EP3481922B1 - Corrosion inhibitors for fuels and lubricants - Google Patents
Corrosion inhibitors for fuels and lubricants Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3481922B1 EP3481922B1 EP17732458.9A EP17732458A EP3481922B1 EP 3481922 B1 EP3481922 B1 EP 3481922B1 EP 17732458 A EP17732458 A EP 17732458A EP 3481922 B1 EP3481922 B1 EP 3481922B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- polyisobutene
- weight
- acid
- fuels
- use according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims description 25
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- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 52
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- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(OC(C)=O)C=1CN(CC(=O)OC)CCN(CC(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AQGNVWRYTKPRMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN AQGNVWRYTKPRMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSWDLYNGJBGFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(NC(C)CC)C=C1 FSWDLYNGJBGFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QUISWUAUMRRNFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-docosyldocosan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC QUISWUAUMRRNFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrilotriacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJDUDHYHRVPMJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCN FJDUDHYHRVPMJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOQPZZOEVPZRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN IOQPZZOEVPZRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002888 oleic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004986 phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;disodium;dinitrate;nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[K+].[O-]N=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HKJYVRJHDIPMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound CCCO[Ti](OCCC)(OCCC)OCCC HKJYVRJHDIPMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XPGAWFIWCWKDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-olate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].CCC[O-].CCC[O-].CCC[O-].CCC[O-] XPGAWFIWCWKDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLJWTAURUFQFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-ol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O RLJWTAURUFQFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940058287 salicylic acid derivative anticestodals Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003872 salicylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003900 succinic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic anhydride Chemical group O=C1CCC(=O)O1 RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005201 tetramethylbenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-] WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributoxyalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASLXNOZOXWPTNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricosan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN ASLXNOZOXWPTNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005199 trimethylbenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCN QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCO KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
- C10M143/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing butene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/68—Esters
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/86—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M129/92—Carboxylic acids
- C10M129/93—Carboxylic acids having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
-
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/86—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M129/95—Esters
-
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
-
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/54—Amines
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
- C10M159/12—Reaction products
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
- C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
- C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2207/129—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of thirty or more carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/08—Amides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/086—Imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/26—Amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new uses of corrosion inhibitors in fuels and lubricants.
- Corrosion inhibitors are common additives in fuels and lubricants, which are often based on structures containing acid groups, e.g. Dimer fatty acids.
- a disadvantage of these corrosion inhibitors is that they tend to precipitate, especially in the presence of calcium ions, and their corrosion-inhibiting effect is reduced as a result.
- the deposits formed by these precipitates can also impair the functioning of engines, engine components or parts of the fuel system, in particular the injection system, especially the injection pumps or nozzles.
- injection system is understood to mean that part of the fuel system in motor vehicles from the fuel pump up to and including the injector outlet.
- fuel system is understood to mean the components of motor vehicles that are in contact with the respective fuel, preferably the area from the tank up to and including the injector outlet.
- the compounds according to the invention act against deposits not only in the injection system, but also in the rest of the fuel system, here in particular against deposits in fuel filters and pumps.
- the object was therefore to provide corrosion inhibitors which show increased compatibility with calcium ions and thereby retain their effect as corrosion inhibitors.
- EP 235868 A1 explicitly describes an anti-corrosive effect of the Diels-Alder adduct of polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride on steel, aluminum and brass.
- the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described have a particular advantage in fuels or lubricants, especially in fuels which have an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal and / or zinc content of at least 0.1 ppm by weight, particularly preferably at least 0.2 ppm by weight and very particularly preferably at least 0.3 ppm by weight and in particular at least 0.5 ppm by weight.
- a content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc of at least 1 ppm by weight, preferably at least 2 and particularly preferably at least 3 ppm by weight is also conceivable.
- alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc preferably also in the presence of alkaline earth metals.
- the content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals in fuels is due, for example, to mixing with lubricants containing alkali and / or alkaline earth metals, for example in the fuel pump.
- alkali and / or alkaline earth metals can come from fuel additives which have not been desalinated or have been insufficiently desalinated, for example carrier oils.
- the above-mentioned disadvantages can be caused by the introduction of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals into the fuels.
- One source of zinc is, for example, antiwear additives.
- magnesium and calcium, in particular calcium should be mentioned as alkaline earth metals.
- alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc relate in each case to individual metal species.
- the object was achieved by essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, obtainable, preferably obtained by polyisobutene (A) having a number average molecular weight M n of 200 to 10,000, preferably 500 to 2500 and particularly preferably 700 to 1100 with derivatives of maleic acid (B. ), in a stoichiometric ratio of more than one equivalent of derivatives of maleic acid (B) per reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A).
- the derivatives are selected from the group consisting of monoalkyl esters, dialkyl esters and anhydrides.
- reaction products essentially free of acid groups are understood to mean those reaction products of polyisobutene with derivatives of maleic acid in the narrower sense, as well as products that result from the reaction of polyisobutene with derivatives of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives of other ⁇ , ⁇ - unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are available as maleic acid, in which more than 90% of the carboxyl groups contained in component (B) as ester or anhydride groups are retained, ie are not saponified or hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid groups, preferably at least 92%, particularly preferably at least 94% , very particularly preferably at least 95%, in particular at least 96%, especially at least 97% and even at least 98%.
- the polymer (A) that can be used is isobutene homopolymers or isobutene-containing copolymers, summarized here under the term "polyisobutene", which are obtainable from the respective monomer mixtures as follows:
- polyisobutene which are obtainable from the respective monomer mixtures as follows:
- C 4 raffinates in particular "raffinate 1"
- C 4 cuts are suitable as the isobutene source for using isobutene or an isobutene-containing monomer mixture as the monomer to be polymerized from isobutane dehydrogenation, C 4 cuts from steam crackers and from FCC crackers (fluid catalysed cracking), provided they are largely freed from the 1,3-butadiene contained therein.
- a C 4 hydrocarbon stream from an FCC refinery unit is also known as a "b / b" stream.
- suitable isobutene-containing C 4 hydrocarbon streams are, for example, the product stream from a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or the product stream from a metathesis unit, which are generally used after customary purification and / or concentration.
- Suitable C 4 hydrocarbon streams generally contain less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm, butadiene.
- the presence of 1-butene and of cis- and trans-2-butene is largely uncritical.
- the isobutene concentration in the C 4 hydrocarbon streams mentioned is typically in the range from 40 to 60% by weight.
- raffinate 1 generally consists essentially of 30 to 50% by weight isobutene, 10 to 50% by weight 1-butene, 10 to 40% by weight cis- and trans-2-butene and 2 to 35% by weight % Butanes; in the subsequent polymerization process, the undisplayed butenes in raffinate 1 are generally practically inert and only the isobutene is polymerized.
- a technical C 4 hydrocarbon stream with an isobutene content of 1 to 100% by weight, in particular 1 to 99% by weight, especially 1 to 90% by weight is used as the monomer source for the polymerization.
- % particularly preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, in particular a raffinate 1 stream, a b / b stream from an FCC refinery unit, a product stream from a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or a product stream from a metathesis unit.
- the use of water as the sole initiator or as a further initiator has proven useful, especially when at temperatures from -20 ° C to + 30 ° C, in particular from 0 ° C to + 20 ° C, polymerized.
- temperatures from -20 ° C. to + 30 ° C., in particular from 0 ° C. to + 20 ° C. it is also possible, however, to dispense with the use of an initiator when using a raffinate 1 stream as the isobutene source.
- the isobutene-containing monomer mixture mentioned can contain small amounts of contaminants such as water, carboxylic acids or mineral acids without there being any critical loss of yield or selectivity. It is expedient to avoid an accumulation of these impurities by removing such pollutants from the isobutene-containing monomer mixture, for example by adsorption on solid adsorbents such as activated carbon, molecular sieves or ion exchangers.
- the monomer mixture preferably contains at least 5% by weight, particularly preferably at least 10% by weight and in particular at least 20% by weight isobutene, and preferably at most 95% by weight, especially preferably at most 90% by weight and in particular at most 80% by weight comonomers.
- Suitable copolymerizable monomers are: vinyl aromatics such as styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene, C 1 - to C 4 -alkylstyrenes such as 2-, 3- and 4-methylstyrene and 4-tert-butylstyrene, and isoolefins having 5 to 10 carbon atoms such as 2-methylbutene-1, 2-methylpentene-1, 2-methylhexene-1, 2-ethylpentene-1, 2-ethylhexene-1 and 2-propylheptene-1. Furthermore, depending on the polymerization conditions, isoprene, 1-butene and cis- and trans-2-butene are also suitable as comonomers.
- the process can be designed in such a way that preferably statistical polymers or preferably block copolymers are formed.
- the various monomers can be fed to the polymerization reaction one after the other, the second comonomer being added in particular only when the first comonomer has already been at least partially polymerized.
- both diblock, triblock and higher block copolymers are accessible which, depending on the sequence in which the monomer is added, have a block of one or the other comonomer as the terminal block.
- block copolymers are also formed when all comonomers are fed into the polymerization reaction at the same time, but one of them polymerizes significantly faster than the other or the others.
- Block copolymers with a terminal polystyrene block are preferably formed. This is due to the fact that the vinyl aromatic compound, especially styrene, polymerizes significantly more slowly than isobutene.
- the polymerization can be carried out either continuously or batchwise. Continuous processes can be carried out in analogy to known processes of the prior art for the continuous polymerization of isobutene in the presence of Lewis acids, preferably boron trifluoride- or aluminum trichloride- or alkylaluminum chloride-based catalysts, in the liquid phase.
- Lewis acids preferably boron trifluoride- or aluminum trichloride- or alkylaluminum chloride-based catalysts
- reactive double bonds or “vinylidene bonds” are understood to mean terminal, so-called ⁇ - and ⁇ -double bonds (in total). These are characterized by the following structural elements (shown here using the example of isobutene homopolymer):
- the proportion of reactive double bonds in the isobutene homopolymers or copolymers which can be used according to the invention, based on ⁇ - and ⁇ -double bonds in total, can be from 30 to 100 mol%, preferably 40 to 97, particularly preferably 50 to 95, very particularly preferably 55 up to 93 and in particular 60 to 90 mol%.
- the distribution of ⁇ -: ⁇ -double bonds in the polyisobutene (A) is generally from 100: 0 to 10:90, preferably from 99: 1 to 20:80, particularly preferably from 98: 2 to 30:70, very particularly preferably from 97: 3 to 40:60 and in particular from 95: 5 to 50:50.
- the vinylidene groups show the highest reactivity, for example with thermal addition to sterically demanding reaction partners such as maleic anhydride, whereas a double bond further inside the macromolecules shows no or less reactivity in most cases in functionalization reactions.
- the number average molecular weight M n of the polyisobutenes which can be used in the process according to the invention is from 200 to 10,000.
- Polyisobutenes with a molecular weight M n of at least 500 and particularly preferably of at least 700 g / mol can be used with advantage.
- the molecular weight M n of the polyisobutenes can preferably be up to 2500 and particularly preferably up to 1100 g / mol.
- the polydispersity M w / M n can be from 1 to 10, preferably from 1.05 to 8, particularly preferably from 1.1 to 7, very particularly preferably from 1.15 to 6 and particularly preferably from 1.2 to 5.
- the weight average molecular weight M w can be calculated from these data for M n and polydispersity.
- derivatives of maleic acid (B) serve as reactants for the polyisobutene (A),
- the derivatives are preferably anhydrides in monomeric form or di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl esters, particularly preferably anhydrides or methyl esters and very particularly preferably anhydrides in monomeric form.
- C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is understood to mean methyl, ethyl, isopropyl , n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl , sec- butyl and tert-butyl , preferably methyl and ethyl, particularly preferably methyl.
- the molar ratio of component (B) to reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A) is more than 1: 1, particularly preferably at least 1.1: 1, very particularly preferably at least 1.2: 1, in particular at least 1.3: 1 and especially at least 1.5: 1.
- a molar ratio of component (B) to reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A) of more than 30: 1 is of no advantage; it is preferably up to 25: 1, particularly preferably up to 20: 1 and very particularly preferably up to 18: 1.
- An excess of component (B) can generally be easily separated off by distillation or sublimation.
- the excess component (B) thus recovered can then be used again in a further reaction.
- the reaction is usually carried out at a temperature of 180 to 250 ° C, preferably 190 to 240 and particularly preferably 200 to 230 ° C.
- the reaction is carried out at temperatures above 200 ° C., preferably above 190 ° C. and particularly preferably at temperatures above 180 ° C., at least under autogenous pressure, preferably under slight pressure Overpressure carried out.
- This overpressure should be at least 100 mbar, preferably at least 200 mbar, particularly preferably at least 500 mbar and in particular at least 1 bar.
- up to 10 bar overpressure are sufficient, preferably up to 8 bar, particularly preferably up to 7 bar and very particularly preferably up to 5 bar.
- the reaction is preferably carried out under an inert atmosphere, and nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere is particularly preferably used.
- the duration of the reaction should be at least 15 minutes, preferably at least 30, particularly preferably at least 45 and very particularly preferably at least 60 minutes, depending on the temperature. In particular, the reaction time should be at least 2 hours.
- the reaction should be completed within 10 hours, preferably within 8 and particularly preferably within 7 hours.
- Component (B) is used and the reaction can be carried out in the melt of the liquid or melted component (B).
- the reaction is carried out in a solvent which, of course, preferably should not show any significant reaction with the polyisobutene and / or component (B) under the reaction conditions.
- the solvent is preferably hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, carboxylic acid esters, ethers or ketones, particularly preferably hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures.
- Preferred aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are those which predominantly comprise aromatic C 7 to C 14 hydrocarbons and can have a boiling range from 110 to 300 ° C, particularly preferred are toluene, o-, m- or p-xylene, trimethylbenzene isomers, tetramethylbenzene isomers, Ethylbenzene, cumene, tetrahydronaphthalene and mixtures containing them.
- Solvesso® brands from ExxonMobil Chemical especially Solvesso® 100 (CAS No. 64742-95-6, predominantly C 9 and C 10 aromatics, boiling range approx. 154 - 178 ° C), 150 (boiling range approx 182-207 ° C) and 200 (CAS No. 64742-94-5), as well as the Shellsol® brands from Shell, Caromax® (e.g. Caromax® 18) from Petrochem Carless and Hydrosol from DHC (e.g. as Hydrosol® A 170).
- Solvesso® brands from ExxonMobil Chemical especially Solvesso® 100 (CAS No. 64742-95-6, predominantly C 9 and C 10 aromatics, boiling range approx. 154 - 178 ° C), 150 (boiling range approx 182-207 ° C) and 200 (CAS No. 64742-94-5), as well as the Shellsol® brands from Shell, Caromax® (e.g. Caromax® 18) from Petrochem Carless and Hydrosol from D
- Hydrocarbon mixtures of paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics are also known under the names Kristallöl (for example Kristallöl 30, boiling range about 158 - 198 ° C or Kristallöl 60: CAS No. 64742-82-1), white spirit (for example also CAS No. 64742- 82-1) or solvent naphtha (light: boiling range approx. 155 - 180 ° C, heavy: boiling range approx. 225 - 300 ° C) commercially available.
- the aromatic content of such hydrocarbon mixtures is generally more than 90% by weight, preferably more than 95, particularly preferably more than 98 and very particularly preferably more than 99% by weight. It can be useful to use hydrocarbon mixtures with a particularly reduced content of naphthalene.
- (Cyclo) aliphatic hydrocarbons are, for example, decalin, alkylated decalin and isomer mixtures of straight or branched alkanes and / or cycloalkanes.
- the solvent used has a boiling point of at least 140 ° C. at normal pressure.
- the said reactor has little or no backmixing.
- This delivery characteristic is characterized by a Bodenstein number of at least 3, preferably at least 5, particularly preferably at least 7.
- Stabilizers to suppress side reactions can optionally be added to the reaction mixture, preferably those as described in EP 156310 A2 .
- alkoxides preferably the C 2 to C 4 alkoxides, of titanium, zirconium, vanadium or aluminum.
- alkoxides preferably the C 2 to C 4 alkoxides, of titanium, zirconium, vanadium or aluminum.
- Such compounds are known per se and are available.
- the alkoxides mentioned are in the liquid state, optionally as a complex compound with the corresponding alcohol, and are used in this form in the reaction according to the invention. They are used with a degree of purity of 95 to 99% by weight, and 90 to 99% by weight for the alkoxides of aluminum.
- the alkoxides to be used are soluble in the reaction mixture.
- the stabilizers are used in amounts of 1 to 5000, preferably 5 to 1000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 500 ppm by weight, very particularly preferably 25 to 300 ppm by weight, based on the olefin used.
- no further stabilizers are used in the process according to the invention.
- n is a natural number from 2 to 39, preferably from 3 to 34, particularly preferably from 4 to 25, very particularly preferably from 5 to 19 and in particular from 6 to 16.
- the ratio of the higher to the simply maleated components to one another can be indicated by the "degree of bismaleinization” (BMG).
- the degree of bismaleinization is preferably calculated from the saponification number according to DIN 53401: 1988-06 of the sample.
- the sample may have to be solubilized with a suitable solvent, preferably in a 2: 1 mixture of toluene and ethanol.
- reaction mixture can therefore also contain unreacted polyisobutene, which usually corresponds to the proportion in the polyisobutene used which does not contain any reactive double bonds, whereas the reactive double bond-containing proportion in the polyisobutene preferably reacts completely or almost completely.
- the proportion of unreacted polyisobutene in the reaction mixture therefore generally corresponds to the abovementioned proportion of up to 100 missing reactive double bonds in the isobutene homopolymers or copolymers which can be used according to the invention.
- the proportion of unreacted polyisobutene is preferably not more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably not more than 25% by weight, very particularly preferably not more than 20% by weight, in particular not more than 15% by weight and especially not more than 10% by weight.
- the reaction mixture is dissolved in n-heptane and applied to a column of silica gel 60 and eluted with n-heptane until no more product appears in the eluate.
- the unreacted polyisobutene is separated from the maleated components with the aid of column chromatography, since the maleated components are not eluted.
- the weight fraction of maleated components in the reaction mixture is determined by weighing.
- the above formula can also be applied analogously to components (B) other than maleic anhydride and, for the sake of simplicity, is also referred to here as the degree of bismaleinization for components (B) other than maleic anhydride.
- the degree of bismaleinification stands for the percentage by weight of products that contain more than one compound (B) per polyisobutene chain in relation to the total amount of products that contain one or more than one compound (B) per polyisobutene chain, only those polyisobutene chains being the determination to be included that carry reactive double bonds.
- the use according to the invention relates to reaction products of polyisobutene which are essentially free of acid groups and whose degree of bismaleinization is at least 11%.
- the degree of bismaleinization can be up to 40%, preferably up to 35%, particularly preferably up to 30%, in particular up to 25% and especially up to 20%.
- excess and unreacted component (B) can preferably be separated off from the reaction product of components (A) and (B), preferably by distillation or sublimation, but extraction, for example, is also conceivable.
- the reaction mixture so obtained is preferably obtained from sources of water, e.g. Humidity, kept away in order to keep hydrolysis or saponification of the ester or anhydride groups contained as low as possible.
- sources of water e.g. Humidity
- the use according to the invention relates to the inhibition of the corrosion of iron, steel and / or non-ferrous metal surfaces.
- non-ferrous metals copper and its alloys are preferred.
- the corrosion of steel surfaces is particularly preferably inhibited.
- the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described are fuels with the above-specified content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc generally in amounts of 1 to 60, preferably 4 to 50 ppm by weight and particularly preferably 10 to 40 ppm by weight added.
- the described, essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene are often used in the form of fuel additive mixtures, together with the usual additives:
- these are primarily the usual detergent additives, carrier oils, cold flow improvers, lubricity improvers, corrosion inhibitors other than the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, demulsifiers, dehazers, antifoams, cetane number improvers, antioxidants, combustion improvers , Antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators, dyes and / or solvents.
- lubricity improvers In the case of petrol, these are primarily lubricity improvers (friction modifiers), corrosion inhibitors other than the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, demulsifiers, de-aerators, antifoams, combustion improvers, antioxidants or stabilizers, antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators and / or solvents, dyes.
- the hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergent additives which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 85 to 20,000, preferably 113 to 10,000, particularly preferably 300 to 5,000, more preferably 300 to 3,000, even more preferably from 500 to 2,500 and in particular from 700 to 2,500, especially from 800 to 1500.
- M n number average molecular weight
- a typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical especially in connection with the polar, in particular polypropenyl, polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals with a number average molecular weight M n of preferably 300 to 5,000, particularly preferably 300 to 3,000, more preferably 500 to 2,500, even more preferably 700 to 2,500, and in particular 800 to 1,500, in each case.
