EP3510257B1 - Mechanisches system zur erzeugung mechanischer energie aus flüssigem stickstoff und entsprechendes verfahren - Google Patents

Mechanisches system zur erzeugung mechanischer energie aus flüssigem stickstoff und entsprechendes verfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3510257B1
EP3510257B1 EP17784668.0A EP17784668A EP3510257B1 EP 3510257 B1 EP3510257 B1 EP 3510257B1 EP 17784668 A EP17784668 A EP 17784668A EP 3510257 B1 EP3510257 B1 EP 3510257B1
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Prior art keywords
nitrogen
exchanger
compressed
intake
expansion
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EP17784668.0A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3510257A1 (de
EP3510257C0 (de
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Eric Dupont
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F17C7/02—Discharging liquefied gases
    • F17C7/04—Discharging liquefied gases with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C9/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
    • F17C9/02—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
    • F17C9/04—Recovery of thermal energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/014—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
    • F17C2227/0157—Compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
    • F17C2227/0306—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using the same fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/03—Treating the boil-off
    • F17C2265/032—Treating the boil-off by recovery
    • F17C2265/038—Treating the boil-off by recovery with expanding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
    • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system and method for producing mechanical energy from liquid nitrogen and/or producing liquid nitrogen or other liquefied gas.
  • the invention relates to a system for storing energy in the form of liquid nitrogen or other liquid gases such as air.
  • the system includes a piston compressor into which nitrogen gas is admitted in order to be compressed.
  • the compressed nitrogen is introduced into an exchanger in which it is cooled before being admitted into a piston expander in which it is expanded and partly liquefied.
  • the liquid nitrogen produced is stored.
  • the unliquefied nitrogen inside the expander is admitted to the heat exchanger to cool the compressed nitrogen gas from the compressor to be admitted back into the compressor.
  • the liquid nitrogen In engine mode, the liquid nitrogen, pumped under high pressure, is vaporized in an exchanger then admitted into a first piston expander (which acts as a expander where the liquid nitrogen is formed in generator mode) then into a second piston expander.
  • piston which acts as a low pressure compressor in generator mode.
  • the pistons are connected to the same crankshaft which is rotated due to the expansion, inside the regulators, of the vaporized nitrogen.
  • WO 2015/138817 shows a system for producing energy from nitrogen evaporation according to the state of the art.
  • the invention aims in particular to provide an effective solution to at least some of these different problems.
  • an objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency in engine mode of a mechanical system for producing mechanical energy from liquid nitrogen or other liquefied gas.
  • Another objective of the invention is, according to at least one embodiment, to increase the efficiency in generator mode of a mechanical system for producing liquid nitrogen or other liquefied gas.
  • the invention aims, according to at least one embodiment, to provide such a system which is simple and/or efficient and/or robust and/or inexpensive.
  • Another objective of the invention is, in at least one embodiment, to increase the overall efficiency and reduce the cost of the energy storage system both in terms of storage and in terms of restitution of energy by the combination of the three objectives mentioned above.
  • gaseous or liquid nitrogen means essentially composed of nitrogen but may include a small proportion of other elements and a lower but sufficient oxygen content if combustion is desired.
  • the nitrogen content of the fluid considered will preferably be between 90 and 98%.
  • the invention can be used as a simple and economical air liquefier and for use other than energy storage.
  • the cooling of air or gaseous nitrogen in the exchanger followed by compression, preferably adiabatic, then expansion thereof, with a supply of thermal energy before and/or during expansion, with a significantly larger volume, for example of the order of four times, produces additional mechanical energy.
  • the invention relates to a mechanical system for producing mechanical energy from liquid nitrogen.
  • Such a system comprises a pipe 300 of liquid nitrogen under pressure which opens into a liquid nitrogen inlet 301 of a heat exchanger 302.
  • the heat exchanger 302 comprises an outlet of vaporized and heated nitrogen 303 which is connected by a pipe 304 to an inlet of vaporized and heated nitrogen 305 of a compressor/expander 306.
  • the heat exchanger 302 comprises an inlet of ambient air 311.
  • the exchanger 302 is crossed by the pipe 302' which leaves from the inlet 301 of the exchanger to the outlet 303 of the exchanger.
  • the pipe 302' serves as a heat exchange surface in the exchanger with the fluid which passes through it internally, liquid nitrogen, and the fluid which passes through it externally, air or nitrogen. It can consist of a set of plates stacked on top of each other and which form conduits or even, consist of multiple pipes connected to the inlet 301 and the outlet 303 of the exchanger.
  • the compressor/expander 306 includes an exhaust outlet 307 of expanded air or nitrogen gas. It includes a cooled air inlet 308 which is connected by a pipe 309 to a cooled air outlet 310 of the exchanger 302.
  • the compressor/expander 306 can for example be a system comprising at least one piston 314 movable in a chamber 315 and connected to a crankshaft 316 by a connecting rod 317.
  • This crankshaft can for example be connected to an alternator 318 to produce electric current, be used to set a vehicle or other vehicle in motion.
  • the compressor/expander piston can be connected to a linear electric motor or alternator.
  • the system includes means for reheating the vaporized nitrogen before admission into the regulator 306 or for reheating inside the regulator 306. They may include a heater 500 placed on the pipe 304. They may alternatively or in addition include means fluid injection 313 in the regulator to ensure heating.
  • the inlet 311 can be connected directly to another pressurized nitrogen outlet (residual expansion pressure) 312 of the compressor/expander 306 by means of a pipe 311'.
  • a pipe 311' a pressurized nitrogen outlet (residual expansion pressure) 312 of the compressor/expander 306
  • the compressor/expander 306 ( figure 1 ) can be staged to compress or expand several times at different pressures, according to the principle shown in figure 4 .
  • Several expanders/compressors (two or more) can thus be implemented with means to admit into a compressor/expander the fluid coming from another expander/compressor with a view to expanding or compressing it at a different pressure than in the previous one. .
  • the high pressure compressor/expander will include in addition to an additional orifice with the pipeline which connects it to an additional orifice of the low pressure expander, the inlet ports 308, and 305, the compressor expander/low pressure will include the exhaust ports 312 and 307, (each of the ports 308, 305, 312, 307 being connected to their respective pipe according to the figure 1 ).
  • the second low pressure stage can include two regulators 306' and 306" each connected to the high pressure stage by the pipes 400 and 400' themselves connected to the orifices 600, 601, 602, 603.
  • One of the low pressure regulators may include an exhaust to the open air via outlet 307 and the other low pressure regulator, an exhaust via outlet 312 which can be connected to the inlet of the exchanger 311 via the pipe 311' as indicated in a previous variant.
  • the means for heating the vaporized nitrogen before admission into a regulator or for heating inside a regulator can be arranged in each of the compressor regulators and alternatively or in addition on the intake pipe of each two. So on the Figure 10 , the external heaters 500, 501 and 502 are placed on the pipes 304, 400 and 400', the internal heaters 313, 313' and 313 "are placed inside the compressor/expander 306, 306' and 306".
  • heating means can for example be provided by the direct injection of an energetic fluid such as gasoline with combustion or by a fluid having a significant specific heat such as water.
  • an energetic fluid such as gasoline with combustion
  • a fluid having a significant specific heat such as water.
  • the reheating takes place outside the expander, it can be obtained by means of a heat exchanger heated by a heat transfer fluid itself heated by a heat source: solar concentration, gas or gasoline combustion.
  • This reheating increases the volume of the gas to be expanded and reduces the consumption of liquid nitrogen for the same quantity of mechanical energy produced.
  • a pressure probe P is optionally placed on pipe 311' and a temperature probe T° is optionally placed on pipe 304.
