EP3507925B1 - Bidirektionaler sende-empfänger mit zeitsynchronisation - Google Patents

Bidirektionaler sende-empfänger mit zeitsynchronisation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3507925B1
EP3507925B1 EP17765000.9A EP17765000A EP3507925B1 EP 3507925 B1 EP3507925 B1 EP 3507925B1 EP 17765000 A EP17765000 A EP 17765000A EP 3507925 B1 EP3507925 B1 EP 3507925B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
signals
time synchronization
optical
optical fiber
transceiver
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EP17765000.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3507925A1 (de
Inventor
Puhui MIAO
Huade Shu
Leo Yu-Yu Lin
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Finisar Corp
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Finisar Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L7/00—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
    • H04L7/0075—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter with photonic or optical means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0278—WDM optical network architectures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
    • H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
    • H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
    • H04B10/0795—Performance monitoring; Measurement of transmission parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
    • H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
    • H04B10/25753—Distribution optical network, e.g. between a base station and a plurality of remote units
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2589—Bidirectional transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/50—Transmitters
    • H04B10/564—Power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
    • H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/02—Details
    • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
    • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
    • H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
    • H04J3/0641—Change of the master or reference, e.g. take-over or failure of the master
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/02—Details
    • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
    • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
    • H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
    • H04J3/0658—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes
    • H04J3/0661—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes using timestamps
    • H04J3/0667—Bidirectional timestamps, e.g. NTP or PTP for compensation of clock drift and for compensation of propagation delays

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to time-synchronization for networks.
  • Time-synchronization aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks in different network components.
  • US 9331844 B2 discloses an optical reference frequency and timing signal that is transmitted over a wavelength that is different from any of the other wavelengths used within the local node.
  • the optical reference frequency and timing signal is then combined with an optical OSC signal and an optical data signal via optical filters.
  • time synchronization signals are combined with the primary and/or data signals travelling through a bidirectional optical cable.
  • a system includes an optoelectronic module.
  • the optoelectronic module includes an optical transmitter and a controller.
  • the optical transmitter is optically coupled with an optical fiber.
  • the controller is communicatively coupled to the optical transmitter.
  • the controller is configured to operate the optical transmitter to transmit data signals through the optical fiber.
  • the optoelectronic module is configured to transmit time synchronization signals through the optical fiber along with the data signals.
  • the controller comprises a power and extinction ratio (ER) control module, an input stage and a driver.
  • the ER control module is configured to perform amplitude modulation of signals emitted by the optical transmitter to combine the time synchronization signals with the data signals.
  • the input stage is configured to receive one or more time synchronization inputs.
  • the driver is configured to receive data input signals and drive the optical transmitter.
  • an optical multiplexer or demultiplexer may be optically coupled between the optoelectronic module and the optical fiber.
  • the received time synchronization signals may be amplitude modulated, and received along with received data signals.
  • the optical fiber may be a bidirectional optical fiber.
  • the system may be a bidirectional dense wavelength division multiplexing system or a bidirectional colorless system, and the system may be configured to transmit data signals and time synchronization signals in a first direction and an opposite second direction through the optical fiber.
  • the optoelectronic module may include an optical receiver optically coupled to receive optical signals from the optical fiber.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a time synchronization signal detection module configured to detect time synchronization signals received through the optical fiber and output time synchronization output signals.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a time synchronization signal detection module that includes an amplifier, a low pass filter coupled to the amplifier; and a limiting amplifier coupled to the low pass filter.
  • the optical transmitter may be one or more of: a directly modulated optical transmitter, a tunable laser with an external modulator, a tunable laser with a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a tunable laser with an electro-absorption modulator.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a tunable filter optically coupled to the optical fiber.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a time synchronization signal detection module that may include a limiting amplifier, a mark-space-ratio detector coupled to the limiting amplifier, and a filter controller coupled to the mark-space-ratio detector.
  • the filter controller may be configured to control the tunable filter.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a monitor photodiode optically coupled to the tunable filter, and the monitor photodiode may be electrically coupled to the limiting amplifier.
  • the optoelectronic module may include a splitter configured to direct a portion of optical signals to the monitor photodiode via the tunable filter.
  • the present disclosure generally relates to time-synchronization for networks. Examples of time-synchronization methods and systems are described in " Time and phase synchronization aspects of packet networks" Revised Recommendation ITU-T G.8271/Y.1366, July, 2016, INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (available at https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8271-201607-P/en ), Many services running on various networks require accurate time synchronization for correct operation. For example, if switches do not operate with the same clock rates, then slips will occur and degrade performance. Many networks rely on the use of highly accurate primary reference clocks which are distributed network-wide using synchronization links and synchronization supply units.
  • Accurate time synchronization, or phase synchronization is often needed to support requirements for the air interface of some mobile systems, as in the case of time division duplex (TDD) systems (for instance, LTE TDD) or when supporting multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS).
  • TDD time division duplex
  • MBMS multimedia broadcast/multicast service
  • Accurate time synchronization between different base stations e.g., time synchronization values ⁇
  • accurate time synchronization may facilitate handovers, when a device such as a cell phone is transfers from one base station to another base station, or various applications, including location based services and some LTE-A features.
  • LTE-A features that may benefit from accurate time synchronization may include carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint transmission (also known as network MIMO), and relaying functions.
  • Accurate time synchronization may also facilitate accurately locating mobile devices, such as cell phones.
  • Table 1 below lists time and phase requirement classes, as defined in ITU-T G.8271 (time and phase synchronization aspects of packet networks).
  • the location based services and some LTE-A features may require even higher time synchronization accuracy, at nanosecond levels, which may make it more challenging for system implementation.
  • Level of accuracy Time error with respect to common reference Typical applications (for information) 1 500 ms Billing, alarms 2 100 ⁇ s IP Delay monitoring 3 5 ⁇ s LTE TDD (large cell) 4 1.5 ⁇ s UTRA-TDD, LTE-TDD (small cell) WiMAX-TDD (some configurations) 5 1 ⁇ s WiMAX-TDD (some configurations) 6 x ns
  • FIG. 1 is schematic view of an example of a wireless network 100 with GPS-based time synchronization.
  • the network 100 includes base stations 102 communicatively coupled to backhaul access networks 104 via transport equipment 106.
  • the base stations 102 and the backhaul access networks 104 may exchange Fast Ethernet (FE) or Gigabit Ethernet (GE) signals.
  • the backhaul access networks 104 are communicatively coupled to a backhaul metro network 108.
  • the backhaul metro network 108 may be communicatively coupled to an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or Wireless Core Network 110.
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • the networks 104, 108, 110 and the base stations 102 may represent different layers of the network 100.
  • Timing information may be provided by standby clock source 112 and/or standby clock source 114.