- Such additives based on highly reactive polyisobutene which are made from polyisobutene, which can contain up to 20% by weight of n-butene units, by hydroformylation and reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such as dimethyl aminopropylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine can be prepared, in particular from the EP-A 244 616 known.
- the production route is by chlorination and subsequent amination or by oxidation of the double bond with air or ozone to form carbonyl or Carboxyl compound and subsequent amination under reductive (hydrogenating) conditions.
- amines such as. B. ammonia
- monoamines or the above polyamines can be used.
- Corresponding additives based on polypropene are particularly in the WO-A 94/24231 described.
- Carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (Dd) containing additives are preferably copolymers of C 2 - to C 40 olefins with maleic anhydride with a total molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, the carboxyl groups wholly or partially to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and a remaining Rest of the carboxyl groups are reacted with alcohols or amines.
- Such additives are in particular from EP-A 307 815 known.
- Such additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can, as in WO-A 87/01126 described, can be used with advantage in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.
- Additives containing sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts are preferably alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinic acid ester, as described in particular in US Pat EP-A 639 632 is described.
- Such additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can be used with advantage in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.
- Additives containing polyoxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkylene groups are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines, which are obtained by reacting C 2 - to C 60 -alkanols, C 6 - to C 30 -alkanediols, mono- or di-C 2 - to C 30 -alkylamines, C 1 - to C 30 -alkylcyclohexanols or C 1 - to C 30 -alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, can be obtained by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines.
- Such products are particularly popular in the EP-A 310 875 , EP-A 356 725 , EP-A 700 985 and US-A 4,877,416 described.
- polyethers such products also have carrier oil properties.
- Typical examples are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
- Additives containing carboxylic ester groups (Dg) are preferably esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, in particular those with a minimum viscosity of 2 mm 2 / s at 100 ° C., as in particular in the DE-A 38 38 918 are described.
- Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids, and especially long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are suitable as ester alcohols or polyols.
- esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of iso-octanol, iso-nonanol, iso-decanol and iso-tridecanol. Such products also meet carrier oil properties.
- the groupings with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups are, for example, carboxylic acid groups, acid amides of monoamines, acid amides of di- or polyamines which, in addition to the amide function, also have free amine groups, succinic acid derivatives with an acid and an amide function, carboximides with monoamines, carboximides with di- or polyamines which, in addition to the imide function, also have free amine groups, or diimides which are formed by the reaction of di- or polyamines with two succinic acid derivatives.
- Such fuel additives are generally known and are described, for example, in documents (1) and (2).
- reaction products of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines are preferably the reaction products of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines.
- reaction products with aliphatic polyamines such as in particular ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine and hexaethylene heptamine, which have an imide structure.
- Additives containing (di) groups produced by the Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines are preferably reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine or dimethylaminopropylamine.
- Such "polyisobutene Mannich bases" are particularly in the EP-A 831 141 described.
- One or more of the detergent additives mentioned can be added to the fuel in such an amount that the metering rate of these detergent additives is preferably 25 to 2500 ppm by weight, in particular 75 to 1500 ppm by weight, especially 150 to 1000 ppm by weight .-ppm. B2) carrier oils
- Carrier oils used can be mineral or synthetic in nature. Suitable mineral carrier oils are fractions obtained during petroleum processing, such as bright stocks or base oils with viscosities such as from class SN 500 to 2000, but also aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons and alkoxyalkanols. A fraction known as "hydrocrack oil” and obtained during the refining of mineral oil (vacuum distillate cut with a boiling range of about 360 to 500 ° C., obtainable from natural mineral oil catalytically hydrogenated and isomerized and dewaxed under high pressure) can also be used. Mixtures of the abovementioned mineral carrier oils are also suitable.
- suitable synthetic carrier oils are polyolefins (polyalphaolefins or polyinternalolefins), (poly) esters, poly) alkoxylates, polyethers, aliphatic polyetheramines, alkylphenol-started polyethers, alkylphenol-started polyetheramines and carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols.
- suitable polyethers or polyetheramines are preferably compounds containing polyoxy-C 2 - to C 4 -alkylene groups, which are obtained by reaction of C 2 - to C 60 -alkanols, C 6 - to C 30 -alkanediols, mono- or di-C 2 - To C 30 alkylamines, C 1 to C 30 alkyl cyclohexanols or C 1 to C 30 alkyl phenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the event the polyetheramines, are obtainable by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines.
- Such products are particularly popular in the EP-A 310 875 , EP-A 356 725 , EP-A 700 985 and the US-A 4,877,416 described.
- poly-C 2 - to C 6 -alkylene oxide amines or functional derivatives thereof can be used as polyether amines.
- Typical examples are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
- carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols are, in particular, esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, as they are in particular in US Pat DE-A 38 38 918 are described.
- Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids; long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols.
- esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of isooctanol, isononanol, isodecanol and isotridecanol, e.g. B. di- (n- or isotridecyl) phthalate.
- suitable carrier oil systems are, for example, in DE-A 38 26 608 , DE-A 41 42 241 , DE-A 43 09 074 , EP-A 452 328 and the EP-A 548 617 described.
- particularly suitable synthetic carrier oils are alcohol-initiated polyethers with about 5 to 35, preferably about 5 to 30, particularly preferably 10 to 30 and in particular 15 to 30 C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxide units, e.g. B. propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide units or mixtures thereof, per alcohol molecule.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable starter alcohols are long-chain alkanols or long-chain alkyl-substituted phenols, the long-chain alkyl radical in particular being a straight-chain or branched C 6 - to C 18 -alkyl radical.
- Tridecanol and nonylphenol should be mentioned as special examples.
- Particularly preferred alcohol-initiated polyethers are the reaction products (polyetherification products) of monohydric aliphatic C 6 to C 18 alcohols with C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxides.
- Examples of monohydric aliphatic C 6 -C 18 alcohols are hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonyl alcohol, decanol, 3-propylheptanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol and their constitution and Positional isomers.
- the alcohols can be used both in the form of the pure isomers and in the form of technical mixtures.
- a particularly preferred alcohol is tridecanol.
- C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxides examples include propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide, butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide or tetrahydrofuran, pentylene oxide and hexylene oxide.
- Particularly preferred among these are C 3 to C 4 alkylene oxides, ie propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide and butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide.
- Butylene oxide is used in particular.
- Special carrier oils are synthetic carrier oils, the alcohol-initiated polyethers described above being particularly preferred.
- the carrier oil or the mixture of different carrier oils is added to the fuel in an amount of preferably 1 to 1000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 500 ppm by weight and in particular 20 to 100 ppm by weight.
- Suitable cold flow improvers are in principle all organic compounds which are able to improve the flow behavior of middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels in the cold. Appropriately, they must have sufficient oil solubility.
- the cold flow improvers (“middle distillate flow improvers”, “MDFI”) used for middle distillates of fossil origin, that is to say for conventional mineral diesel fuels, are suitable for this.
- organic compounds can also be used which, when used in conventional diesel fuels, have partly or predominantly the properties of a wax anti-settling additive ("WASA"). They can also act partly or mainly as nucleators.
- WASA wax anti-settling additive
- mixtures of MDFI can also be used and / or organic compounds which are active as WASA and / or which are active as nucleators.
- Suitable C 2 to C 40 olefin monomers for the copolymers of class (K1) are, for example, those with 2 to 20, in particular 2 to 10 carbon atoms and with 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, in particular with a carbon-carbon Double weave.
- the carbon-carbon double bond can be arranged both terminally ( ⁇ -olefins) and also internally.
- ⁇ -olefins particularly preferably ⁇ -olefins having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and, above all, ethylene.
- the at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer is preferably selected from alkenyl carboxylates, (meth) acrylic acid esters and further olefins.
- further olefins are also polymerized in, these are preferably higher molecular weight than the above-mentioned C 2 to C 40 olefin base monomers. If, for example, ethylene or propene is used as the base olefin monomer, suitable further olefins are in particular C 10 to C 40 ⁇ -olefins. In most cases, other olefins are only also incorporated into the system if monomers with carboxylic acid ester functions are also used.
- Suitable (meth) acrylic acid esters are, for example, esters of (meth) acrylic acid with C 1 to C 20 alkanols, in particular C 1 to C 10 alkanols, especially with methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec. -Butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol and decanol and structural isomers thereof.
- Suitable carboxylic acid alkenyl esters are, for example, C 2 - to C 14 -alkenyl esters, for example the vinyl and propenyl esters, of carboxylic acids having 2 to 21 carbon atoms, the hydrocarbon radical of which can be linear or branched. Of these, the vinyl esters are preferred.
- carboxylic acids with a branched hydrocarbon radical preference is given to those whose branches are branched is in the ⁇ -position to the carboxyl group, the ⁇ -carbon atom being particularly preferably tertiary, ie the carboxylic acid is a so-called neocarboxylic acid.
- the hydrocarbon radical of the carboxylic acid is preferably linear.
- alkenyl carboxylates examples include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neopentanoate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate and the corresponding propenyl esters, the vinyl esters being preferred.
- a particularly preferred alkenyl carboxylate is vinyl acetate; typical copolymers of group (K1) resulting therefrom are the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers ("EVA") used most frequently.
- EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers
- copolymers of class (K1) are those which contain two or more different carboxylic acid alkenyl esters in copolymerized form, these differing in the alkenyl function and / or in the carboxylic acid group. Also suitable are copolymers which, in addition to the carboxylic acid alkenyl ester (s), contain at least one olefin and / or at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester in copolymerized form.
- terpolymers from a C 2 - to C 40 - ⁇ -olefin, a C 1 - to C 20 -alkyl ester of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid with 3 to 15 carbon atoms and a C 2 - to C 14 -alkenyl ester of a saturated monocarboxylic acid with 2 to 21 Carbon atoms are suitable as copolymers of class (K1).
- Such terpolymers are in the WO 2005/054314 described.
- a typical terpolymer of this type is composed of ethylene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylic acid and vinyl acetate.
- the at least one or the further ethylenically unsaturated monomers are present in the copolymers of class (K1) in an amount of preferably 1 to 50% by weight, in particular 10 to 45% by weight and above all from 20 to 40% by weight %, based on the total copolymer, polymerized.
- the majority by weight of the monomer units in the copolymers of class (K1) thus generally originate from the C 2 to C 40 base olefins.
- the copolymers of class (K1) preferably have a number average molecular weight M n from 1000 to 20,000, particularly preferably from 1000 to 10,000 and in particular from 1000 to 8000.
- Typical comb polymers of component (K2) are, for example, through the copolymerization of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid with another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example with an ⁇ -olefin or an unsaturated ester such as vinyl acetate, and subsequent esterification of the anhydride or acid function with an alcohol with at least 10 carbon atoms available.
- Further suitable comb polymers are copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and esterified comonomers, for example esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride or esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid.
- Suitable comb polymers can also be polyfumarates or polymaleinates.
- homo- and copolymers of vinyl ethers are suitable comb polymers.
- Comb polymers suitable as components of class (K2) are, for example, also those in the WO 2004/035715 and in " Comb-Like Polymers. Structure and Properties ", NA Plate and VP Shibaev, J. Poly. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 8, pp. 117-253 (1974 ) ". Mixtures of comb polymers are also suitable.
- Polyoxyalkylenes suitable as components of class (K3) are, for example, polyoxyalkylene esters, polyoxyalkylene ethers, mixed polyoxyalkylene ester ethers and mixtures thereof. These polyoxyalkylene compounds preferably contain at least one, preferably at least two, linear alkyl groups each having 10 to 30 carbon atoms and one polyoxyalkylene group with a number average molecular weight of up to 5000. Such polyoxyalkylene compounds are, for example, in EP-A 061 895 as well as in the U.S. 4,491,455 described. Special polyoxyalkylene compounds are based on polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols with a number average molecular weight of 100 to 5000. Furthermore, polyoxyalkylene mono- and diesters of fatty acids with 10 to 30 carbon atoms such as stearic acid or behenic acid are suitable.
- Polar nitrogen compounds suitable as component of class (K4) can be both ionic and non-ionic in nature and preferably have at least one, in particular at least two, substituents in the form of a tertiary nitrogen atom of the general formula> NR 7 , where R 7 is a C 8 bis C 40 hydrocarbon residue.
- the nitrogen substituents can also be present in quaternized form, that is to say in cationic form. Examples of such nitrogen compounds are ammonium salts and / or amides which can be obtained by reacting at least one amine substituted by at least one hydrocarbon radical with a carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 carboxyl groups or with a suitable derivative thereof.
- the amines preferably contain at least one linear C 8 - to C 40 -alkyl radical.
- Primary amines suitable for preparing the polar nitrogen compounds mentioned are, for example, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and the higher linear homologues; secondary amines suitable for this purpose are, for example, dioctadecylamine and methylbehenylamine.
- Amine mixtures are also suitable for this purpose, in particular amine mixtures available on an industrial scale, such as fatty amines or hydrogenated tall amines, as described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, in the chapter "Amines, aliphatic”.
- Acids suitable for the reaction are, for example, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and succinic acids substituted with long-chain hydrocarbon radicals.
- the component of class (K4) is an oil-soluble reaction product of poly (C 2 to C 20 carboxylic acids) having at least one tertiary amino group with primary or secondary amines.
- the poly (C 2 to C 20 carboxylic acids) on which this reaction product is based contain at least one tertiary amino group and preferably contain at least 3 carboxyl groups, in particular 3 to 12, especially 3 to 5 carboxyl groups.
- the carboxylic acid units in the polycarboxylic acids preferably have 2 to 10 carbon atoms on, especially acetic acid units.
- the carboxylic acid units are linked to the polycarboxylic acids in a suitable manner, usually via one or more carbon and / or nitrogen atoms. They are preferably attached to tertiary nitrogen atoms which, in the case of several nitrogen atoms, are linked via hydrocarbon chains.
- the component of class (K4) is preferably an oil-soluble reaction product based on poly (C 2 to C 20 carboxylic acids) of the general formula IIa or IIb having at least one tertiary amino group in which the variable A is a straight-chain or branched C 2 - to C 6 -alkylene group or the grouping of the formula III and the variable B denotes a C 1 to C 19 alkylene group.
- the compounds of the general formulas IIa and IIb in particular have the properties of a WASA.
- the preferred oil-soluble reaction product of component (K4) in particular that of the general formula IIa or IIb, is an amide, an amide ammonium salt or an ammonium salt in which no, one or more carboxylic acid groups have been converted into amide groups.
- Straight-chain or branched C 2 - to C 6 -alkylene groups of the variable A are, for example, 1,1-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 1,4- Butylene, 2-methyl-1,3-propylene, 1,5-pentylene, 2-methyl-1,4-butylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene ( Hexamethylene) and especially 1,2-ethylene.
- the variable A preferably comprises 2 to 4, in particular 2 or 3, carbon atoms.
- C 1 - to C 19 -alkylene groups of the variable B are above, for example, 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, hexamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene, dodecamethylene, tetradecamethylene, hexadecamethylene, octadecamethylene, nonadecamethylene and, in particular, methylene .
- the variable B preferably comprises 1 to 10, in particular 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
- the primary and secondary amines as reaction partners for the polycarboxylic acids to form component (K4) are usually monoamines, in particular aliphatic monoamines. These primary and secondary amines can be selected from a large number of amines which - optionally linked to one another - carry hydrocarbon radicals.
- amines on which the oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are based are secondary amines and have the general formula HN (R 8 ) 2 , in which the two variables R 8, independently of one another, are straight-chain or branched C 10 - to C 30 -alkyl radicals, in particular C 14 - to C 24 -alkyl radicals.
- R 8 the two variables R 8 independently of one another, are straight-chain or branched C 10 - to C 30 -alkyl radicals, in particular C 14 - to C 24 -alkyl radicals.
- These longer-chain alkyl radicals are preferably straight-chain or only branched to a small extent.
- the secondary amines mentioned are derived from naturally occurring fatty acids or their derivatives with regard to their longer-chain alkyl radicals.
- the two radicals R 8 are preferably the same.
- the secondary amines mentioned can be bound to the polycarboxylic acids by means of amide structures or in the form of the ammonium salts, and only some can be present as amide structures and some as ammonium salts. Preferably there are few or no free acid groups.
- the oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are preferably completely in the form of the amide structures.
- Typical examples of such components (K4) are reaction products of nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or propylene-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid, each with 0.5 to 1.5 mol per carboxyl group, in particular 0.8 to 1.2 mol per carboxyl group , Dioleylamine, dipalmitinamine, dicoconut fatty amine, distearylamine, dibehenylamine or especially ditallow fatty amine.
- a particularly preferred component (K4) is the reaction product of 1 mol of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4 mol of hydrogenated ditallow fatty amine.
- component (K4) are the N, N-dialkylammonium salts of 2-N ', N'-dialkylamidobenzoates, for example the reaction product of 1 mole of phthalic anhydride and 2 moles of ditallow fatty amine, the latter being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated , and the reaction product of 1 mol of an alkenyl spirobislactone with 2 mol of a dialkylamine, for example ditallow fatty amine and / or tallow fatty amine, the latter two being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, mentioned.
- Sulfocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or their derivatives suitable as cold flow improvers of the component of class (K5) are, for example, the oil-soluble carboxamides and carboxylic acid esters of ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, in which the sulfonic acid function is present as a sulfonate with alkyl-substituted ammonium cations, as described in the EP-A 261 957 to be discribed.
- Poly (meth) acrylic acid esters suitable as cold flow improvers of the component of class (K6) are both homo- and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. Preference is given to copolymers of at least two (meth) acrylic acid esters which are different from one another and which are differ with regard to the condensed alcohol.
- the copolymer may contain a further, different olefinically unsaturated monomer in copolymerized form.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is preferably 50,000 to 500,000.
- a particularly preferred polymer is a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters of saturated C 14 and C 15 alcohols, the acid groups being neutralized with hydrogenated tallamine.
- Suitable poly (meth) acrylic acid esters are, for example, in WO 00/44857 described.
- the cold flow improver or the mixture of different cold flow improvers is added to the middle distillate fuel or diesel fuel in a total amount of preferably 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 2000 ppm by weight, more preferably 50 to 1000 ppm by weight and especially from 100 to 700 ppm by weight, e.g. from 200 to 500 ppm by weight added.
- Suitable lubricity improvers or friction modifiers are usually based on fatty acids or fatty acid esters. Typical examples are tall oil fatty acid, such as in WO 98/004656 and glycerol monooleate. Even those in the US 6,743,266 B2 The reaction products described from natural or synthetic oils, for example triglycerides, and alkanolamines are suitable as such lubricity improvers.
- Suitable corrosion inhibitors are e.g. Succinic acid esters, especially with polyols, fatty acid derivatives, e.g. Oleic acid esters, oligomerized fatty acids, substituted ethanolamines and products that are sold under the trade name RC 4801 (Rhein Chemie Mannheim, Germany), Irgacor® L12 (BASF SE) or HiTEC 536 (Ethyl Corporation).
- Succinic acid esters especially with polyols, fatty acid derivatives, e.g. Oleic acid esters, oligomerized fatty acids, substituted ethanolamines and products that are sold under the trade name RC 4801 (Rhein Chemie Mannheim, Germany), Irgacor® L12 (BASF SE) or HiTEC 536 (Ethyl Corporation).
- Suitable demulsifiers are e.g. the alkali or alkaline earth salts of alkyl-substituted phenol and naphthalene sulfonates and the alkali or alkaline earth salts of fatty acids, as well as neutral compounds such as alcohol alkoxylates, e.g. Alcohol ethoxylates, phenol alkoxylates, e.g. tert-butylphenol ethoxylate or tert-pentylphenol ethoxylate, fatty acids, alkylphenols, condensation products of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO), e.g. also in the form of EO / PO block copolymers, polyethyleneimines or polysiloxanes.
- EO ethylene oxide
- PO propylene oxide
- Suitable dehazers are, for example, alkoxylated phenol-formaldehyde condensates, such as the products available under the trade name NALCO 7D07 (Nalco) and TOLAD 2683 (Petrolite).
- Suitable antifoam agents are e.g. Polyether-modified polysiloxanes, for example the products available under the trade name TEGOPREN 5851 (Goldschmidt), Q 25907 (Dow Corning) and RHODOSIL (Rhone Poulenc).
- Suitable cetane number improvers are e.g. aliphatic nitrates such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and cyclohexyl nitrate and peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide.
- Suitable antioxidants are e.g. substituted phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 6-di-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol, and phenylenediamines such as N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.
- Suitable metal deactivators are e.g. Salicylic acid derivatives such as N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine.