  • Such a system includes a liquid nitrogen tank 10.
  • This tank 10 includes a liquid nitrogen outlet 11 which is connected to a pipe 12 between two portions of which a pump 13 is placed.
  • the pump 13 can be placed in the tank 10. It is optional the pressure which can be obtained by the heating of the tank for example.
  • Pipeline 12 opens into a valve 14.
  • the valve 14 comprises an outlet which is connected by a pipe 15 to the liquid nitrogen inlet 160 of a heat exchanger 16.
  • Valve 14 is optional and pipes 12 and 15 can constitute a single pipe when valve 14 is not used.
  • the heat exchanger 16 includes an outlet 161 of heated vaporized nitrogen.
  • the exchanger 16 is crossed by the pipe 16' which starts from the inlet 160 of the exchanger to the outlet 161 of the exchanger.
  • Pipe 16' serves as a heat exchange surface in the exchanger with the fluid which passes through it internally, liquid nitrogen, and the fluid which passes through it externally, air or nitrogen. It can consist of a set of plates stacked on top of each other and which form conduits or even, consist of multiple pipes connected to the inlet 160 and the outlet 161 of the exchanger.
  • the heated vaporized nitrogen outlet 161 is connected to a pipe 17 which opens to the vaporized nitrogen inlet 180 of a regulator 18 and optionally carries a T° temperature probe.
  • the heat exchanger 16 includes an air intake inlet 162 preferably at ambient temperature or lower. This inlet 162 can optionally and alternatively be connected by a pipe 19 to an outlet optional nitrogen gas under pressure (residual pressure from the expansion) 181 of the regulator 18.
  • the heat exchanger 16 includes an outlet 163 for cooled air or nitrogen. This outlet is connected to a pipe 20 which opens into a valve 21.
  • Pipe 20 optionally includes a temperature probe T.
  • the valve 21 is connected by a pipe 22 to an air or cooled nitrogen intake inlet 230 of an adiabatic compressor 23.
  • Valve 21 is optional and pipes 20 and 22 can constitute a single pipe when valve 21 is not used.
  • the adiabatic compressor 23 includes an outlet 232 for compressed air or nitrogen.
  • the compressed air or nitrogen outlet 232 is connected by a pipe 24 to an air or compressed nitrogen inlet 182 of the regulator 18.
  • the regulator 18 includes a nitrogen gas exhaust outlet 183.
  • the valve 14 is optionally connected to an optional pipe 25 which is connected to an optional orifice 231 of the adiabatic compressor 23.
  • the valve 21 is optionally connected to an optional pipe 26, connected to an optional orifice 11', of the liquid nitrogen tank 10 optional.
  • the expander 18 and the adiabatic compressor 23 each include a drive shaft 184, 233.
  • the system includes an output shaft 27. This can for example be connected to an alternator 28 to produce electric current, be used to set a vehicle in motion or the like.
  • the drive shaft 184 of the regulator 18 constitutes or is connected to the output shaft 27 of the system directly or by a transmission.
  • the drive shaft 184 of the expander 18 is preferably connected to that of the adiabatic compressor 23 directly or by a transmission so that the adiabatic compressor 23 is driven by the expander 18. Otherwise, auxiliary motor means must be placed used to drive the drive shaft of the compressor 23.
  • the drive shaft 233 of the compressor 23, the drive shaft 184 of the expander 18 and the output shaft 27 of the system can constitute a single and same tree, as shown on the figure 2 .
  • the expander causes both the adiabatic compressor and the output shaft to move.
  • the expander 18 and the adiabatic compressor 23 each comprise one or more pistons 185, 235 mounted movable in translation in one or more chambers 186, 236 and connected by means of connecting rods 187, 237 to a crankshaft 188, 238.
  • the crankshaft of the expander constitutes the expansion valve drive shaft and the compressor crankshaft constitute the compressor drive shaft.
  • the compressor and the expander preferably share the same crankshaft which constitutes or is connected to the output shaft of the system.
  • the expander and the compressor could each consist of a turbine comprising a stator housing a rotor comprising respectively the drive shaft of the expander and the drive shaft of the compressor.
  • the compressor rotor shaft, the holder rotor shaft and the output shaft may constitute a single shaft.
  • the pistons of the compressor and/or expander can be connected to a linear electric motor or alternator.
  • the compressor and the regulator can make it possible to carry out staged expansions and/or compressions.
  • the compressor and the expander will be staged to compress or expand several times at different pressures, according to the principle represented in figure 4 .
  • Several expanders/compressors (two or more) can thus be implemented with means for admitting into a compressor/expander the fluid coming from another compressor expander with a view to expanding or compressing it at a different pressure than in the previous one.
  • the system according to the invention obviously comprises control means for controlling the opening and closing of the different orifices (inlets, outlets) of the regulator and the compressor in order to synchronize these cycles and their different phases (admission, expansion, compression, exhaust).
  • control means for controlling the opening and closing of the different orifices (inlets, outlets) of the regulator and the compressor in order to synchronize these cycles and their different phases (admission, expansion, compression, exhaust).
  • Such means are known per se and are not described in detail.
  • the system includes means for heating the vaporized nitrogen and/or compressed air or nitrogen gas before admission into the regulator or reheating inside the regulator.
  • such heating means include an external heating system 40 placed on the pipes 17 and/or 24. They can alternatively or in addition comprise an internal heating system 41 allowing the injection of fluid into the regulator which ensures heating.
  • the heating means increase the temperature of the gas, for example by the direct injection of a hot fluid such as water without combustion or of a fluid with combustion such as gasoline.
  • a hot fluid such as water without combustion or of a fluid with combustion such as gasoline.
  • the reheating takes place outside the regulator, it can be obtained by means of a heat exchanger heated by a heat transfer fluid itself heated by a heat source: solar concentration, gas or gasoline combustion . It could also be a system for heating the walls of the regulator. This is applicable in the context of the simplified version.
  • FIG 4 illustrates a variant according to which the regulator is stepped, that is to say it comprises several regulators 18, 18' placed in series, the partially expanded vaporized nitrogen exhaust 181 from one (18) being connected to the inlet of partially expanded vaporized nitrogen 180' from the other (18') via a pipe 42.
  • the inlets/outlets 181' (optionally connected to the orifice 162 of the exchanger 16 via pipe 19) and 183 are arranged in the low pressure regulator 18' and the inlets/outlets 180 and 182 are arranged in the high pressure regulator 18.
  • the heating means comprise an external heating system 40 placed on the pipes 17 and/or 24. They can alternatively or in addition comprise an internal heating system 41 allowing the injection of fluid into the regulator (hot fluid such as water without combustion inside the regulator or fluid with combustion inside the regulator) which ensures heating. They may also include an external heating system 43 placed on the pipe(s) 42 and/or an internal heating system 44 (of the type of system 41) placed in the regulator(s) 18'. It could also be a system for heating the walls of the regulator(s).
  • a system such as that described in relation to the figure 4 can also make it possible to create a staged compressor by placing several compressors 18' and 18 in series.
  • the internal and/or external heating means are in made means of cooling.
  • these two pipes can be connected and open into the same and single inlet 180 or 182.
  • two regulators can be used, one into which the pipe 17 opens and the other into which the pipe 24 opens.
  • the expansion of the cooled air or nitrogen can take place after compression in the compressor 23 which will then act as an expander after the compression phase.
  • Compressor 23 which will then be a compressor/expander, will include an additional orifice 234 for the exhaust of cold air or nitrogen compressed therein and means of heating in the expander/compressor and/or on line 24 .
