EP3533108B1 - Radome wall for communication applications - Google Patents

Radome wall for communication applications Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3533108B1
EP3533108B1 EP17793900.6A EP17793900A EP3533108B1 EP 3533108 B1 EP3533108 B1 EP 3533108B1 EP 17793900 A EP17793900 A EP 17793900A EP 3533108 B1 EP3533108 B1 EP 3533108B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
layers
radome
radome wall
wall
core
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EP17793900.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3533108A1 (en
Inventor
Tobias ADUGNA
Arno Strotmann
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Lufthansa Technik AG
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Lufthansa Technik AG
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Priority to EP22153819.2A priority Critical patent/EP4009440B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/422—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/28—Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, and a radome with a corresponding radome wall.
  • radomes Protective covers for antennas known as “radomes” are known for protecting antennas for the emission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation from external mechanical or chemical influences, such as wind and rain. In addition to the structural strength required to protect the antennas, it is essential for radomes that they have suitable transmission behavior, i.e. are sufficiently permeable to electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range relevant to the antenna(s) to be protected - for communication applications such as data transmission, e.g 17 to 31 GHz - are.
  • the wall of the radome In particular for applications in which the shape of a radome cannot be chosen freely, it is also necessary for the wall of the radome to have good transmission behavior in a sufficiently large range for the angle of incidence, based on an orthogonal impingement of the radiation on the wall .
  • An example of such an application is the protection of antennas for satellite communication on commercial aircraft, where the radomes have to be adapted to the shape of the aircraft hull for aerodynamic reasons, which means that the electromagnetic radiation does not usually occur orthogonally on the radomes or penetrate them.
  • radomes consisting of three or five-layer sandwich structures comprising GRP and foam layers are known, which, on the one hand, have sufficient transmission behavior and, on the other hand, offer sufficient structural strength at low weight.
  • suitable layer arrangements can be calculated for desired frequency ranges, in particular with regard to the thickness of the individual layers, with the dielectric constants of the individual layer materials also having to be taken into account.
  • U.S. 9,123,998 B1 and U.S. 5,849,234A each show a radome, among other things for communication antennas of aircraft, the wall of which has a symmetrical multi-layer structure comprising cover and core layers. From the document U.S. 3,002,190A a radome wall with a multilayer structure made up of cover layers and core layers is known.
  • U.S. 2011/050370 A1 discloses a wall structure for protecting radar systems from external influences, which comprises a layered structure made up of a plurality of sandwich structures, each with a core and two cover layers, it being possible for a spacer layer to be provided between sandwich structures.
  • a disadvantage of the prior art is that the quality of the transmission behavior when the angle of incidence deviates from orthogonal impingement of the electromagnetic radiation on the radome wall depends greatly on compliance with the previously calculated thickness of the individual layers. As a result, the manufacturing tolerances with regard to the thickness of the individual layers are very small, which results in complex and cost-intensive manufacture.
  • the object of the present invention is to create a radome wall in which the disadvantages of the prior art no longer occur, or at least only to a reduced extent.
  • the radome wall is characterized in that it is formed in a sandwich construction with n ⁇ 4 cover layers and—since the outer sides of the wall are each to be formed by a cover layer— n ⁇ 1 core layers.
  • the cover layers are force-absorbing solid layers that are supported and spaced apart by core layers that are only dimensionally stable. Compared to the cover layers, the core layers absorb only a small part of the forces acting on the component, but under load they only show a hardly significant and negligible deformation under operating load (often well below 1%). As a rule, the specific weight of the top layer is higher than the specific weight of the core layers.
  • Corresponding sandwich designs are known in principle in the prior art and are widespread—not only in relation to radomes. In particular, it is known that a high degree of rigidity can be achieved with a low weight at the same time with the aid of a sandwich construction.
  • the radome wall formed in this way to have good transmission behavior.
  • the lowest possible attenuation or high electromagnetic permeability should be achieved over the largest possible range of angles of incidence. While the same can basically also be achieved with three- or five-layer sandwich structures according to the prior art, it is required However, this is a high-precision production.
  • very small manufacturing tolerances must be maintained in order to reliably avoid deterioration in the transmission properties.
  • the invention is based on the knowledge that with a multi-layer structure of the radome wall with at least four cover layers—that is, an at least seven-layer sandwich structure—a significantly more tolerant design leads to smaller fluctuations in thickness, without relevant impairments of the relevant transmission properties occurring.
  • the manufacturing costs of a radome wall according to the invention can be reduced compared to a three- or five-layer design from the prior art, since the manufacturing tolerances can be chosen to be significantly more generous.
  • a high overall strength of the radome wall can be achieved, which can at least correspond to that of a three- or five-layer design. Weight savings compared to the prior art are also generally possible.
  • optimal thicknesses for the individual layers can be determined for the desired frequency range by simple parameter studies known to those skilled in the art, with which good electromagnetic transmission properties can be achieved in the desired frequency range permit.
  • the good transmission properties can be achieved over a large angular range from 0° to approx. 65°, in each case with respect to the surface normal of the outside of the radome wall at the point at which the electromagnetic radiation impinges.
  • This is particularly advantageous for radomes of antennas satellite communications on board commercial aircraft, which regularly operate in the 17 to 31 GHz frequency range. It is thus possible to design the radome as part of the outer shell of the aircraft in an aerodynamically favorable manner, without there being a significant loss of bandwidth.