  • the clock sources 112, 114 may generate clock signals that are provided to various components in the network 100.
  • the clock signals are distributed using GPS antennas 116, 118.
  • Each of the base stations 102 of the network 100 may include a GPS antenna to obtain timing information via the GPS antenna 118.
  • Such configurations may be implemented for time-division duplex (“TDD”) systems (such as those deployed in China) or code division multiple access (“CDMA”) systems (such as those deployed in the United States or other countries).
  • TDD time-division duplex
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • the signals used for time synchronization may include a pulse per second (“1PPS”) signal and time of date (“TOD”) information.
  • 1PPS pulse per second
  • TOD time of date
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a portion of a wireless network 200.
  • a GPS receiver 202 may be communicatively coupled to a GPS antenna 204 to remotely receive signals from the GPS antenna 204.
  • a regenerator 206 may be coupled between the GPS antenna 204 and the GPS receiver 202 to amplify the GPS signals.
  • An anti-lighting module 208 may be included to protect components from lightning or other electrical disturbances.
  • the GPS receiver 202 may receive the GPS signals and transmit 1PPS and TOD signals to a base station 210, for example, via a cable.
  • the GPS receiver 202 may be connected to the base station 210 or imbedded in the base station 210.
  • the 1PPS and TOD signals may have an accuracy of around 200 nanoseconds.
  • the configuration illustrated in Figure 2 may be implemented in the network 100 of Figure 1 .
  • the configuration illustrated in Figure 2 may be implemented to provide time synchronization signals for the base stations 102 of Figure 1 .
  • Networks that implement GPS-based time synchronization may have good accuracy, for example, around 30 nanoseconds, but deployment costs for such configurations may be relatively high. Specifically, use of many GPS antennas/receivers may make implementing GPS-based time synchronization relatively expensive.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of another example of a wireless network 300.
  • the network 300 may include any suitable aspects of the network 100, and similar or same features are indicated with similar numbering.
  • some networks may include optical transceivers 302 to transmit data through at least part of the network using optical signals.
  • the network 300 implements duplex transceivers 302 coupled by optical fibers 304, 306.
  • the network may be a unidirectional optical system.
  • Such systems are configured to transmit optical signals in one direction over a single, first optical cable and transmit signals in an opposite second direction over a second cable different from the first optical cable.
  • Such systems may be considered “unidirectional" because each optical cable is used to transmit optical signals in only one direction.
  • Unidirectional optical systems may implement the duplex transceivers 302 coupled by the two optical fibers 304, 306, one of the optical fibers 304 for transmitting data in a first direction, and a second of the optical fibers 306 for transmitting data in an opposite second direction through the network.
  • the first and second directions may be referred to as east/west directions.
  • Some networks may implement the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) synchronization protocol as defined in the IEEE 1588-2002 standard or PTP Version 2 protocol defined in the IEEE 1588-2008 standard ("IEEE 1588 v2").
  • PTP Version 2 time synchronization may be performed at least partially by sending a synchronization signals between a master unit and a slave unit.
  • the master unit may send a signal to a slave unit, and a slave unit sends a response to the master unit.
  • a transmission medium such as an optical cable. This latency must be accounted for in the time synchronization scheme for accurate time synchronization.
  • the master unit may receive the response and calculate the time difference or delay between the time the signal was sent and the time the response was received.
  • the time difference may be divided in half to estimate the latency is a first direction (master to slave) as well as a second direction (slave to master).
  • This delay may represent a latency across the communications medium (i.e., the optical fiber) so that the time synchronization system may compensate for this delay.
  • an estimation is only accurate if the latency in the first direction and the second direction are approximately equal. If the latency in the first direction is different from the latency in the second direction, this may cause issues for time synchronization because the time synchronization system may not properly account for the difference in latency. Differences in latency may be caused by differences in length between the first communications medium (e.g., an east optical fiber) and the second communications medium (e.g., a west optical fiber), or if the length of the first or second communications medium changes for some reason. Furthermore, differences in latency may be caused by transceiver wavelength change in the first or second directions.
  • PTP Version 2 for unidirectional backhaul systems, because it may not be possible to send signals between a master unit and a slave unit. In some circumstances, such errors will result in incorrect latencies to be calculated in at least one direction.
  • Latency change D ps / nm / km ⁇ delta _ wavelength nm ⁇ L km
  • D represents the chromatic dispersion coefficient or constant
  • delta_wavelength represents the wavelength variation of the optical signal
  • L represents the length of the transmission medium or optical fiber.
  • networks may include a main fiber cable, which may run through different locations within a city or between different cities.
  • the networks may further include relatively short optical cables, which may be described as jumper cables, to connect equipment to the network.
  • relatively short optical cables which may be described as jumper cables, to connect equipment to the network.
  • the fiber cable may be fused back together to restore the connection.
  • it may be difficult to control and/or account for the latency change resulting from the change in fiber length in the severed/reconnected fiber, because the length would likely change when the optical cable is fused and the connection is restored.
  • the two optical cables for the two directions would likely no longer be the exact same length. So if the fiber is ever severed and reconnected in a unidirectional dense wavelength division multiplexing ("DWDM") system, the change in fiber lengths may have an impact on the time synchronization accuracy.
  • DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing
  • the latency difference in both directions may be calibrated and/or accounted for during system setup, but latency may further change after setup, for example, during maintenance, which will degrade time synchronization accuracy. This would even apply to relatively short optical cables, for example, optical cables located inside of a building, which may be referred to as "jumper cables.” If the fiber jumper cable were changed, for example, from a 1 meter cable to a 2 meter cable then the time synchronization would also be changed. In such circumstances, an operator of network may have the difficult task of monitoring the length of all of the optical fibers or other transmission media, and compensating for their length, particularly when the lengths change. This may make maintenance of the network very difficult because an operator would need to monitor the length of all of the portions of all optical fibers or other transmission media.
  • a bidirectional system may be employed to mitigate the issue of monitoring the lengths of the optical fibers or other transmission media.
  • the bidirectional system may employ one fiber for both the west and the east link, so the length in both directions will always be the same.
  • Figures 4A and 4B are examples of bidirectional systems.
  • Figure 4A is a schematic view of an example of bidirectional colorless system 400.
  • the system 400 may include bidirectional transceivers 404 and 406 configured to transmit optical signals over an optical fiber 402.
  • the transceivers 404, 406 are bidirectional, meaning they send and receive optical signals in two directions over the optical fiber 402 (e.g., east and west directions).
  • Each of the transceivers 404, 406 may be configured to convert electrical signals to optical signals to be transmitted through the optical fiber 402, and may be configured to receive optical signals and convert the optical signals to electrical signals.