  • the tank, the pipes and the valve connected to it are optional. What is important is that the system includes a liquid nitrogen inlet intended to be connected to a pressurized liquid nitrogen supply device.
  • the method described in this paragraph corresponds to the implementation of the simplified version of the system described in relation to the figure 1 in a variant in which the expander-compressor thereof comprises a liner-piston assembly whose piston is connected to a crankshaft.
  • the quantity of liquid nitrogen to be introduced into the pipes 302' and 304 for this start-up phase is related to their volume and the desired pressure (approximately 200/300 bar).
  • the start-up phase is followed by an engine launch phase then a stabilized operating phase during which the pressure in the pipes 302', 304 is regulated so as to maintain it at a pressure level determined by playing on the quantity of liquid nitrogen admitted through the orifice 301 of the exchanger and in relation to the quantity of air or gaseous nitrogen admitted into the exchanger.
  • the piston is initially at top dead center, inlet 305 is open, ports 308, 307 and where applicable 312 are closed. Ports 301 and 303 are also open throughout the launch phase and the stabilized operating phase.
  • Liquid nitrogen is admitted (step 501) under pressure (approximately 200/300 bars) and at approximately -195°C via pipe 300 into the intake inlet 301 of the exchanger 302 then pipe 302'.
  • the liquid nitrogen close to -195°C is heated inside the exchanger 302 by the air circulating in the exchanger and is thus vaporized there and reheated until it reaches a temperature close to ambient temperature (step 502).
  • This has the effect of cooling the ambient air in the exchanger to a temperature close to the temperature of the liquid nitrogen which has been introduced (-195°C) (step 53). It takes approximately 1.7 kg of ambient air to bring 1 kg of liquid nitrogen to ambient temperature.
  • a step 504 of admission, into the regulator 306, of vaporized nitrogen and heated to a temperature close to ambient temperature is implemented.
  • the nitrogen vaporized and heated to ambient temperature escaping from the heat exchanger 302 via the vaporized nitrogen outlet 303 is routed into the regulator 306 via the pipe 304 and the open inlet 305.
  • steps 501 to 504 are simultaneous.
  • the vaporized nitrogen introduced into the regulator 306 undergoes a step 505 of expansion inducing the descent of the piston towards its bottom dead center and the setting in motion of the crankshaft: this setting in motion constitutes a step 507 of mechanical energy recovery.
  • a nitrogen reheating step 602 will be implemented before admission (approximately 300/600°C) and/or during expansion (approximately 20 to 140°C if fluid injection without combustion) so as to preferably have an exhaust temperature equal to or greater than the ambient temperature.
  • the heating means 500 and/or 313 will be used. If the reheating takes place before admission, the expansion will be preferentially adiabatic, if the reheating takes place during the expansion, the expansion will be preferentially isothermal.
  • the inlet 305 closes and the outlet 307 opens to allow the escape of the expanded nitrogen from the regulator 306 (step 506) during the rise of the piston towards its top dead center.
  • Exhaust outlet 307 closes. The engine launch phase thus ends while the stabilized operating phase begins.
  • the stabilized operating phase begins with the choice of operating in expansion mode or operating in compression mode.
  • a step 65 of choosing an expansion mode or a compression mode is implemented.
  • this choice step 65 consists of measuring the nitrogen temperature inside the pipe 300 at the outlet 303 of the exchanger or the pipe 304.
  • the process will continue by implementing the relaxation mode.
  • the process will continue by implementing the compression mode.
  • the expansion mode includes a step 50 of admitting liquid nitrogen under pressure (approximately 200/300 bars) and at approximately -195°c via pipe 300 into the admission inlet 301 of the exchanger 302 then the pipeline 302'.
  • the liquid nitrogen close to -195°C is heated inside the exchanger 302 by the air circulating in the exchanger and is thus vaporized there and reheated until it reaches a temperature close to ambient temperature (step 52).
  • This has the effect of cooling the ambient air in the exchanger to a temperature close to the temperature of the liquid nitrogen which has been introduced (-195°C) (step 53). It takes approximately 1.7 kg of ambient air to bring 1 kg of liquid nitrogen to ambient temperature.
  • a step 54 of admitting, into the regulator 306, vaporized nitrogen and heated to a temperature close to ambient temperature is implemented.
  • the nitrogen vaporized and heated to ambient temperature escaping from the heat exchanger 302 via the vaporized nitrogen outlet 303 is routed into the regulator 306 via the pipe 304 and the open inlet 305.
  • steps 51 to 54 are simultaneous.
  • the vaporized nitrogen introduced into the regulator 306 undergoes an expansion step 55 inducing the descent of the piston towards its bottom dead center and the setting in motion of the crankshaft: this setting in motion constitutes a step 57 of mechanical energy recovery.
  • a nitrogen reheating step 62 will be implemented before admission (approximately 300/600°C) and/or during expansion (approximately 20 to 140°C if fluid injection without combustion) so as to have a exhaust temperature preferably equal to or greater than ambient temperature.
  • the heating means 500 and/or 313 will be used. If the reheating takes place before admission, the expansion will be preferentially adiabatic, if the reheating takes place during the expansion, the expansion will be preferentially isothermal.
  • the inlet 305 closes and the outlet 307 opens to allow the escape of the expanded nitrogen from the regulator 306 (step 56) during the rise of the piston towards its top dead center.
  • the piston moves again towards its bottom dead center.
  • the cooled ambient air leaving the exchanger 302 via the outlet 310 undergoes an admission step 53' into the compressor 306, flowing into the pipe 309 and passing through the inlet 308 of the compressor.
  • Inlet 308 closes and the piston rises towards its top dead center.
  • the cold air (approximately -195°) then undergoes a step 58 of adiabatic compression (with a pressure ratio of approximately 50) while the piston rises towards its top dead center in the compressor 302.
  • This adiabatic compression has the effect to increase the air temperature to room temperature.
  • the compressed air is kept in the chamber and under the effect of the pressure inside the compressor, the piston moves back to its bottom dead center, while the compressed air expands there (step 59) .
  • An air heating step 63 will be implemented during the expansion so that it is preferably isothermal. For this, the heating means 313 will be used.
  • step 65 of choice between compression mode and expansion mode is optimized by controlling the temperature of the vaporized nitrogen at the outlet of the exchanger.
  • this step 65 can be replaced by programming the sequencing of the expansion and compression modes according to the need for heating of the liquid nitrogen and based on the quantity of air necessary for the heating and vaporization of liquid nitrogen. Indeed, we know that to vaporize and heat up to ambient temperature 1 kg of liquid nitrogen requires approximately 1.7 kg of air at ambient temperature, it will therefore be necessary to alternately introduce into the expansion compressor approximately 1 kg of vaporized liquid nitrogen heated to 300 bar for 1.7 kg of air cooled to 1 bar, or even up to 6 bar if the air is recovered in the exhaust as we will see in a variant a little further on.
  • Cooling the air in the exchanger then its adiabatic compression makes it possible to subsequently expand it in the expander with a significantly larger volume, for example of the order of four times, to produce additional mechanical energy. This makes it possible to recover the mechanical energy resulting from the phase change and the heating of the liquid nitrogen and thus to increase the efficiency in terms of mechanical energy production.
  • crankshaft of the expander-compressor 306 in motion can, for example, make it possible to rotate an alternator to produce electric current or to move a vehicle.
  • the gas admitted into the exchanger to vaporize the liquid nitrogen is no longer ambient air but comes from there recovery of exhaust gases from the system in engine mode.