  • Fuselage or tail unit-mounted antennas for broadband satellite data transmission can be implemented in this way.
  • the radome wall is surface-symmetrical to the center plane of the radome wall.
  • the symmetrical structure ensures that the antenna, which is protected by the radome wall, has the same good transmission properties for both sending and receiving signals.
  • the two core layers closest to the outer sides of the radome wall are thicker than the core layer(s) closest to the center plane of the radome wall.
  • Appropriate configuration of the layers ensures good transmittance, in particular over a wide range of angles of incidence (for example from 0° to 65°).
  • the tolerance for the thickness of the top layers is ⁇ 20% .
  • Tolerance for core layer thickness is ⁇ 0.2mm. Appropriate tolerances can be achieved in the manufacture of a radome wall according to the invention without the need for complex and cost-intensive manufacturing processes.
  • top layers and three core layers are provided, the thickness of the material Row by mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 1.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.42 mm (top layer). These material thicknesses can of course be provided with the tolerances mentioned above.
  • cover layers and four core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are preferably 0.63 mm (cover layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 1.06 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (top layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.63 mm (top layer).
  • the tolerances mentioned above can also be provided here.
  • Both preferred embodiments show very good transmission properties for an angle of incidence range of 0° to 65°, with the frequency range for the good transmission properties being able to be defined decisively via the dielectric constants of the material used for the cover and core layers.
  • the person skilled in the art can easily determine the dielectric constant required to achieve the desired frequency range. In this case, it is preferred if the dielectric constant of the cover layers is greater than the dielectric constant of the core layers. For a frequency range from 17 GHz to 31° GHz, the dielectric constant of the cover layers is between 3.0 and 3.6.
  • the dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2.
  • the cover layers are preferably each formed by one or more layers of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg.
  • it can be a quartz fiber fabric pre-impregnated with resin, the resin preferably being duroplastic, more preferably an epoxy resin.
  • the use of polyester resin is also possible.
  • the thickness of an individual prepreg is preferably 0.21 mm. With an appropriate prepreg, the thicknesses of the individual cover layers of the preferred embodiments can be easily achieved.
  • the core layers are preferably each formed from foam material, preferably from a polyimide rigid foam. This enables a particularly low specific weight of the radome wall. The required dimensional stability and the dielectric permeability can be ensured by a suitable choice of the foam material. A homogeneous surface can preferably be produced with the foam material, which enables a large-area connection to the overlying cover layer.
  • the radome according to the invention differs from radomes known from the prior art only in the design of the radome wall. To explain the radome according to the invention, reference is therefore made to the above statements.
  • FIG 1 a first exemplary embodiment of a radome wall 1 according to the invention for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft is shown in a sectional view.
  • the radome wall 1 comprises four cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' and three core layers 21, 22, 21'.
  • the cover layers 11 and 11' each form an outside of the radome wall 1, while the core layers 21, 22, 21' are each arranged between two cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
  • the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' are formed from quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg, the thickness of an individual prepreg layer being 0.21 mm and the thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' each being a multiple thereof are.
  • the core layers 21, 22, 21' are made of foam material, namely a polyimide rigid foam.
  • the radome wall 1 has a surface-symmetrical structure with respect to the center plane 2, with the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outside of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layer 22 located in the center plane 2 of the radome wall 1.
  • the thickness of the individual cover 11, 12, 12 ', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 21 ⁇ , as well as their respective dielectric constants result from the following table: layer thickness dielectric constant 11 0.42mm 3.3 21 2.00mm 1.2 12 0.21mm 3.3 22 1.00mm 1.2 12' 0.21mm 3.3 21' 2.00mm 1.2 11' 0.42mm 3.3
  • a tolerance of ⁇ 20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
  • the tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 21' is ⁇ 0.2 mm.
  • the radome wall 1 shown has very good transmission properties for a frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz at any angle of incidence ⁇ between 0° and 65°.
  • figure 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a second embodiment of a radome wall 1 not according to the invention, which is also designed for communication and data transmission in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft.
  • the radome wall 1 comprises five cover layers 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and subsequently four core layers 21, 22, 22', 21'.
  • the cover layers 11 and 11' again each form an outside of the radome wall 1.
  • the arrangement of the remaining layers 12, 13, 12', 21, 22, 22', 21' results from FIG figure 2 .
  • the cover 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' are analogous to the embodiment according to FIG figure 1 built up.
  • the radome wall 1 according to figure 2 is surface-symmetrical to the central plane 2, the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outside of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layers 22, 22' lying adjacent to the central plane 2 of the radome wall 1.
  • layer thickness dielectric constant 11 0.63mm 3.3 21 2.50mm 1.2 12 0.84mm 3.3 22 2.00mm 1.2 13 1.06mm 3.3 22' 2.00mm 1.2 12' 0.84mm 3.3 21' 2.50mm 1.2 11' 0.63mm 3.3
  • a tolerance of ⁇ 20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
  • the tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' and for the thickness of the cover layer 13 is ⁇ 0.2 mm.
  • the radome wall 1 shown has very good transmission properties for a frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz at any angle of incidence ⁇ between 0° and 65°.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Radomwandung für Kommunikation im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen, sowie ein Radom mit entsprechender Radomwandung.The invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, and a radome with a corresponding radome wall.

