EP3544035B1 - Réparation de l'isolation en gel des appareils électriques - Google Patents

Réparation de l'isolation en gel des appareils électriques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3544035B1
EP3544035B1 EP18162513.8A EP18162513A EP3544035B1 EP 3544035 B1 EP3544035 B1 EP 3544035B1 EP 18162513 A EP18162513 A EP 18162513A EP 3544035 B1 EP3544035 B1 EP 3544035B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gel
temperature
insulator
oil
transition temperature
Prior art date
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Active
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EP18162513.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3544035A1 (fr
Inventor
Bartlomiej Adamczyk
Jedrzej Banaszczyk
Patrick Meier
Rongsheng Liu
Rudi Velthuis
Wojciech Wysocki
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Hitachi Energy Ltd
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ABB Power Grids Switzerland AG
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/20—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/442—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from aromatic vinyl compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/02—Casings
    • H01F27/022—Encapsulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/327—Encapsulating or impregnating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/005—Impregnating or encapsulating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
    • H01F41/12—Insulating of windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
    • H01F41/12—Insulating of windings
    • H01F41/127—Encapsulating or impregnating

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to gel insulated electrical devices.
  • Breakdown of a dry insulation of an electrical device or component results in formation of a breakdown channel formed through the insulation and thus device failure.
  • the device is irreparably damaged and cannot be reused.
  • the breakdown of epoxy or silicone insulation which are the common choices of dry insulation, creates irreversible loss of insulation properties. Additionally, due to specific features of epoxy resin, recycling of metal parts after failure of the device is difficult and expensive. Any defect at manufacturing or processing of the device may result in device failure at type or routine test.
  • thermo-reversible gel as insulation material, wherein the gel can be heated to above a transition temperature of the gel to transition from a solid form to a liquid form in which the breakdown channel formed by the breakdown is collapsed and the insulation is repaired, after which the gel is cooled to below the transition temperature to transition from its liquid form to its solid form once again.
  • a method of repairing an electrical insulator of an electrical device after electrical breakdown of said insulator comprises an oil-based thermo-reversible gel comprising a thickener.
  • the method comprises operating the electrical device at an operating temperature below a transition temperature of the gel, at which the gel is in its solid form.
  • the method also comprises, during the operating of the device, determining electrical breakdown of the insulator.
  • the method also comprises, after the determining, increasing the temperature of the insulator to a repair temperature, which is above the transition temperature of the gel, whereby the gel transitions to its liquid form.
  • the method also comprises, after the increasing of the temperature, reducing the temperature of the insulator to below the transition temperature, whereby the gel returns to its solid form.
  • the method also comprises, after the reducing of the temperature, re-operating the electrical device at an operating temperature below the transition temperature of the gel.
  • the use of the gel insulation allows the processing of the insulation material to be simpler, faster and cheaper. Advanced process equipment may not be required. The cost of material may be lower related to resin such as epoxy. Therefore, this solution renders possible reduction of labour and material costs.
  • the gel may have high flash and fire points, e.g. above 200°C, depending on the oil used for preparation of the gel.
  • the gel insulation material does not risk to be absorbed into the soil or get into the waste and/or ground water upon leakage since the gel will solidify upon cooling and is easily recovered in solid form.
  • thermo-reversible gels are known for impregnating power cable insulation, where the gel can be made sufficiently soft and resilient to allow the cable to be flexible.
  • WO 97/04466 relates to a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power cable comprising an insulation of a plurality of permeable tapes wound around the conductor.
  • An impregnating compound fills all voids among the tape layers.
  • the impregnating compound has a very steep slope of change of viscosity characteristics, the viscosity being high with a solid gel type structure at temperatures equal to and below the maximum operating temperature of the cable and being low with a thin liquid type structure at higher temperatures at which impregnation takes place.
  • 95% of the impregnating compound consists of alkane chains with chain lengths above 15 carbon units but no more than 2% of the chains have chain lengths above 28 carbon units.
  • WO 99/33066 discloses a dielectric gelling composition, exhibiting a thermo-reversible liquid-gel transition at a transition temperature, wherein the gel comprises an oil and a gelator with a block copolymer.
  • the gelling composition is used as an impregnant in an insulated direct current (DC) cable having at least one conductor and an impregnated insulation system.
  • the insulation system comprises a solid electrically insulating dielectric part with a porous, fibrous and/or laminated structure impregnated with the dielectric gelling composition.
  • US 6,391,447 relates to a method for manufacture of an electric device having at least one conductor and a porous, fibrous and/or laminated electrically insulating dielectric system comprising a solid electrically insulating part impregnated with a dielectric fluid, wherein the method comprises impregnating with a dielectric fluid, wherein a gelling additive is added to impart a high viscosity and elasticity to the fluid at conditions for which the device is designed to operate under.
  • US 8,134,089 discloses the use of an electrically insulating filler comprising a gel for an electrical device, e.g. a bushing.
  • US 6,383,634 B1 discloses an electric cable having at least one conductor and an impregnated insulation system comprising a solid electrically insulating dielectric part with a porous, fibrous and/or laminated structure impregnated with a dielectric gelling composition comprising an oil and a gelator and having a thermo-reversible liquid-gel transition at a transition temperature.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a an electrical device 1, here a High-Voltage (HV) bushing, comprising an insulator 3, here in the form of a condenser core, surrounding a conductor 2.