  • the exhaust step 56 (506) consists of causing the expanded nitrogen to escape no longer through the outlet 307, but through the outlet 312, (the exhaust through the outlet 307 occurs alternately with the outlet 312 when the pressure in the pipe 311', which constitutes a buffer tank, has reached a determined pressure threshold, if the pressure is sufficient in the pipe 311', the exhaust takes place into the open air through the orifice 307 , if the pressure in the pipe 311' is insufficient, the exhaust takes place via the outlet 312 in the pipe 311').
  • These exhaust gases still under pressure (approximately 6 bars), are introduced into the exchanger (step 51) and are used to vaporize the liquid nitrogen during step 52. This facilitates heat exchange inside.
  • the implementation of this variant requires a start-up step during which the liquid nitrogen, vaporized, heated and expanded in the regulator, escapes into the pipe 311' through the orifice 308. This step is repeated until the pressure in the pipe 311' reaches a predetermined pressure threshold, for example between 1 to 6 bar. Then, during stabilized operation, the pressure in the pipe is maintained by adjusting the quantity of nitrogen admitted through the orifice 312, when the pressure in the pipe 311' is sufficient the exhaust takes place alternately with air free through port 307.
  • the other advantage of this variant is that if we recover the exhaust gases at around 6 bars and apply the pressure ratio of 50 for the adiabatic compression of cold nitrogen, we end up with a large quantity of nitrogen at 300 bars at ambient temperature in the compression chamber (when the piston reaches top dead center). We can therefore let this gas escape at high pressure through the orifice 305 to store it momentarily in the pipe 304, where the vaporized liquid nitrogen is located which is at the same pressure of 300 bars and at the same temperature and continue subsequently by several expansions of gas coming from pipeline 304 before carrying out a new compression. The fact of reintroducing the newly compressed gases into the pipe 304 possibly makes it possible to implement the external reheating step 62.
  • the inlet 305 opens so that all or part of the compressed air or nitrogen flows into pipe 304 where it joins the nitrogen vaporized under pressure (exhaust stage 400). If all of the air or compressed nitrogen flows into line 304, the cycle continues with step 54. If only part of the air or compressed nitrogen flows into the pipe 304, the cycle continues with step 59.
  • the compression of the cold gas coming from the exchanger can generate the production of too large a volume of compressed gas in the compressor. This volume is so large that it is not possible to completely relax it afterwards except by admitting a smaller quantity of cold gas, or by releasing gases still under pressure into the ambient air, which reduces the effectiveness of the system.
  • the compressor/expander is staged with a high pressure chamber and a low pressure chamber and which can be combined with the variant according to which the inlet 311 of the exchanger is connected to the outlet 312 of the regulator/ compressor through pipe 311', the compression of the cold air coming from the exchanger (step 58) can be done only in the high pressure chamber, following which part of the compressed cold air escapes of the compressor to join the heated vaporized nitrogen in line 304 (step 400) while the other part is directly expanded in the high pressure chamber before joining the low pressure chamber to be completely expanded (step 59).
  • the high pressure compressor/expander will include ports 308 and 305, the low pressure compressor/expander will include ports 312 and 307.
  • the two compressors will each include an additional port connected by a pipe acting as a buffer tank and which may include a heater.
  • the low pressure stage may include two regulators, one of which may include an exhaust to the open air via outlet 307 and the other an exhaust via outlet 312 connected to the inlet of the exchanger 311 via the pipeline 311'.
  • the exhaust will therefore take place simultaneously in the open air and in pipe 311'.
  • This last variant which has 3 cylinders perhaps transformed into a liquid nitrogen generator according to the general indications expressed in the liquid nitrogen generator section depending on the variant where the compressor can be staged. For this we will use the low pressure compressor/expander 306' and the high pressure expander 306 as an isothermal staged compressor while the low pressure expander 313" will be used as an expander.
  • the quantity of liquid nitrogen to be introduced into the pipes 16' and 17 for this start-up phase is related to their volume and the desired pressure (for example 300 bar).
  • the start-up phase also requires placing pipe 24 under a pressure of approximately 50 bar (300 bar if the exhaust gas recovery option is at 6 bar) during the first rounds and to the extent that the volume of the pipe represents a certain volume in relation to the displacement of the compressor.
  • the start-up and therefore the pressurization of this pipeline makes it possible to reach the compression rate necessary for heating the cold gas, during stabilized operation, and which comes from the exchanger, by the adiabatic compression in the compressor.
  • the start-up phase is followed by a stabilized operating phase during which the pressure in the pipe 16', 17 is regulated so as to maintain it at a pressure level determined by adjusting the quantity of liquid nitrogen admitted by the orifice 160 of the exchanger and in relation to the quantity of air or nitrogen gas admitted into the exchanger.
  • the pressure in the pipe is 24 is also regulated for example by measuring the pressure inside it and by varying the quantity of gas which enters through the orifice 232 of the compressor and which exits through the orifice 282 of the regulator.
  • ports 160 and 161 are open.
  • the regulator piston is initially at top dead center, port 180 is open. Ports 183, 181 and 182 are closed.
  • the process comprises a step of vaporizing liquid nitrogen, in the heat exchanger 16 in which ambient air or nitrogen passes substantially at ambient temperature and still under pressure coming from the expander 18 and which is cooled during of its passage through the exchanger 16 via pipe 16'.
  • the gaseous nitrogen obtained during vaporization which, given the pressure, is in a critical phase (vapour/liquid), is heated before being expanded.
  • liquid nitrogen at approximately -195°C is taken from the tank 10 by means of the pump 13 so that it passes through the outlet 11 of the tank and flows into the pipes 12 and 15 until 'to be admitted into the intake inlet 160 of the exchanger 16, then 16' (intake stage 50) at a pressure close to approximately 300 bar.
  • Ambient air is admitted via inlet 162 in the exchanger 16 (intake step 51).
  • the liquid nitrogen in the pipe 16' is heated inside the exchanger 16 by the air circulating in the exchanger and is thus vaporized there (vaporization step 52) and reheated to a temperature close to ambient temperature , while the air circulating in the exchanger is cooled (step 53) to a temperature close to the temperature at which the liquid nitrogen is introduced into the exchanger (approximately -195°C).
  • the method then comprises a step 54 of admitting, into the regulator 18, vaporized nitrogen coming from the exchanger 16 and which is at a pressure close to approximately 300 bar and at a temperature for example close to ambient temperature. .
  • the vaporized nitrogen escaping from the heat exchanger 16 via the vaporized nitrogen outlet 161 is routed into the regulator 18 via the pipe 17 and the vaporized nitrogen inlet 180 which opens while the regulator piston is at top dead center.
  • steps 50, 52 and 54 take place simultaneously.
  • the vaporized nitrogen introduced into the regulator 18 undergoes an expansion step 55 inducing a movement of the piston, towards its bottom dead center, and the setting in motion of the drive shaft 184 of the regulator, that is to say say the crankshaft. This corresponds to a mechanical energy recovery step 57.
  • a reheating step 62 (between approximately 300°C to 600°C) of the nitrogen will be implemented before admission and/or during expansion (10°C to 140°C if fluid injection without combustion). For this, the heating means 40 and/or 41 will be used.
  • outlet 183 opens and the piston rises toward top dead center.
  • the vaporized and then expanded nitrogen then undergoes an exhaust stage 56 via outlet 183.
  • the outlet 181 opens alternately with the free air exhaust outlet 183, in such a way as to obtain a constant pressure (approximately 1 to 6 bars) in the network between orifice 181 and orifice 230 and to ensure the exhaust stage 56.
  • the nitrogen coming from outlet 181 of the regulator is admitted under pressure (approximately 1 to 6 bar) via pipe 19 into inlet 162 in exchanger 16 during admission step 51, rather than ambient air.