- Suitable ones are e.g. non-polar organic solvents such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylenes, "white spirit” and products sold under the trade names SHELLSOL (Royal Dutch / Shell Group) and EXXSOL (ExxonMobil), as well as polar organic solvents, for example alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, decanol and isotridecanol.
- non-polar organic solvents such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylenes, "white spirit” and products sold under the trade names SHELLSOL (Royal Dutch / Shell Group) and EXXSOL (ExxonMobil)
- polar organic solvents for example alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, decanol and isotridecanol.
- solvents mostly get into the diesel fuel together with the aforementioned additives and co-addit
- the use according to the invention relates in principle to any fuel, preferably diesel and petrol.
- Middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuels or heating oils are preferably petroleum raffinates, which usually have a boiling range of 100 to 400.degree. These are mostly distillates with a 95% point up to 360 ° C or even more. However, these can also be so-called “Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel” or "City Diesel", characterized by a 95% point of, for example, a maximum of 345 ° C. and a sulfur content of a maximum of 0.005% by weight or a 95% point of for example 285 ° C and a maximum sulfur content of 0.001% by weight.
- mineral middle distillate fuels available through refining or diesel fuels are also those obtainable through coal gasification or gas liquefaction ["gas to liquid” (GTL) fuels] or through biomass liquefaction ["biomass to liquid” (BTL) fuels].
- GTL gas to liquid
- BTL biomass liquefaction
- Mixtures of the aforementioned middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels with regenerative fuels, such as biodiesel or bioethanol, are also suitable.
- middle distillate fuels of fossil, vegetable or animal origin which are essentially hydrocarbon mixtures
- biofuel oils biodiesel
- middle distillate fuel Such mixtures are encompassed by the term "middle distillate fuel”. They are commercially available and usually contain the biofuel oils in minor amounts, typically in amounts from 1 to 30% by weight, in particular from 3 to 10% by weight, based on the total amount of middle distillate of fossil, vegetable or animal origin and biofuel oil.
- Biofuel oils are usually based on fatty acid esters, preferably essentially on alkyl esters of fatty acids which are derived from vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats.
- Alkyl esters are usually understood to mean lower alkyl esters, in particular C 1 to C 4 alkyl esters, which are obtained by transesterification of the glycerides, in particular triglycerides, which occur in vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats, by means of lower alcohols, for example ethanol or especially methanol (“ FAME ”) are available.
- Typical lower alkyl esters based on vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats that are used as biofuel oil or components for this are, for example, sunflower methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester (“PME”), soybean oil methyl ester (“SME”) and especially rapeseed oil methyl ester (“RME”) .
- the middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels are particularly preferably those with a low sulfur content, that is to say with a sulfur content of less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.02% by weight, in particular less than 0.005% by weight and especially less than 0.001% by weight sulfur.
- gasoline compositions can be used as gasoline.
- the common Eurosuper base fuel according to EN 228 should be mentioned here as a typical representative.
- gasoline compositions are also in accordance with the specification WO 00/47698 possible fields of application for the present invention.
- the mass average Mw and number average molecular weight Mn of the polymers were measured by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC separation was carried out using two PLge Mixed B columns (Agilent) in tetrahydrofuran at 35 ° C. The calibration was carried out using a narrowly distributed polystyrene standard (PSS, Germany) with a molecular weight of 162-50400 Da. Hexylbenzene was used as a low molecular weight marker.
- the product was dissolved in 50% strength in toluene.
- the saponification number of the product was measured by reacting 10 ml of the resulting solution with excess potassium hydroxide, followed by back titration of the remainder of the potassium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
- the saponification number was determined to be 120 mg KOH / g.
- the reaction mixture contained 13.4% by weight of unfunctionalized polyisobutene, monofunctionalized and difunctionalized polyisobutene succinic anhydride, which, provided that no other by-products were present, resulted in a degree of bismaleinization of 40.3%.
- maleic anhydride polyisobutene reaction mixtures with a degree of bismaleinization of 10% or 25.9% (11.9% by weight of unfunctionalized polyisobutene) were obtained by changing the stoichiometry.
- Figure 1b shows on the right the oil which has remained clear to which 2 ml of product from synthesis example 1 has been added.
- dimer fatty acid was used as a corrosion inhibitor (dimer oleic acid; CAS: 61788-89-4, 40% in solvent naphtha).
- formulation Corrosion inhibitor Bismalein istsgrad Dosage [mg / kg] active Evaluation according to NACE E0 base fuel - - E.
- Formulation 1 ** Dimer fatty acid - 4/4 B ++ / B ++
- Formulation 2 ** example 1 40.3 10/10 A / A
- Formulation 3 ** Example 2 10% 16/8 A / C
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Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft neue Verwendungen von Korrosionsinhibitoren in Kraft- und Schmierstoffen.The present invention relates to new uses of corrosion inhibitors in fuels and lubricants.
Korrosionsinhibitoren sind gängige Additive in Kraft- und Schmierstoffen, die oftmals auf säuregruppenhaltigen Strukturen beruhen, z.B. Dimerfettsäuren.Corrosion inhibitors are common additives in fuels and lubricants, which are often based on structures containing acid groups, e.g. Dimer fatty acids.
Nachteilig an diesen Korrosionsinhibitoren ist, daß sie insbesondere in Gegenwart von Calcium-Ionen zu Ausfällungen neigen und dadurch ihre korrosionsinhibierende Wirkung vermindert wird. Die durch diese Ausfällungen gebildeten Ablagerungen können darüber hinaus die Funktionsweise von Motoren, Motorbestandteilen oder Teilen des Kraftstoffsystems, insbesondere dem Einspritzsystem, speziell den Einspritzpumpen oder -düsen, beeinträchtigen.A disadvantage of these corrosion inhibitors is that they tend to precipitate, especially in the presence of calcium ions, and their corrosion-inhibiting effect is reduced as a result. The deposits formed by these precipitates can also impair the functioning of engines, engine components or parts of the fuel system, in particular the injection system, especially the injection pumps or nozzles.
Unter dem "Einspritzsystem" wird dabei der Teil des Kraftstoffsystems in Kraftfahrzeugen von Kraftstoffpumpe bis einschließlich Injektorauslass verstanden. Als "Kraftstoffsystem" werden dabei die Bauteile von Kraftfahrzeugen verstanden, die mit dem jeweiligen Kraftstoff in Kontakt stehen, bevorzugt der Bereich von Tank bis einschließlich Injektorauslass.The “injection system” is understood to mean that part of the fuel system in motor vehicles from the fuel pump up to and including the injector outlet. The term “fuel system” is understood to mean the components of motor vehicles that are in contact with the respective fuel, preferably the area from the tank up to and including the injector outlet.
Es stelle eine Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung dar, daß die erfindungsgemäßen Verbindungen gegen Ablagerungen nicht nur im Einspritzsystem wirken, sondern auch im übrigen Kraftstoffsystem, hier insbesondere gegen Ablagerungen in Kraftstofffiltern und -pumpen.It is an embodiment of the present invention that the compounds according to the invention act against deposits not only in the injection system, but also in the rest of the fuel system, here in particular against deposits in fuel filters and pumps.
Es bestand daher die Aufgabe, Korrosionsinhibitoren zur Verfügung zu stellen, die eine erhöhte Verträglichkeit gegen Calcium-Ionen zeigen und dabei ihre Wirkung als Korrosionsinhibitor behalten.The object was therefore to provide corrosion inhibitors which show increased compatibility with calcium ions and thereby retain their effect as corrosion inhibitors.
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch die anspruchsgemäße Verwendung.The problem is solved by the use according to the claims.
Aus
In
In keiner dieser Schriften werden Mehrfachaddukte von Maleinsäureanhydrid an Polyisobuten beschrieben oder deren vorteilhafte Wirkung als Korrosionsinhibitor erkannt. Ferner wird die Sensibilität der Korrosionsinhibitoren auf Metallsalze nicht erkannt und gelöst.In none of these publications are multiple adducts of maleic anhydride with polyisobutene described or their advantageous effect as corrosion inhibitors recognized. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the corrosion inhibitors to metal salts is not recognized and resolved.
Demgemäß ist Gegenstand der Erfindung die Verwendung von im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukten von Polyisobuten, erhältlich, bevorzugt erhalten indem man Polyisobuten (A) mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht Mn von 200 bis 10000 mit Derivaten der Maleinsäure (B), wobei die Derivate ausgewählt sind aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Monoalkylestern, Dialkylestern und Anhydriden, in einem stöchiometrischen Verhältnis von mehr als einem Aquivalent Derivate der Maleinsäure, pro reaktiver Doppelbindung im Polyisobuten (A) umsetzt, mit der Maßgabe, daß
- im Falle der Verwendung von Monoalkylestern und/oder Dialkylestern als Verbindung (B) mehr als 90% der vorhandenen Estergruppen im Umsetzungsprodukt erhalten bleiben und/oder
- im Fall der Verwendung von Anhydriden als Verbindung (B) mehr als 90% der vorhandenen Anhydridgruppen im Umsetzungsprodukt erhalten bleiben,
- in the case of the use of monoalkyl esters and / or dialkyl esters as compound (B), more than 90% of the ester groups present in the reaction product are retained and / or
- if anhydrides are used as compound (B), more than 90% of the anhydride groups present are retained in the reaction product,
Die beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten zeigen einen besonderen Vorteil in Kraft- oder Schmierstoffen, besonders in Kraftstoffen, die einen Gehalt an Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen und/oder Zink von mindestens 0,1 Gew.ppm aufweisen, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 0,2 Gew.ppm und ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 0,3 Gew.ppm und insbesondere mindestens 0,5 Gew.ppm. Denkbar ist auch ein Gehalt an Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen und/oder Zink von mindestens 1 Gew.ppm, bevorzugt mindestens 2 und besonders bevorzugt mindestens 3 Gew.ppm.The essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described have a particular advantage in fuels or lubricants, especially in fuels which have an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal and / or zinc content of at least 0.1 ppm by weight, particularly preferably at least 0.2 ppm by weight and very particularly preferably at least 0.3 ppm by weight and in particular at least 0.5 ppm by weight. A content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc of at least 1 ppm by weight, preferably at least 2 and particularly preferably at least 3 ppm by weight is also conceivable.
Es stellt einen Vorteil der beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten dar, daß sie ihre korrosionsinhibierende Wirkung auch in Gegenwart von Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen und/oder Zink zeigen, bevorzugt auch in Gegenwart von Erdalkalimetallen. Der Gehalt an Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen in Kraftstoffen rührt beispielsweise her durch Vermischung mit Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen-haltigen Schmierstoffen, beispielsweise in der Kraftstoffpumpe. Ferner können Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetalle aus nicht oder unzureichend entsalzten Kraftstoffadditiven stammen, beispielsweise Trägerölen. Durch das Einschleppen von Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen in die Kraftstoffe können die oben genannten Nachteile hervorgerufen werden. Eine Quelle für Zink sind beispielsweise antiwear Additive.It is an advantage of the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described that they also show their corrosion-inhibiting effect in the presence of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc, preferably also in the presence of alkaline earth metals. The content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals in fuels is due, for example, to mixing with lubricants containing alkali and / or alkaline earth metals, for example in the fuel pump. Furthermore, alkali and / or alkaline earth metals can come from fuel additives which have not been desalinated or have been insufficiently desalinated, for example carrier oils. The above-mentioned disadvantages can be caused by the introduction of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals into the fuels. One source of zinc is, for example, antiwear additives.
Als Alkalimetalle zu nennen sind besonders Natrium und Kalium, insbesondere Natrium.Particularly sodium and potassium, especially sodium, are to be mentioned as alkali metals.
Als Erdalkalimetalle zu nennen sind besonders Magnesium und Calcium, insbesondere Calcium.Particularly magnesium and calcium, in particular calcium, should be mentioned as alkaline earth metals.
Mit besonderem Vorteil sind die beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten auch in Gegenwart von Calcium noch aktiv und zeigen keine Ausfällungen.It is particularly advantageous that the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described are still active in the presence of calcium and do not show any precipitations.
Die angegebenen Mengen an Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen und/oder Zink beziehen sich dabei jeweils auf einzelne Metallespezies.The stated amounts of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc relate in each case to individual metal species.
Die Aufgabe wurde gelöst durch im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freie Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten, erhältlich, bevorzugt erhalten indem man Polyisobuten (A) mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht Mn von 200 bis 10000, bevorzugt 500 bis 2500 und besonders bevorzugt 700 bis 1100 mit Derivaten der Maleinsäure (B), in einem stöchiometrischen Verhältnis von mehr als einem Äquivalent Derivate der Maleinsäure (B), pro reaktiver Doppelbindung im Polyisobuten (A) umsetzt.The object was achieved by essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, obtainable, preferably obtained by polyisobutene (A) having a number average molecular weight M n of 200 to 10,000, preferably 500 to 2500 and particularly preferably 700 to 1100 with derivatives of maleic acid (B. ), in a stoichiometric ratio of more than one equivalent of derivatives of maleic acid (B) per reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A).
Die Derivate sind dabei ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Monoalkylestern, Dialkylestern und Anhydriden.The derivatives are selected from the group consisting of monoalkyl esters, dialkyl esters and anhydrides.
Um sicherzustellen, daß die Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobutenen mit Alkylestern bzw. Anhydriden (B) im wesentlichen frei von Säuregruppen bleiben, herrscht dabei die Maßgabe, daß im Umsetzungsprodukt
- im Falle der Verwendung von Monoalkylestern und/oder Dialkylestern als Verbindung (B) mehr als 90% der vorhandenen Estergruppen im Umsetzungsprodukt erhalten bleiben und/oder
- im Fall der Verwendung von Anhydriden als Verbindung (B) mehr als 90% der vorhandenen Anhydridgruppen im Umsetzungsprodukt erhalten bleiben.
- in the case of the use of monoalkyl esters and / or dialkyl esters as compound (B), more than 90% of the ester groups present in the reaction product are retained and / or
- if anhydrides are used as compound (B), more than 90% of the anhydride groups present are retained in the reaction product.
Unter "im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukten" werden dabei solche Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten mit Derivaten von Maleinsäure im engeren Sinn verstanden, als auch Produkte, die aus der Umsetzung von Polyisobuten mit Derivaten von α,β-ungesättigten Monocarbonsäuren oder Derivaten von anderen α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren als Maleinsäure erhältlich sind, bei denen mehr als 90 % der in der Komponente (B) als Ester- oder Anhydridgruppen enthaltenen Carboxylgruppen erhalten bleiben, d.h. nicht zu Carbonsäuregruppen verseift bzw. hydrolysiert werden, bevorzugt mindestens 92%, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 94%, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 95%, insbesondere mindestens 96%, speziell mindestens 97% und sogar mindestens 98%."Reaction products essentially free of acid groups" are understood to mean those reaction products of polyisobutene with derivatives of maleic acid in the narrower sense, as well as products that result from the reaction of polyisobutene with derivatives of α, β-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives of other α, β- unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are available as maleic acid, in which more than 90% of the carboxyl groups contained in component (B) as ester or anhydride groups are retained, ie are not saponified or hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid groups, preferably at least 92%, particularly preferably at least 94% , very particularly preferably at least 95%, in particular at least 96%, especially at least 97% and even at least 98%.
Bei dem einsetzbaren Polymer (A) handelt es sich um iso-Buten-Homopolymere oder iso-Buten enthaltende Copolymere, hier unter dem Begriff "Polyisobuten" zusammengefaßt, die wie folgt aus den jeweiligen Monomergemischen erhältlich sind:
Für den Einsatz von Isobuten oder eines Isobuten enthaltenden Monomerengemisches als zu polymerisierendem Monomer eignet sich als Isobuten-Quelle sowohl Rein-Isobuten als auch Isobuten-haltige C4-Kohlenwasserstoffströme, beispielsweise C4-Raffinate, insbesondere "Raffinat 1", C4-Schnitte aus der Isobutan-Dehydrierung, C4-Schnitte aus Steamcrackern und aus FCC-Crackern (fluid catalysed cracking), sofern sie weitgehend von darin enthaltenem 1,3-Butadien befreit sind. Ein C4-Kohlenwasserstoff-strom aus einer FCC-Raffinerieeinheit ist auch als "b/b"-Strom bekannt. Weitere geeignete Isobuten-haltige C4-Kohlenwasserstoffströme sind beispielsweise der Produktstrom einer Propylen-Isobutan-Cooxidation oder der Produktstrom aus einer Metathese-Einheit, welche in der Regel nach üblicher Aufreinigung und/oder Aufkonzentrierung eingesetzt werden. Geeignete C4-Kohlenwasserstoffströme enthalten in der Regel weniger als 500 ppm, vorzugsweise weniger als 200 ppm, Butadien. Die Anwesenheit von 1-Buten sowie von cis- und trans-2-Buten ist weitgehend unkritisch. Typischerweise liegt die Isobutenkonzentration in den genannten C4-Kohlenwasserstoffströmen im Bereich von 40 bis 60 Gew.-%. So besteht Raffinat 1 in der Regel im wesentlichen aus 30 bis 50 Gew.-% Isobuten, 10 bis 50 Gew.-% 1-Buten, 10 bis 40 Gew.-% cis- und trans-2-Buten sowie 2 bis 35 Gew.-% Butanen; beim anschließenden Polymerisationsverfahren verhalten sich die unverzeigten Butene im Raffinat 1 in der Regel praktisch inert und nur das Isobuten wird polymerisiert.The polymer (A) that can be used is isobutene homopolymers or isobutene-containing copolymers, summarized here under the term "polyisobutene", which are obtainable from the respective monomer mixtures as follows:
Both pure isobutene and isobutene-containing C 4 hydrocarbon streams, for example C 4 raffinates, in particular "raffinate 1", C 4 cuts, are suitable as the isobutene source for using isobutene or an isobutene-containing monomer mixture as the monomer to be polymerized from isobutane dehydrogenation, C 4 cuts from steam crackers and from FCC crackers (fluid catalysed cracking), provided they are largely freed from the 1,3-butadiene contained therein. A C 4 hydrocarbon stream from an FCC refinery unit is also known as a "b / b" stream. Further suitable isobutene-containing C 4 hydrocarbon streams are, for example, the product stream from a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or the product stream from a metathesis unit, which are generally used after customary purification and / or concentration. Suitable C 4 hydrocarbon streams generally contain less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm, butadiene. The presence of 1-butene and of cis- and trans-2-butene is largely uncritical. The isobutene concentration in the C 4 hydrocarbon streams mentioned is typically in the range from 40 to 60% by weight. Thus raffinate 1 generally consists essentially of 30 to 50% by weight isobutene, 10 to 50% by weight 1-butene, 10 to 40% by weight cis- and trans-2-butene and 2 to 35% by weight % Butanes; in the subsequent polymerization process, the undisplayed butenes in raffinate 1 are generally practically inert and only the isobutene is polymerized.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform setzt man als Monomerquelle für die Polymerisation einen technischen C4-Kohlenwasserstoffstrom mit einem Isobuten-Gehalt von 1 bis 100 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 1 bis 99 Gew.-%, vor allem von 1 bis 90 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt von 30 bis 60 Gew.-%, insbesondere einen Raffinat 1-Strom, einen b/b-Strom aus einer FCC-Raffinerieeinheit, einen Produktstrom einer Propylen-Isobutan-Cooxidation oder einen Produktstrom aus einer Metathese-Einheit ein.In a preferred embodiment, a technical C 4 hydrocarbon stream with an isobutene content of 1 to 100% by weight, in particular 1 to 99% by weight, especially 1 to 90% by weight, is used as the monomer source for the polymerization. %, particularly preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, in particular a raffinate 1 stream, a b / b stream from an FCC refinery unit, a product stream from a propylene-isobutane co-oxidation or a product stream from a metathesis unit.
Insbesondere bei Verwendung eines Raffinat 1-Stromes als Isobutenquelle hat sich die Verwendung von Wasser als alleinigem oder als weiterem Initiator bewährt, vor allem wenn man bei Temperaturen von -20°C bis +30°C, insbesondere von 0°C bis +20°C, polymerisiert. Bei Temperaturen von -20°C bis +30°C, insbesondere von 0°C bis +20°C, kann man bei Verwendung eines Raffinat 1-Stromes als Isobutenquelle jedoch auch auf den Einsatz eines Initiators verzichten.In particular when using a raffinate 1 stream as the isobutene source, the use of water as the sole initiator or as a further initiator has proven useful, especially when at temperatures from -20 ° C to + 30 ° C, in particular from 0 ° C to + 20 ° C, polymerized. At temperatures from -20 ° C. to + 30 ° C., in particular from 0 ° C. to + 20 ° C., it is also possible, however, to dispense with the use of an initiator when using a raffinate 1 stream as the isobutene source.