Zum Schutz von Antennen zur Abstrahlung und/oder zum Empfang von elektromagnetischer Strahlung vor äußeren mechanischen oder chemischen Einflüssen, wie bspw. Wind und Regen, sind als "Radome" bezeichnete Schutzhüllen für Antennen bekannt. Neben der zum Schutz der Antennen erforderlichen strukturellen Festigkeit ist für Radome wesentlich, dass sie ein geeignetes Transmissionsverhalten aufweisen, also im ausreichenden Maße durchlässig für die elektromagnetische Strahlung in dem für die zu schützende Antenne(n) relevanten Frequenzbereich - für Kommunikationsanwendungen wie Datenübertragung bspw. von 17 bis 31 GHz - sind.Protective covers for antennas known as “radomes” are known for protecting antennas for the emission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation from external mechanical or chemical influences, such as wind and rain. In addition to the structural strength required to protect the antennas, it is essential for radomes that they have suitable transmission behavior, i.e. are sufficiently permeable to electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range relevant to the antenna(s) to be protected - for communication applications such as data transmission, e.g 17 to 31 GHz - are.

Insbesondere für Anwendungen, in denen die Formgebung eines Radoms nicht beliebig frei gewählt werden kann, ist es weiterhin erforderlich, dass die Wandung des Radoms auch in einem ausreichend großen Bereich für den Einfallswinkel ausgehend von einem orthogonalen Auftreffen der Strahlung auf die Wandung ein gutes Transmissionsverhalten aufweisen. Ein Beispiel für eine solche Anwendung ist der Schutz von Antennen zur Satellitenkommunikation an Verkehrsflugzeugen, bei denen die Radome aus aerodynamischen Gründen an die Formgebung der Flugzeughülle angepasst sein müssen, womit jedoch die elektromagnetische Strahlung regelmäßig nicht orthogonal auf die Radome auftritt bzw. diese durchdringt.In particular for applications in which the shape of a radome cannot be chosen freely, it is also necessary for the wall of the radome to have good transmission behavior in a sufficiently large range for the angle of incidence, based on an orthogonal impingement of the radiation on the wall . An example of such an application is the protection of antennas for satellite communication on commercial aircraft, where the radomes have to be adapted to the shape of the aircraft hull for aerodynamic reasons, which means that the electromagnetic radiation does not usually occur orthogonally on the radomes or penetrate them.

Im Stand der Technik, wie er bspw. in EP 2 747 202 A1 zusammengefasst ist, sind Radome aus drei- oder fünf-lagigen Sandwichstrukturen umfassend GFK- und Schaumstofflagen bekannt, die einerseits ein ausreichendes Transmissionsverhalten aufweisen, andererseits bei geringem Gewicht ausreichende strukturelle Festigkeit bieten. Hierzu lassen sich für gewünschte Frequenzbereiche geeignete Lagenanordnungen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Dicke der einzelnen Lagen berechnen, wobei auch die Dielektrizitätskonstanten der einzelnen Lagenmaterialen berücksichtigt werden müssen.In the state of the art, as it is e.g EP 2 747 202 A1 is summarized, radomes consisting of three or five-layer sandwich structures comprising GRP and foam layers are known, which, on the one hand, have sufficient transmission behavior and, on the other hand, offer sufficient structural strength at low weight. For this purpose, suitable layer arrangements can be calculated for desired frequency ranges, in particular with regard to the thickness of the individual layers, with the dielectric constants of the individual layer materials also having to be taken into account.

Die Dokumente US 9 123 998 B1 und US 5 849 234 A zeigen jeweils ein Radom, unter anderem für Kommunikationsantennen von Flugzeugen, dessen Wandung einen symmetrischen Mehrlagenaufbau umfassend Deck- und Kernschichten aufweist. Aus dem Dokument US 3 002 190 A ist eine Radomwandung mit Mehrschichtaufbau aus Deckschichten und Kernschichten bekannt. US 2011/050370 A1 offenbart einen Wandaufbau zum Schutz von Radaranlagen vor äußeren Einflüssen, der einen Schichtaufbau aus mehreren Sandwichstrukturen mit jeweils einem Kern und zwei Deckschichten umfasst, wobei zwischen Sandwichstrukturen jeweils eine Abstandshalterschicht vorgesehen sein kann.The documents U.S. 9,123,998 B1 and U.S. 5,849,234A each show a radome, among other things for communication antennas of aircraft, the wall of which has a symmetrical multi-layer structure comprising cover and core layers. From the document U.S. 3,002,190A a radome wall with a multilayer structure made up of cover layers and core layers is known. U.S. 2011/050370 A1 discloses a wall structure for protecting radar systems from external influences, which comprises a layered structure made up of a plurality of sandwich structures, each with a core and two cover layers, it being possible for a spacer layer to be provided between sandwich structures.