  • the transceiver 404 includes transmitter 410, a receiver 412, and a filter 414.
  • the transmitter 410 generates optical signals that are transmitted through the filter 414 and into the optical fiber 402 and travel through the optical fiber 402 to the transceiver 406.
  • the transceiver 404 may receive optical signals (for example, from the transceiver 406), the received optical signals may be directed to the receiver 412 by the filter 414, and the receiver 412 may convert the optical signals to electrical signals.
  • the transceiver 406 includes transmitter 420, a receiver 422, and a filter 424.
  • the transmitter 420 generates optical signals that are transmitted through the filter 424 and into the optical fiber 402 and travel through the optical fiber 402 to the transceiver 404.
  • the transceiver 406 may receive optical signals (for example, from the transceiver 404), the received optical signals may be directed to the receiver 422 by the filter 424, and the receiver 422 may convert the optical signals to electrical signals.
  • the bidirectional transceivers of Figure 4A communicate optical signals between one another over the optical fiber 402.
  • Each of the bidirectional transceivers 404, 406 of Figure 4A include an optical transmitter 410, 420 to transmit optical signals over the optical fiber 402 and an optical receiver 412, 422 ("RX") to receive optical signals from the optical fiber 402.
  • Each of the bidirectional transceivers also include a filter 414, 424, a splitter or other suitable optical component that directs optical signals between the transmitter, receiver, and the optical fiber.
  • the filters 414, 424 permit optical signals from the transmitter to travel through the filter to the optical fiber 402.
  • the filters 414, 424 reflect signals received from the optical fiber 402 and direct the signals to the receivers 412, 422.
  • an optical filter is shown, other optical configurations may be implemented to direct light signals as may be appropriate.
  • FIG 4B is a schematic view of an example of a bidirectional dense wavelength division multiplexing ("DWDM") system 450.
  • the system 450 includes multiple transceivers 454 on one side of an optical fiber 452, and multiple transceivers 456 on the other side of the optical fiber 452.
  • Each of the transceivers 454 include a transmitter 560, a receiver 462, and a filter 464
  • each of the transceivers 456 include a transmitter 570, a receiver 472, and a filter 474 configured to exchange optical signals via the optical fiber 452.
  • the system 450 includes 40 channels, with 40 corresponding transceivers 454 on one side of the optical fiber 452 and 40 transceivers 456 on the other side of the optical fiber 452 (only two of which are illustrated in detail, for clarity).
  • the system 450 may include any suitable number of channels are corresponding transceivers.
  • each of the channels of the system 450 have different wavelengths.
  • each of the transceivers 454, 456 may be configured to transmit and receive a different wavelength of optical signals, and, in particular, each of the transceivers 454, 456 may be configured to transmit/receive a specific wavelength or range of wavelengths.
  • the system 450 also includes an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer (mux/demux) 480 on one side of the optical fiber 452 and a mux/demux 482 on the other side of the optical fiber 452.
  • the mux/demux 480 receives the different optical signals (e.g., different channels) from the transmitters 460 of the transceivers 454 and combines the optical signals to be transmitted through the optical fiber 452.
  • the mux/demux 482 receives the combined optical signals from the transceivers 454 and separates the optical signals to be received by the corresponding receivers 472 of the transceivers 456.
  • the mux/demux 482 receives the different optical signals (e.g., different channels) from the transmitters 470 of the transceivers 454 and combines the optical signals to be transmitted through the optical fiber 452.
  • the mux/demux 480 receives the combined optical signals from the transceivers 456 and separates the optical signals to be received by the corresponding receivers 462 of the transceivers 464.
  • the system 450 communicates optical signals from the different optical transceivers 454, 456 over the optical fiber 452.
  • the system 450 includes the optical mux/demux 480, 482 that directs optical signals between the different transceivers 454, 456.
  • Figure 4B illustrates four of the transceivers 454, 456 in detail, the system 450 may include any suitable number of transceivers, with each pair of transceivers corresponding to one channel of optical signals that may travel through the optical fiber.
  • the illustrated system 450 may include any suitable number of channels, but in the illustrated embodiment it includes 40 channels. Each of the channels may be associated with a different wavelength of light.
  • the systems illustrated in Figures 4A-4B may be implemented in various networks to transmit optical signals.
  • the systems illustrated in Figures 4A-4B may be implemented in the network 100 of Figure 1 or the network 300 of Figure 3 .
  • the systems illustrated in Figures 4A-4B are bidirectional systems, meaning they are configured to transmit signals in a first direction and an opposite second direction over the same optical cable. This is in contrast to unidirectional systems.
  • the length of the optical fiber is the same for both directions of communication. Accordingly, the latency across the communications medium may be approximately the same in both directions. Furthermore, the time difference for signals to travel from the master to the slave, and back from the slave to the master may be divided in half to accurately estimate the latency through the communication medium (in this case, the optical fiber).
  • FIGS 4A-4B are merely schematic representations, and the transceivers and/or optical systems may normally include other optical and electrical components as may be appropriate.
  • Figures 5A-5B are schematic views of a unidirectional, two-fiber systems where IEEE1588V2 time synchronization is implemented in a MAC PHY (Media Access Control Physical) layer, which is at the physical layer of Ethernet link.
  • Figure 5A is a schematic view of a system 500.
  • Figure 5A represents the timing accuracy of a dual fiber unidirectional system 500, such as the system 300 of Figure 3 .
  • timing signals may be transmitted from a master clock 502 via a GPS 504 to a base stations 506. As the timing signals travel, they accumulate latency delay, and timing accuracy decreases as the timing signals travel through different nodes and mediums.
  • ⁇ T1 represents the time synchronization accuracy of master clock
  • ⁇ T2 represents the time synchronization accuracy of transmission system
  • ⁇ T3 represents the time synchronization accuracy between baseband control unit(s) (BBU) and remote radio unit(s) (RRU).
  • BBU baseband control unit
  • RRU remote radio unit
  • the total timing accuracy of this system may be less than 1.5 microseconds, or around 1.5 microseconds.
  • ⁇ T2 per node may be less than 30 microseconds. Since the illustrated system is unidirectional, it may require compensation for fiber length change. ⁇ T2 per node may depend on the fiber length difference between the east optical fiber and the west optical fiber.
  • Figure 5B is a schematic view of an example dual fiber unidirectional system 520.
  • the system 520 includes duplex transceivers 522, 524 without time synchronization capabilities optically coupled with two optical fibers, one optical fiber 526 for transmitting optical signals in a first direction and a second optical fiber 528 for transmitting optical signals in an opposite second direction.
  • the system 520 also includes framers, 532, 534, with the framer 532 corresponding to the transceiver 522 and the framer 534 corresponding to the transceiver 534.