  • pressure in pipe 19 is sufficient, the exhaust takes place through port 183 into the open air.
  • the implementation of this variant requires a start-up step during which the liquid nitrogen, vaporized, heated and expanded in the regulator, escapes into pipe 19 through orifice 181 (step 56) without being admitted into the compressor. This step is repeated until the pressure in the network between orifice 181 and orifice 230 reaches a predetermined pressure threshold, for example 1 to 6 bar. In stabilized operation, the exhaust takes place alternately through port 183 or 181 in such a way as to maintain the desired pressure in the network between port 181 and 230.
  • a predetermined pressure threshold for example 1 to 6 bar.
  • the liquid nitrogen is then heated inside the exchanger 16 by the nitrogen coming from the expander circulating in the exchanger, the nitrogen coming from the expander being cooled there during step 53.
  • steps 51, 53 and 53' take place simultaneously.
  • Inlet 230 closes and the piston rises towards top dead center.
  • the cooled air or nitrogen undergoes a compression step 58 in the compressor 23.
  • This compression is preferably adiabatic and has the effect of heating the gas which is at a temperature close to -195°c for example, up to a temperature close to ambient temperature due to compression.
  • the outlet 232 opens and the compressed air or nitrogen then escapes from the compressor (with a temperature close to ambient temperature for example and which is due to compression) then flows into line 24 acting as a buffer tank during an exhaust stage 58'.
  • Port 232 closes and the compressor piston returns to its bottom dead center while port 182 opens so that this compressed air or nitrogen undergoes a step 54' of admission into the expander through the inlet 182.
  • a nitrogen reheating step 62 will be implemented before admission and/or during expansion.
  • the heating means 40 and/or 41 will be used.
  • two different regulators can be used, one to expand the vaporized nitrogen, the other to expand the air or compressed nitrogen.
  • the two relaxations can then take place simultaneously.
  • the setting in motion of the crankshaft or more generally of the drive shaft 184 of the regulator 18 due to the expansion of the vaporized nitrogen coming from the exchanger and the compressed air or nitrogen coming from the compressor constitutes a stage of recovery (or production) of mechanical energy.
  • Setting the drive shaft 184 of the regulator 18 in motion can for example make it possible to rotate an alternator 28 to produce electric current or to move a vehicle.
  • the drive shaft of the expander and that of the compressor are connected or constitute the same shaft, the mechanical energy generated by the expander makes it possible to drive the compressor. Otherwise, means of driving the compressor must be used, such as for example an electric motor or the like.
  • the orifice 232 opens so that all or part of the compressed air or nitrogen flows into the pipe 24 which acts as a buffer pipe.
  • the compressed air or nitrogen present in pipe 24 could be partly expanded in regulator 23 and partly in regulator 18.
  • the cycle includes an expansion in the regulator 23 of this compressed air or nitrogen then and an exhaust through the orifice 234 .
  • the advantage of expanding part of the gas in the regulator 23 is that if the machine is reversible into a liquid nitrogen generator, the compressor 23 which is then reversible, must represent a larger displacement than if it is used as a compressor alone.
  • All of the pipes and the heat exchanger preferably constitute buffer reserves so as to have the different fluids necessary at each stage. This will make it easy to synchronize the different stages of the process.
  • the invention relates to a mechanical system for producing liquid nitrogen.
  • the first compressed air or nitrogen outlet 180 is connected by a pipe 17 to the compressed air or nitrogen intake inlet 161 of a heat exchanger 16.
  • the heat exchanger 16 includes an outlet of compressed and cooled air or nitrogen 160. This outlet 160 is connected to a pipe 15 connected to a valve 14.
  • the exchanger 16 is crossed by the pipe 16' which starts from the inlet 161 of the exchanger to the outlet 160 of the exchanger.
  • the pipe 16' serves as a heat exchange surface in the exchanger with the fluid which passes through it internally, the compressed nitrogen and the fluid which passes through it externally the cold nitrogen which comes from the regulator 23.
  • the pipe 16' can be made up of a set of plates stacked on top of each other and which form conduits or even, be made up of multiple pipes connected, therefore, to the inlet 161 and the outlet 160 of the exchanger.
  • the valve 14 is connected by a pipe 25 to an inlet 231 of compressed and cooled air or nitrogen of a regulator 23.
  • the valve 14 is connected to a pipe 12 on which a pump 13 is mounted and which is connected to a liquid nitrogen outlet 11 of the tank 10.
  • the valve 14 as well as the pipe 12, the pump 13 and the outlet 11 are optional and are not useful for producing liquid nitrogen.
  • the regulator 23 comprises an inlet 232 of compressed air or nitrogen which is connected by a pipe 24 to the second outlet of compressed air or nitrogen 182 of the compressor 18.
  • the regulator 23 includes an outlet 230 of a mixture of liquid nitrogen and non-liquefied nitrogen. This outlet 230 is connected to a pipe 22 which opens into a valve 21.
  • the valve 21 integrates means for separating a liquid phase and a gas phase.
  • the valve 21 comprises an outlet connected by a pipe 26 to the liquid nitrogen inlet 11' of the liquid nitrogen tank 10.
  • the valve 21 has an outlet connected to a pipe 20 which opens to the non-liquefied nitrogen inlet 163 of the heat exchanger 16.
  • the heat exchanger 16 comprises a heated non-liquefied nitrogen outlet 162 which is connected by a pipe 19 to the non-liquefied nitrogen inlet 181 of the compressor 18.
  • the expander 23 and the compressor 18 each include a drive shaft 233, 184.
  • the system includes an output shaft 27.
  • the system comprises means for driving the movement of the drive shafts, such as for example an electric or wind motor 28.
  • the drive shaft of the expander is preferably connected to that of the compressor so that the drive means are common to the compressor and the expander.
  • the compressor drive shaft, the expander drive shaft and the system output shaft may constitute one and the same shaft.
  • the drive means are then connected to the output shaft and can for example include an electric motor 28 or a wind turbine.
  • the compressor and/or the expander can be staged to compress or expand several times at different pressures, according to the principle shown in figure 4 .
  • Several expanders/compressors (two or more) can thus be implemented with means for admitting into a compressor/expander the fluid coming from another compressor expander with a view to expanding or compressing it at a different pressure than in the previous one.
  • the expander 18 and the compressor 23 each comprise one or more pistons 185, 235 mounted movable in translation in one or more chambers 186, 236 and connected by means of connecting rods 187, 237 to a crankshaft 188, 238.
  • the crankshaft of the expander constitutes the The expansion valve drive shaft and the compressor crankshaft constitute the compressor drive shaft.
  • the pistons of the compressor and/or expander can be connected to a linear electric motor or alternator.
  • the compressor and the expander preferably share the same crankshaft which constitutes or is connected to the output shaft of the system.
  • the expander and the compressor could each consist of a turbine comprising a stator housing a rotor comprising respectively the drive shaft of the expander and the drive shaft of the compressor.
  • the compressor rotor shaft, the holder rotor shaft and the output shaft may constitute a single shaft.
  • the system includes means for cooling the compressed nitrogen in the compressor either inside the compressor and/or at the exhaust when the compressor is staged.
  • the cooling means make it possible to evacuate the heat generated by compression and to reduce the compression force in such a way that the volume of the gas does not increase.
  • cooling means are preferably identical to the means for heating the system in engine mode which are then reversible. They can in any case be placed in approximately the same places. In the case of staged compression, they allow cooling between each compression.
  • such cooling means include an external cooling system 40' placed on the pipes 17 and/or 24. They can alternatively or in addition include a cooling system. internal cooling 41' allowing the injection of fluid into the regulator (cold fluid like water) which ensures cooling. It can also be a compressor wall cooling system.