Nachteilig an dem Stand der Technik ist jedoch, dass die Güte des Transmissionsverhalten bei von einem orthogonalen Auftreffen der elektromagnetischen Strahlung auf die Radomwandung abweichenden Einfallswinkel stark von der Einhaltung der zuvor berechneten Dicke der einzelnen Lagen abhängt. In der Folge sind die Fertigungstoleranzen hinsichtlich Dicke der einzelnen Lagen sehr gering, was eine aufwendige und kostenintensive Herstellung zur Folge hat.A disadvantage of the prior art, however, is that the quality of the transmission behavior when the angle of incidence deviates from orthogonal impingement of the electromagnetic radiation on the radome wall depends greatly on compliance with the previously calculated thickness of the individual layers. As a result, the manufacturing tolerances with regard to the thickness of the individual layers are very small, which results in complex and cost-intensive manufacture.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, eine Radomwandung zu schaffen, bei der die Nachteile aus dem Stand der Technik nicht mehr oder zumindest nur noch im verminderten Umfang auftreten.The object of the present invention is to create a radome wall in which the disadvantages of the prior art no longer occur, or at least only to a reduced extent.

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Radomwandung gemäß dem Anspruch 1 sowie durch ein Radom gemäß dem nebengeordneten Anspruch 5.This object is achieved by a radome wall according to claim 1 and by a radome according to the independent claim 5.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.Advantageous developments are the subject of the dependent claims.

Die Radomwandung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sie in Sandwichbauweise mit n ≥ 4 Deckschichten und - da die Außenseiten der Wandung jeweils durch eine Deckschicht gebildet werden sollen - n - 1 Kernschichten gebildet wird. Bei den Deckschichten handelt es sich um kraftaufnehmende feste Schichten, die von lediglich formstabilen Kernschichten gestützt und auf Abstand gehalten werden. Die Kernschichten nehmen dabei im Vergleich zu den Deckschichten nur einen geringen Teil der auf das Bauteil einwirkenden Kräfte auf, weisen unter Belastung aber dennoch nur eine kaum nennenswerte und zu vernachlässigende Deformation unter Betriebslast (häufig weit unter 1%) auf. Im Regelfall ist das spezifische Gewicht der Deckschicht höher als das spezifische Gewicht der Kernschichten. Im Stand der Technik sind entsprechende Sandwichbauweisen grundsätzlich bekannt und - nicht nur in Bezug auf Radome - weit verbreitet. Insbesondere ist bekannt, dass sich mithilfe einer Sandwichbauweise eine hohe Steifigkeit bei gleichzeitig geringem Gewicht erreichen lässt.The radome wall is characterized in that it is formed in a sandwich construction with n ≥ 4 cover layers and—since the outer sides of the wall are each to be formed by a cover layer— n −1 core layers. The cover layers are force-absorbing solid layers that are supported and spaced apart by core layers that are only dimensionally stable. Compared to the cover layers, the core layers absorb only a small part of the forces acting on the component, but under load they only show a hardly significant and negligible deformation under operating load (often well below 1%). As a rule, the specific weight of the top layer is higher than the specific weight of the core layers. Corresponding sandwich designs are known in principle in the prior art and are widespread—not only in relation to radomes. In particular, it is known that a high degree of rigidity can be achieved with a low weight at the same time with the aid of a sandwich construction.

Für die Verwendung der Sandwichbauweise für Radome ist weiterhin erforderlich, dass die so gebildete Radomwandung ein gutes Transmissionsverhalten aufweist. Insbesondere soll in dem für die durch das Radom geschützte Antenne relevanten Frequenzbereich eine möglichst geringe Dämpfung bzw. eine hohe elektromagnetische Durchlässigkeit über einen möglichst großen Einfallswinkelbereich erreicht werden. Während entsprechendes grundsätzlich auch bei drei- oder fünf-lagigen Sandwichstrukturen gemäß dem Stand der Technik erreichbar ist, erfordert dies jedoch eine hochgenaue Fertigung. Insbesondere in Bezug auf die Dicke der einzelnen Schichten müssen im Stand der Technik sehr geringe Fertigungstoleranzen zur sicheren Vermeidung von Verschlechterungen der Transmissionseigenschaften eingehalten werden.For the use of the sandwich construction for radomes, it is also necessary for the radome wall formed in this way to have good transmission behavior. In particular, in the frequency range relevant to the antenna protected by the radome, the lowest possible attenuation or high electromagnetic permeability should be achieved over the largest possible range of angles of incidence. While the same can basically also be achieved with three- or five-layer sandwich structures according to the prior art, it is required However, this is a high-precision production. In the prior art, in particular with regard to the thickness of the individual layers, very small manufacturing tolerances must be maintained in order to reliably avoid deterioration in the transmission properties.

Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass bei einem Mehrschichtaufbau der Radomwandung mit wenigstens vier Deckschichten - also einer wenigstens sieben-lagigen Sandwichstruktur - ein deutlich toleranteres Design gegenüber kleineren Dickenschwankungen führt, ohne dass es zu relevanten Verschlechterungen der relevanten Transmissionseigenschaften kommt. Trotz der größeren Anzahl der Schichten und dem damit einhergehenden größeren Herstellungsaufwand, lassen sich dennoch die Herstellungskosten einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung gegenüber einem drei- oder fünf-lagigen Design aus dem Stand der Technik reduzieren, da die Fertigungstoleranzen deutlich großzügiger gewählt werden können. Gleichzeitig lässt sich eine hohe Gesamtfestigkeit der Radomwandung erreichen, die wenigstens derjenigen eines drei- oder fünf-lagigen Design entsprechen kann. Auch sind in der Regel Gewichtseinsparungen gegenüber dem Stand der Technik möglich.The invention is based on the knowledge that with a multi-layer structure of the radome wall with at least four cover layers—that is, an at least seven-layer sandwich structure—a significantly more tolerant design leads to smaller fluctuations in thickness, without relevant impairments of the relevant transmission properties occurring. Despite the larger number of layers and the associated greater manufacturing effort, the manufacturing costs of a radome wall according to the invention can be reduced compared to a three- or five-layer design from the prior art, since the manufacturing tolerances can be chosen to be significantly more generous. At the same time, a high overall strength of the radome wall can be achieved, which can at least correspond to that of a three- or five-layer design. Weight savings compared to the prior art are also generally possible.

Durch geeignete Wahl der Dicken der einzelnen Deck- und Kernschichten lassen sich - unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Dielektrizitätskonstanten - für den gewünschten Frequenzbereich durch einfache, dem Fachmann grundsätzlich bekannte Parameterstudien optimale Dicken für die einzelnen Schichten bestimmen, mit denen sich gute elektromagnetische Transmissionseigenschaften im gewünschten Frequenzbereich erreichen lassen. Dabei lassen sich die guten Transmissionseigenschaften über einen großen Winkelbereich von 0° bis zu ca. 65°, jeweils bezüglich der Flächennormalen der Außenseite der Radomwandung an der Stelle, an der die elektromagnetische Strahlung auftrifft. Dies ist insbesondere Vorteilhaft für Radome von Antennen für die Satellitenkommunikation an Bord von Verkehrsflugzeugen, die regelmäßig im Frequenzbereich von 17 bis 31 GHz arbeiten. Es ist so möglich, das Radom aerodynamisch günstig als Teil der Außenhülle des Flugzeugs auszugestalten, ohne dass es zu einem maßgeblichen Bandbreitenverlust käme. So lassen sich rumpf- oder leitwerksmontierte Antennen für die Breitband-Satellitendatenübertragung realisieren.By suitably selecting the thicknesses of the individual cover and core layers, taking into account the respective dielectric constants, optimal thicknesses for the individual layers can be determined for the desired frequency range by simple parameter studies known to those skilled in the art, with which good electromagnetic transmission properties can be achieved in the desired frequency range permit. The good transmission properties can be achieved over a large angular range from 0° to approx. 65°, in each case with respect to the surface normal of the outside of the radome wall at the point at which the electromagnetic radiation impinges. This is particularly advantageous for radomes of antennas satellite communications on board commercial aircraft, which regularly operate in the 17 to 31 GHz frequency range. It is thus possible to design the radome as part of the outer shell of the aircraft in an aerodynamically favorable manner, without there being a significant loss of bandwidth. Fuselage or tail unit-mounted antennas for broadband satellite data transmission can be implemented in this way.

Es ist bevorzugt, wenn die Radomwandung flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene der Radomwandung ist. Aufgrund des symmetrischen Aufbaus ist sichergestellt, dass sowohl für das Senden als auch das Empfangen von Signalen durch die von der Radomwandung geschützte Antenne die gleichen guten Transmissionseigenschaften vorliegen.It is preferred if the radome wall is surface-symmetrical to the center plane of the radome wall. The symmetrical structure ensures that the antenna, which is protected by the radome wall, has the same good transmission properties for both sending and receiving signals.

Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, dass die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung nächstliegenden Kernschichten dicker sind als die der Mittelebene der Radomwandung nächstliegende Kernschicht (en) . Durch eine entsprechende Ausgestaltung der Schichten wird der gute Transmissionsgrad insbesondere über einen weiten Einfallswinkelbereich (bspw. von 0° bis 65°) sichergestellt.According to the invention, it is provided that the two core layers closest to the outer sides of the radome wall are thicker than the core layer(s) closest to the center plane of the radome wall. Appropriate configuration of the layers ensures good transmittance, in particular over a wide range of angles of incidence (for example from 0° to 65°).