Das genannte Isobuten-haltige Monomerengemisch kann geringe Mengen an Kontaminanten wie Wasser, Carbonsäuren oder Mineralsäuren enthalten, ohne dass es zu kritischen Ausbeute- oder Selektivitätseinbußen kommt. Es ist zweckdienlich, eine Anreicherung dieser Verunreinigungen zu vermeiden, indem man solche Schadstoffe beispielsweise durch Adsorption an feste Adsorbentien wie Aktivkohle, Molekularsiebe oder Ionenaustauscher, aus dem Isobuten-haltigen Monomerengemisch entfernt.The isobutene-containing monomer mixture mentioned can contain small amounts of contaminants such as water, carboxylic acids or mineral acids without there being any critical loss of yield or selectivity. It is expedient to avoid an accumulation of these impurities by removing such pollutants from the isobutene-containing monomer mixture, for example by adsorption on solid adsorbents such as activated carbon, molecular sieves or ion exchangers.
Es können auch Monomermischungen von Isobuten beziehungsweise des Isobuten-haltigen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischs mit olefinisch ungesättigten Monomeren, welche mit Isobuten copolymerisierbar sind, umgesetzt werden. Sofern Monomermischungen des Isobutens mit geeigneten Comonomeren copolymerisiert werden sollen, enthält die Monomermischung vorzugsweise wenigstens 5 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt wenigstens 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere wenigstens 20 Gew.-% Isobuten, und vorzugsweise höchstens 95 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 90 Gew.-% und insbesondere höchstens 80 Gew.-% Comonomere.It is also possible to react monomer mixtures of isobutene or the isobutene-containing hydrocarbon mixture with olefinically unsaturated monomers which are copolymerizable with isobutene. If monomer mixtures of isobutene are to be copolymerized with suitable comonomers, the monomer mixture preferably contains at least 5% by weight, particularly preferably at least 10% by weight and in particular at least 20% by weight isobutene, and preferably at most 95% by weight, especially preferably at most 90% by weight and in particular at most 80% by weight comonomers.
Als copolymerisierbare Monomere kommen in Betracht: Vinylaromaten wie Styrol und α-Methylstyrol, C1- bis C4-Alkylstyrole wie 2-, 3- und 4-Methylstyrol und 4-tert.-Butyl-styrol, sowie Isoolefine mit 5 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen wie 2-Methylbuten-1, 2-Methylpenten-1, 2-Methylhexen-1, 2-Ethylpenten-1, 2-Ethylhexen-1 und 2-Propylhepten-1. Weiterhin kommen - abhängig von den Polymerisationsbedingungen - als Comonomere auch Isopren, 1-Buten und cis- und trans-2-Buten in Betracht.Suitable copolymerizable monomers are: vinyl aromatics such as styrene and α-methylstyrene, C 1 - to C 4 -alkylstyrenes such as 2-, 3- and 4-methylstyrene and 4-tert-butylstyrene, and isoolefins having 5 to 10 carbon atoms such as 2-methylbutene-1, 2-methylpentene-1, 2-methylhexene-1, 2-ethylpentene-1, 2-ethylhexene-1 and 2-propylheptene-1. Furthermore, depending on the polymerization conditions, isoprene, 1-butene and cis- and trans-2-butene are also suitable as comonomers.
Das Verfahren kann so ausgestaltet werden, dass bevorzugt statistische Polymere oder bevorzugt Blockcoplymere entstehen. Zur Herstellung von Blockcopolymeren kann man beispielsweise die verschiedenen Monomere nacheinander der Polymerisationsreaktion zuführen, wobei die Zugabe des zweiten Comonomers insbesondere erst dann erfolgt, wenn das erste Comonomer zumindest teilweise schon polymerisiert ist. Auf diese Weise sind sowohl Diblock-, Triblockals auch höhere Blockcopolymere zugänglich, die je nach Reihenfolge der Monomerzugabe einen Block des einen oder anderen Comonomers als terminalen Block aufweisen. Blockcopolymere entstehen in einigen Fällen aber auch dann, wenn alle Comonomere zwar gleichzeitig der Polymerisationsreaktion zugeführt werden, eines davon aber signifikant schneller polymerisiert als das oder die anderen. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn Isobuten und eine vinylaromatische Verbindung, insbesondere Styrol, im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren copolymerisiert werden. Dabei entstehen vorzugsweise Blockcopolymere mit einem terminalen Polystyrolblock. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass die vinylaromatische Verbindung, speziell Styrol, signifikant langsamer polymerisiert als Isobuten.The process can be designed in such a way that preferably statistical polymers or preferably block copolymers are formed. To produce block copolymers, for example, the various monomers can be fed to the polymerization reaction one after the other, the second comonomer being added in particular only when the first comonomer has already been at least partially polymerized. In this way, both diblock, triblock and higher block copolymers are accessible which, depending on the sequence in which the monomer is added, have a block of one or the other comonomer as the terminal block. In some cases, block copolymers are also formed when all comonomers are fed into the polymerization reaction at the same time, but one of them polymerizes significantly faster than the other or the others. This is particularly the case when isobutene and a vinyl aromatic compound, in particular styrene, are copolymerized in the process according to the invention. Block copolymers with a terminal polystyrene block are preferably formed. This is due to the fact that the vinyl aromatic compound, especially styrene, polymerizes significantly more slowly than isobutene.
Die Polymerisation kann sowohl kontinuierlich als auch diskontinuierlich erfolgen. Kontinuierliche Verfahren können in Analogie zu bekannten Verfahren des Standes der Technik zur kontinuierlichen Polymerisation von Isobuten in Gegenwart von Lewis-Säuren, bevorzugt Bortrifluorid- oder Aluminiumtrichlorid- oder Alkylaluminiumchlorid-basierten Katalysatoren, in flüssiger Phase durchgeführt werden.The polymerization can be carried out either continuously or batchwise. Continuous processes can be carried out in analogy to known processes of the prior art for the continuous polymerization of isobutene in the presence of Lewis acids, preferably boron trifluoride- or aluminum trichloride- or alkylaluminum chloride-based catalysts, in the liquid phase.
Als "reaktive Doppelbindungen" oder "Vinylidenbindungen" werden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung terminale, sogenannte α- und β-Doppelbindungen (in Summe) verstanden. Diese zeichnen sich durch folgende Strukturelemente (hier dargestellt am Beispiel des iso-Buten Homopolymers) aus:
Der Anteil an reaktiven Doppelbindungen in den erfindungsgemäß einsetzbaren Isobutenhomo- oder -copolymeren, bezogen auf α- und β-Doppelbindungen in Summe, kann von 30 bis 100 mol% betragen, bevorzugt 40 bis 97, besonders bevorzugt 50 bis 95, ganz besonders bevorzugt 55 bis 93 und insbesondere 60 bis 90 mol%.The proportion of reactive double bonds in the isobutene homopolymers or copolymers which can be used according to the invention, based on α- and β-double bonds in total, can be from 30 to 100 mol%, preferably 40 to 97, particularly preferably 50 to 95, very particularly preferably 55 up to 93 and in particular 60 to 90 mol%.
Die Verteilung von α-: β-Doppelbindungen im Polyisobuten (A) beträgt in der Regel von 100:0 bis 10:90, bevorzugt von 99:1 bis 20:80, besonders bevorzugt von 98:2 bis 30:70, ganz besonders bevorzugt von 97:3 bis 40:60 und insbesondere von 95:5 bis 50:50.The distribution of α-: β-double bonds in the polyisobutene (A) is generally from 100: 0 to 10:90, preferably from 99: 1 to 20:80, particularly preferably from 98: 2 to 30:70, very particularly preferably from 97: 3 to 40:60 and in particular from 95: 5 to 50:50.
Der Anteil an α- und β-Doppelbindungen als auch die Verteilung von α-: β-Doppelbindungen hängt von der Herstellung der Polyisobutene (A) ab.The proportion of α- and β-double bonds and the distribution of α-: β-double bonds depends on the preparation of the polyisobutenes (A).
Der Gehalt an Doppelbindungen wird bestimmt und den jeweiligen Strukturen zugeordnet gemäß der 13C-NMR Methode wie beschrieben in
Die Vinylidengruppen zeigen die höchste Reaktivität, beispielsweise bei der thermischen Addition an sterisch anspruchsvolle Reaktionspartner wie Maleinsäureanhydrid, wohingegen eine weiter im Inneren der Makromoleküle liegende Doppelbindung in den meisten Fällen keine oder geringere Reaktivität bei Funktionalisierungsreaktionen zeigt.The vinylidene groups show the highest reactivity, for example with thermal addition to sterically demanding reaction partners such as maleic anhydride, whereas a double bond further inside the macromolecules shows no or less reactivity in most cases in functionalization reactions.
Häufig reagieren unter den Vinylidengruppen die α-Doppelbindungen schneller und bereitwilliger als die β-Doppelbindungen, so daß im Reaktionsgemisch im Verlauf der Reaktion die Reaktionsprodukte der Umsetzung der α-Doppelbindungen zunächst in höherem Maße gebildet werden als die der β-Doppelbindungen. Dies kann dazu führen, daß zur Umsetzung der β-Doppelbindungen schärfere Reaktionsbedingungen erforderlich sind als zur Umsetzung der α-Doppelbindungen.Often the α-double bonds among the vinylidene groups react faster and more readily than the β-double bonds, so that the reaction products of the conversion of the α-double bonds are initially formed to a greater extent than those of the β-double bonds in the reaction mixture. This can mean that more severe reaction conditions are required to convert the β double bonds than to convert the α double bonds.
Das zahlenmittlere Molekulargewicht Mn der in das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren einsetzbaren Polyisobutene beträgt von 200 bis 10000.The number average molecular weight M n of the polyisobutenes which can be used in the process according to the invention is from 200 to 10,000.
Mit Vorteil können Polyisobutene mit einem Molekulargewicht Mn von mindestens 500 und besonders bevorzugt von mindestens 700 g/mol eingesetzt werden.Polyisobutenes with a molecular weight M n of at least 500 and particularly preferably of at least 700 g / mol can be used with advantage.
Das Molekulargewicht Mn der Polyisobutene kann bevorzugt bis zu 2500 und besonders bevorzugt bis zu 1100 g/mol betragen.The molecular weight M n of the polyisobutenes can preferably be up to 2500 and particularly preferably up to 1100 g / mol.
Die Polydispersität Mw/Mn kann von 1 bis 10, vorzugsweise von 1,05 bis 8, besonders bevorzugt von 1,1 bis 7, ganz besonders bevorzugt von 1,15 bis 6 und insbesondere bevorzugt von 1,2 bis 5 betragen.The polydispersity M w / M n can be from 1 to 10, preferably from 1.05 to 8, particularly preferably from 1.1 to 7, very particularly preferably from 1.15 to 6 and particularly preferably from 1.2 to 5.
Das gewichtsmittlere Molekulargewicht Mw kann aus diesen Daten für Mn und Polydispersität errechnet werden.The weight average molecular weight M w can be calculated from these data for M n and polydispersity.
Als Reaktionspartner für das Polyisobuten (A) dienen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung Derivate der Maleinsäure (B),According to the present invention, derivatives of maleic acid (B) serve as reactants for the polyisobutene (A),
Unter Derivaten werden dabei verstanden
- die betreffenden Anhydride in monomerer oder auch polymerer Form,
- Mono- oder Dialkylester, bevorzugt Mono- oder Di-C1-C4-alkylester, besonders bevorzugt Mono- oder Dimethylester oder die entsprechenden Mono- oder Diethylester, sowie
- gemischte Ester, bevorzugt gemischte Ester mit unterschiedlichen C1-C4-Alkylkomponenten, besonders bevorzugt gemischte Methylethylester.
- the anhydrides in question in monomeric or polymeric form,
- Mono- or dialkyl esters, preferably mono- or di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl esters, particularly preferably mono- or dimethyl esters or the corresponding mono- or diethyl esters, as well
- mixed esters, preferably mixed esters with different C 1 -C 4 -alkyl components, particularly preferably mixed methyl ethyl esters.
Bevorzugt handelt es sich bei den Derivaten um Anhydride in monomerer Form oder Di-C1-C4-alkylester, besonders bevorzugt um Anhydride oder Methylester und ganz besonders bevorzugt um Anhydride in monomerer Form.The derivatives are preferably anhydrides in monomeric form or di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl esters, particularly preferably anhydrides or methyl esters and very particularly preferably anhydrides in monomeric form.
Unter C1-C4-Alkyl wird im Rahmen dieser Schrift Methyl, Ethyl, iso-Propyl, n-Propyl, n-Butyl, isoButyl, sek-Butyl und tert-Butyl verstanden, bevorzugt Methyl und Ethyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl.In the context of this document, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is understood to mean methyl, ethyl, isopropyl , n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl , sec- butyl and tert-butyl , preferably methyl and ethyl, particularly preferably methyl.
Das molare Verhältnis von Komponente (B) zu reaktiver Doppelbindung im Polyisobuten (A) beträgt erfindungsgemäß mehr als 1:1, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 1,1 : 1, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 1,2 : 1, insbesondere mindestens 1,3 : 1 und speziell mindestens 1,5 : 1.According to the invention, the molar ratio of component (B) to reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A) is more than 1: 1, particularly preferably at least 1.1: 1, very particularly preferably at least 1.2: 1, in particular at least 1.3: 1 and especially at least 1.5: 1.
In der Regel ist bringt ein molares Verhältnis von Komponente (B) zu reaktiver Doppelbindung im Polyisobuten (A) von mehr als 30 : 1 keinen Vorteil, bevorzugt beträgt es bis zu 25 : 1, besonders bevorzugt bis zu 20 : 1 und ganz besonders bevorzugt bis zu 18 : 1.As a rule, a molar ratio of component (B) to reactive double bond in polyisobutene (A) of more than 30: 1 is of no advantage; it is preferably up to 25: 1, particularly preferably up to 20: 1 and very particularly preferably up to 18: 1.
Ein Überschuß an Komponente (B) kann in der Regel leicht destillativ bzw. per Sublimation abgetrennt werden. Die so wiedergewonnene überschüssige Komponente (B) kann dann in einer weiteren Reaktion nochmals eingesetzt werden.An excess of component (B) can generally be easily separated off by distillation or sublimation. The excess component (B) thus recovered can then be used again in a further reaction.
Die Reaktion wird in der Regel bei einer Temperatur von 180 bis 250 °C durchgeführt, bevorzugt 190 bis 240 und besonders bevorzugt von 200 bis 230 °C.The reaction is usually carried out at a temperature of 180 to 250 ° C, preferably 190 to 240 and particularly preferably 200 to 230 ° C.
Da Maleinsäureanhydrid als Komponente (B) bei ca. 202 °C siedet, wird die Reaktion bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 200 °C, bevorzugt oberhalb von 190 °C und besonders bevorzugt bereits bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 180 °C zumindest unter Eigendruck, bevorzugt unter leichtem Überdruck durchgeführt.Since maleic anhydride as component (B) boils at about 202 ° C., the reaction is carried out at temperatures above 200 ° C., preferably above 190 ° C. and particularly preferably at temperatures above 180 ° C., at least under autogenous pressure, preferably under slight pressure Overpressure carried out.
Dieser Überdruck sollte mindestens 100 mbar, bevorzugt mindestens 200 mbar, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 500 mbar und insbesondere mindestens 1 bar betragen.This overpressure should be at least 100 mbar, preferably at least 200 mbar, particularly preferably at least 500 mbar and in particular at least 1 bar.
In der Regel sind bis zu 10 bar Überdruck ausreichend, bevorzugt bis zu 8 bar, besonders bevorzugt bis zu 7 bar und ganz besonders bevorzugt bis zu 5 bar.As a rule, up to 10 bar overpressure are sufficient, preferably up to 8 bar, particularly preferably up to 7 bar and very particularly preferably up to 5 bar.
Bevorzugt führt man die Reaktion unter einer Inertatmosphäre durch, besonders bevorzugt wird Stickstoff- oder Kohlendioxidatmosphäre verwendet.The reaction is preferably carried out under an inert atmosphere, and nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere is particularly preferably used.
Die Dauer der Reaktion sollte je nach Temperatur mindestens 15 Minuten betragen, bevorzugt mindestens 30, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 45 und ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 60 Minuten. Insbesondere sollte die Reaktionsdauer mindestens 2 Stunden betragen.The duration of the reaction should be at least 15 minutes, preferably at least 30, particularly preferably at least 45 and very particularly preferably at least 60 minutes, depending on the temperature. In particular, the reaction time should be at least 2 hours.
In der Regel und je nach Temperatur sollte die Reaktion innerhalb von 10 Stunden abgeschlossen sein, bevorzugt innerhalb von 8 und besonders bevorzugt innerhalb von 7 Stunden.As a rule and depending on the temperature, the reaction should be completed within 10 hours, preferably within 8 and particularly preferably within 7 hours.
Es stellt eine mögliche Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung dar, die Reaktion ohne weiteres Lösungsmittel durchzuführen. Dies ist dann bevorzugt, wenn ein hoher Überschuß anIt is a possible embodiment of the present invention to carry out the reaction without further solvent. This is preferred when there is a large excess of
Komponente (B) eingesetzt wird und die Reaktion in der Schmelze der flüssigen oder aufgeschmolzenen Komponente (B) durchgeführt werden kann.Component (B) is used and the reaction can be carried out in the melt of the liquid or melted component (B).
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird die Reaktion jedoch in einem Lösungsmittel durchgeführt, das natürlich bevorzugt unter den Reaktionsbedingungen keine wesentliche Reaktion mit dem Polyisobuten und/oder der Komponente (B) zeigen soll. Bevorzugt handelt es sich bei dem Lösungsmittel um Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische, Carbonsäureester, Ether oder Ketone, besonders bevorzugt um Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische.In a preferred embodiment, however, the reaction is carried out in a solvent which, of course, preferably should not show any significant reaction with the polyisobutene and / or component (B) under the reaction conditions. The solvent is preferably hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, carboxylic acid esters, ethers or ketones, particularly preferably hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures.
Als aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffgemische sind solche bevorzugt, die überwiegend aromatische C7- bis C14-Kohlenwasserstoffe umfassen und einen Siedebereich von 110 bis 300 °C umfassen können, besonders bevorzugt sind Toluol, o-, m- oder p-Xylol, Trimethylbenzolisomere, Tetramethylbenzolisomere, Ethylbenzol, Cumol, Tetrahydronaphthalin und solche enthaltende Gemische.Preferred aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are those which predominantly comprise aromatic C 7 to C 14 hydrocarbons and can have a boiling range from 110 to 300 ° C, particularly preferred are toluene, o-, m- or p-xylene, trimethylbenzene isomers, tetramethylbenzene isomers, Ethylbenzene, cumene, tetrahydronaphthalene and mixtures containing them.
Beispiele dafür sind die Solvesso®-Marken der Firma ExxonMobil Chemical, besonders Solvesso® 100 (CAS-Nr. 64742-95-6, überwiegend C9 und C10-Aromaten, Siedebereich etwa 154 - 178 °C), 150 (Siedebereich etwa 182 -207 °C) und 200 (CAS-Nr. 64742-94-5), sowie die Shellsol®-Marken der Firma Shell, Caromax® (z.B. Caromax® 18) der Firma Petrochem Carless und Hydrosol der Firma DHC (z.B. als Hydrosol® A 170). Kohlenwasserstoffgemische aus Paraffinen, Cycloparaffinen und Aromaten sind auch unter den Bezeichnungen Kristallöl (beispielsweise Kristallöl 30, Siedebereich etwa 158 - 198 °C oder Kristallöl 60: CAS-Nr. 64742-82-1), Testbenzin (beispielsweise ebenfalls CAS-Nr. 64742-82-1) oder Solventnaphtha (leicht: Siedebereich etwa 155 - 180 °C, schwer: Siedebereich etwa 225 - 300 °C) im Handel erhältlich. Der Aromatengehalt derartiger Kohlenwasserstoffgemische beträgt in der Regel mehr als 90 Gew%, bevorzugt mehr als 95, besonders bevorzugt mehr als 98 und ganz besonders bevorzugt mehr als 99 Gew%. Es kann sinnvoll sein, Kohlenwasserstoffgemische mit einem besonders verringerten Gehalt an Naphthalin einzusetzen.Examples of this are the Solvesso® brands from ExxonMobil Chemical, especially Solvesso® 100 (CAS No. 64742-95-6, predominantly C 9 and C 10 aromatics, boiling range approx. 154 - 178 ° C), 150 (boiling range approx 182-207 ° C) and 200 (CAS No. 64742-94-5), as well as the Shellsol® brands from Shell, Caromax® (e.g. Caromax® 18) from Petrochem Carless and Hydrosol from DHC (e.g. as Hydrosol® A 170). Hydrocarbon mixtures of paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics are also known under the names Kristallöl (for example Kristallöl 30, boiling range about 158 - 198 ° C or Kristallöl 60: CAS No. 64742-82-1), white spirit (for example also CAS No. 64742- 82-1) or solvent naphtha (light: boiling range approx. 155 - 180 ° C, heavy: boiling range approx. 225 - 300 ° C) commercially available. The aromatic content of such hydrocarbon mixtures is generally more than 90% by weight, preferably more than 95, particularly preferably more than 98 and very particularly preferably more than 99% by weight. It can be useful to use hydrocarbon mixtures with a particularly reduced content of naphthalene.