  • two regulators could be used.
  • One of these regulators will include an inlet 231 connected to pipe 25 and an outlet 230 connected to pipe 22.
  • the other will include an inlet 232 connected to pipe 24 and an outlet 230' connected to pipe 25.
  • two compressors can be used.
  • One of the compressors will include an inlet 181 connected to pipe 19, an outlet 180 connected to pipe 17 and, where appropriate, an inlet 183.
  • the other will include an inlet 181' connected to pipe 19, an outlet 182 connected to pipe 24 and, where applicable, an inlet 183.
  • the first circuit is composed of the original circuit with the isothermal compressor 18 and the adiabatic expander 23, the exchanger 16, the two pipe networks between the orifices 230,181 and 231,180, the separator 21 with the liquid nitrogen outlet 26 and the 'entry 183 of nitrogen gas. Line 24 is found in the second circuit.
  • the second circuit is composed of the second compressor 18' and which then includes the outlet 182 connected to the pipe 24 itself connected to the second regulator 23' via the inlet 232 while a new network of pipes 1, 2, 3 connects the outlet 230' of the expander 23' by crossing the exchanger 16 via the inlet 163' and the outlet 162' to the inlet 181' of the second isothermal compressor 18'.
  • the exchanger 16 is therefore crossed by two pipes 2 and 16'.
  • the two circuits composed mainly of two networks each are independent of each other and can then operate at different pressures, the second circuit which is completely closed and which can include a gas other than nitrogen ensures the cooling of the exchanger 16 while the first circuit generates liquid nitrogen by expanding the nitrogen cooled in the exchanger and compressed in the compressor.
  • the cooling circuit compensates for the liquid nitrogen produced and which does not participate in the cooling of the compressed nitrogen admitted into the exchanger.
  • the regulation of the cooling circuit can be ensured by a temperature probe placed on pipe 25 which supplies the regulator where the liquid nitrogen is generated.
  • the compressor 18 and the expander 23 can be driven by an electric motor connected by the same drive shaft.
  • While the compressor 18' and the regulator 23' can also be connected by another drive shaft and driven by another electric motor and rotating at a different speed, so as to be able to finely regulate the temperature of the compressed nitrogen which enters the regulator 23, this temperature being preferentially must be close to the liquefaction point.
  • the system is designed so that, during its implementation, a succession of cycles occurs in the compressor and in the expander.
  • the system according to the invention obviously comprises control means for controlling the opening and closing of the different orifices (inlets, outlets) of the regulator and the compressor in order to synchronize these cycles and their different phases (admission, expansion, compression, exhaust).
  • control means for controlling the opening and closing of the different orifices (inlets, outlets) of the regulator and the compressor in order to synchronize these cycles and their different phases (admission, expansion, compression, exhaust).
  • Such means are known per se and are not described in detail.
  • inlet 183 is not necessary, the gaseous nitrogen being injected, already under pressure, for example in line 19.
  • the system includes two circuits each connected to the compressor and the regulator so that the nitrogen circulates there in a closed circuit.
  • the first circuit operating at high pressure (for example between 5 and 100 bars), connects the orifices 180 to 231.
  • the second circuit operating at low pressure (for example between 1 and 10 bars), connects the orifices 230 to 181.
  • the nitrogen gas contained in the first circuit under pressure by means of the compressor is expanded in the second circuit by means of the regulator.
  • the pressures in the two circuits will be regulated so as to maintain at a predetermined pressure level by adjusting the quantities of fluids admitted into the regulator on the one hand and the nitrogen brought into the system by the compressor on the other hand.
  • an air or nitrogen admission step 70 via the inlet 183 and a compression step 72 in the compressor 18 are implemented so as to supply the first circuit (step d exhaust 73) via port 180 to put it under pressure.
  • the compressor 18 is operated until the pressure in the first circuit reaches a predetermined threshold value (step 74).
  • the second circuit is filled via the regulator while maintaining the pressure in the first circuit via the compressor.
  • step 70 we continue to admit air or nitrogen gas into the compressor (step 70) and compress it isothermally in the compressor (step 72) while implementing an admission step 76 in the expander. of compressed nitrogen gas in order to relax it there (step 79) then to extract it (exhaust step 790) in order to introduce it into the second circuit via the orifice 230.
  • steps 74 and 75 These steps are implemented in loop until the pressure inside the first circuit and the pressure inside the second circuit reach their respective predetermined threshold value (steps 74 and 75). As soon as these pressures are reached, which means that the system is stabilized, the step 70 of admitting external nitrogen gas stops.
  • the first and second circuits constitute buffer reserves.
  • the start-up phase is followed by a stabilized operating phase, the implementation of which makes it possible to produce liquid nitrogen.
  • the ambient nitrogen admission step 70 is stopped. The system then operates in a closed circuit.
  • a step 94 of determining at least one piece of information representative of the quantity of nitrogen liquid produced is implemented. This information is compared to a first predetermined threshold value (step 95). The admission step 93 then replaces the admission step 80 as soon as the information representative of the quantity of liquid nitrogen produced reaches this first predetermined threshold value.
  • One way of determining the moment to switch from an admission 80 to an admission 93 consists of implementing a step of measuring the pressure in the first or in the second circuit, then a step of comparing the pressure value measured at a predetermined low threshold value, the switch from admission step 71 to step 70 taking place upon reaching this threshold value.
  • Another way of determining the moment to switch from an admission 80 to an admission 93 consists of implementing a step of measuring the quantity by mass or volume of liquid nitrogen produced, then a step of comparing the measured value to a predetermined threshold value, the switching from the admission step 80 to step 93 taking place upon reaching this threshold value.
  • the system operates to produce liquid nitrogen, but no longer in a closed circuit momentarily, the reintroduced gaseous nitrogen being compressed isothermally inside the compressor 18 (step 98).
  • the nitrogen gas will be injected, already under pressure, for example into the pipe 19.
  • the admission step 93 and the compression step 98 are not required.
  • the quantity of hot nitrogen coming from the compressor and introduced into the exchanger is therefore greater than the quantity of cold non-liquefied nitrogen coming from the expander and introduced into the exchanger.
  • the process thus comprises a step 99 of direct admission into the regulator 23 of another part of the nitrogen gas compressed in the compressor 18.
  • the admission step 99 temporarily replaces step 85 of admission of compressed nitrogen gas.
  • this part of compressed nitrogen gas escapes from the compressor 18 via the outlet 182 and is routed into the regulator 23 via the pipe 24 and the inlet 232.
  • the process also includes a step 100 of expanding the compressed gaseous nitrogen admitted directly into the regulator 23. This expansion induces the production of cold non-liquefied nitrogen which, after having escaped from the regulator (step 101), is then admitted into the exchanger via line 20 and inlet 163 to improve the efficiency of the exchanger.
  • the direct admission 99 into the regulator 23 of gaseous nitrogen coming from the compressor 18 via the pipe 24 is implemented according to the need for cooling in the exchanger 18.
  • a temperature probe T° can for example be placed at the outlet 160 of cooled compressed nitrogen from the exchanger to implement a step 800 of measuring the temperature of the cooled nitrogen leaving the exchanger then a step 801 of comparing this temperature with a high temperature threshold predetermined, to control the implementation of direct admission step 99 when this high threshold is reached.
  • the cooling of the compressed nitrogen inside the exchanger is thus maximized, which makes it possible to increase the subsequent production of liquid nitrogen in the expander.
  • the efficiency of the system is thus improved in terms of liquid nitrogen production.
