additives, which they should dissolve or dilute for better handling.

C) fuels

The additive is excellently suited as a fuel additive and can in principle be used in any fuel. It brings about a number of beneficial effects when operating internal combustion engines with fuels. The additive is preferably used in middle distillate fuels, especially diesel fuels, very particularly diesel fuels containing biofuel oils.

Middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuels or heating oils are preferably petroleum raffinates, which usually have a boiling range of 100 to 400.degree. These are mostly distillates with a 95% point up to 360 ° C or even more. However, these can also be so-called "Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel" or "City Diesel", characterized by a 95% point of, for example, a maximum of 345 ° C. and a sulfur content of a maximum of 0.005% by weight or a 95% point of for example 285 ° C and a maximum sulfur content of 0.001% by weight. In addition to the mineral middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels obtainable through refining, there are also those that are produced through coal gasification or gas liquefaction ["gas to liquid" (GTL) fuels] or through biomass liquefaction ["biomass to liquid" (BTL) fuels]. are available. Mixtures of the aforementioned middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels with regenerative fuels, such as biodiesel or bioethanol, are also suitable.

The qualities of heating oils and diesel fuels are specified, for example, in DIN 51603 and EN 590 (see also Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition, Volume A12, p. 617 ff .).

Biofuel oils are usually based on fatty acid esters, preferably essentially on alkyl esters of fatty acids which are derived from vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats. Alkyl esters are usually understood to mean lower alkyl esters, preferably C ₁ to C ₄ alkyl esters, particularly preferably methyl or ethyl esters and very particularly preferably methyl esters, which are obtained by transesterification of the glycerides, in particular triglycerides, occurring in vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats, by means of lower alcohols, for example ethanol or especially methanol ("FAME"), are obtainable. Typical lower alkyl esters based on vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats, which are used as biofuel oil or components for this, are, for example, sunflower methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester ("PME"), soybean oil methyl ester ("SME"), animal fat methyl ester ("FME") or Tallow methyl ester ("TME"), methyl ester of recovered vegetable oils, processed used cooking oils and frying fats, so-called used vegetable oil ("UVO") or waste vegetable oil ("WVE") or used cooking oil methyl ester ( "UCOME"), tall oil methyl ester (English Tall oil methyl ester) and especially rapeseed oil methyl ester ("RME").

The middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels are particularly preferably those with a low sulfur content, that is to say with a sulfur content of less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.02% by weight, in particular less than 0.005% by weight and especially less than 0.001% by weight sulfur.

All commercially available gasoline compositions can be used as gasoline. The common Eurosuper base fuel according to EN 228 should be mentioned here as a typical representative. Furthermore, gasoline compositions are also in accordance with the specification WO 00/47698 possible fields of application for the present invention.

The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the following exemplary embodiments. In particular, the test methods mentioned below are part of the general disclosure of the application and are not restricted to the specific exemplary embodiments.

The following examples are intended to explain the present invention without restricting it.

Examples GPC analytics

Unless stated otherwise, the mass average Mw and number average molecular weight Mn of the polymers were measured by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC separation was carried out using two PLge Mixed B columns (Agilent) in tetrahydrofuran at 35 ° C. The calibration was carried out using a narrowly distributed polystyrene standard (PSS, Germany) with a molecular weight of 162-50400 Da. Hexylbenzene was used as a low molecular weight marker.

Determination of the acid number Determination of the effective value

50 ml of 0.5 molar ethanolic KOH are heated in a 150 ml COD glass equipped with an air cooler at 95 ° C. for three (3) hours. The air cooler is rinsed with 30 ml of ethanol and then the solution is titrated potentiographically with 0.5 molar aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Determination of the sample

Approx. 1 g sample is weighed into a 150 ml COD glass and dissolved in 50 ml 0.5 molar ethanolic KOH. The COD glass is provided with an air cooler and placed in the stirring block thermostat, which has been preheated to 95 ° C. After three (3) hours, the COD glass is removed from the heating block, rinsed with 30 ml of ethanol and the solution is potentiographically titrated with 0.5 molar aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Manufacturing examples General working regulation

The olefin or the mixture of olefins with or without a solvent (as bulk polymerization) was initially introduced into a reactor with an anchor stirrer. The mixture was heated to the indicated temperature under a stream of nitrogen and with stirring. To this end, the specified free-radical initiator (optionally diluted in the same solvent) and molten maleic anhydride (1 equivalent based on olefin monomer) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for the specified reaction time and then cooled. Then water was added (unless otherwise stated 0.9 equivalents based on maleic anhydride) and the mixture was stirred either at 95 ° C. for 10-14 hours or under pressure at 110 ° C. for 3 hours.

Synthesis example 1

In a 2 L glass reactor with anchor stirrer, a mixture of C ₂₀ -C ₂₄ olefins (363.2 g, average molar mass 296 g / mol) and Solvesso 150 (231.5 g, DHC Solvent Chemie GmbH, Speldorf). The mixture was heated to 160 ° C. in a stream of nitrogen with stirring. A solution of di-tert-butyl peroxide (29.6 g, Akzo Nobel) in Solvesso 150 (260.5 g) and molten maleic anhydride (120.3 g) was added to this over the course of 5 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 160.degree. C. for 1 h and then cooled to 95.degree. At this temperature, water (19.9 g) was added over the course of 3 hours and the mixture was then stirred for a further 11 hours. The GPC (in THF) gave an Mn = 1210 g / mol, Mw = 2330 g / mol for the copolymer, which corresponds to a dispersity of 1.9.

The copolymer had a ratio of carbon atoms per acid group of 13, and the acid number determined according to the above procedure was 210.8 mg KOH / g.