  • the bushing 1 may e.g. be for allowing the conductor 2 to pass through a wall, e.g. of a power transformer, converter or other electrical equipment.
  • the insulator 3 comprises an insulating material 4 comprising a thermo-reversible gel, e.g. by itself or impregnating a permeable solid insulation material.
  • the permeable solid material may e.g. be cellulose based such as a paper material, e.g. craft or crepe paper or board, or synthetic e.g.
  • the insulator 3 e.g. condenser core, comprises a plurality of electrically conducting foils 5, floating in the insulation material 4 for modifying the electrical field formed by the conductor 2 in the electrical when in use, e.g. of aluminium (Al) or copper (Cu).
  • the insulator 3 is encased in a shell (not shown).
  • the oil may be any electrically insulating oil, e.g. mineral oil, aromatic oil, ester oil and/or paraffinic oil, e.g. iso-paraffinic oil, or a mixture thereof.
  • the thickener may be a polymeric thickener e.g. SEPTON styrene thermoplastic elastomer containing block copolymers - e.g. SEPTONTM 1000-SERIES (SEP), SEPTONTM 4000-SERIES (SEEPS) from Kuraray.
  • a thickener comprising or consisting of SEEPSTM 4099 (a tri-block copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene) and/or SEPTM 1020 (a di-block copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)) may be used.
  • SEEPSTM 4099 a tri-block copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene
  • SEPTM 1020 a di-block copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)
  • the thickener may be present in an amount of at most 10 wt% of the gel (4), e.g. 1-5 wt%.
  • the gel 4 may, in addition to the oil and thickener, one or several additives, such as an anti-oxidant as mentioned above, or any other additive may be added, e.g. up to 1 wt% of the gel 4.
  • additives such as an anti-oxidant as mentioned above, or any other additive may be added, e.g. up to 1 wt% of the gel 4.
  • BN boron nitride
  • h-BN 2D hexagonal BN
  • the electrical device may be any electrical device with solid insulation, and a bushing is only an example thereof.
  • Other examples include, but are not limited to, instrument transformers, power transformers e.g. current and voltage transformers, capacitors and cable endings.
  • the oil can be replaced with an oil-based gel as per the present invention.
  • devices with impregnated paper may not be preferred since paper is degraded in high temperatures.
  • synthetic fibres may be used for a solid insulation impregnated with the gel, e.g. in a mesh material similar as used for Resin Impregnated Synthetic (RIS) insulators.
  • the insulator 3 may provide insulation to ground in the electrical device 1.
  • the operating voltage of the electrical device 1 may preferably be medium voltage (MV), up to 72 kV, but high voltage (HV) applications above 72 kV are possible as well.
  • the insulating gel 4 may act as a major insulation (between the high potential and ground) of the electrical device 1.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the change in viscosity over a temperature range of an oil-based gel.
  • the gel 4 should have a high viscosity (be in its solid form) at operating temperatures of the electrical device 1 but should also have a relatively low viscosity (be in its liquid form) at a regeneration temperature where any breakdown channels are melted together.
  • the gel has a complex viscosity above 10 Pa ⁇ s (is in its solid form) below about 50°C and a complex viscosity below 0.01 Pa ⁇ s (is in its liquid form) above about 90°C.
  • the preferred viscosity of the gel 4 at the operating temperature of the electrical device 1, as well as the transition temperature and preferred viscosity of the gel when in liquid form (when the insulator (3) is repaired, may vary depending on the application.
  • the gel may have a viscosity in solid form, e.g. below 90°C, of at least 10 Pa ⁇ s, and a viscosity in liquid form, e.g. above 110°C, of at most 0.1 Pa ⁇ s, e.g. for an operating temperature of the electrical device of 80°C.
  • the insulator 3 comprises a gel 4 based on an insulating oil, e.g. mineral oil, aromatic oil, ester oil and/or paraffinic oil, e.g. iso-paraffinic oil.
  • the gel is formed by mixing of the oil with a polymeric thickener (e.g. thermoplastic elastomer consisting block copolymers) at an elevated temperature (e.g. above about 100°C).
  • the polymeric thickener thus dissolves in the oil.
  • the gel increases its viscosity while cooling down until it has passed its transition temperature and becomes solid. The process is fully reversible. After heating up above the transition temperature, the gel returns to liquid form. Thanks to that, the oil-based gel has repairable and self-healing properties. That feature makes the gel an interesting alternative to other dry insulation materials.
  • the viscosity and transition temperature of the gel can be adjusted by the amount and type of thickener added to the oil. The more thickener, the higher transition temperature (corresponding to the knee in figure 2
  • the small scale test samples contained two flat epoxy coated electrodes of 25 mm and 75 mm diameters insulated by a 2 mm thick layer of the gel. The samples broke at average level of ca. 88 kV. Then, the samples were regenerated by heating the gel above its transition temperature. When the temperature was high enough, the gel became liquid and the breakdown channel disappeared due to convection and diffusion. After regeneration, the samples were subjected to breakdown voltage test once again. In the second test, the average breakdown voltage was of ca. 53 kV.
  • the regeneration quality may be improved if a larger amount of the gel is used, resulting in a thicker layer of gel 4 around the conductor 2, e.g. as in case of real scale Medium Voltage (MV) Instrument Transformer (IT).
  • MV Medium Voltage
  • IT Instrument Transformer
  • the repairable properties of the gel 4 have been confirmed at real scale on the basis of a TJC4 MV Voltage Transformer (VT) of 12 kV.
  • the voltage transformer was filled with the gel comprising 3 wt% of thickener and then subjected to AC withstand and LI tests.
  • the history of the gel insulated TJC4 VT was as follows:
  • the transformer insulation gel 4 recovered its properties and passed the AC withstand and PD tests, but then failed at the LI test.
  • the gel in liquid state has good penetrating and impregnating properties and may be used together with permeable solid insulation, e.g. paper.
  • permeable solid insulation e.g. paper.