Die Toleranz für die Dicke der Deckschichten beträgt ∓20% . Toleranz für die Dicke der Kernschichten beträgt ±0,2 mm. Entsprechende Toleranzen lassen sich bei der Herstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung erreichen, ohne dass hierfür aufwendige und kostenintensive Fertigungsverfahren erforderlich sind.The tolerance for the thickness of the top layers is ∓20% . Tolerance for core layer thickness is ±0.2mm. Appropriate tolerances can be achieved in the manufacture of a radome wall according to the invention without the need for complex and cost-intensive manufacturing processes.

In der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsform sind vier Deckschichten und drei Kernschichten vorgesehen, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,21 mm (Deckschicht), 1,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,21 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,42 mm (Deckschicht) betragen. Diese Materialstärken können selbstverständlich mit den vorstehend erwähnten Toleranzen versehen sein.In the embodiment of the invention, four top layers and three core layers are provided, the thickness of the material Row by mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 1.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.42 mm (top layer). These material thicknesses can of course be provided with the tolerances mentioned above.

In einer alternativen bevorzugten Ausführungsform, die lediglich der Veranschaulichung dient, sind fünf Deckschichten und vier Kernschichten vorgesehen, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach vorzugsweise 0,63 mm (Deckschicht), 2,50 mm (Kernschicht), 0,84 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 1,06 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,84 mm (Deckschicht), 2,50 mm (Kernschicht), 0,63 mm (Deckschicht) betragen. Auch hier können die vorstehend genannten Toleranzen vorgesehen sein.In an alternative preferred embodiment, which is only used for illustration, five cover layers and four core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are preferably 0.63 mm (cover layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 1.06 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (top layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.63 mm (top layer). The tolerances mentioned above can also be provided here.

Beide bevorzugten Ausführungsformen zeigen sehr gute Transmissionseigenschaften für einen Einfallwinkelbereich 0° bis 65°, wobei der Frequenzbereich für die guten Transmissionseigenschaften maßgeblich über die Dielektrizitätskonstanten des verwendeten Materials für die Deck- und die Kernschicht festgelegt werden kann. Die Bestimmung der erforderlichen Dielektrizitätskonstanten zur Erreichung des gewünschten Frequenzbereiches ist dem Fachmann ohne weiteres möglich. Es ist dabei bevorzugt, wenn die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten größer ist als die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten. Für einen Frequenzbereich von 17 GHz bis 31°GHz liegt die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten zwischen 3,0 und 3,6. Die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten liegt zwischen 1,0 und 1,2.Both preferred embodiments show very good transmission properties for an angle of incidence range of 0° to 65°, with the frequency range for the good transmission properties being able to be defined decisively via the dielectric constants of the material used for the cover and core layers. The person skilled in the art can easily determine the dielectric constant required to achieve the desired frequency range. In this case, it is preferred if the dielectric constant of the cover layers is greater than the dielectric constant of the core layers. For a frequency range from 17 GHz to 31° GHz, the dielectric constant of the cover layers is between 3.0 and 3.6. The dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2.

Die Deckschichten sind vorzugsweise jeweils durch eine oder mehrere Lagen aus Prepreg-Material, vorzugsweise Quarzglasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prepreg gebildet. Es kann sich insbesondere um mit Harz vorimprägniertes Quarzfasergewebe handeln, wobei das Harz vorzugweise duroplastisch, weiter vorzugsweise ein Epoxidharz ist. Die Verwendung von Polyesterharz ist ebenfalls möglich. Die Dicke eines einzelnen Prepregs beträgt dabei vorzugsweise 0,21 mm. Mit einem entsprechenden Prepreg lassen sich die Dicken der einzelnen Deckschichten der bevorzugten Ausführungsformen ohne weiteres erreichen.The cover layers are preferably each formed by one or more layers of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg. In particular, it can be a quartz fiber fabric pre-impregnated with resin, the resin preferably being duroplastic, more preferably an epoxy resin. The use of polyester resin is also possible. The thickness of an individual prepreg is preferably 0.21 mm. With an appropriate prepreg, the thicknesses of the individual cover layers of the preferred embodiments can be easily achieved.

Die Kernschichten sind vorzugsweise jeweils durch Schaummaterial, vorzugsweise aus einem Polyimid-Hartschaumstoff, gebildet. Dadurch wird ein besonders geringes spezifisches Gewicht der Radomwandung möglich. Durch geeignete Wahl des Schaummaterials kann die erforderliche Formstabilität und die dielektrische Durchlässigkeit gewährleistet werden. Bevorzugt lässt sich mit dem Schaummaterial eine homogene Oberfläche herstellen, die eine großflächige Verbindung zur aufliegenden Deckschicht ermöglicht.The core layers are preferably each formed from foam material, preferably from a polyimide rigid foam. This enables a particularly low specific weight of the radome wall. The required dimensional stability and the dielectric permeability can be ensured by a suitable choice of the foam material. A homogeneous surface can preferably be produced with the foam material, which enables a large-area connection to the overlying cover layer.