  • the framers 532, 534 may distinguish time synchronization signals from other data signals, thereby permitting the time synchronization signals to be extracted for decoding or retransmission.
  • the framers 532, 534 may also verify the information in the time synchronization signal.
  • the framers 532, 534 may also transmit time synchronization signals. Once the time synchronization signals are extracted they may be transmitted to a corresponding IEEE1588 module 536, 538.
  • one of the IEEE1588 modules 536 associated with the transceiver 522 may be a master IEEE1588 module and the other IEEE1588 module 538 associated with the transceiver 524 may be a slave IEEE1588 module.
  • the IEEE1588 modules 536, 538 may use the received time synchronization signals for time synchronization.
  • the master IEEE1588 module 536 may provide time synchronization signals to the framer 532, which may combine the time synchronization signals with a main signal, which is then transmitted to the transceiver 522, and sent over the optical fiber 526 and received at the transceiver 524.
  • the transceiver 524 sends the main signal with the time synchronization signals to the framer 534, which separates the main signal from the time synchronization signals.
  • the framer 534 sends the time synchronization signals to the slave IEEE1588 module 538.
  • Figures 6A-6B are schematic views of a bi-directional, single fiber systems where IEEE1588V2 time synchronization is implemented in a MAC PHY (Media Access Control Physical) layer.
  • Figure 6A is a schematic view of a system 600.
  • Figure 6A represents the timing accuracy of a bi-directional, single fiber system, such as the systems 400, 450 of Figures 4A-4B .
  • timing signals may be transmitted from a master clock 502 via a GPS 504 to a base stations 506. As the timing signals travel, they accumulate latency delay, and timing accuracy decreases as the timing signals travel through different nodes and mediums.
  • ⁇ T1 represents the time synchronization accuracy of master clock
  • ⁇ T2 represents the time synchronization accuracy of transmission system
  • ⁇ T3 represents the time synchronization accuracy between baseband control unit(s) (BBU) and remote radio unit(s) (RRU).
  • BBU baseband control unit
  • RRU remote radio unit
  • the timing accuracy of this system may be less than 1.5 microseconds, or around 1.5 microseconds.
  • ⁇ T2 per node may be less than 30 microseconds. Since the illustrated system is bidirectional, compensation for fiber length change may not be required. ⁇ T2 per node may depend on the fiber length difference between the east optical fiber and the west optical fiber.
  • Figure 6B is a schematic view of an example single fiber bidirectional system 620.
  • the system 620 of Figure 6B may be a ground system implementing IEEE1588V2 over a single fiber bidirectional system.
  • IEEE1588V2 may be implemented in a media access control (MAC) physical layer.
  • MAC media access control
  • the system 620 includes transceivers 622, 624 without time synchronization capabilities optically coupled with a single optical fiber 626.
  • the system 620 also includes framers 632, 634 corresponding to each transceiver 622, 624.
  • the framers 632, 634 may distinguish time synchronization signals from other data signals, thereby permitting the time synchronization signals to be extracted for decoding or retransmission.
  • the framers 632, 634 may also verify the information in the time synchronization signal. Once the time synchronization signals are extracted they may be transmitted to a corresponding IEEE1588 module 636, 638.
  • one of the IEEE1588 modules 636 associated with the transceiver 622 may be a master IEEE1588 module and the other IEEE1588 module 638 associated with the other transceiver 624 may be a slave IEEE1588 module.
  • the IEEE1588 modules 636, 638 may use the received time synchronization signals for time synchronization.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a schematic view of an example of a timing circuit 700.
  • Figure 7 illustrates how random read/write of first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer can degrade time synchronization accuracy.
  • a transmitter side 702 of the timing circuit 700 may include a signal process unit 710, a transmit first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer 712, a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit 714, and a physical serializer circuit (PHY Serializer) 716.
  • FIFO transmit first-in-first-out
  • PLL phase-locked loop
  • PHY Serializer physical serializer circuit
  • a receiver side 704 of the timing circuit 700 may include a physical de-serializer circuit (PHY de-serializer) 720, a receiver first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer 722, a signal process unit 724, and a clock data recovery (CDR) circuit 726.
  • PHY de-serializer physical de-serializer circuit
  • FIFO receiver first-in-first-out
  • CDR clock data recovery
  • the signal process unit 710 and/or 724 may be part of a host that an optical transceiver is plugged into.
  • the signal process unit 710 and/or 724 may include, or function as, the framer, as described above.
  • the framer of the signal process unit 710 and/or 724 may process the main signal, for example, by inserting IEEE1588 package(s) into main data signal stream and/or de-inserting/recovering IEEE1588 package(s) from the main data signal stream.
  • the transmit FIFO 712, the receiver FIFO 722, the PLL 714, CDR 726, PHY serializer 716 and PHY de-serializer 720 may provide signal interworking between very high speed serial links at the physical layer, and lower speed buses that the host is capable of processing.
  • phase variation of different states of FIFO may be N * 1/311MHz, if FIFO depth is set as minimum.
  • the maximum latency change may be around N* the interval of the bus signal, because there may be N possibilities of FIFO read/write during interworking between the parallel bus and the serial main signal. Accordingly, the latency variation due to random read/write at the FIFO may be:
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic view of an example dual fiber unidirectional system 800.
  • the system 800 may be a ground system implementing IEEE1588V2 over a single fiber bidirectional system.
  • IEEE1588V2 may be implemented over a specific electrical path in each of the bidirectional modules.
  • the system 800 includes bidirectional transceivers 822, 824 without time synchronization capabilities optically coupled with a single optical fiber 826.
  • the system 800 also includes framers 832, 834 corresponding to each transceiver 822, 824.
  • the framers 832, 834 may receive synchronization signals from a specific electrical path, thereby permitting the time synchronization signals to be extracted for decoding or retransmission.
  • the framers 832, 834 may also verify the information in the time synchronization signal.
  • the framers 832, 834 may be similar or identical to the framers 632, 634 of Figure 6B , except in the configuration of Figure 8 , a separate input and output signal is used to ensure more accurate time synchronization.
  • the framer 832 provides time synchronization signals to the transceiver 822, and the main data signal is provided to the transceiver separately.
  • the framer 834 receives time synchronization signals from the transceiver 824, and the main data signal is separate from the time synchronization signals.
  • the synchronization signal bit rate may be much lower than the main signal, and the random read/write of FIFO related time synchronization errors ( see Figure 7 and associated description) may be decreased or eliminated.
  • time synchronization errors may be decreased or eliminated because the bit-rate of main signal is the same or approximately the same as the bit-rate of time synchronization packets.
  • the higher the signal bit rate the larger the time synchronization change may be due to interworking between the parallel bus and the serial main signal because of the random read/write errors of FIFO as described above.