  • the gel easily penetrates and fills voids in the permeable solid insulation, as well as between non-permeable interlayer foils within primary winding of the voltage transformer, improving its insulating properties.
  • the gel 4 may have neutral or at least very limited environmental impact thanks to its self-solidifying properties. If the gel in liquid state (e.g. of a temperature above 100°C, depending on the thickener content) is spilled onto the ground (leakage), it solidifies before penetrating into the soil.
  • the gel in liquid state e.g. of a temperature above 100°C, depending on the thickener content
  • Figure 3 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of the method of the present invention.
  • the method is for repairing an electrical insulator 3 of an electrical device 1 after electrical breakdown of said insulator, wherein the insulator comprises an oil-based thermo-reversible gel 4 comprising a thickener, as discussed herein.
  • the electrical device 1 is operated M1 at an operating temperature below a transition temperature of the gel 4, at which the gel is in its solid form.
  • the operating temperature may be up to 80°C, e.g. within the range of 50-80°C or 30-60°C, depending on application and voltage or current rating of the electrical device.
  • the gel 4 can be regarded as solid when having a complex viscosity above 10 Pa ⁇ s, and as liquid when having a complex viscosity of less than 0.1 or 0.01 Pa ⁇ s.
  • the transition temperature may e.g. be within the range of 60-110°C, e.g. within the range of 60-90°C or 80-110°C, depending on application and voltage or current rating of the electrical device.
  • electrical breakdown of the insulator 3 is determined M2.
  • methods for determining breakdown of the electrical device e.g. by measuring the resistance over the insulator 3 or by applying voltage to the device 1 and measuring the current flow between the high potential in the device and ground.
  • the temperature of the insulator 3 is increased M3 to above the transition temperature of the gel, e.g. to above 90 or 110°C, whereby the gel 4 transitions to its liquid form.
  • This increased temperature may be called the repair temperature and may e.g. be at least 90 or 110°C, e.g. up to 150°C, depending on the transition temperature of the gel.
  • the time period during which the repair temperature of the insulator is maintained depends on the application, particularly on the volume of the insulating gel 4 to be heated above the transition temperature from solid to liquid form. A larger volume of the insulator 3 may require a longer time for all the gel 4 to transition to its liquid form.
  • the time period at the repair temperature may be within the range of from 5 or 8 hours (e.g. for a volume of the gel below 10 litres) to more than 10 hours, e.g. at least 20 h, (for larger volumes of gel 4).
  • the time needed for repairing breakdown channels in the gel may also depend on the viscosity of the gel at the repair temperature.
  • the repair process may be improved by e.g. stirring the gel 4 in its liquid form, oil treatment, filtering, or even regeneration, if required. As the gel is in its liquid form, any breakdown channel(s) formed in the insulator 3 by the electrical breakdown is collapsed and the insulator is repaired.
  • the temperature of the insulator is again reduced M4 to below the transition temperature, whereby the gel returns to its solid form.
  • the repaired insulator 3 is thus once again in solid form, without any breakdown channels, cracks or other cavities in the gel 4.
  • the electrical device 1 After the reducing M4 of the temperature, the electrical device 1 is once again operated M5 at the operating temperature.
  • the electrical device, or the insulator thereof may be tested at operating temperature and measurements may be made to determine whether the insulator is repaired or still suffering from the electrical breakdown.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Insulators (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Procédé de réparation d'un isolateur électrique (3) d'un dispositif électrique (1) après un claquage électrique dudit isolateur, l'isolateur comprenant un gel thermoréversible à base d'huile (4) comprenant un épaississant, le procédé comprenant :
    le fonctionnement (M1) du dispositif électrique (1) à une température de fonctionnement inférieure à une température de transition du gel (4), à laquelle le gel est sous sa forme solide ;
    pendant le fonctionnement (M1) du dispositif, la détermination (M2) du claquage électrique de l'isolateur (3) ;
    après la détermination (M2), l'augmentation (M3) de la température de l'isolateur (3) jusqu'à une température de réparation, qui est supérieure à la température de transition du gel, le gel (4) passant à sa forme liquide ;
    après l'augmentation (M3) de la température, la réduction (M4) de la température de l'isolateur jusqu'à une température inférieure à la température de transition, le gel revenant à sa forme solide ; et
    après la réduction (M4) de la température, la remise en marche (M5) du dispositif électrique (1) à une température de fonctionnement inférieure à la température de transition du gel (4).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, la température de transition se situant dans la plage de 60 à 110 °C, en particulier dans la plage de 60 à 90 °C ou 80 à 110 °C.
  3. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, la température de fonctionnement allant jusqu'à 80 °C, en particulier dans la plage de 50 à 80 °C ou 30 à 60 °C.
  4. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, la température de réparation étant maintenue autour de l'isolateur (3) pendant au moins 5 h, en particulier au moins 8, 10 ou 20 h, pendant l'étape d'augmentation (M3) de la température de l'isolant.
  5. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, l'épaississant comprenant un copolymère séquencé styrénique, en particulier un copolymère di- et/ou tri-séquencé.
  6. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le gel (4) étant basé sur une huile choisie parmi une huile minérale, une huile aromatique, une huile d'ester et une huile paraffinique, en particulier une huile isoparaffinique, ou un mélange de celles-ci.
  7. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le gel (4) comprenant des particules dispersées de nitrure de bore.
  8. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le dispositif électrique (1) comprenant une douille, un transformateur d'instrument, un transformateur de puissance, un condensateur ou une extrémité de câble.
EP18162513.8A 2018-03-19 2018-03-19 Réparation de l'isolation en gel des appareils électriques Active EP3544035B1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18162513.8A EP3544035B1 (fr) 2018-03-19 2018-03-19 Réparation de l'isolation en gel des appareils électriques