(Cyclo)aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe sind beispielsweise Dekalin, alkyliertes Dekalin und Isomerengemische von geradlinigen oder verzweigten Alkanen und/oder Cycloalkanen.(Cyclo) aliphatic hydrocarbons are, for example, decalin, alkylated decalin and isomer mixtures of straight or branched alkanes and / or cycloalkanes.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform weist das eingesetzte Lösungsmittel einen Siedepunkt bei Normaldruck von mindestens 140 °C auf.In a preferred embodiment, the solvent used has a boiling point of at least 140 ° C. at normal pressure.
Es stellt eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung dar, die Reaktion in einem Reaktor auszuführen, dessen Reaktionsvolumen zu mindestens 50% durch das flüssige Reaktionsgemisch ausgefüllt ist, bevorzugt zu mindestens 60%, besonders bevorzugt zu mindestens 66%, ganz besonders bevorzugt zu mindestens 75%, insbesondere zu mindestens 90% und speziell vollständig.It is a preferred embodiment of the present invention to carry out the reaction in a reactor whose reaction volume is at least 50% filled by the liquid reaction mixture, preferably at least 60%, particularly preferably at least 66%, very particularly preferably at least 75% , in particular at least 90% and especially completely.
Dies hat den Vorteil, daß bei der Reaktionstemperatur der Reaktionspartner Komponente (B), Maleinsäureanhydrid im flüssigen Reaktionsgemisch verbleibt und nur zu einem geringen Anteil in die Gasphase ausweichen kann, so daß die Verfügbarkeit an Komponente (B) im Reaktionsgemisch erhöht wird.This has the advantage that at the reaction temperature of the reactants component (B), maleic anhydride, remains in the liquid reaction mixture and only a small proportion can escape into the gas phase, so that the availability of component (B) in the reaction mixture is increased.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist der besagte Reaktor rückvermischungsarm oder rückvermischungsfrei. Diese Fördercharakteristik ist durch eine Bodensteinzahl von mindestens 3, bevorzugt mindestens 5, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 7 gekennzeichnet.In a further preferred embodiment, the said reactor has little or no backmixing. This delivery characteristic is characterized by a Bodenstein number of at least 3, preferably at least 5, particularly preferably at least 7.
Optional können dem Reaktionsgemisch Stabilisatoren zur Unterbindung von Nebenreaktionen zugesetzt werden, bevorzugt solche wie beschrieben in
Bei diesen Zusatzstoffen handelt es sich um Alkoxide, bevorzugt die C2- bis C4-Alkoxide, des Titans, Zirkons, Vanadins oder Aluminiums. Derartige Verbindungen sind an sich bekannt und verfügbar. Insbesondere geeignete Alkoxide sind die Verbindungen: Titan(IV)butoxid = Ti(C4H9O)4, Titan(IV)i-butoxid = Ti[(CH3)2CHCH2O]4, Titan(IV)ethoxid = Ti(C2H5O)4, Titan(IV)i-propoxid = Ti(OC3H7)4, Titan(IV)n-propoxid = Ti(C3H7O)4, Zirkon n-butoxid-Butanolkomplex = (C4H9O)4Zr·C4H9OH, Zirkon-i-propoxid = Zr(OC3H7) = C3H7OH, Zirkon-n-propoxid = Zr(OC3H7)4, Vanadin(V)tri-n-butoxid-oxid = VO(OC4H9)3, Vanadin(V)triethoxid-oxid = VO(OC2H5)3, Vanadin(V)tri-i-propoxidoxid = VO(OC3H7)3, Vanadin(V)tris-n-propoxid-oxid = VO(OC3H7)3, Aluminium-i-butoxid = Al(OC4H9)3, Aluminium-n-butoxid = Al(OC4H9)3, Aluminium-s-butoxid = Al(OC4H9)3, Aluminium-t-butoxid = Al(OC4H9)3 oder Aluminium-i-propoxid = Al(OC3R7)3.These additives are alkoxides, preferably the C 2 to C 4 alkoxides, of titanium, zirconium, vanadium or aluminum. Such compounds are known per se and are available. Particularly suitable alkoxides are the compounds: titanium (IV) butoxide = Ti (C 4 H 9 O) 4 , titanium (IV) i-butoxide = Ti [(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 O] 4 , titanium (IV) ethoxide = Ti (C 2 H 5 O) 4 , titanium (IV) i-propoxide = Ti (OC 3 H 7 ) 4 , titanium (IV) n-propoxide = Ti (C 3 H 7 O) 4, zirconium n-butoxide Butanol complex = (C 4 H 9 O) 4 Zr · C 4 H 9 OH, zirconium i-propoxide = Zr (OC 3 H 7 ) = C 3 H 7 OH, zirconium n-propoxide = Zr (OC 3 H 7 ) 4 , vanadium (V) tri-n-butoxide oxide = VO (OC 4 H 9 ) 3 , vanadium (V) triethoxide oxide = VO (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 , vanadium (V) tri-i-propoxide oxide = VO (OC 3 H 7 ) 3 , vanadium (V) tris-n-propoxide-oxide = VO (OC 3 H 7 ) 3 , aluminum-i-butoxide = Al (OC 4 H 9 ) 3 , aluminum-n- butoxide = Al (OC 4 H 9 ) 3 , aluminum s-butoxide = Al (OC 4 H 9 ) 3 , aluminum t-butoxide = Al (OC 4 H 9 ) 3 or aluminum i-propoxide = Al (OC 3 R 7 ) 3 .
Die erwähnten Alkoxide liegen in flüssigem Zustand, gegebenenfalls als Komplexverbindung mit dem entsprechenden Alkohol, vor und werden in dieser Form bei der erfindungsgemäßen Reaktion verwendet. Sie werden mit einem Reinheitsgrad von 95 bis 99 Gew.%, bei den Alkoxiden des Aluminiums von 90 bis 99 Gew.%, eingesetzt. Die zu verwendenden Alkoxide sind in der Reaktionsmischung löslich.The alkoxides mentioned are in the liquid state, optionally as a complex compound with the corresponding alcohol, and are used in this form in the reaction according to the invention. They are used with a degree of purity of 95 to 99% by weight, and 90 to 99% by weight for the alkoxides of aluminum. The alkoxides to be used are soluble in the reaction mixture.
Die Stabilisatoren werden in Mengen von 1 bis 5000, bevorzugt 5 bis 1000 Gew.-ppm, besonders bevorzugt 10 bis 500 Gew.ppm, ganz besonders bevorzugt 25 bis 300 Gew.ppm bezogen auf das eingesetzte Olefin eingesetzt.The stabilizers are used in amounts of 1 to 5000, preferably 5 to 1000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 500 ppm by weight, very particularly preferably 25 to 300 ppm by weight, based on the olefin used.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren keine weiteren Stabilisatoren eingesetzt.In a preferred embodiment, no further stabilizers are used in the process according to the invention.
Bei der hier exemplarisch gezeigten Umsetzung von Polyisobuten Homopolymer mit Maleinsäureanhydrid können sich, insbesondere bei höheren Molverhältnissen von Maleinsäureanhydrid zu Polyisobuten, als Folgeprodukte Verbindungen bilden, die mehr als eine Bernsteinsäureanhydridgruppe pro Polymer tragen. Diese Produkte haben ausgehend von α- bzw. β-Doppelbindungen unterschiedliche Strukturen:
Bzw.
In diesen Reaktionsschemata steht n für eine natürliche Zahl von 2 bis 39, bevorzugt von 3 bis 34, besonders bevorzugt von 4 bis 25, ganz besonders bevorzugt von 5 bis 19 und insbesondere von 6 bis 16.In these reaction schemes, n is a natural number from 2 to 39, preferably from 3 to 34, particularly preferably from 4 to 25, very particularly preferably from 5 to 19 and in particular from 6 to 16.
Das Verhältnis der höher zu den einfach maleinierten Komponenten zueinander kann durch den "Bismaleinierungsgrad" (BMG) angegeben werden. Der BMG ist an sich bekannt (Siehe auch
Berechnet wird der Bismaleinierungsgrad bevorzugt aus der Verseifungszahl gemäß DIN 53401: 1988-06 der Probe. Dabei muß die Probe gegebenenfalls mit einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel solubilisiert werden, bevorzugt in einem 2:1 Gemisch aus Toluol und Ethanol.The degree of bismaleinization is preferably calculated from the saponification number according to DIN 53401: 1988-06 of the sample. The sample may have to be solubilized with a suitable solvent, preferably in a 2: 1 mixture of toluene and ethanol.
Dabei ist zu beachten, daß lediglich das Verhältnis der höher maleinierten Komponenten zu den einfach maleinierten Komponenten einbezogen wird, wohingegen im Reaktionsgemisch befindliches unumgesetztes Polyisobuten, beispielsweise solches, das keine reaktiven Doppelbindungen enthält, nicht in die Bestimmung des Bismaleinierungsgrades eingeht. Mithin kann das Reaktionsgemisch auch noch unumgesetztes Polyisobuten enthalten, was meist dem Anteil im eingesetzten Polyisobuten entspricht, der keine reaktiven Doppelbindungen enthält, wohingegen der reaktive Doppelbindungen enthaltende Anteil im Polyisobuten bevorzugt vollständig oder nahezu vollständig abreagiert.It should be noted that only the ratio of the more highly maleated components to the singly maleated components is included, whereas unreacted polyisobutene in the reaction mixture, for example that containing no reactive double bonds, is not included in the determination of the degree of bismaleination. The reaction mixture can therefore also contain unreacted polyisobutene, which usually corresponds to the proportion in the polyisobutene used which does not contain any reactive double bonds, whereas the reactive double bond-containing proportion in the polyisobutene preferably reacts completely or almost completely.
Der Anteil an im Reaktionsgemisch befindlichen, unumgesetztem Polyisobuten entspricht daher in der Regel dem oben angegebenen bis zu 100 fehlenden Anteil an reaktiven Doppelbindungen in den erfindungsgemäß einsetzbaren Isobutenhomo- oder -copolymeren.The proportion of unreacted polyisobutene in the reaction mixture therefore generally corresponds to the abovementioned proportion of up to 100 missing reactive double bonds in the isobutene homopolymers or copolymers which can be used according to the invention.
Der Anteil an unumgesetztem Polyisobuten beträgt bevorzugt nicht mehr als 30 Gew%, besonders bevorzugt nicht mehr als 25 Gew%, ganz besonders bevorzugt nicht mehr als 20 Gew%, insbesondere nicht mehr als 15 Gew% und speziell nicht mehr als 10 Gew%.The proportion of unreacted polyisobutene is preferably not more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably not more than 25% by weight, very particularly preferably not more than 20% by weight, in particular not more than 15% by weight and especially not more than 10% by weight.
Zur Bestimmung des Anteils an maleinierten Komponenten im Verhältnis zum unumgesetzten Polyisobuten wird das Reaktionsgemisch in n-Heptan gelöst und auf eine Säule mit Kieselgel 60 aufgebracht und mit n-Heptan eluiert, bis kein Produkt mehr im Eluat auftritt. Mit Hilfe einer Säulenchromatographie wird das unumgesetzten Polyisobuten von den maleinierten Komponenten getrennt, da die maleinierten Komponenten nicht eluiert werden. Nach Abtrennung des Lösungsmittels durch Destillation wird durch Abwiegen der Gewichtsanteil an maleinierten Komponenten im Reaktionsgemisch bestimmt.To determine the proportion of maleated components in relation to the unreacted polyisobutene, the reaction mixture is dissolved in n-heptane and applied to a column of silica gel 60 and eluted with n-heptane until no more product appears in the eluate. The unreacted polyisobutene is separated from the maleated components with the aid of column chromatography, since the maleated components are not eluted. After the solvent has been separated off by distillation, the weight fraction of maleated components in the reaction mixture is determined by weighing.
Die obige Formel kann analog auch auf andere Komponenten (B) als Maleinsäureanhydrid angewendet werden und wird hier auch für andere Komponenten (B) als Maleinsäureanhydrid einfachheitshalber ebenfalls als Bismaleinierungsgrad bezeichnet. Allgemein formuliert steht der Bismaleininerungsgrad also für den Gewichtsanteil von solchen Produkten, die mehr als eine Verbindung (B) pro Polyisobutenkette tragen im Verhältnis zur Gesamtmenge von Produkten, die eine oder mehr als eine Verbindung (B) pro Polyisobutenkette tragen, wobei nur solche Polyisobutenketten in die Bestimmung einbezogen werden, die reaktive Doppelbindungen tragen.The above formula can also be applied analogously to components (B) other than maleic anhydride and, for the sake of simplicity, is also referred to here as the degree of bismaleinization for components (B) other than maleic anhydride. In general terms, the degree of bismaleinification stands for the percentage by weight of products that contain more than one compound (B) per polyisobutene chain in relation to the total amount of products that contain one or more than one compound (B) per polyisobutene chain, only those polyisobutene chains being the determination to be included that carry reactive double bonds.
Gegenstand der erfindungsgemäßen Verwendung sind im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freie Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten, deren Bismaleinierungsgrad mindestens 11% beträgt.The use according to the invention relates to reaction products of polyisobutene which are essentially free of acid groups and whose degree of bismaleinization is at least 11%.
Mit weiterem Vorteil können solche im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten mit einem Bismaleinierungsgrad von mindestens 12% eingesetzt werden.With a further advantage, such essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene with a degree of bismaleinization of at least 12% can be used.
Der Bismaleinierungsgrad kann bis zu 40% betragen, bevorzugt bis zu 35%, besonders bevorzugt bis zu 30%, insbesondere bis zu 25% und speziell bis zu 20%.The degree of bismaleinization can be up to 40%, preferably up to 35%, particularly preferably up to 30%, in particular up to 25% and especially up to 20%.
Die besten Ergebnisse werden erzielt bei einem Bismaleinierungsgrad von 12 bis 35% und bevorzugt 15 bis 30%.The best results are achieved with a degree of bismaleinization of 12 to 35% and preferably 15 to 30%.
Aus dem Reaktionsprodukt der Komponenten (A) und (B) kann nach Beendigung der Reaktion bevorzugt überschüssige und unumgesetzte Komponente (B) abgetrennt werden, bevorzugt per Destillation oder Sublimation, denkbar ist aber auch beispielsweise eine Extraktion.After the reaction has ended, excess and unreacted component (B) can preferably be separated off from the reaction product of components (A) and (B), preferably by distillation or sublimation, but extraction, for example, is also conceivable.
Das so erhaltene Reaktionsgemisch wird bevorzugt von Quellen für Wasser, z.B. Luftfeuchtigkeit, ferngehalten, um eine Hydrolyse oder Verseifung von enthaltenen Ester- oder Anhydridgruppen so gering wie möglich zu halten.The reaction mixture so obtained is preferably obtained from sources of water, e.g. Humidity, kept away in order to keep hydrolysis or saponification of the ester or anhydride groups contained as low as possible.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung betrifft die Inhibierung der Korrosion von Eisen-, Stahl- und/oder Buntmetalloberflächen.The use according to the invention relates to the inhibition of the corrosion of iron, steel and / or non-ferrous metal surfaces.
Unter den Buntmetallen sind dabei Kupfer und dessen Legierungen bevorzugt.Among the non-ferrous metals, copper and its alloys are preferred.
Besonders bevorzugt wird die Korrosion von Stahloberflächen inhibiert.The corrosion of steel surfaces is particularly preferably inhibited.
Die beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten werden Kraftstoffen mit dem oben spezifizierten Gehalt an Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetallen und/oder Zink in der Regel in Mengen von 1 bis 60, bevorzugt 4 bis 50 Gew. ppm und besonders bevorzugt von 10 bis 40 Gew. ppm zugesetzt.The essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene described are fuels with the above-specified content of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals and / or zinc generally in amounts of 1 to 60, preferably 4 to 50 ppm by weight and particularly preferably 10 to 40 ppm by weight added.
Häufig werden die beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten in Form von Kraftstoffadditivgemischen eingesetzt, zusammen mit üblichen Additiven:
Im Falle von Dieselkraftstoffen sind dies in erster Linie übliche Detergenz-Additive, Trägeröle, Kaltfließverbesserer, Schmierfähigkeitsverbesserer (Lubricity Improver), andere Korrosionsinhibitoren als die beschriebenen im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten, Demulgatoren, Dehazer, Antischaummittel, Cetanzahlverbesserer, Verbrennungsverbesserer, Antioxidantien oder Stabilisatoren, Antistatika, Metallocene, Metalldeaktivatoren, Farbstoffe und/oder Lösungsmittel.The described, essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene are often used in the form of fuel additive mixtures, together with the usual additives:
In the case of diesel fuels, these are primarily the usual detergent additives, carrier oils, cold flow improvers, lubricity improvers, corrosion inhibitors other than the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, demulsifiers, dehazers, antifoams, cetane number improvers, antioxidants, combustion improvers , Antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators, dyes and / or solvents.
Im Falle von Ottokraftstoffen sind dies vor allem Schmierfähigkeitsverbesserer (Friction Modifier), andere Korrosionsinhibitoren als die im wesentlichen Säuregruppen freien Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten, Demulgatoren, Dehazer, Antischaummittel, Verbrennungsverbesserer, Antioxidantien oder Stabilisatoren, Antistatika, Metallocene, Metalldeaktivatoren, Farbstoffe und/oder Lösungsmittel.In the case of petrol, these are primarily lubricity improvers (friction modifiers), corrosion inhibitors other than the essentially acid group-free reaction products of polyisobutene, demulsifiers, de-aerators, antifoams, combustion improvers, antioxidants or stabilizers, antistatic agents, metallocenes, metal deactivators and / or solvents, dyes.
Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei den üblichen Detergenz-Additiven um amphiphile Substanzen, die mindestens einen hydrophoben Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit einem zahlengemittelten Molekulargewicht (Mn) von 85 bis 20.000 und mindestens eine polare Gruppierung besitzen, die ausgewählt ist unter:
- (Da) Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen mit bis zu 6 Stickstoffatomen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat;
- (Db) Nitrogruppen, gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit Hydroxylgruppen;
- (Dc) Hydroxylgruppen in Kombination mit Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat;
- (Dd) Carboxylgruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen;
- (De) Sulfonsäuregruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen;
- (Df) Polyoxy-C2- bis C4-alkylengruppierungen, die durch Hydroxylgruppen, Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat, oder durch Carbamatgruppen terminiert sind;
- (Dg) Carbonsäureestergruppen;
- (Dh) aus Bernsteinsäureanhydrid abgeleiteten Gruppierungen mit Hydroxy- und/oder Amino- und/oder Amido- und/oder Imidogruppen; und/oder
- (Di) durch Mannich-Umsetzung von substituierten Phenolen mit Aldehyden und Mono- oder Polyaminen erzeugten Gruppierungen.
- (Da) mono- or polyamino groups with up to 6 nitrogen atoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties;
- (Db) nitro groups, optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups;
- (Dc) hydroxyl groups in combination with mono- or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties;
- (Dd) carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts;
- (De) sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts;
- (Df) polyoxy-C 2 - to C 4 -alkylene groupings which are terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties, or by carbamate groups;
- (Dg) carboxylic acid ester groups;
- (Ie) groups derived from succinic anhydride with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups; and or
- (Di) groups produced by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines.
Der hydrophobe Kohlenwasserstoffrest in den obigen Detergenz-Additiven, welcher für die ausreichende Löslichkeit im Kraftstoff sorgt, hat ein zahlengemitteltes Molekulargewicht (Mn) von 85 bis 20.000, vorzugsweise von 113 bis 10.000, besonders bevorzugt von 300 bis 5.000, stärker bevorzugt von 300 bis 3.000, noch stärker bevorzugt von 500 bis 2.500 und insbesondere von 700 bis 2.500, vor allem von 800 bis 1500. Als typischer hydrophober Kohlenwasserstoffrest, insbesondere in Verbindung mit den polaren insbesondere Polypropenyl-, Polybutenyl- und Polyisobutenylreste mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht Mn von vorzugsweise jeweils 300 bis 5.000, besonders bevorzugt 300 bis 3.000, stärker bevorzugt 500 bis 2.500 noch stärker bevorzugt 700 bis 2.500 und insbesondere 800 bis 1.500 in Betracht.The hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergent additives, which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 85 to 20,000, preferably 113 to 10,000, particularly preferably 300 to 5,000, more preferably 300 to 3,000, even more preferably from 500 to 2,500 and in particular from 700 to 2,500, especially from 800 to 1500. As a typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical, especially in connection with the polar, in particular polypropenyl, polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals with a number average molecular weight M n of preferably 300 to 5,000, particularly preferably 300 to 3,000, more preferably 500 to 2,500, even more preferably 700 to 2,500, and in particular 800 to 1,500, in each case.
Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen (Da) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Polyalkenmono- oder Polyalkenpolyamine auf Basis von Polypropen oder von hochreaktivem (d.h. mit überwiegend endständigen Doppelbindungen) oder konventionellem (d.h. mit überwiegend mittenständigen Doppelbindungen) Polybuten oder Polyisobuten mit Mn = 300 bis 5000, besonders bevorzugt 500 bis 2500 und insbesondere 700 bis 2500. Derartige Additive auf Basis von hochreaktivem Polyisobuten, welche aus dem Polyisobuten, das bis zu 20 Gew.-% n-Buten-Einheiten enthalten kann, durch Hydroformylierung und reduktive Aminierung mit Ammoniak, Monoaminen oder Polyaminen wie Dimethyl-aminopropylamin, Ethylendiamin, Diethylentriamin, Triethylentetramin oder Tetraethylenpentamin hergestellt werden können, sind insbesondere aus der
Weitere besondere Monoaminogruppen (Da) enthaltende Additive sind die Hydrierungsprodukte der Umsetzungsprodukte aus Polyisobutenen mit einem mittleren Polymerisationsgrad P = 5 bis 100 mit Stickoxiden oder Gemischen aus Stickoxiden und Sauerstoff, wie sie insbesondere in der
Weitere besondere Monoaminogruppen (Da) enthaltende Additive sind die aus Poly-isobutenepoxiden durch Umsetzung mit Aminen und nachfolgender Dehydratisierung und Reduktion der Aminoalkohole erhältlichen Verbindungen, wie sie insbesondere in der
Nitrogruppen (Db), gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit Hydroxylgruppen, enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Umsetzungsprodukte aus Polyisobutenen des mittleren Polymerisationsgrades P = 5 bis 100 oder 10 bis 100 mit Stickoxiden oder Gemischen aus Stickoxiden und Sauerstoff, wie sie insbesondere in der
Hydroxylgruppen in Kombination mit Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen (Dc) enthaltende Additive sind insbesondere Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobutenepoxiden, erhältlich aus vorzugsweise überwiegend endständige Doppelbindungen aufweisendem Polyisobuten mit Mn = 300 bis 5000 mit Ammoniak, Mono- oder Polyaminen, wie sie insbeson-dere in der
Carboxylgruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalze (Dd) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Copolymere von C2- bis C40-Olefinen mit Maleinsäureanhydrid mit einer Gesamt-Molmasse von 500 bis 20.000, deren Carboxylgruppen ganz oder teilweise zu den Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen und ein verbleibender Rest der Carboxylgruppen mit Alkoholen oder Aminen umgesetzt sind. Solche Additive sind insbesondere aus der
Sulfonsäuregruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalze (De) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalze eines Sulfobern-steinsäurealkylesters, wie er insbesondere in der
Polyoxy-C2-C4-alkylengruppierungen (Df) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Polyether oder Polyetheramine, welche durch Umsetzung von C2- bis C60-Alkanolen, C6- bis C30-Alkandiolen, Mono- oder Di-C2- bis C30-alkylaminen, C1- bis C30-Alkylcyclo-hexanolen oder C1- bis C30-Alkylphenolen mit 1 bis 30 mol Ethylenoxid und/oder Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid pro Hydroxylgruppe oder Aminogruppe und, im Falle der Polyetheramine, durch anschließende reduktive Aminierung mit Ammoniak, Monoaminen oder Polyaminen erhältlich sind. Derartige Produkte werden insbesondere in der
Carbonsäureestergruppen (Dg) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Ester aus Mo-no-, Di- oder Tricarbonsäuren mit langkettigen Alkanolen oder Polyolen, insbesondere solche mit einer Mindestviskosität von 2 mm2/s bei 100 °C, wie sie insbesondere in der
Aus Bernsteinsäureanhydrid abgeleitete Gruppierungen mit Hydroxy- und/oder Amino- und/oder Amido- und/oder insbesondere Imidogruppen (Dh) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise entsprechende Derivate von Alkyl- oder Alkenyl-substituiertem Bernsteinsäureanhydrid und insbesondere die entsprechenden Derivate von Polyisobutenylbernsteinsäureanhydrid, welche durch Umsetzung von konventionellem oder hochreaktivem Polyisobuten mit Mn = vorzugsweise 300 bis 5000, besonders bevorzugt 300 bis 3000, stärker bevorzugt 500 bis 2500, noch stärker bevorzugt 700 bis 2500 und insbesondere 800 bis 1500, mit Maleinsäureanhydrid auf thermischem Weg in einer En-Reaktion oder über das chlorierte Polyisobuten erhältlich sind. Bei den Gruppierungen mit Hydroxy- und/oder Amino- und/oder Amido- und/oder Imidogruppen handelt es sich beispielsweise um Carbonsäuregruppen, Säureamide von Monoaminen, Säure-amide von Di- oder Polyaminen, die neben der Amidfunktion noch freie Amingruppen aufweisen, Bernsteinsäurederivate mit einer Säure- und einer Amidfunktion, Carbonsäureimide mit Monoaminen, Carbonsäureimide mit Di- oder Polyaminen, die neben der Imidfunktion noch freie Amingruppen aufweisen, oder Diimide, die durch die Umsetzung von Di- oder Polyaminen mit zwei Bernsteinsäurederivaten gebildet werden. Derartige Kraftstoffadditive sind allgemein bekannt und beispielsweise in den Dokumenten (1) und (2) beschrieben. Bevorzugt handelt es sich um die Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkyl- oder Alkenyl-substituierten Bernsteinsäuren oder Derivaten davon mit Aminen und besonders bevorzugt um die Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobutenyl-substituierten Bernsteinsäuren oder Derivaten davon mit Aminen. Von besonderem Interesse sind hierbei Umsetzungsprodukte mit aliphatischen Polyaminen (Polyalkylenimine) wie insbesondere Ethylendiamin, Diethylentriamin, Triethylentetramin, Tetraethylenpentamin, Pentaethylenhexamin und Hexaethylenheptamin, welche eine Imidstruktur aufweisen.Groups derived from succinic anhydride with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or especially imido groups (Dh) containing additives are preferably corresponding derivatives of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride and in particular the corresponding derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride, which by reaction of conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene with M n = preferably 300 to 5000, particularly preferably 300 to 3000, more preferably 500 to 2500, even more preferably 700 to 2500 and in particular 800 to 1500, with maleic anhydride thermally in an ene reaction or above the chlorinated polyisobutene are available. The groupings with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups are, for example, carboxylic acid groups, acid amides of monoamines, acid amides of di- or polyamines which, in addition to the amide function, also have free amine groups, succinic acid derivatives with an acid and an amide function, carboximides with monoamines, carboximides with di- or polyamines which, in addition to the imide function, also have free amine groups, or diimides which are formed by the reaction of di- or polyamines with two succinic acid derivatives. Such fuel additives are generally known and are described, for example, in documents (1) and (2). They are preferably the reaction products of alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines and particularly preferably the reaction products of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids or derivatives thereof with amines. Of particular interest here are reaction products with aliphatic polyamines (polyalkyleneimines), such as in particular ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine and hexaethylene heptamine, which have an imide structure.
Durch Mannich-Umsetzung von substituierten Phenolen mit Aldehyden und Mono- oder Polyaminen erzeugte Gruppierungen (Di) enthaltende Additive sind vorzugsweise Umsetzungsprodukte von Polyisobuten-substituierten Phenolen mit Formaldehyd und Mono- oder Polyaminen wie Ethylendiamin, Diethylentriamin, Triethylentetramin, Tetra-ethylenpentamin oder Dimethylaminopropylamin. Die Polyisobutenyl-substituierten Phenole können aus konventionellem oder hochreaktivem Polyisobuten mit Mn = 300 bis 5000 stammen. Derartige "Polyisobuten-Mannichbasen" sind insbesondere in der
Dem Kraftstoff können ein oder mehrere der genannten Detergenz-Additive in solch einer Menge zugegeben werden, dass die Dosierrate an diesen Detergenz-Additiven vozugsweise 25 bis 2500 Gew.-ppm, insbesondere 75 bis 1500 Gew.-ppm, vor allem 150 bis 1000 Gew.-ppm, beträgt. B2) TrägeröleOne or more of the detergent additives mentioned can be added to the fuel in such an amount that the metering rate of these detergent additives is preferably 25 to 2500 ppm by weight, in particular 75 to 1500 ppm by weight, especially 150 to 1000 ppm by weight .-ppm. B2) carrier oils
Mitverwendete Trägeröle können mineralischer oder synthetischer Natur sein. Geeignete mineralische Trägeröle sind bei der Erdölverarbeitung anfallende Fraktionen, wie Brightstock oder Grundöle mit Viskositäten wie beispielsweise aus der Klasse SN 500 bis 2000, aber auch aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, paraffinische Kohlenwasserstoffe und Alkoxyalkanole. Brauchbar ist ebenfalls eine als "hydrocrack oil" bekannte und bei der Raffination von Mineralöl anfallende Fraktion (Vakuumdestillatschnitt mit einem Siedebereich von etwa 360 bis 500 °C, erhältlich aus unter Hochdruck katalytisch hydriertem und isomerisiertem sowie entparaffiniertem natürlichen Mineralöl). Ebenfalls geeignet sind Mischungen oben genannter mineralischer Trägeröle.Carrier oils used can be mineral or synthetic in nature. Suitable mineral carrier oils are fractions obtained during petroleum processing, such as bright stocks or base oils with viscosities such as from class SN 500 to 2000, but also aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons and alkoxyalkanols. A fraction known as "hydrocrack oil" and obtained during the refining of mineral oil (vacuum distillate cut with a boiling range of about 360 to 500 ° C., obtainable from natural mineral oil catalytically hydrogenated and isomerized and dewaxed under high pressure) can also be used. Mixtures of the abovementioned mineral carrier oils are also suitable.
Beispiele für geeignete synthetische Trägeröle sind Polyolefine (Polyalphaolefine oder Polyinternalolefine), (Poly)ester, Poly)alkoxylate, Polyether, aliphatische Polyetheramine, alkylphenolgestartete Polyether, alkylphenolgestartete Polyetheramine und Carbonsäureester langkettiger Alkanole.Examples of suitable synthetic carrier oils are polyolefins (polyalphaolefins or polyinternalolefins), (poly) esters, poly) alkoxylates, polyethers, aliphatic polyetheramines, alkylphenol-started polyethers, alkylphenol-started polyetheramines and carboxylic acid esters of long-chain alkanols.
Beispiele für geeignete Polyolefine sind Olefinpolymerisate mit Mn = 400 bis 1800, vor allem auf Polybuten- oder Polyisobuten-Basis (hydriert oder nicht hydriert).Examples of suitable polyolefins are olefin polymers with M n = 400 to 1800, especially based on polybutene or polyisobutene (hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated).
Beispiele für geeignete Polyether oder Polyetheramine sind vorzugsweise Polyoxy-C2- bis C4-alkylengruppierungen enthaltende Verbindungen, welche durch Umsetzung von C2- bis C60-Alkanolen, C6- bis C30-Alkandiolen, Mono- oder Di-C2- bis C30-alkylaminen, C1- bis C30-Alkyl-cyclohexanolen oder C1- bis C30-Alkylphenolen mit 1 bis 30 mol Ethylenoxid und/ oder Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid pro Hydroxylgruppe oder Amino-gruppe und, im Falle der Polyetheramine, durch anschließende reduktive Aminierung mit Ammoniak, Monoaminen oder Polyaminen erhältlich sind. Derartige Produkte werden insbesondere in der
Beispiele für Carbonsäureester langkettiger Alkanole sind insbesondere Ester aus Mono-, Di- oder Tricarbonsäuren mit langkettigen Alkanolen oder Polyolen, wie sie insbesondere in der
Weitere geeignete Trägerölsysteme sind beispielsweise in der
Beispiele für besonders geeignete synthetische Trägeröle sind alkoholgestartete Polyether mit etwa 5 bis 35, vorzugsweise etwa 5 bis 30, besonders bevorzugt 10 bis 30 und insbesondere 15 bis 30 C3- bis C6-Alkylenoxideinheiten, z. B. Propylenoxid-, n-Butylenoxid- und Isobutylenoxid-Einheiten oder Gemischen davon, pro Alkoholmolekül. Nichtlimitierende Beispiele für geeignete Starteralkohole sind langkettige Alkanole oder mit langkettigem Alkyl-substituierte Phenole, wobei der langkettige Alkylrest insbesondere für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten C6- bis C18-Alkylrest steht. Als besondere Beispiele sind zu nennen Tridecanol und Nonylphenol. Besonders bevorzugte alkoholgestartete Polyether sind die Umsetzungsprodukte (Polyveretherungsprodukte) von einwertigen aliphatischen C6- bis C18-Alkoholen mit C3- bis C6-Alkylenoxiden. Beispiele für einwertige aliphatische C6-C18-Alkohole sind Hexanol, Heptanol, Octanol, 2-Ethyl-hexanol, Nonylalkohol, Decanol, 3-Propylheptanol, Undecanol, Dodecanol, Tridecanol, Tetradecanol, Pentadecanol, Hexadecanol, Octadecanol und deren Konstitutions- und Stellungsisomere. Die Alkohole können sowohl in Form der reinen Isomere als auch in Form technischer Gemische eingesetzt werden. Ein besonders bevorzugter Alkohol ist Tridecanol. Beispiele für C3- bis C6-Alkylenoxide sind Propylenoxid, wie 1,2-Propylen-oxid, Butylenoxid, wie 1,2-Butylenoxid, 2,3-Butylenoxid, Isobutylenoxid oder Tetrahydrofuran, Pentylenoxid und Hexylenoxid. Besonders bevorzugt sind hierunter C3- bis C4-Alkylenoxide, d.h. Propylenoxid wie 1,2-Propylenoxid und Butylenoxid wie 1,2-Buty-lenoxid, 2,3-Butylenoxid und Isobutylenoxid. Speziell verwendet man Butylenoxid.Further suitable carrier oil systems are, for example, in
Examples of particularly suitable synthetic carrier oils are alcohol-initiated polyethers with about 5 to 35, preferably about 5 to 30, particularly preferably 10 to 30 and in particular 15 to 30 C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxide units, e.g. B. propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide units or mixtures thereof, per alcohol molecule. Non-limiting examples of suitable starter alcohols are long-chain alkanols or long-chain alkyl-substituted phenols, the long-chain alkyl radical in particular being a straight-chain or branched C 6 - to C 18 -alkyl radical. Tridecanol and nonylphenol should be mentioned as special examples. Particularly preferred alcohol-initiated polyethers are the reaction products (polyetherification products) of monohydric aliphatic C 6 to C 18 alcohols with C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxides. Examples of monohydric aliphatic C 6 -C 18 alcohols are hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonyl alcohol, decanol, 3-propylheptanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol and their constitution and Positional isomers. The alcohols can be used both in the form of the pure isomers and in the form of technical mixtures. A particularly preferred alcohol is tridecanol. Examples of C 3 to C 6 alkylene oxides are propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide, butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide or tetrahydrofuran, pentylene oxide and hexylene oxide. Particularly preferred among these are C 3 to C 4 alkylene oxides, ie propylene oxide such as 1,2-propylene oxide and butylene oxide such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide and isobutylene oxide. Butylene oxide is used in particular.
Weitere geeignete synthetische Trägeröle sind alkoxylierte Alkylphenole, wie sie in der
Besondere Trägeröle sind synthetische Trägeröle, wobei die zuvor beschriebenen al-koholgestarteten Polyether besonders bevorzugt sind.Special carrier oils are synthetic carrier oils, the alcohol-initiated polyethers described above being particularly preferred.
Das Trägeröl bzw. das Gemisch verschiedener Trägeröle wird dem Kraftstoff in einer Menge von vorzugsweise 1 bis 1000 Gew.-ppm, besonders bevorzugt von 10 bis 500 Gew.-ppm und insbesondere von 20 bis 100 Gew.-ppm zugesetzt.The carrier oil or the mixture of different carrier oils is added to the fuel in an amount of preferably 1 to 1000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 500 ppm by weight and in particular 20 to 100 ppm by weight.
Geeignete Kaltfließverbesserer sind im Prinzip alle organischen Verbindungen, welche in der Lage sind, das Fließverhalten von Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffen bzw. Dieselkraftstoffen in der Kälte zu verbessern. Zweckmäßigerweise müssen sie eine ausreichende Öllöslichkeit aufweisen. Insbesondere kommen hierfür die üblicherweise bei Mitteldestillaten aus fossilem Ursprung, also bei üblichen mineralischen Dieselkraftstoffen, eingesetzten Kaltfließverbesserer ("middle distillate flow improvers", "MDFI") in Betracht. Jedoch können auch organische Verbindungen verwendet werden, die beim Einsatz in üblichen Dieselkraftstoffen zum Teil oder überwiegend die Eigenschaften eines Wax Anti-Settling Additivs ("WASA") aufweisen. Auch können sie zum Teil oder überwiegend als Nukleatoren wirken. Es können aber auch Mischungen aus als MDFI wirksamen und/oder als WASA wirksamen und/oder als Nukleatoren wirksamen organischen Verbindungen eingesetzt werden.Suitable cold flow improvers are in principle all organic compounds which are able to improve the flow behavior of middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels in the cold. Appropriately, they must have sufficient oil solubility. In particular, the cold flow improvers (“middle distillate flow improvers”, “MDFI”) used for middle distillates of fossil origin, that is to say for conventional mineral diesel fuels, are suitable for this. However, organic compounds can also be used which, when used in conventional diesel fuels, have partly or predominantly the properties of a wax anti-settling additive ("WASA"). They can also act partly or mainly as nucleators. However, mixtures of MDFI can also be used and / or organic compounds which are active as WASA and / or which are active as nucleators.
Typischerweise wird der Kaltfließverbesserer ausgewählt aus:
- (K1) Copolymeren eines C2- bis C40-Olefins mit wenigstens einem weiteren ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomer;
- (K2) Kammpolymeren;
- (K3) Polyoxyalkylenen;
- (K4) polaren Stickstoffverbindungen;
- (K5) Sulfocarbonsäuren oder Sulfonsäuren oder deren Derivaten; und
- (K6) Poly(meth)acrylsäureestern.
- (K1) copolymers of a C 2 - to C 40 -olefin with at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
- (K2) comb polymers;
- (K3) polyoxyalkylenes;
- (K4) polar nitrogen compounds;
- (K5) sulfocarboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or their derivatives; and
- (K6) poly (meth) acrylic acid esters.
Es können sowohl Mischungen verschiedener Vertreter aus einer der jeweiligen Klassen (K1) bis (K6) als auch Mischungen von Vertretern aus verschiedenen Klassen (K1) bis (K6) eingesetzt werden.Both mixtures of different representatives from one of the respective classes (K1) to (K6) and mixtures of representatives from different classes (K1) to (K6) can be used.
Geeignete C2- bis C40-Olefin-Monomere für die Copolymeren der Klasse (K1) sind beispielsweise solche mit 2 bis 20, insbesondere 2 bis10 Kohlenstoffatomen sowie mit 1 bis 3, vorzugsweise mit 1 oder 2, insbesondere mit einer Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Dop-pelbindung. Im zuletzt genannten Fall kann die Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Doppelbindung sowohl terminal (α-Olefine) als auch intern angeordnet sein kann. Bevorzugt sind jedoch α-Olefine, besonders bevorzugt α-Olefine mit 2 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, beispielsweise Propen, 1-Buten, 1-Penten, 1-Hexen und vor allem Ethylen.Suitable C 2 to C 40 olefin monomers for the copolymers of class (K1) are, for example, those with 2 to 20, in particular 2 to 10 carbon atoms and with 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, in particular with a carbon-carbon Double weave. In the latter case, the carbon-carbon double bond can be arranged both terminally (α-olefins) and also internally. However, preference is given to α-olefins, particularly preferably α-olefins having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and, above all, ethylene.
Bei den Copolymeren der Klasse (K1) ist das wenigstens eine weitere ethylenisch ungesättigte Monomer vorzugsweise ausgewählt unter Carbonsäurealkenylestern, (Meth)Acrylsäureestern und weiteren Olefinen.In the copolymers of class (K1), the at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer is preferably selected from alkenyl carboxylates, (meth) acrylic acid esters and further olefins.