  • the time synchronization signals may be transmitted to a corresponding IEEE1588 module 836, 838.
  • one of the IEEE1588 modules 836 associated with the transceiver 822 may be a master IEEE1588 module and the other IEEE1588 module 838 associated with the other transceiver 824 may be a slave IEEE1588 module.
  • the IEEE1588 modules 836, 838 may generate/receive the time synchronization signals for time synchronization.
  • ⁇ T1 represents the time synchronization accuracy of master clock
  • ⁇ T2 represents the time synchronization accuracy of transmission system
  • ⁇ T3 represents the time synchronization accuracy between baseband control unit(s) (BBU) and remote radio unit(s) (RRU).
  • BBU baseband control unit
  • RRU remote radio unit
  • the timing accuracy of this system may be less than 1.5 microseconds, or around 1.0 microseconds.
  • ⁇ T2 per node may be less than 30 microseconds.
  • ⁇ T2 may depend on the fiber length difference in the east and the west directions. Since the illustrated system is bidirectional, compensation for fiber length change may not be required.
  • ⁇ T2 per node may depend on the fiber length difference between the east optical fiber and the west optical fiber. The illustrated configuration may facilitate accurate time synchronization, as may be required for some networks.
  • the time synchronization signal may be combined with the main data transmission signal to be transmitted over the optical fiber 826.
  • the time synchronization signal may be amplitude modulated.
  • the time synchronization signal may be added to the main data transmission signal by envelope modulation of the optical signal with a low modulation amplitude, which can be performed by modulating the bias current of the transmitter laser, or by modulating the pump current of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) following the transmitter laser, or by other means to vary the average power of the optical signal.
  • SOA semiconductor optical amplifier
  • the time synchronization signal can be detected by monitoring the slow power variation of the optical signal on a (relatively) low-bandwidth photo diode at the Rx direction.
  • the time synchronization signal may be frequency/phase modulated.
  • the time synchronization signal can be added by frequency/phase modulation of the optical signal with a low modulation amplitude, which can be performed by modulating the DBR current of a tunable DBR laser, or by modulating the bias current of the transmitter laser.
  • the time synchronization signal can be detected by adding one edge filter of the optical signal with an extra photo diode at the receive direction.
  • the bit width of the time synchronization signal may be limited if the time synchronization signals are amplitude modulated. Furthermore, some configurations where amplitude modulated time synchronization signals are implemented may introduce cross talk to the data signal. In such circumstances, frequency/phase modulated time synchronization signals may be preferable.
  • the time synchronization channel is separate from the main signal. Accordingly, the bit-rate of the time synchronization signal will not change along with the main signal. Therefore, the random read/write related time synchronization errors (see Figure 7 and associated description) may be decreased or eliminated, and time synchronization may be improved.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the time synchronization input and output of the system 800 of Figure 8 .
  • components that affect time synchronization accuracy such as traces, PCBs, flex circuits, or other components that may impact time synchronization, and the impact on time synchronization may be compensated by assigning a delay or latency to such components.
  • a PCB/flex 902 may introduce a delay of 250ps * 5%
  • a driver 904 may introduce a delay of 10ps
  • an optical component 906 may introduce a delay of 10ps or less.
  • an amplifier 914 may introduce a delay of 10ps
  • a PCB/flex 916 may introduce a delay of 250ps * 5%.
  • such components may be compensated for on both the input side and the output side.
  • the delays introduced by the components may be added together to obtain a total latency change or delay. In some circumstances, this may be a round trip peak to peak latency variation.
  • an extra delay may be caused by wavelength variation of optical signal(s). Such variations may also be included and/or accounted for in the round trip peak to peak latency variation.
  • the wavelength of signals traveling in the east and west directions may be different from one another.
  • the latency difference between the west and east directions can be compensated based on wavelength differences. Specifically, since the nominal wavelength for both directions may be known, the changes in wavelength, or the wavelength difference, may be used to calculate the latency difference.
  • Latency change D ps / nm / km ⁇ delta _ wavelength nm ⁇ L km
  • D represents the chromatic dispersion coefficient or constant
  • delta_wavelength represents the wavelength variation of the optical signal
  • L represents the length of the transmission medium or optical fiber.
  • the wavelength change (delta_wavelength) is +/-0.08nm
  • the chromatic dispersion coefficient may be 17ps/nm/km
  • the latency change may be 17ps/nm/km * (0.08*2) nm* L_fiber km. This may represent the latency change with compensation for fixed wavelength differences for the west and east links.
  • a fiber 920 may introduce a delay based on the above formula.
  • wavelength drift laser wavelength slope to bias current ⁇ temperature change
  • laser wavelength slope to bias current represents how much wavelength change occurs when the bias current changes, and the temperature change represents the temperature change of the laser or laser chip.
  • the laser wavelength slope to bias current may be around 0.08nm/C.
  • the temperature of the laser may be detected by thermal resistor positioned sufficiently close to the laser
  • the latency change due to the PCBA/flex may be compensated based on the delay introduced by those components.
  • the length of the traces or other electrical lines in the transceiver may be configured to be substantially the same length on the transmitter and receiver sides of the transceiver. Such configurations ensure that the latency is the same in both directions.
  • the latency change may be identified and/or compensated for by detecting PCBA temperature and calculating the latency change based on the material dielectric constant change.
  • FIG 10 is a schematic view of an example of a transceiver 1000 that may be used to implement the time synchronization schemes described above.
  • the transceiver 1000 may be used to implement amplitude modulation of the time synchronization signals.
  • the transceiver 1000 may include a controller 1002 and a laser and modulator 1004.
  • the controller 1002 may be configured to control the laser and the modulator 1004.
  • the laser and the modulator 1004 may be coupled to a MUX/DEMUX 1006 configured to multiplex and demultiplex optical signals.
  • An optical fiber 1010 may be coupled to the MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the transceiver 1000 may also include a photodiode 1008 which may be a PIN or an avalanche photodiode.
  • the photodiode 1008 may be coupled to a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 1012, a time synchronization signal recovery module 1014, and a receiver power monitor 1016.
  • the transceiver 1000 my include connections for transmit electrical signals TD+ TD- and receive electrical signals RD+ RD-.
  • the laser and the modulator 1004 are included together, in other configurations the laser and the modulator may be separate components.
  • the laser may be any suitable optical transmitter.
  • the transceiver 1000 may include additional connections for time synchronization signals TX_TimeSync+, TX TimeSync-, RX_TimeSync+, RX TimeSync-,.
  • the transceiver 1000 includes two couplings for time synchronization signals TX_TimeSync+, TX TimeSync-on the transmit side of the transceiver 1000 and two couplings for time synchronization signals RX_TimeSync+, RX_TimeSync- on the receiver side of the transceiver 1000.