Das erfindungsgemäße Radom unterscheidet sich von aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Radomen lediglich in der Ausgestaltung der Radomwandung. Zur Erläuterung des erfindungsgemäßen Radoms wird daher auf die vorstehenden Ausführungen verwiesen.The radome according to the invention differs from radomes known from the prior art only in the design of the radome wall. To explain the radome according to the invention, reference is therefore made to the above statements.

Die Erfindung wird nun anhand vorteilhafter Ausführungsformen unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügten Zeichnungen beispielhaft beschrieben. Es zeigen:

Figur 1:
ein schematischer Schnitt durch ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung; und
Figur 2:
ein schematischer Schnitt durch ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel einer nicht erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung.
The invention will now be described by way of example on the basis of advantageous embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:
Figure 1:
a schematic section through a first embodiment of a radome wall according to the invention; and
Figure 2:
a schematic section through a second embodiment of a radome wall not according to the invention.

In Figur 1 ist ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung 1 für Kommunikation im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen in einer Schnittansicht dargestellt.In figure 1 a first exemplary embodiment of a radome wall 1 according to the invention for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft is shown in a sectional view.

Die Radomwandung 1 umfasst vier Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' und drei Kernschichten 21, 22, 21'. Die Deckschichten 11 und 11' bilden dabei jeweils eine Außenseite der Radomwandung 1, während die Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' jeweils zwischen zwei Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' angeordnet sind.The radome wall 1 comprises four cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' and three core layers 21, 22, 21'. The cover layers 11 and 11' each form an outside of the radome wall 1, while the core layers 21, 22, 21' are each arranged between two cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.

Die Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' sind aus Quarzglasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prepreg gebildet, wobei die Dicke einer einzelnen Prepreglage 0,21 mm beträgt und die Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' jeweils ausschließlich ein Vielfaches hiervon sind.The cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' are formed from quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg, the thickness of an individual prepreg layer being 0.21 mm and the thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' each being a multiple thereof are.

Die Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' sind aus Schaummaterial, nämlich aus einem Polyimid-Hartschaumstoff.The core layers 21, 22, 21' are made of foam material, namely a polyimide rigid foam.

Die Radomwandung 1 ist flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene 2 aufgebaut, wobei die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung 1 nächstliegenden Kernschichten 21, 21' dicker sind als die in der Mittelebene 2 der Radomwandung 1 liegende Kernschicht 22. Die Dicke der einzelnen Deck- 11, 12, 12', 11' und Kernschichten 21, 22, 21`, sowie deren jeweilige Dielektrizitätskonstanten ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden Tabelle: Schicht Dicke Dielektrizitätskonstante 11 0,42mm 3,3 21 2,00mm 1,2 12 0,21mm 3,3 22 1,00mm 1,2 12' 0,21mm 3,3 21' 2,00mm 1,2 11' 0,42mm 3,3 The radome wall 1 has a surface-symmetrical structure with respect to the center plane 2, with the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outside of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layer 22 located in the center plane 2 of the radome wall 1. The thickness of the individual cover 11, 12, 12 ', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 21`, as well as their respective dielectric constants result from the following table: layer thickness dielectric constant 11 0.42mm 3.3 21 2.00mm 1.2 12 0.21mm 3.3 22 1.00mm 1.2 12' 0.21mm 3.3 21' 2.00mm 1.2 11' 0.42mm 3.3

Für die genannten Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' ist eine Toleranz von ±20% vorgesehen. Für die Dicken der Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' beträgt die Toleranz ±0,2 mm.A tolerance of ±20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'. The tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 21' is ±0.2 mm.

Die dargestellte Radomwandung 1 weist trotz der vergleichsweise großen Toleranzen für einen Frequenzbereich von 17 bis 31 GHz bei einem beliebigen Einfallwinkel α zwischen 0° bis 65°sehr gute Transmissionseigenschaften auf.Despite the comparatively large tolerances, the radome wall 1 shown has very good transmission properties for a frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz at any angle of incidence α between 0° and 65°.

Figur 2 zeigt eine schematische Schnittansicht eines zweiten Ausführungsbeispiels einer nicht erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung 1,
die ebenfalls für Kommunikation bzw. Datenübertragung im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen ausgebildet ist. figure 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a second embodiment of a radome wall 1 not according to the invention,
which is also designed for communication and data transmission in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft.