  • direct admission step 99 To stop the implementation of direct admission step 99, a step 802 of comparing the measured temperature with a predetermined low temperature threshold is implemented. Direct admission step 99 is stopped when this low threshold is reached. Compressed nitrogen gas admission step 85 once again replaces direct admission step 99.
  • An initialization phase must be implemented prior to the direct admission step 99 in order to pressurize the pipe 24.
  • the orifice 182 is opened instead of the orifice 180 of the compressor in operation until until the pressure in pipe 24 reaches a predetermined threshold value. When this threshold value is reached, we move into a phase of stabilized operation.
  • line 24 is maintained under pressure by opening outlet 182 of the compressor, the nitrogen being able to come either from inlet 183 (when external nitrogen must be reintroduced into the system) either from entry 181.
  • Two different regulators could be used, one to expand compressed and then cooled nitrogen circulating in line 15, the other to expand compressed nitrogen circulating in line 24. The two expansions could then take place simultaneously.
  • One of this regulator will include an inlet 231 and an outlet 230.
  • the other will include an inlet 232 and an outlet 230.
  • Two compressors can be used.
  • One of these compressors will include an inlet 181, an outlet 180 and where appropriate an inlet 183.
  • the other will include an inlet 181, an outlet 182 and where appropriate an inlet 183.
  • the two compressions in these compressors can take place simultaneously.
  • the first circuit is composed of the original circuit with the isothermal compressor 18 and the adiabatic expander 23, the exchanger 16, the two pipe networks between the orifices 230,181 and 231,180, the separator 21 with the liquid nitrogen outlet 26 and the 'entry 183 of nitrogen gas. Line 24 is found in the second circuit.
  • the second circuit is composed of the second compressor 18' and which then includes the outlet 182 connected to the pipe 24 itself connected to the second regulator 23' via the inlet 232 while a new network of pipes 1, 2, 3 connects the outlet 230' of the expander 23' by crossing the exchanger 16 via the inlet 163' and the outlet 162' to the inlet 181' of the second isothermal compressor 18'.
  • the exchanger 16 is therefore crossed by two pipes 2 and 16'.
  • the two circuits composed mainly of two networks each are independent of each other and can then operate at different pressures, the second circuit which is completely closed and which can include a gas other than nitrogen ensures the cooling of the exchanger 16 while the first circuit generates liquid nitrogen by expanding the nitrogen cooled in the exchanger and compressed in the compressor.
  • the cooling circuit compensates for the liquid nitrogen produced and which does not participate in the cooling of the compressed nitrogen admitted into the exchanger.
  • the regulation of the cooling circuit is ensured by a temperature probe placed on pipe 25 which supplies the regulator where the liquid nitrogen is generated.
  • the compressor 18 and the expander 23 can be driven by an electric motor, all connected by the same drive shaft.
  • While the compressor 18' and the regulator 23' can also be connected by another drive shaft and driven by another electric motor and rotating at a different speed, so as to be able to finely regulate the temperature of the compressed nitrogen which enters the regulator 23, this temperature can be close to the point of liquefaction.
  • This variant consists of creating an external cold production circuit which passes through the heat exchanger used during the production of liquid nitrogen to cool the gaseous nitrogen compressed in the exchanger.
  • the invention relates to a mechanical system for producing mechanical energy from liquid nitrogen and a mechanical system for producing liquid nitrogen.
  • the system may be reversible so that it can operate alternately in a motor mode as a mechanical power production system and in a generator mode as a liquid nitrogen production system.
  • a mechanical system for producing non-reversible mechanical energy does not include, for example, the valve 14, the valve 21, the pipe 25, the pipe 26 and the orifices 231 and 11'. It may or may not contain pipe 19 and port 181.
  • a mechanical system for producing non-reversible liquid nitrogen does not include valve 14, pipe 12, pump 13 and orifices 11 and 234.
  • a system for producing mechanical energy and producing liquid nitrogen that is to say a reversible system having a motor mode and a generator mode, comprises all of the components necessary for operation in motor mode and in mode. generator, the valves 14 and 21 making it possible to make certain pipes non-functional in each of the operating modes.
  • a valve can be placed along pipe 19 to allow in engine mode the admission into the heat exchanger of ambient air and/or compressed gas coming from the regulator, and in generator mode the circulation between outlet 162 of the exchanger and inlet 181 of the compressor.
  • the system that compresses the gas that was used to vaporize the liquid nitrogen makes it possible to produce a large quantity of compressed gas in a compact system.
  • the gas is compressed after being cooled since it is used to vaporize liquid nitrogen.
  • this compressed gas can be injected into an existing regulator, such as for example into the cylinders of the engine of a vehicle in the intake phase.
  • the system according to the invention then constitutes a compressed gas generator capable of performing the function of a turbocharger.
  • Such a compressed gas generation system could also, for example, power a compressed air engine or a compressed air energy storage system.

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Claims (15)

  1. System zur Erzeugung mechanischer Energie, das mindestens umfasst:
    - einen Kompressor (306);
    - einen Entspanner (306);
    - einen Wärmetauscher (302);
    wobei das System einen Motorbetriebsmodus besitzt, in dem das System weiter umfasst:
    - Mittel zum Einlassen von unter Druck stehendem flüssigem Stickstoff in einen Einlasseingang für flüssigen Stickstoff (301) des Tauschers (302), Mittel zum Einlassen (311) von Luft oder gasförmigem Stickstoff in einen Einlasseingang für Luft oder gasförmigen Stickstoff des Tauschers (302), Mittel zum Auslassen von verdampftem Stickstoff an einem Ausgang (303) für verdampften Stickstoff des Tauschers (302), und Mittel zum Auslassen von abgekühlter Luft oder abgekühltem Stickstoff an einem anderen Ausgang (310) für abgekühlte Luft oder abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoff des Tauschers (302);
    - Mittel zum Einlassen (305) des verdampften Stickstoffs in das Innere des Entspanners (306), um ihn dort zu Entspannen;
    - Mittel zum Einlassen (308) der abgekühlten Luft oder des abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs in den Kompressor (306), um dort komprimierte Luft oder komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff zu erzeugen;
    - Mittel zum Entspannen der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs;
    - Mittel zum Rückgewinnen von Energie (318) aus der Entspannung des verdampften Stickstoffs und der Entspannung der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs;
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es weiter umfasst:
    - Mittel zum Erwärmen (500, 313) der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs vor dem Einlassen in die Entspannungsmittel oder in das Innere der Entspannungsmittel;
    - Mittel zum Erwärmen (500, 313) des verdampften Stickstoffs vor dem Einlassen in den Entspanner oder in das Innere des Entspanners.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, das Mittel zum Einlassen von noch unter Druck stehendem gasförmigen Stickstoff aus dem Entspanner (306) und/oder den Entspannungsmitteln in den Einlasseingang (311) für Luft oder gasförmigen Stickstoff des Tauschers (302) umfasst.
  3. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, wobei der Entspanner, die Entspannungsmittel und der Kompressor reversibel sind.
  4. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei der Entspanner, die Entspannungsmittel und der Kompressor eine einzige Baugruppe bilden, die mal die Funktion eines Entspanners, mal die von Entspannungsmitteln und mal die eines Kompressors sicherstellt.
  5. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei sich der Entspanner und der Kompressor voneinander unterscheiden.
  6. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, das Mittel zum Einlassen der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten Stickstoffs in den Entspanner umfasst, wobei der Entspanner dann die Mittel zum Entspannen der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs bildet.