Synthesis example 2

A mixture of C ₂₀ -C ₂₄ olefins (1743 g, average molecular weight 296 g / mol) and Solvesso 150 (1297 g, DHC Solvent Chemie GmbH, Speldorf) were placed in a 6 L metal reactor with anchor stirrer. The mixture was heated to 150 ° C. in a stream of nitrogen and with stirring. A solution of di-tert-butyl peroxide (118.4 g, Akzo Nobel) in Solvesso 150 (1041 g) and molten maleic anhydride (577 g) was added to this over the course of 5 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 150.degree. C. for 1 h and then cooled to 110.degree. At this temperature, water (95 g) was added with build-up of pressure and the mixture was then stirred for a further 3 hours. The GPC (in THF) gave an Mn = 1420 g / mol, Mw = 2500 g / mol for the copolymer, which corresponds to a dispersity of 1.8.

The copolymer had a ratio of carbon atoms per acid group of 13, and the acid number determined according to the above procedure was 210.8 mg KOH / g.

Synthesis example 3

A mixture of C ₂₀ -C ₂₄ olefins (1743 g, average molecular weight 296 g / mol) and Solvesso 150 (1297 g, DHC Solvent Chemie GmbH, Speldorf) were placed in a 6 L metal reactor with anchor stirrer. The mixture was heated to 150 ° C. in a stream of nitrogen and with stirring. A solution of di-tert-butyl peroxide (23.7 g, Akzo Nobel) in Solvesso 150 (912 g) and molten maleic anhydride (577 g) were added to this over the course of 5 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 150.degree. C. for 1 h and then cooled to 110.degree. At this temperature, water (95 g) was added with build-up of pressure and stirring was then continued for 3 h. The GPC (in THF) gave an Mn = 1500 g / mol, Mw = 3200 g / mol for the copolymer, which corresponds to a dispersity of 2.1.

The copolymer had a ratio of carbon atoms per acid group of 13, and the acid number determined according to the above procedure was 210.8 mg KOH / g.

Application examples

A diesel fuel (Aral B7, Gelsenkirchen refinery) according to DIN EN590 was tested with the help of the test according to DIN EN 15751: 2014-06 in a Rancimat® device, model Metrohm 873 biodiesel Ranzimat, from Metrohm AG, Herisau, Switzerland, examined its thermal stability. To this end, 7.5 g of the fuel, the amounts by weight of copolymer from synthesis example 1 given in the table, were added and the test according to DIN EN 15751: 2014-06 was carried out by passing an air flow of 10 liters per hour through the sample heated to 110 ° C becomes. The stream containing volatile constituents is passed into 60 ml of demineralized water and the conductivity is determined. A sudden increase in electrical conductivity indicates the end of the induction time specified in the table.

The following results were obtained: Addition of copolymer [ppm by weight] Induction time [hours] 0 (comparison) 21.55 20th 25.91 50 26.44

Claims (11)

1. The use of copolymers obtainable by

   - in a first reaction step (I) copolymerizing

   (A) maleic anhydride,

   (B) at least one α-olefin having at least 12 up to and including 30 carbon atoms,

   (C) optionally at least one further aliphatic or cycloaliphatic olefin that has at least 4 carbon atoms and is different than (B) and

   (D) optionally one or more further copolymerizable monomers that are different than monomers (A), (B) and (C), selected from the group consisting of

   (Da) vinyl esters,

   (Db) vinyl ethers,

   (Dc) (meth)acrylic esters of alcohols having at least 5 carbon atoms,

   (Dd) allyl alcohols or ethers thereof,

   (De) N-vinyl compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl compounds of heterocycles, N-vinylamides or N-vinyl-lactams comprising at least one nitrogen atom,

   (Df) ethylenically unsaturated aromatics,

   (Dg) α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitriles,

   (Dh) (meth)acrylamides and

   (Di) allylamines,

   followed by

   - in a second reaction step (II) partly or fully hydrolyzing anhydride functionalities present in the copolymer obtained from (I),
   for improving the thermal and/or oxidation stability of biofuels or preferably diesel fuels comprising at least one fatty acid alkyl ester.
2. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein monomer (B) is an α-olefin having at least 14 up to and including 26 carbon atoms.
3. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein olefin (C) is a polymer of propene, 1-butene, 2-butene or isobutene or olefin mixtures comprising them that has more than 30 carbon atoms, preferably of isobutene or olefin mixtures comprising it with an average molecular weight M_w in the range from 500 to 5000 g/mol.
4. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein substance mixture of the olefins (B) and (C), averaged to their molar amounts, has at least 12 carbon atoms.
5. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein monomer (D) is selected from the group consisting of (Da), (Db), (Dc), (De) and (Df).
6. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the molar ratio of (A)/((B) and (C)) (in total) is from 10:1 to 1:10.
7. The use according to claim 6, wherein the molar ratio of monomer (B) to monomer (C) is from 1:0.05 to 10.
8. The use according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the proportion of one or more of the monomers (D) based on the amount of the monomers (A), (B) and optionally (C) (in total) is 5 to 200 mol%.
9. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid alkyl ester is a C₁- to C₄-alkyl ester.
10. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid alkyl ester is a methyl or ethyl ester.
11. The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid alkyl ester is selected from the group consisting of sunflower methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester ("PME"), soya oil methyl ester ("SME"), animal fat methyl ester ("FME"), tallow methyl ester ("TME"), methyl esters of recovered vegetable oils, reprocessed used cooking oils and deep frying fats, used vegetable oil ("UVO"), waste vegetable oil ("WVE"), used cooking oil methyl ester ("UCOME"), tall oil methyl ester and rapeseed oil methyl ester ("RME").