  • the time synchronization signals on the transmit side may be transmitted to the controller 1002 for the laser and modulator 1004, which in turn operates a laser and/or modulator 1004 to transmit data signals and time synchronization signals over the bidirectional optical fiber 1010 (via the MUX/DEMUX 10006 if the system is a DWDM system).
  • the controller 1002 may amplitude modulate the time synchronization signals to be transmitted over the optical fiber 1010 along with the data signals.
  • the time synchronization signals RX _TimeSync+, RX TimeSync- on the receiver side may be recovered by the time synchronization signal recovery module 1014 coupled to the photodiode 1008 or other suitable receiver (e.g., avalanche photodiode). In some circumstances, the time synchronization signal recovery module 1014 may include a low pass filter to recover time synchronization signals.
  • the data signals may be received at the photodiode 1008 and may be sent to the TIA 1012 for further processing/modulation.
  • the transceiver 1000 may also include the power monitor 1016 to monitor received signals. In some configurations, the transceiver 1000 may be an SFP+ transceiver.
  • FIG 11 is a schematic view of the transceiver 1000 of Figure 10 in further detail.
  • Figure 11 illustrates some additional details of the transceiver 1000, showing, for example, electrical and optical components that may be included.
  • the controller includes a power and extinction ratio (ER) control module 1100 and a driver 1104 that drives the integrated laser and modulator 1004.
  • the power and ER control module 1100 may change the power of the driver 1104 to modulate the amplitude of the signals emitted by the laser and combine the data signals with the time synchronization signals.
  • the power and ER control module 1100 may change the extinction ratio (ER) of the driver 1104 to modulate the amplitude of the signals emitted by the laser 1004 and combine the data signals with the time synchronization signals.
  • the transceiver 1000 may also include a wavelength control 1102 that modulates the wavelength of the laser 1004.
  • the transceiver 1000 may include optical components such as various lenses, isolators and/or filters. As illustrated, the optical components may be included as part of the bidirectional MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the transceiver 1000 may include a filter 1020 that permits optical signals from the integrated laser and modulator 1004 on the transmit side (TX) of the transceiver 1000 to pass through the filter 1020 and be transmitted through the optical fiber.
  • a lens 1022 may be positioned between the integrated laser and modulator 1004 and the filter 1020.
  • a lens 1026 may be positioned on the other side of the filter 1020, for example, between the filter 1020 and an optical fiber.
  • the filter 1020 may reflect signals received from the optical fiber and may direct the signals to the receiver side (RX) of the transceiver 1000.
  • the received signals may pass through another filter 1028 and/or a lens 1030 and may pass to the photodiode 1008 or other suitable receiver.
  • the time synchronization signal detection module 1014 may detect the power/amplitude/modulation changes caused by the power & ER control module 1100 to recover the time synchronization signals.
  • the data signals may travel to the TIA 1012 to be output from the transceiver.
  • FIG 12 is a schematic view of an example of a bidirectional optical subassembly (BOSA) 1200 that may be implemented the time synchronization schemes described above.
  • the BOSA 1200 may be used to implement amplitude modulation of the time synchronization signals.
  • the BOSA 1200 may include a laser 1202 that emits optical signals.
  • the optical signals may travel through a lens 1203 and/or an isolator 1204 to a splitter 1206.
  • the splitter 1206 may direct at least a portion of the optical signals to a monitor photodiode (MPD) 1208, and at least a portion of the optical signals may pass through the splitter 1206 to a filter 1210, the filter 1210 may permit the optical signals to pass through the filter 1210, through a lens 1211 and into an optical fiber 1214.
  • the filter 1210 may reflect signals received from the optical fiber 1214 and may direct the signals through a lens 1213, another filter 1212, to a receiver/photodiode 1216.
  • the receiver 1216 may include an avalanche photodiode or other suitable receiver.
  • FIG 13 is a schematic view of a portion of the transceiver 1000 of Figures 10 and 11 in further detail.
  • the time synchronization signal recovery module 1014 may include an amplifier 1300, a low pass filter 1302, and a limiting amplifier 1304.
  • the amplifier 1300 may receive signals from the photodiode 1008 and may amplify the signals.
  • the low pass filter 1302 may be configured to filter out certain signals received from the photodiode 1008, for example, the time synchronization signals.
  • the limiting amplifier 1304 may allow signals (such as the time synchronization signals) below a specified input power or level to pass through it unaffected while attenuating the peaks of stronger signals that exceed this threshold.
  • FIG 14 is a schematic view of an example of a transceiver 1400 that may be used to implement the time synchronization schemes described above.
  • the transceiver 1400 may be used to implement frequency modulation of the time synchronization signals.
  • the transceiver 1400 may include components or features discussed above, and components previously described are indicated with the same numbers for brevity. As illustrated, in some configurations, the transceiver 1400 may include additional connections for time synchronization signals, similar to the transceiver 1000 of Figure 10 .
  • the transceiver 1400 may include the controller 1002 which operates the laser and/or modulator 1004 to transmit data signals over the bidirectional optical fiber 1010 (via the MUX/DEMUX 1006 if the system is a DWDM system).
  • the time synchronization signals on the transmit side may be transmitted to the wavelength controller 1102 which may be coupled to the laser and modulator 1004.
  • the wavelength controller 1102 may change the frequency/wavelength of signals emitted by the laser and modulator 1004.
  • the wavelength controller 1102 may frequency modulate or wavelength the time synchronization signals to be transmitted over the optical fiber 1010 along with the data signals.
  • the transceiver 1400 may include a filter 1402 that detects changes in frequency/ wavelength to filter out the time synchronization signals to be transmitted to a dedicated monitor photodiode (MPD) 1404 or other receiver suitable to receive the time synchronization signals.
  • the monitor photodiode 1404 is coupled to a time synchronization detection module 1406 that may be configured to receive, amplify, and/or process the time synchronization signals received by the monitor photodiode 1404.
  • the transceiver 1400 also includes the avalanche photodiode 1008 (PIN/APD) or other receiver suitable to receive the data signals from the optical fiber 1010.
  • the photodiode 1008 may be coupled to the receiver power monitor 1016 and/or the TIA 1012 which may receive the data signals.
  • Figure 15 is a schematic view of the transceiver 1400 of Figure 14 in further detail.
  • Figure 15 illustrates some additional detail of the transceiver 1400, showing, for example, electrical and optical components that may be included.
  • the integrated laser and modulator 1004 may include a tunable laser.
  • the transceiver 1400 may also include a temperature and wavelength control module 1408.
  • the temperature and wavelength control module 1408 may be configure to change the frequency/wavelength of signals emitted by the tunable laser of the integrated laser and modulator 1004.