  7. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, das einen Betriebsmodus als Erzeuger von flüssigem Stickstoff besitzt, in dem es umfasst:
    - Mittel zum Einlassen von komprimiertem gasförmigem Stickstoff in einen Einlasseingang (161, Fig. 5) für komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff des Wärmetauschers (16, 16', Fig. 5), um ihn dort abzukühlen;
    - Mittel zum Einlassen (231, Fig. 5) des komprimierten und abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher (16, Fig. 5) in Entspannungsmittel (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5), um flüssigen Stickstoff zu erzeugen;
    - Mittel zum Trennen (21, Fig. 5) des flüssigen Stickstoffs und des nicht verflüssigten Stickstoffs am Ausgang der Entspannungsmittel (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5);
    - Mittel zum Einlassen von nicht verflüssigtem Stickstoff aus den Entspannungsmitteln (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5) in einen Eingang (163, Fig. 5) für nicht verflüssigten Stickstoff des Tauschers (16, Fig. 5);
    - Mittel zum Einlassen des nicht verflüssigten und erwärmten Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher in Kompressionsmittel, um ihn dort zu komprimieren;
    - Mittel zum Einlassen des nicht verflüssigten und anschließend komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln (18, 185, Fig. 5) in den Eingang (161, Fig. 5) für komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff des Tauschers (16, 16', Fig. 5);
    - Mittel zum direkten Einlassen (24, Fig. 5) des nicht verflüssigten und komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln (18, 182, 186, Fig. 5) in die Entspannungsmittel (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5), um nicht verflüssigten, komprimierten und anschließend entspannten Stickstoff zu erzeugen;
    - Mittel zum Einlassen des nicht verflüssigten, komprimierten und anschließend entspannten Stickstoffs aus den Entspannungsmitteln (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5) in den Eingang (163, Fig. 5) für nicht verflüssigten Stickstoff des Tauschers (16, Fig. 5);
    - Mittel zum Einlassen (183, Fig. 5) von gasförmigem Stickstoff in die Kompressionsmittel (18, 185, 186, Fig. 5), um den komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff zu erzeugen.
  8. System nach Anspruch 7, das Mittel zum Bestimmen mindestens einer Information umfasst, die für die Temperatur des komprimierten und abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs am Ausgang des Tauschers repräsentativ ist, wobei die Mittel zum direkten Einlassen zu Ungunsten der Mittel zum Einlassen von nicht verflüssigtem und anschließend komprimiertem Stickstoff aus den Kompressionsmitteln in den Tauscher eingesetzt werden, wenn die für die Temperatur repräsentative Information eine vorbestimmte obere Schwelle erreicht, und anschließend nicht eingesetzt werden, bis die für die Temperatur repräsentative Information eine vorbestimmte untere Schwelle erreicht.
  9. System nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, wobei die Mittel zum Entspannen des nicht verflüssigten und anschließend komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln sich von den Mitteln zum Entspannen des komprimierten und anschließend abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher unterscheiden.
  10. System nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, wobei das System Mittel umfasst, um reversibel von einem Modus in den anderen zu wechseln.
  11. Verfahren zur Erzeugung mechanischer Energie aus flüssigem Stickstoff, wobei das Verfahren mindestens umfasst:
    - einen Schritt des Verdampfens von flüssigem Stickstoff in einem Wärmetauscher (302), in dem Luft oder gasförmiger Stickstoff im Wesentlichen auf Umgebungstemperatur strömt, die bzw. der bei seinem Durchlauf durch den Tauscher abgekühlt wird;
    - einen Schritt des Einlassens des verdampften Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher in einen Entspanner (306);
    - einen Schritt des Entspannens des verdampften Stickstoffs in dem Entspanner, wobei mechanische Energie erzeugt wird;
    - einen Schritt des Einlassens der in dem Tauscher abgekühlten Luft oder des abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs in einen Kompressor (306);
    - einen Schritt des Komprimierens der abgekühlten Luft oder des abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs in dem Kompressor (306);
    - einen Schritt des Einlassens der abgekühlten und anschließend komprimierten Luft oder des abgekühlten und anschließend komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs in Entspannungsmittel;
    - einen Schritt des Entspannens der abgekühlten und anschließend komprimierten Luft oder des abgekühlten und anschließend komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs, wobei mechanische Energie erzeugt wird;
    - einen Schritt des Rückgewinnens der mechanischen Energie, die aus den Entspannungen resultiert;
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es weiter umfasst:
    - einen Schritt des Erwärmens der komprimierten Luft oder des komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoffs vor dem Einlassen in die Entspannungsmittel oder in das Innere der Entspannungsmittel;
    - einen Schritt des Erwärmens des verdampften Stickstoffs vor dem Einlassen in den Entspanner oder in das Innere des Entspanners.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, wobei der in den Tauscher eingelassene Stickstoff entspannter gasförmiger Stickstoff aus dem Entspanner und/oder den Entspannungsmitteln ist.
  13. Verfahren zur Erzeugung von flüssigem Stickstoff, umfassend:
    - einen Schritt des Abkühlens von komprimierter Luft oder komprimiertem gasförmigem Stickstoff in einem Wärmetauscher (16, Fig. 5);
    - einen Schritt des Entspannens der komprimierten und abgekühlten Luft oder des komprimierten und abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs in Entspannungsmitteln (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5), der zur Erzeugung eines Gemisches aus flüssigem Stickstoff und nicht verflüssigtem Stickstoff führt;
    - einen Schritt des Trennens des flüssigen Stickstoffs und des nicht verflüssigten Stickstoffs des Gemisches;
    - einen Schritt des Einlassens des nicht verflüssigten Stickstoffs in den Wärmetauscher (16, Fig. 5), um dort die komprimierte Luft oder den komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff abzukühlen;
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es weiter umfasst:
    - einen Schritt des Komprimierens des nicht verflüssigten, abgekühlten Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher in Kompressionsmitteln (18, 185, 186, Fig. 5);
    - einen Schritt des Erwärmens des nicht verflüssigten und anschließend komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln in dem Tauscher (16, Fig. 5);
    - einen Schritt des direkten Einlassens des nicht verflüssigten und komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln (18, 185, 186, Fig. 5) in die Entspannungsmittel (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5), um nicht verflüssigten, komprimierten und anschließend entspannten Stickstoff zu erzeugen;
    - einen Schritt des Komprimierens von Luft oder Stickstoff, um die komprimierte Luft oder den komprimierten gasförmigen Stickstoff zu erzeugen,
    - einen Schritt des Einlassens des nicht verflüssigten, komprimierten und anschließend entspannten Stickstoffs aus den Entspannungsmitteln (23, 235, 236, Fig. 5) in den Tauscher, um ihn dort zu erwärmen.
  14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, das einen Schritt des Bestimmens mindestens einer Information umfasst, die für die Temperatur des komprimierten und abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs am Ausgang des Tauschers (16, Fig. 5) repräsentativ ist, wobei der Schritt des direkten Einlassens zu Ungunsten der Mittel zum Einlassen von nicht verflüssigtem und anschließend komprimiertem Stickstoff aus den Kompressionsmitteln in den Tauscher eingesetzt wird, wenn die für die Temperatur repräsentative Information eine vorbestimmte obere Schwelle erreicht, und anschließend nicht eingesetzt wird, bis die für die Temperatur repräsentative Information eine vorbestimmte untere Schwelle erreicht.
  15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, wobei der Schritt des Entspannens des nicht verflüssigten und anschließend komprimierten Stickstoffs aus den Kompressionsmitteln und der Schritt des Entspannens der komprimierten und anschließend abgekühlten Luft oder des komprimierten und anschließend abgekühlten gasförmigen Stickstoffs aus dem Tauscher gleichzeitig in unterschiedlichen Entspannungsmitteln ausgeführt werden.
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