Die Radomwandung 1 umfasst fünf Deckschichten 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' und in der Folge vier Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21'. Die Deckschichten 11 und 11' bilden dabei wieder jeweils eine Außenseite der Radomwandung 1. Die Anordnung der übrigen Schichten 12, 13, 12', 21, 22, 22', 21' ergibt sich aus Figur 2. Die Deck- 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' und Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21' sind analog zum Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Figur 1 aufgebaut.The radome wall 1 comprises five cover layers 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and subsequently four core layers 21, 22, 22', 21'. The cover layers 11 and 11' again each form an outside of the radome wall 1. The arrangement of the remaining layers 12, 13, 12', 21, 22, 22', 21' results from FIG figure 2 . The cover 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' are analogous to the embodiment according to FIG figure 1 built up.

Auch die Radomwandung 1 gemäß Figur 2 ist flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene 2 aufgebaut, wobei die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung 1 nächstliegenden Kernschichten 21, 21' dicker sind als die benachbart zur Mittelebene 2 der Radomwandung 1 liegenden Kernschichten 22, 22'.The radome wall 1 according to figure 2 is surface-symmetrical to the central plane 2, the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outside of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layers 22, 22' lying adjacent to the central plane 2 of the radome wall 1.

Die Dicke der einzelnen Deck- 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' und Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21', sowie die jeweilige Dielektrizitätskonstante ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden Tabelle: Schicht Dicke Dielektrizitätskonstante 11 0,63mm 3,3 21 2,50mm 1,2 12 0,84mm 3,3 22 2,00mm 1,2 13 1,06mm 3,3 22' 2,00mm 1,2 12' 0,84mm 3,3 21' 2,50mm 1,2 11' 0,63mm 3,3 The thickness of the individual cover 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' and the respective dielectric constant are given in the table below: layer thickness dielectric constant 11 0.63mm 3.3 21 2.50mm 1.2 12 0.84mm 3.3 22 2.00mm 1.2 13 1.06mm 3.3 22' 2.00mm 1.2 12' 0.84mm 3.3 21' 2.50mm 1.2 11' 0.63mm 3.3

Für die genannten Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' ist eine Toleranz von ±20% vorgesehen. Für die Dicken der Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21' sowie für die Dicke der Deckschicht 13 beträgt die Toleranz ±0,2 mm.A tolerance of ±20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'. The tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' and for the thickness of the cover layer 13 is ±0.2 mm.

Auch die in Figur 2 dargestellte Radomwandung 1 weist für einen Frequenzbereich von 17 bis 31 GHz bei einem beliebigen Einfallwinkel α zwischen 0° bis 65°sehr gute Transmissionseigenschaften auf.Also the in figure 2 The radome wall 1 shown has very good transmission properties for a frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz at any angle of incidence α between 0° and 65°.

Claims (5)

  1. Radome wall (1) for communication in the frequency band of from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, comprising a multilayer structure having an alternating arrangement of force-absorbing solid cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') and shear-rigid core layers (21, 22, 21'), wherein two cover layers (11, 11') form the outer sides of the radome wall (1) and the radome wall (1) is formed from four cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') and three core layers (21, 22, 21'), the material thicknesses of which are, in order, 0.42 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.21 mm, 1.00 mm, 0.21 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.42 mm, whereby the two core layers (21, 21') closest to the outer sides of the radome wall (1) are thicker than the core layer (22) closest to the midplane (2) of the radome wall (1), wherein the four cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') and the three core layers (21, 22, 21') are made of dielectric materials, wherein the dielectric constant of the cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') lies between 3.0 and 3.6 and the dielectric constant of the core layers (21, 22, 21') lies between 1.0 and 1.2 and the tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') is ±20% and for the thickness of the core layers (21, 22, 21') is ±0.2 mm.
  2. Radome wall according to Claim 1,
    characterized in that
    the radome wall (1) is area-symmetrical with respect to the midplane (2) of the radome wall (1).
  3. Radome wall according to either of the preceding claims, characterized in that
    the cover layers (11, 12, 12', 11') are respectively formed by one or more sheets of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fibre/epoxy resin prepreg, wherein the thickness of the prepreg is preferably 0.21 mm.
  4. Radome wall according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that
    the core layers (21, 22, 21') are respectively formed by foam material, preferably from a polyimide hard foam.
  5. Radome for use on commercial aircraft,
    characterized in that
    the wall of the radome is configured according to one of the preceding claims.
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US11621484B1 (en) * 2019-11-21 2023-04-04 General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. Broadband radome structure
US11969335B2 (en) 2020-04-28 2024-04-30 Cook Medical Technologies Llc Woven graft having a taper with a re-engaged warp end
JPWO2022176591A1 (en) * 2021-02-19 2022-08-25
DE102021107538A1 (en) * 2021-03-25 2022-09-29 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Asymmetrically constructed radome
IL292212B2 (en) * 2022-04-11 2024-01-01 Israel Aerospace Ind Ltd Radome and method of design thereof
DE102022127708A1 (en) 2022-10-20 2024-04-25 Lufthansa Technik Aktiengesellschaft Radome wall for communication applications

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CA3040797A1 (en) 2018-05-03
EP4009440A1 (en) 2022-06-08

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