Werden weitere Olefine mit einpolymerisiert, sind dies vorzugsweise höhermolekulare als das oben genannte C2- bis C40-Olefin-Basismonomere. Setzt man beispielsweise als Olefin-Basismonomer Ethylen oder Propen ein, eignen sich als weitere Olefine insbesondere C10- bis C40-α-Olefine. Weitere Olefine werden in den meisten Fällen nur dann mit einpolymerisiert, wenn auch Monomere mit Carbonsäureester-Funktionen eingesetzt werden.If further olefins are also polymerized in, these are preferably higher molecular weight than the above-mentioned C 2 to C 40 olefin base monomers. If, for example, ethylene or propene is used as the base olefin monomer, suitable further olefins are in particular C 10 to C 40 α-olefins. In most cases, other olefins are only also incorporated into the system if monomers with carboxylic acid ester functions are also used.
Geeignete (Meth)Acrylsäureester sind beispielsweise Ester der (Meth)Acrylsäure mit C1- bis C20-Alkanolen, insbesondere C1- bis C10-Alkanolen, vor allem mit Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Isopropanol, n-Butanol, sec.-Butanol, Isobutanol, tert.-Butanol, Pentanol, Hexanol, Heptanol, Octanol, 2-Ethylhexanol, Nonanol und Decanol sowie Strukturisomeren hiervon.Suitable (meth) acrylic acid esters are, for example, esters of (meth) acrylic acid with C 1 to C 20 alkanols, in particular C 1 to C 10 alkanols, especially with methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec. -Butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol and decanol and structural isomers thereof.
Geeignete Carbonsäurealkenylester sind beispielsweise C2- bis C14-Alkenylester, z.B. die Vinyl- und Propenylester, von Carbonsäuren mit 2 bis 21 Kohlenstoffatomen, deren Kohlenwasserstoffrest linear oder verzweigt sein kann. Bevorzugt sind hierunter die Vinylester. Unter den Carbonsäuren mit verzweigtem Kohlenwasserstoffrest sind solche bevorzugt, deren Verzweigung sich in der α-Position zur Carboxylgruppe befindet, wobei das α-Kohlenstoffatom besonders bevorzugt tertiär ist, d. h. die Carbonsäure eine sogenannte Neocarbonsäure ist. Vorzugsweise ist der Kohlenwasserstoffrest der Carbonsäure jedoch linear.Suitable carboxylic acid alkenyl esters are, for example, C 2 - to C 14 -alkenyl esters, for example the vinyl and propenyl esters, of carboxylic acids having 2 to 21 carbon atoms, the hydrocarbon radical of which can be linear or branched. Of these, the vinyl esters are preferred. Among the carboxylic acids with a branched hydrocarbon radical, preference is given to those whose branches are branched is in the α-position to the carboxyl group, the α-carbon atom being particularly preferably tertiary, ie the carboxylic acid is a so-called neocarboxylic acid. However, the hydrocarbon radical of the carboxylic acid is preferably linear.
Beispiele für geeignete Carbonsäurealkenylester sind Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat, Vinyl-2-ethylhexanoat, Neopentansäurevinylester, Hexansäurevinylester, Neononansäurevinylester, Neodecansäurevinylester und die entsprechenden Propenyl-ester, wobei die Vinylester bevorzugt sind. Ein besonders bevorzugter Carbonsäurealkenylester ist Vinylacetat; typische hieraus resultierende Copolymere der Gruppe (K1) sind die mit am häufigsten eingesetzten Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymere ("EVA").
Besonders vorteilhaft einsetzbare Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymere und ihre Herstellung sind in der
Particularly advantageously usable ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and their production are in the
Als Copolymere der Klasse (K1) sind auch solche geeignet, die zwei oder mehrere voneinander verschiedene Carbonsäurealkenylester einpolymerisiert enthalten, wobei diese sich in der Alkenylfunktion und/oder in der Carbonsäuregruppe unterscheiden. Ebenfalls geeignet sind Copolymere, die neben dem/den Carbonsäurealkenylester(n) wenigstens ein Olefin und/oder wenigstens ein (Meth)Acrylsäureester einpolymerisiert enthalten.Also suitable as copolymers of class (K1) are those which contain two or more different carboxylic acid alkenyl esters in copolymerized form, these differing in the alkenyl function and / or in the carboxylic acid group. Also suitable are copolymers which, in addition to the carboxylic acid alkenyl ester (s), contain at least one olefin and / or at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester in copolymerized form.
Auch Terpolymere aus einem C2- bis C40-α-Olefin, einem C1- bis C20-Alkylester einer ethylenisch ungesättigten Monocarbonsäure mit 3 bis 15 Kohlenstoffatomen und einem C2- bis C14-Alkenylester einer gesättigten Monocarbonsäure mit 2 bis 21 Kohlenstoffatomen sind als Copolymere der Klasse (K1) geeignet. Derartige Terpolymere sind in der
Das wenigstens eine oder die weiteren ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren sind in den Copolymeren der Klasse (K1) in einer Menge von vorzugsweise 1 bis 50 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 10 bis 45 Gew.-% und vor allem von 20 bis 40 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtcopolymer, einpolymerisiert. Der gewichtsmäßige Hauptanteil der Monomereinheiten in den Copolymeren der Klasse (K1) stammt somit in der Regel aus den C2- bis C40-Basis-Olefinen.The at least one or the further ethylenically unsaturated monomers are present in the copolymers of class (K1) in an amount of preferably 1 to 50% by weight, in particular 10 to 45% by weight and above all from 20 to 40% by weight %, based on the total copolymer, polymerized. The majority by weight of the monomer units in the copolymers of class (K1) thus generally originate from the C 2 to C 40 base olefins.
Die Copolymere der Klasse (K1) weisen vorzugsweise ein zahlenmittleres Molekulargewicht Mn von 1000 bis 20.000, besonders bevorzugt von 1000 bis 10.000 und insbesondere von 1000 bis 8000 auf.The copolymers of class (K1) preferably have a number average molecular weight M n from 1000 to 20,000, particularly preferably from 1000 to 10,000 and in particular from 1000 to 8000.
Typische Kammpolymere der Komponente (K2) sind beispielsweise durch die Copolymerisation von Maleinsäureanhydrid oder Fumarsäure mit einem anderen ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomer, beispielsweise mit einem α-Olefin oder einem ungesättigten Ester wie Vinylacetat, und anschließende Veresterung der Anhydrid- bzw. Säurefunktion mit einem Alkohol mit wenigstens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen erhältlich. Weitere geeignete Kammpolymere sind Copolymere von α-Olefinen und veresterten Comonomeren, beispielsweise veresterte Copolymere von Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid oder veresterte Copolymere von Styrol und Fumarsäure. Geeignete Kammpolymere können auch Polyfumarate oder Polymaleinate sein. Außerdem sind Homo- und Copolymere von Vinylethern geeignete Kammpolymere. Als Komponente der Klasse (K2) geeignete Kammpolymere sind beispielsweise auch solche, die in der
Als Komponente der Klasse (K3) geeignete Polyoxyalkylene sind beispielsweise Poly-oxyalkylenester, Polyoxyalkylenether, gemischte Polyoxyalkylenesterether und Gemische davon. Bevorzugt enthalten diese Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen wenigstens eine, vorzugsweise wenigstens zwei lineare Alkylgruppen mit jeweils 10 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen und eine Polyoxyalkylengruppe mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht von bis zu 5000. Derartige Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen sind beispielsweise in der
Als Komponente der Klasse (K4) geeignete polare Stickstoffverbindungen können sowohl ionischer als auch nicht ionischer Natur sein und besitzen vorzugsweise wenigstens einen, insbesondere wenigstens zwei Substituenten in Form eines tertiären Stickstoffatoms der allgemeinen Formel >NR7, worin R7 für einen C8- bis C40-Kohlenwas-serstoffrest steht. Die Stickstoffsubstituenten können auch quaternisiert, das heißt in kationischer Form, vorliegen. Beispiele für solche Stickstoffverbindungen sind Ammoniumsalze und/oder Amide, die durch die Umsetzung wenigstens eines mit wenigstens einem Kohlenwasserstoffrest substituierten Amins mit einer Carbonsäure mit 1 bis 4 Carboxylgruppen bzw. mit einem geeignetem Derivat davon erhältlich sind. Vorzugsweise enthalten die Amine wenigstens einen linearen C8- bis C40-Alkylrest. Zur Herstellung der genannten polaren Stickstoffverbindungen geeignete primäre Amine sind beispielsweise Octylamin, Nonylamin, Decylamin, Undecylamin, Dodecylamin, Tetradecylamin und die höheren linearen Homologen, hierzu geeignete sekundäre Amine sind beispielsweise Dioctadecylamin und Methylbehenylamin. Geeignet sind hierzu auch Amingemische, insbesondere großtechnisch zugängliche Amingemische wie Fettamine oder hydrierte Tallamine, wie sie beispielsweise in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6. Auflage, im Kapitel "Amines, aliphatic" beschrieben werden. Für die Umsetzung geeignete Säuren sind beispielsweise Cyclohexan-1,2-dicarbonsäure, Cyclohexen-1,2-dicarbonsäure, Cyclopentan-1,2-dicarbonsäure, Naphthalindicarbonsäure, Phthalsäure, Isophthalsäure, Terephthalsäure und mit langkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffresten substituierte Bernsteinsäuren.Polar nitrogen compounds suitable as component of class (K4) can be both ionic and non-ionic in nature and preferably have at least one, in particular at least two, substituents in the form of a tertiary nitrogen atom of the general formula> NR 7 , where R 7 is a C 8 bis C 40 hydrocarbon residue. The nitrogen substituents can also be present in quaternized form, that is to say in cationic form. Examples of such nitrogen compounds are ammonium salts and / or amides which can be obtained by reacting at least one amine substituted by at least one hydrocarbon radical with a carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 carboxyl groups or with a suitable derivative thereof. The amines preferably contain at least one linear C 8 - to C 40 -alkyl radical. Primary amines suitable for preparing the polar nitrogen compounds mentioned are, for example, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and the higher linear homologues; secondary amines suitable for this purpose are, for example, dioctadecylamine and methylbehenylamine. Amine mixtures are also suitable for this purpose, in particular amine mixtures available on an industrial scale, such as fatty amines or hydrogenated tall amines, as described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, in the chapter "Amines, aliphatic". Acids suitable for the reaction are, for example, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and succinic acids substituted with long-chain hydrocarbon radicals.
Insbesondere ist die Komponente der Klasse (K4) ein öllösliches Umsetzungsprodukt aus mindestens eine tertiäre Aminogruppe aufweisenden Poly(C2- bis C20-Carbonsäuren) mit primären oder sekundären Aminen. Die diesem Umsetzungsprodukt zugrundeliegenden mindestens eine tertiäre Aminogruppe aufweisenden Poly(C2- bis C20-Carbonsäuren) enthalten vorzugsweise mindestens 3 Carboxylgruppen, insbesondere 3 bis 12, vor allem 3 bis 5 Carboxylgruppen. Die Carbonsäure-Einheiten in den Polycarbonsäuren weisen vorzugsweise 2 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatome auf, insbesondere sind es Essigsäure-Einheiten. Die Carbonsäure-Einheiten sind in geeigneter Weise zu den Polycarbonsäuren verknüpft, meist über ein oder mehrere Kohlenstoff- und/oder Stickstoffatome. Vorzugsweise sind sie an tertiäre Stickstoffatome angebunden, die im Falle mehrerer Stickstoffatome über Kohlenwasserstoffketten verbunden sind.In particular, the component of class (K4) is an oil-soluble reaction product of poly (C 2 to C 20 carboxylic acids) having at least one tertiary amino group with primary or secondary amines. The poly (C 2 to C 20 carboxylic acids) on which this reaction product is based contain at least one tertiary amino group and preferably contain at least 3 carboxyl groups, in particular 3 to 12, especially 3 to 5 carboxyl groups. The carboxylic acid units in the polycarboxylic acids preferably have 2 to 10 carbon atoms on, especially acetic acid units. The carboxylic acid units are linked to the polycarboxylic acids in a suitable manner, usually via one or more carbon and / or nitrogen atoms. They are preferably attached to tertiary nitrogen atoms which, in the case of several nitrogen atoms, are linked via hydrocarbon chains.
Vorzugsweise ist die Komponente der Klasse (K4) ein öllösliches Umsetzungsprodukt auf Basis von mindestens eine tertiäre Aminogruppe aufweisenden Poly(C2- bis C20-Carbonsäuren) der allgemeinen Formel IIa oder IIb
Weiterhin ist das bevorzugte öllösliche Umsetzungsprodukt der Komponente (K4), insbesondere das der allgemeinen Formel IIa oder IIb, ein Amid, ein Amidammoniumsalz oder ein Ammoniumsalz, in dem keine, eine oder mehrere Carbonsäuregruppen in Amidgruppen übergeführt sind.Furthermore, the preferred oil-soluble reaction product of component (K4), in particular that of the general formula IIa or IIb, is an amide, an amide ammonium salt or an ammonium salt in which no, one or more carboxylic acid groups have been converted into amide groups.
Geradkettige oder verzweigte C2- bis C6-Alkylengruppen der Variablen A sind beispielsweise 1,1-Ethylen, 1,2-Propylen, 1,3-Propylen, 1,2-Butylen, 1,3-Butylen, 1,4-Bu-tylen, 2-Methyl-1,3-propylen, 1,5-Pentylen, 2-Methyl-1,4-butylen, 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-pro-pylen, 1,6-Hexylen (Hexamethylen) und insbesondere 1,2-Ethylen. Vorzugsweise umfasst die Variable A 2 bis 4, insbesondere 2 oder 3 Kohlenstoffatome.Straight-chain or branched C 2 - to C 6 -alkylene groups of the variable A are, for example, 1,1-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 1,4- Butylene, 2-methyl-1,3-propylene, 1,5-pentylene, 2-methyl-1,4-butylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene ( Hexamethylene) and especially 1,2-ethylene. The variable A preferably comprises 2 to 4, in particular 2 or 3, carbon atoms.
C1- bis C19-Alkylengruppen der Variablen B sind vor beispielsweise 1,2-Ethylen, 1,3-Propylen, 1,4-Butylen, Hexamethylen, Octamethylen, Decamethylen, Dodecamethylen, Tetradecamethylen, Hexadecamethylen, Octadecamethylen, Nonadecamethylen und insbesondere Methylen. Vorzugsweise umfasst die Variable B 1 bis 10, insbesondere 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatome.C 1 - to C 19 -alkylene groups of the variable B are above, for example, 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, hexamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene, dodecamethylene, tetradecamethylene, hexadecamethylene, octadecamethylene, nonadecamethylene and, in particular, methylene . The variable B preferably comprises 1 to 10, in particular 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
Die primären und sekundären Amine als Umsetzungspartner für die Polycarbonsäuren zur Bildung der Komponente (K4) sind üblicherweise Monoamine, insbesondere aliphatische Monoamine. Diese primären und sekundären Amine können aus einer Vielzahl von Aminen ausgewählt sein, die - gegebenenfalls miteinander verbundene - Kohlenwasserstoffreste tragen.The primary and secondary amines as reaction partners for the polycarboxylic acids to form component (K4) are usually monoamines, in particular aliphatic monoamines. These primary and secondary amines can be selected from a large number of amines which - optionally linked to one another - carry hydrocarbon radicals.
Meist sind diese den öllöslichen Umsetzungsprodukten der Komponente (K4) zugrundeliegenden Amine sekundären Amine und weisen die allgemeine Formel HN(R8)2 auf, in der die beiden Variablen R8 unabhängig voneinander jeweils geradkettige oder verzweigte C10- bis C30-Alkylreste, insbesondere C14- bis C24-Alkylreste bedeuten. Diese längerkettigen Alkylreste sind vorzugsweise geradkettig oder nur in geringem Grade verzweigt. In der Regel leiten sich die genannten sekundären Amine hinsichtlich ihrer längerkettigen Alkylreste von natürlich vorkommenden Fettsäuren bzw. von deren Derivaten ab. Vorzugsweise sind die beiden Reste R8 gleich.Most of these amines on which the oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are based are secondary amines and have the general formula HN (R 8 ) 2 , in which the two variables R 8, independently of one another, are straight-chain or branched C 10 - to C 30 -alkyl radicals, in particular C 14 - to C 24 -alkyl radicals. These longer-chain alkyl radicals are preferably straight-chain or only branched to a small extent. As a rule, the secondary amines mentioned are derived from naturally occurring fatty acids or their derivatives with regard to their longer-chain alkyl radicals. The two radicals R 8 are preferably the same.
Die genannten sekundären Amine können mittels Amidstrukturen oder in Form der Ammoniumsalze an die Polycarbonsäuren gebunden sein, auch kann nur ein Teil als Amidstrukturen und ein anderer Teil als Ammoniumsalze vorliegen. Vorzugsweise liegen nur wenige oder keine freien Säuregruppen vor. Vorzugsweise liegen die öllöslichen Umsetzungsprodukte der Komponente (K4) vollständig in Form der Amidstrukturen vor.The secondary amines mentioned can be bound to the polycarboxylic acids by means of amide structures or in the form of the ammonium salts, and only some can be present as amide structures and some as ammonium salts. Preferably there are few or no free acid groups. The oil-soluble reaction products of component (K4) are preferably completely in the form of the amide structures.
Typische Beispiele für derartige Komponenten (K4) sind Umsetzungsprodukte der Nitrilotriessigsäure, der Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure oder der Propylen-1,2-diamintetra-essigsäure mit jeweils 0,5 bis 1,5 Mol pro Carboxylgruppe, insbesondere 0,8 bis 1,2 Mol pro Carboxylgruppe, Dioleylamin, Dipalmitinamin, Dikokosfettamin, Distearylamin, Dibehenylamin oder insbesondere Ditalgfettamin. Eine besonders bevorzugte Komponente (K4) ist das Umsetzungsprodukt aus 1 Mol Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure und 4 Mol hydriertem Ditalgfettamin.Typical examples of such components (K4) are reaction products of nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or propylene-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid, each with 0.5 to 1.5 mol per carboxyl group, in particular 0.8 to 1.2 mol per carboxyl group , Dioleylamine, dipalmitinamine, dicoconut fatty amine, distearylamine, dibehenylamine or especially ditallow fatty amine. A particularly preferred component (K4) is the reaction product of 1 mol of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4 mol of hydrogenated ditallow fatty amine.
Als weitere typische Beispiele für die Komponente (K4) seien die N,N-Dialkylammoni-umsalze von 2-N',N'-Dialkylamidobenzoaten, beispielsweise das Reaktionsprodukt aus 1 Mol Phthalsäureanhydrid und 2 Mol Ditalgfettamin, wobei letzteres hydriert oder nicht hydriert sein kann, und das Reaktionsprodukt von 1 Mol eines Alkenylspirobislactons mit 2 Mol eines Dialkylamins, beispielsweise Ditalgfettamin und/oder Talgfettamin, wobei die beiden letzteren hydriert oder nicht hydriert sein können, genannt.Further typical examples of component (K4) are the N, N-dialkylammonium salts of 2-N ', N'-dialkylamidobenzoates, for example the reaction product of 1 mole of phthalic anhydride and 2 moles of ditallow fatty amine, the latter being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated , and the reaction product of 1 mol of an alkenyl spirobislactone with 2 mol of a dialkylamine, for example ditallow fatty amine and / or tallow fatty amine, the latter two being hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, mentioned.