  • the temperature and wavelength control module 1408 may frequency modulate the time synchronization signals to be transmitted over the optical fiber along with the data signals.
  • the transceiver 1400 may include optical components such as various lenses, isolators and/or filters, such as the lenses 1024, 1026, 1030, the filters 1020, 1028, and the isolator 1022.
  • the transceiver 1400 may also include a splitter 1410.
  • the received signals (RX) may pass through the splitter 1410 that directs at least a portion of the received signals to the filter 1028 and the lens 1030. At least a portion of the received signals may pass through the filter 1028 and the lens 1030 to the photodiode 1008 or other suitable receiver.
  • the splitter 1410 may also direct at least a portion of the received signals through a tunable filter 1402, which may include a filter 1412 and/or a lens 1414.
  • the received signals may travel through the tunable filter 1402 to the monitor photodiode 1404 coupled to the time synchronization signal detection module 1406.
  • the filter 1402 may be tunable because wavelength and/or frequency of the time synchronization signals may change based on temperature or other factors.
  • the filter 1402 may be tuned to suitably recover all of the time synchronization signals received at the transceiver.
  • the synchronization signal detection module 1406, along with the tunable filter 1402, may recover the frequency/wavelength tuned time synchronization signals to be output from the transceiver 1400, or from another transceiver.
  • FIG 16 is a schematic view of an example of a bidirectional optical subassembly (BOSA) 1600 that may be implemented the time synchronization schemes described above.
  • the BOSA 1600 may be used to implement frequency modulation of the time synchronization signals.
  • the transceiver 1600 may include components or features discussed above, and components previously described are indicated with the same numbers for brevity.
  • the BOSA 1600 may include a tunable laser 1602 that emits optical signals.
  • the optical signals may travel through the lens 1203 and/or the isolator 1204 to the splitter 1206.
  • the splitter 1206 may direct at least a portion of the optical signals to the MPD 1208, and at least a portion of the optical signals may pass through the splitter 1206 to the filter 1210, the filter 1210 may permit the optical signals to pass through the filter 1210, through the lens 1211 and into the optical fiber 1214.
  • the filter 1210 may reflect signals received from the optical fiber 1214 and may direct the signals to a splitter 1602.
  • the splitter 1602 may direct a portion of the signals through the lens 1213, the filter 1212 to the receiver/photodiode 1216.
  • the receiver 1216 may include an avalanche photodiode or other suitable receiver.
  • the splitter 1602 may also direct a portion of the signals to a tunable filter 1604.
  • the signals may pass through the tunable filter 1604 to a time synchronization monitor photodiode 1606, or other suitable receiver.
  • the time synchronization signals may be received at the time synchronization monitor photodiode 1606.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic view of a portion of the transceiver 1400 of Figures 14 and 15 in further detail.
  • the time synchronization signal recovery module 1406 may include a limiting amplifier 1702, a mark-space-ratio detector 1704 and a controller 1706.
  • the limiting amplifier 1702 may allow signals (such as the time synchronization signals) below a specified input power or level to pass through it unaffected while attenuating the peaks of stronger signals that exceed this threshold.
  • the mark- space-ratio detector 1704 may detect the mark-space-ratio of received signals and transmit this information to the controller 1706.
  • the controller 1706 may be configured to control the tunable filter 1402. In some configurations, the controller 1706 may control the tunable filter 1402 to achieve a 50% mark-space-ratio.
  • FIG 18 is a schematic view of another example of a transceiver 1800, which is not falling under the invention claimed.
  • the transceiver 1800 may include components or features discussed above, and components previously described are indicated with the same numbers for brevity.
  • the transceiver 1800 uses different wavelengths to transmit and/or receive time synchronization signals and main data signals.
  • the transceiver 1800 includes an additional power controller 1802 and an additional laser and modulator 1804 to transmit time synchronization signals.
  • the power controller 1802 receives electrical time synchronization signals and controls the laser and modulator 1804 to generate time synchronization signals which are directed to the optical fiber 1010 via the MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the transceiver 1800 also includes an additional monitor photodiode (MPD) 1808 and a time synchronization signal detection module 1806 communicatively coupled to the MPD 1808.
  • the MPD 1808 may receive time synchronization signals from the optical fiber 1010 via the MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the time synchronization signal detection module 1806 that may be configured to receive, amplify, and/or process the time synchronization signals received by the monitor photodiode 1808.
  • the transceiver 1800 may use two separate wavelengths (or ranges of wavelengths) to transmit and receive time synchronization signals. For example, the transceiver 1800 may transmit time synchronization signals with a first wavelength (or range of wavelengths) in a first direction (e.g., east) over the optical fiber 1010, and may receive time synchronization signals with a second wavelength (or range of wavelengths) in a second direction (e.g., west) over the optical fiber 1010.
  • Figure 19 illustrates an example of a transceiver, 1800, which is not falling under the invention as claimed, that may send and receive time synchronization signals with the same wavelength (or ranges of wavelengths).
  • Figure 19 is a schematic view of another example of a transceiver 1900.
  • the transceiver 1900 may include components or features discussed above, and components previously described are indicated with the same numbers for brevity.
  • the transceiver 1900 includes a splitter 1902 positioned between the MUX/DEMUX 1006, the laser and modulator 1804 and the MPD 1808.
  • the splitter 1902 may separate traffic in two opposite directions inside a transceiver 1900.
  • the splitter 1902 may direct optical synchronization signals generated by the laser and modulator 1804 into the optical fiber 1010 via the MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the splitter 1902 may also direct optical synchronization signals from the optical fiber 1010 to the MPD 1808 via the MUX/DEMUX 1006.
  • the received optical synchronization signals may include the same wavelength or range of wavelengths as the optical synchronization signals generated by the laser and modulator 1804.
  • the configuration of the transceiver 1800 of Figure 18 may make it easier to split the optical synchronization signals from the main data signals because the signals may be separated by the MUX/DEMUX 1006 based on wavelength.
  • the splitter 1902 may be a power splitter, and may direct 50% of optical signals from the laser and modulator 1804 to the optical fiber 1010, and/or may direct 50% of optical signals from optical fiber 1010 to the MPD 1808.
  • Such configurations may also be relatively simple or inexpensive to implement.
  • the configuration of the transceiver 1800 or the transceiver 1900 may be implemented in point to point links with SFP+ transceivers or other suitable transceivers.
  • the laser and modulator 1804 used for the time synchronization signals in the transceivers 1800, 1900 may implement an inexpensive and/or cost-effective laser so as not to significantly increase costs of implementing time synchronization through dedicated channels.
  • a separate physical channel may be used to transmit the time synchronization signals.
  • the optical transmitters, lasers, and/or the modulators described herein may be directly modulated optical transmitters, directed modulation optical transmitters and/or directed modulator optical transmitters.