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EP18162513.8A EP3544035B1 (fr) 2018-03-19 2018-03-19 Réparation de l'isolation en gel des appareils électriques

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EP3544035A1 EP3544035A1 (fr) 2019-09-25
EP3544035B1 true EP3544035B1 (fr) 2020-09-23

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4080526A1 (fr) * 2021-04-21 2022-10-26 Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG Douille comprenant un corps de condensateur et installation électrique avec douille

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE511214C2 (sv) * 1997-12-22 1999-08-23 Asea Brown Boveri Dielektrisk gelande komposition, förfarande för framställning därav och en elektrisk DC-kabel omfattande ett med sådan komposition impregnerat isoleringssystem
SE511215C2 (sv) * 1997-12-22 1999-08-23 Asea Brown Boveri Dielektrisk gelande komposition, användning därav, isolerad elektrisk DC-kabel omfattande sådan komposition och förfarande för framställning därav
SE514063C2 (sv) * 1997-12-22 2000-12-18 Abb Ab Förfarande för framställning av en elektrisk anordning med ett isoleringssystem som omfattar en porös, fibrös och/eller laminerad fast del impregnerad med en dielektrisk vätska, en porös, fibrös och/eller laminerad kropp och användning därav i en elektrisk anordning
EP2048673B1 (fr) * 2007-10-12 2014-05-14 ABB Research Ltd. Dispositif pour le raccordement électrique, procédé pour la fabrication d'un tel dispositif et installation d'alimentation électrique ainsi équipée
WO2010088949A1 (fr) * 2009-02-03 2010-08-12 Abb Research Ltd Corps électriquement isolant

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

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