Weitere typische Strukturtypen für die Komponente der Klasse (K4) sind cyclische Verbindungen mit tertiären Aminogruppen oder Kondensate langkettiger primärer oder sekundärer Amine mit carbonsäurehaltigen Polymeren, wie sie in der
Als Kaltfließverbesserer der Komponente der Klasse (K5) geeignete Sulfocarbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren oder deren Derivate sind beispielsweise die öllöslichen Carbonsäureamide und Carbonsäureester von ortho-Sulfobenzoesäure, in denen die Sulfonsäurefunktion als Sulfonat mit alkyl-substituierten Ammoniumkationen vorliegt, wie sie in der
Sulfocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or their derivatives suitable as cold flow improvers of the component of class (K5) are, for example, the oil-soluble carboxamides and carboxylic acid esters of ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, in which the sulfonic acid function is present as a sulfonate with alkyl-substituted ammonium cations, as described in the
Als Kaltfließverbesserer der Komponente der Klasse (K6) geeignete Poly(meth)acryl-säureester sind sowohl Homo- als auch Copolymere von Acryl- und Methacrylsäure-estern. Bevorzugt sind Copolymere von wenigstens zwei voneinander verschiedenen (Meth)Acrylsäureestern, die sich bezüglich des einkondensierten Alkohols unterscheiden. Gegebenenfalls enthält das Copolymer noch ein weiteres, davon verschiedenes olefinisch ungesättigtes Monomer einpolymerisiert. Das gewichtsmittlere Molekulargewicht des Polymers beträgt vorzugsweise 50.000 bis 500.000. Ein besonders bevorzugtes Polymer ist ein Copolymer von Methacrylsäure und Methacrylsäureestern von gesättigten C14- und C15-Alkoholen, wobei die Säuregruppen mit hydriertem Tallamin neutralisiert sind. Geeignete Poly(meth)acrylsäureester sind beispielsweise in der
Dem Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoff bzw. Dieselkraftstoff wird der Kaltfließverbesserer bzw. das Gemisch verschiedener Kaltfließverbesserer in einer Gesamtmenge von vorzugsweise 10 bis 5000 Gew.-ppm, besonders bevorzugt von 20 bis 2000 Gew.-ppm, stärker bevorzugt von 50 bis 1000 Gew.-ppm und insbesondere von 100 bis 700 Gew.-ppm, z.B. von 200 bis 500 Gew.-ppm, zugegeben.The cold flow improver or the mixture of different cold flow improvers is added to the middle distillate fuel or diesel fuel in a total amount of preferably 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 2000 ppm by weight, more preferably 50 to 1000 ppm by weight and especially from 100 to 700 ppm by weight, e.g. from 200 to 500 ppm by weight added.
Geeignete Schmierfähigkeitsverbesserer (Lubricity Improver bzw. Friction Modifier) basieren üblicherweise auf Fettsäuren oder Fettsäureestern. Typische Beispiele sind Tallölfettsäure, wie beispielsweise in der
Geeignete Korrosionsinhibitoren sind z.B. Bernsteinsäureester, vor allem mit Polyolen, Fettsäurederivate, z.B. Ölsäureester, oligomerisierte Fettsäuren, substituierte Ethanolamine und Produkte, die unter dem Handelsnamen RC 4801 (Rhein Chemie Mannheim, Deutschland), Irgacor® L12 (BASF SE) oder HiTEC 536 (Ethyl Corporation) vertrieben werden.Suitable corrosion inhibitors are e.g. Succinic acid esters, especially with polyols, fatty acid derivatives, e.g. Oleic acid esters, oligomerized fatty acids, substituted ethanolamines and products that are sold under the trade name RC 4801 (Rhein Chemie Mannheim, Germany), Irgacor® L12 (BASF SE) or HiTEC 536 (Ethyl Corporation).
Geeignete Demulgatoren sind z.B. die Alkali- oder Erdalkalisalze von Alkyl-substituierten Phenol- und Naphthalinsulfonaten und die Alkali- oder Erdalkalisalze von Fettsäuren, außerdem neutrale Verbindungen wie Alkoholalkoxylate, z.B. Alkoholethoxylate, Phenolalkoxylate, z.B. tert-Butylphenolethoxylat oder tert-Pentylphenolethoxylat, Fettsäuren, Alkylphenole, Kondensationsprodunkte von Ethylenoxid (EO) und Propylenoxid (PO), z.B. auch in Form von EO/PO-Blockcopolymeren, Polyethylenimine oder auch Polysiloxane.Suitable demulsifiers are e.g. the alkali or alkaline earth salts of alkyl-substituted phenol and naphthalene sulfonates and the alkali or alkaline earth salts of fatty acids, as well as neutral compounds such as alcohol alkoxylates, e.g. Alcohol ethoxylates, phenol alkoxylates, e.g. tert-butylphenol ethoxylate or tert-pentylphenol ethoxylate, fatty acids, alkylphenols, condensation products of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO), e.g. also in the form of EO / PO block copolymers, polyethyleneimines or polysiloxanes.
Geeignete Dehazer sind z.B. alkoxylierte Phenol-Formaldehyd-Kondensate, wie beispielsweise die unter dem Handelsnamen erhältlichen Produkte NALCO 7D07 (Nalco) und TOLAD 2683 (Petrolite).Suitable dehazers are, for example, alkoxylated phenol-formaldehyde condensates, such as the products available under the trade name NALCO 7D07 (Nalco) and TOLAD 2683 (Petrolite).
Geeignete Antischaummittel sind z.B. Polyether-modifizierte Polysiloxane, wie beispielsweise die unter dem Handelsnamen erhältlichen Produkte TEGOPREN 5851 (Goldschmidt), Q 25907 (Dow Corning) und RHODOSIL (Rhone Poulenc).Suitable antifoam agents are e.g. Polyether-modified polysiloxanes, for example the products available under the trade name TEGOPREN 5851 (Goldschmidt), Q 25907 (Dow Corning) and RHODOSIL (Rhone Poulenc).
Geeignete Cetanzahlverbesserer sind z.B. aliphatische Nitrate wie 2-Ethylhexylnitrat und Cyclohexylnitrat sowie Peroxide wie Di-tert-butylperoxid.Suitable cetane number improvers are e.g. aliphatic nitrates such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and cyclohexyl nitrate and peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide.
Geeignete Antioxidantien sind z.B. substituierte Phenole, wie 2,6-Di-tert.-butylphenol und 6-Di-tert.-butyl-3-methylphenol sowie Phenylendiamine wie N,N'-Di-sec.-butyl-p-phenylendiamin.Suitable antioxidants are e.g. substituted phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 6-di-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol, and phenylenediamines such as N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.
Geeignete Metalldeaktivatoren sind z.B. Salicylsäurederivate wie N,N'-Disalicyliden-1,2-propan-diamin.Suitable metal deactivators are e.g. Salicylic acid derivatives such as N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine.
Geeignete sind z.B. unpolare organische Lösungsmittel wie aromatische und aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, beispielsweise Toluol, Xylole, "white spirit" und Produkte, die unter dem Handelsnamen SHELLSOL (Royal Dutch/Shell Group) und EXXSOL (ExxonMobil) vertrieben werden, sowie polare organische Lösungsmittel, bei-spielsweise Alkohole wie 2-Ethylhexanol, Decanol und Isotridecanol. Derartige Lösungsmittel gelangen meist zusammen mit den vorgenannten Additiven und Co-Additi-ven, die sie zur besseren Handhabung lösen oder verdünnen sollen, in den Dieselkraftstoff.Suitable ones are e.g. non-polar organic solvents such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylenes, "white spirit" and products sold under the trade names SHELLSOL (Royal Dutch / Shell Group) and EXXSOL (ExxonMobil), as well as polar organic solvents, for example alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, decanol and isotridecanol. Such solvents mostly get into the diesel fuel together with the aforementioned additives and co-additives, which they should dissolve or dilute for better handling.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung betrifft im Prinzip jegliche Kraftstoffe, bevorzugt Diesel- und Ottokraftstoffe.The use according to the invention relates in principle to any fuel, preferably diesel and petrol.
Bei Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffen wie Dieselkraftstoffen oder Heizölen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Erdölraffinate, die üblicherweise einen Siedebereich von 100 bis 400°C haben. Dies sind meist Destillate mit einem 95%-Punkt bis zu 360°C oder auch darüber hinaus. Dies können aber auch so genannte "Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel" oder "City Diesel" sein, gekennzeichnet durch einen 95%-Punkt von beispielsweise maximal 345°C und einem Schwefelgehalt von maximal 0,005 Gew.-% oder durch einen 95%-Punkt von beispielsweise 285°C und einem Schwefelgehalt von maximal 0,001 Gew.-%. Neben den durch Raffination erhältlichen mineralischen Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffen bzw. Dieselkraftstoffen sind auch solche, die durch Kohlevergasung oder Gasverflüssigung ["gas to liquid" (GTL)-Kraftstoffe] oder durch Biomasse-Verflüssigung ["biomass to liquid" (BTL)-Kraftstoffe] erhältlich sind, geeignet. Geeignet sind auch Mischungen der vorstehend genannten Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffe bzw. Dieselkraftstoffe mit regenerativen Kraftstoffen, wie Biodiesel oder Bioethanol.Middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuels or heating oils are preferably petroleum raffinates, which usually have a boiling range of 100 to 400.degree. These are mostly distillates with a 95% point up to 360 ° C or even more. However, these can also be so-called "Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel" or "City Diesel", characterized by a 95% point of, for example, a maximum of 345 ° C. and a sulfur content of a maximum of 0.005% by weight or a 95% point of for example 285 ° C and a maximum sulfur content of 0.001% by weight. In addition to the mineral middle distillate fuels available through refining or diesel fuels are also those obtainable through coal gasification or gas liquefaction ["gas to liquid" (GTL) fuels] or through biomass liquefaction ["biomass to liquid" (BTL) fuels]. Mixtures of the aforementioned middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels with regenerative fuels, such as biodiesel or bioethanol, are also suitable.
Die Qualitäten der Heizöle und Dieselkraftstoffe sind beispielsweise in DIN 51603 und EN 590 näher festgelegt (vgl. auch
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung in Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffen aus fossilem, pflanzlichem oder tierischem Ursprung, die im wesentlichen Kohlenwasserstoffmischungen darstellen, betrifft auch Mischungen aus solchen Mitteldestillaten mit Biobrennstoffölen (Biodiesel). Derartige Mischungen werden von dem Begriff "Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoff" umfasst. Sie sind handelsüblich und enthalten meist die Biobrennstofföle in untergeordneten Mengen, typischerweise in Mengen von 1 bis 30 Gew.-% insbesondere von 3 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge aus Mitteldestillat fossilen, pflanzlichem oder tierischen Ursprungs und Biobrennstofföl.The use according to the invention in middle distillate fuels of fossil, vegetable or animal origin, which are essentially hydrocarbon mixtures, also relates to mixtures of such middle distillates with biofuel oils (biodiesel). Such mixtures are encompassed by the term "middle distillate fuel". They are commercially available and usually contain the biofuel oils in minor amounts, typically in amounts from 1 to 30% by weight, in particular from 3 to 10% by weight, based on the total amount of middle distillate of fossil, vegetable or animal origin and biofuel oil.
Biobrennstofföle basieren in der Regel auf Fettsäureestern, vorzugsweise im wesentlichen auf Alkylester von Fettsäuren, die sich von pflanzlichen und/oder tierischen Ölen und/oder Fetten ableiten. Unter Alkylestern werden üblicherweise Niedrigalkylester, insbesondere C1- bis C4-Alkylester, verstanden, die durch Umesterung der in pflanzlichen und/oder tierischen Ölen und/oder Fetten vorkommenden Glyceride, insbesondere Triglyceride, mittels Niedrigalkoholen, beispielsweise Ethanol oder vor allem Methanol ("FAME"), erhältlich sind. Typische Niedrigalkylester auf Basis von pflanzlichen und/oder tierischen Ölen und/oder Fetten, die als Biobrennstofföl oder Komponenten hierfür Verwendung finden, sind beispielsweise Sonnenblumenmethylester, Palmölmethylester ("PME"), Sojaölmethylester ("SME") und insbesondere Rapsölmethylester ("RME").Biofuel oils are usually based on fatty acid esters, preferably essentially on alkyl esters of fatty acids which are derived from vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats. Alkyl esters are usually understood to mean lower alkyl esters, in particular C 1 to C 4 alkyl esters, which are obtained by transesterification of the glycerides, in particular triglycerides, which occur in vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats, by means of lower alcohols, for example ethanol or especially methanol (" FAME ") are available. Typical lower alkyl esters based on vegetable and / or animal oils and / or fats that are used as biofuel oil or components for this are, for example, sunflower methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester ("PME"), soybean oil methyl ester ("SME") and especially rapeseed oil methyl ester ("RME") .
Besonders bevorzugt handelt es sich bei den Mitteldestillat-Kraftstoffen bzw. Dieselkraftstoffen um solche mit niedrigem Schwefelgehalt, das heißt mit einem Schwefelgehalt von weniger als 0,05 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise von weniger als 0,02 Gew.-%, insbesondere von weniger als 0,005 Gew.-% und speziell von weniger als 0,001 Gew.-% Schwefel.The middle distillate fuels or diesel fuels are particularly preferably those with a low sulfur content, that is to say with a sulfur content of less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.02% by weight, in particular less than 0.005% by weight and especially less than 0.001% by weight sulfur.
Als Ottokraftstoffe kommen alle handelsüblichen Ottokraftstoffzusammensetzungen in Betracht. Als typischer Vertreter soll hier der marktübliche Eurosuper Grundkraftstoff gemäß EN 228 genannt werden. Weiterhin sind auch Ottokraftstoffzusammensetzungen der Spezifikation gemäß
Die nachfolgenden Beispiele sollen die vorliegende Erfindung erläutern, ohne sie zu beschränken.The following examples are intended to explain the present invention without restricting it.
Wenn nicht anders angegeben wurde das massenmittlere Mw und zahlenmittlere Molekulargewicht Mn der Polymere mittels Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie gemessen (GPC). GPC-Trennung erfolgte über zwei PLge Mixed B-Säulen (Agilent) in Tetrahydrofuran bei 35 °C. Die Kalibrierung erfolgte mittels eines engverteilten Polystyrolstandards (Firma PSS, Deutschland) mit Molekulargewicht 162-50400 Da. Hexylbenzol wurde als Marker für niedriges Molekulargewicht verwendet.Unless stated otherwise, the mass average Mw and number average molecular weight Mn of the polymers were measured by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC separation was carried out using two PLge Mixed B columns (Agilent) in tetrahydrofuran at 35 ° C. The calibration was carried out using a narrowly distributed polystyrene standard (PSS, Germany) with a molecular weight of 162-50400 Da. Hexylbenzene was used as a low molecular weight marker.
524 g (0,54 mol) eines Polyisobutens mit einem zahlenmittleren Molgewicht Mn von 1000 g/mol und einem Gehalt an α-Doppelbindungen von 87% wurden mit 87g (0,89 mol) Maleinsäureanhydrid in einem 1I-Autoklav, ausgerüstet mit Rührer und Thermometer, vorgelegt. Das Gemisch wurde bei 210 °C unter Stickstoff über 8 Stunden umgesetzt, wobei der Druck auf 3 bar anstieg. Das Reaktionsgemisch wurde auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt, mit Hilfe von 1I Toluol in einen Rundkolben überführt und filtriert. Lösungsmittel und Maleinsäureanhydrid wurden an einem Rotationsverdampfer bei 190 °C bei 1 mbar abgetrennt. Man erhielt 580 g eines dunkelbraunen, öligen und viskosen Produktes.524 g (0.54 mol) of a polyisobutene with a number-average molecular weight Mn of 1000 g / mol and a content of α-double bonds of 87% were mixed with 87 g (0.89 mol) of maleic anhydride in a 1L autoclave equipped with a stirrer and Thermometer, presented. The mixture was reacted at 210 ° C. under nitrogen for 8 hours, the pressure rising to 3 bar. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, transferred to a round bottom flask with the aid of 1 l of toluene and filtered. Solvent and maleic anhydride were separated off on a rotary evaporator at 190 ° C. and 1 mbar. 580 g of a dark brown, oily and viscous product were obtained.
Um die Verseifungszahl zu ermitteln wurde das Produkt 50%ig in Toluol gelöst. Die Verseifungszahl des Produktes wurde gemessen durch Reaktion von 10 ml der erhaltenen Lösung mit Überschuß Kaliumhydroxid, gefolgt von Rücktitration des Rests Kaliumhydroxid mit Salzsäure. Die Verseifungszahl bestimmte sich zu 120 mg KOH/g.To determine the saponification number, the product was dissolved in 50% strength in toluene. The saponification number of the product was measured by reacting 10 ml of the resulting solution with excess potassium hydroxide, followed by back titration of the remainder of the potassium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The saponification number was determined to be 120 mg KOH / g.
10 ml der Lösung wurden dann über eine Kieselgelsäule eluiert um den Gehalt an unfunktionalisertem Polyisobuten zu bestimmen. Das gesamte mit Maleinsäureanhydrid umgesetzte Polyisobuten wurde auf der Säule zurückgehalten und Polyisobuten wurde mit Hexan eluiert. Demnach enthielt das Reaktionsgemisch 13,4 Gew% unfunktionalisiertes Polyisobuten.10 ml of the solution were then eluted through a silica gel column in order to determine the content of unfunctionalized polyisobutene. All of the polyisobutene reacted with maleic anhydride was retained on the column and polyisobutene was eluted with hexane. The reaction mixture accordingly contained 13.4% by weight of unfunctionalized polyisobutene.
Nach den obigen Messungen enthielt das Reaktionsgemisch neben 13,4 Gew% unfunktionalisiertem Polyisobuten monofunktionalisiertes und difunktionalisiertes Polyisobutenbernsteinsäureanhydrid, woraus sich unter der Voraussetzung, daß keine anderen Nebenprodukte anwesend waren, ein Bismaleinierungsgrad von 40,3 % ergibt.According to the above measurements, the reaction mixture contained 13.4% by weight of unfunctionalized polyisobutene, monofunctionalized and difunctionalized polyisobutene succinic anhydride, which, provided that no other by-products were present, resulted in a degree of bismaleinization of 40.3%.
In analoger Weise zu Synthesebeispiel 1 wurden durch Veränderung der Stöchiometrie Maleinsäureanhydrid : Polyisobuten Reaktionsgemische mit einem Bismaleinierungsgrad von 10% bzw. 25,9% (11,9 Gew% unfunktionalisiertes Polyisobuten) erhalten.In a manner analogous to Synthesis Example 1, maleic anhydride: polyisobutene reaction mixtures with a degree of bismaleinization of 10% or 25.9% (11.9% by weight of unfunctionalized polyisobutene) were obtained by changing the stoichiometry.
100 ml Motorenöl (Shell Helix®,
Als Kraftstoff wurde handelsüblicher Ottokraftstoff E0 CEC RF-12-09 der Firma Haltermann (Chargennummer 1878) eingesetzt und mit 490 mg/kg eines Additivpakets aus Polyisobutenamin (PIBA) und Trägeröl (Polyether) additiviert. Zur Formulierung wurden die in der folgenden Tabelle angegebenen Korrosionsinhibitoren in den angegebenen Mengen (bezogen auf Aktivkomponente) zugesetzt und einem Korrosionstest nach ASTM D 665 B in Salzwasser unterworfen.Commercial gasoline E0 CEC RF-12-09 from Haltermann (batch number 1878) was used as fuel and an additive package of polyisobutenamine (PIBA) and carrier oil (polyether) was added with 490 mg / kg. For the formulation, the corrosion inhibitors indicated in the table below were added in the amounts indicated (based on the active component) and subjected to a corrosion test according to ASTM D 665 B in salt water.
Als Vergleich wurde Dimerfettsäure als Korrosionsinhibitor (dimere Ölsäure; CAS: 61788-89-4, 40%ig in Solvent Naphtha) eingesetzt.
Die Bewertung erfolgte folgendermaßen:
Claims (9)
- The use of reaction products of polyisobutene that are essentially free of acid groups, obtainable by reacting polyisobutene (A) having a number-average molecular weight Mn of 200 to 10 000 with derivatives of maleic acid (B), where the derivatives are selected from the group consisting of monoalkyl esters, dialkyl esters and anhydrides, in a stoichiometric ratio of more than one equivalent of derivatives of maleic acid per terminal α- and β-double bond (collectively), determined by 13C NMR, in the polyisobutene (A),
where the bismaleation level, reported aswt-% represents the parts by weight of the respective component,PIBSA represents monomaleated polyisobutene andBM PIBSA represents more than monomaleated polyisobutene,is at least 11%,
with the proviso that- in the case of use of monoalkyl esters and/or dialkyl esters as compound (B) more than 90% of the ester groups present are conserved in the reaction product and/or- in the case of use of anhydrides as compound (B) more than 90% of the anhydride groups present are conserved in the reaction product,
as corrosion inhibitors in fuels or lubricants, preferably in fuels, more preferably in fuels having a content of alkali metals and/or alkaline earth metals and/or zinc of at least 0.1 ppm by weight. - The use according to claim 1, wherein polyisobutene (A) has a number-average molecular weight Mn of 500 to 2500.
- The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the derivatives of maleic acid (B) are maleic anhydride.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the reaction product of polyisobutene that is essentially free of acid groups has a bismaleation level of up to 40%.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the proportion of unconverted polyisobutene in the reaction product is not more than 30% by weight.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims for reduction of corrosion on nonferrous metal surfaces.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims in gasoline fuels having a sodium and/or potassium content in amounts of at least 0.1 ppm by weight.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims in gasoline fuels having a magnesium and/or calcium content in amounts of at least 0.1 ppm by weight.
- The use according to any of the preceding claims in gasoline fuels having a zinc content in amounts of at least 0.1 ppm by weight.
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