  • the laser and the modulator 1004 may include a directed modulation optical transmitter or a directed modulator optical transmitters.
  • the optical transmitters, lasers, and/or the modulators described herein may include a tunable laser with an external modulator.
  • the laser and the modulator 1004 may include a tunable laser with an external modulator.
  • the modulators described herein may include a Mach-Zehnder modulator.
  • the Mach-Zehnder modulator may be used to control or modulate the amplitude of the optical signals, for example, to transmit time synchronization signals along with main data signals.
  • the modulators described herein may include an electro-absorption modulator.
  • the electro-absorption modulator may be used to modulate the intensity of the optical signals, for example, to transmit time synchronization signals along with main data signals.
  • time synchronization configurations described herein may be used instead of GPS-based time synchronization configurations.
  • time synchronizations signals are transmitted separately from the main data signals.
  • the time synchronizations signals are transmitted via the same transmission medium (e.g., optical fiber) as is used for the main data signals, but on different channels (e.g., different wavelength channels).
  • changes to the main signal may not affect the time synchronizations signals.
  • time synchronization signal accuracy may be maintained throughout the network implementing the concepts described.
  • the described configurations may be implemented in different types of networks that require time synchronization, and the various configurations described may meet module requirements and/or network requirements for different systems.
  • the concepts described herein may be implemented in any suitable optoelectronic modules.
  • optoelectronic modules implementing the concepts described herein may include one more optical transmitters and no optical receivers, or one more optical receivers and no optical transmitters. Any suitable optoelectronic device may be adapted to implement the concepts described herein.

Claims (12)

  1. System, das Folgendes umfasst:
    ein optoelektronisches Modul, das Folgendes umfasst:
    einen optischen Sender (1004), der optisch mit einer optischen Faser (1010) gekoppelt ist; und
    eine Steuerung (1002), die zur Kommunikation mit dem optischen Sender (1004) gekoppelt ist, wobei die Steuerung (1002) dazu konfiguriert ist, den optischen Sender (1004) zu betreiben, um Datensignale durch die optische Faser (1010) zu übertragen; und
    wobei das optoelektronische Modul dazu konfiguriert ist, Zeitsynchronisationssignale durch die optische Faser (1010) zu übertragen; und
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuerung (1002) Folgendes umfasst:
    ein Steuermodul (1100) für Leistung und Extinktionsverhältnis (extinction ratio - ER), das dazu konfiguriert ist, eine Amplitudenmodulation von Signalen durchzuführen, die durch den optischen Sender emittiert werden, um die Zeitsynchronisationssignale mit den Datensignalen zu kombinieren;
    eine Eingangsstufe, die dazu konfiguriert ist, einen oder mehrere Zeitsynchronisationseingänge zu empfangen; und
    einen Treiber (1104), der dazu konfiguriert ist, Dateneingangssignale zu empfangen und den optischen Sender (1004) anzusteuern.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend einen optischen Multiplexer oder Demultiplexer (1006), der optisch zwischen das optoelektronische Modul und die optische Faser (1010) gekoppelt ist.
  3. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei die optische Faser (1010) eine bidirektionale optische Faser ist.
  4. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das System ein bidirektionales dichtes Wellenlängenmultiplexsystem oder ein bidirektionales farbloses System ist und das System dazu konfiguriert ist, Datensignale und Zeitsynchronisationssignale in einer ersten Richtung und einer entgegengesetzten zweiten Richtung durch die optische Faser zu übertragen.
  5. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner ein Zeitsynchronisationssignal-Erfassungsmodul (1014) umfasst, das dazu konfiguriert ist, empfangene Zeitsynchronisationssignale von der optischen Faser (1010) zu empfangen.
  6. System nach Anspruch 5, wobei die empfangenen Zeitsynchronisationssignale amplitudenmoduliert sind und zusammen mit empfangenen Datensignalen empfangen werden.
  7. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner Folgendes umfasst:
    einen optischen Empfänger (1008), der optisch gekoppelt ist, um optische Signale von der optischen Faser zu empfangen;
    ein Zeitsynchronisationssignal-Erfassungsmodul (1014), das dazu konfiguriert ist, Zeitsynchronisationssignale, die durch die optische Faser empfangen werden, zu erfassen und Zeitsynchronisationsausgangssignale auszugeben.
  8. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner Folgendes umfasst:
    ein Zeitsynchronisationssignal-Erfassungsmodul (1014), das Folgendes umfasst:
    einen Verstärker (1300);
    ein Tiefpassfilter (1302), das mit dem Verstärker gekoppelt ist; und
    einen Begrenzungsverstärker (1304), der mit dem Tiefpassfilter gekoppelt ist.
  9. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei der optische Sender einer oder mehrere von Folgenden ist:
    ein direkt modulierter optischer Sender;
    ein abstimmbarer Laser mit einem externen Modulator;
    ein abstimmbarer Laser mit einem Mach-Zehnder-Modulator; und
    ein abstimmbarer Laser mit einem Elektroabsorptionsmodulator.
  10. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner ein abstimmbares Filter (1402) umfasst, das optisch mit der optischen Faser gekoppelt ist.
  11. System nach Anspruch 10, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner Folgendes umfasst:
    ein Zeitsynchronisationssignal-Erfassungsmodul (1406), das Folgendes umfasst:
    einen Begrenzungsverstärker (1702);
    einen Tastverhältnisdetektor (1704), der mit dem Begrenzungsverstärker gekoppelt ist; und
    eine Filtersteuerung (1706), die mit dem Tastverhältnisdetektor gekoppelt ist, wobei die Filtersteuerung dazu konfiguriert ist, das abstimmbare Filter zu steuern; und
    eine Monitor-Fotodiode (1404), die optisch mit dem abstimmbaren Filter gekoppelt ist, wobei die Monitor-Fotodiode elektrisch mit dem Begrenzungsverstärker gekoppelt ist.
  12. System nach Anspruch 11, wobei das optoelektronische Modul ferner einen Splitter (1410) umfasst, der dazu konfiguriert ist, einen Abschnitt optischer Signale über das abstimmbare Filter an die Monitor-Fotodiode zu richten.
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US10211971B2 (en) 2019-02-19
US11082198B2 (en) 2021-08-03
CN109923808A (zh) 2019-06-21
US20190081771A1 (en) 2019-03-14
CN113872722A (zh) 2021-12-31
CN113872722B (zh) 2023-09-19
US20180062825A1 (en) 2018-03-01
WO2018045088A1 (en) 2018-03-08
US11882204B2 (en) 2024-01-23
US20210328756A1 (en) 2021-10-21
CN109923808B (zh) 2021-09-10
EP4336771A2 (de) 2024-03-13

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