EP3495055B1 - Unterwasserstruktur und zugehöriges verfahren - Google Patents

Unterwasserstruktur und zugehöriges verfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3495055B1
EP3495055B1 EP17306708.3A EP17306708A EP3495055B1 EP 3495055 B1 EP3495055 B1 EP 3495055B1 EP 17306708 A EP17306708 A EP 17306708A EP 3495055 B1 EP3495055 B1 EP 3495055B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrically conductive
conductive coating
wall
coating
submarine
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17306708.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3495055A1 (de
Inventor
Henri Morand
Richard DANIELL
James TERRIS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TechnipFMC Subsea France SAS
Original Assignee
Technip N Power SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Priority to EP17306708.3A priority Critical patent/EP3495055B1/de
Priority to PCT/EP2018/083640 priority patent/WO2019110657A1/en
Publication of EP3495055A1 publication Critical patent/EP3495055A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3495055B1 publication Critical patent/EP3495055B1/de
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/01—Risers
    • E21B17/012—Risers with buoyancy elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B59/00—Hull protection specially adapted for vessels; Cleaning devices specially adapted for vessels
    • B63B59/04—Preventing hull fouling
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
    • E02B17/02—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto
    • E02B17/027—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto steel structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a submarine structure capable of being in contact with a body of water, the submarine structure comprising at least one wall, an electrically conductive coating applied on one surface of the wall and a power source electrically connected to the electrically conductive coating.
  • the submarine structure is for example used in the production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.
  • the structure can convey the hydrocarbons such as a rigid pipe, a flexible pipe, a riser, or can support another structure conveying hydrocarbons such as a buoyancy module supporting a riser, a midwater arch or a floating platform.
  • a submarine structure can be affected by the biological fouling of the structure.
  • the fouling can be due to the attachment and growth of submarine organisms such as mollusks or algae at the outside surface of the structure.
  • the marine growth will for example decrease the efficiency of a buoyancy module because of the added mass.
  • the marine growth may also increase the drag leading to a possible failure of the structure.
  • US 4 283 461 discloses a coating comprising a film containing a piezoelectric polymer applied on the outside surface of a submarine structure.
  • An electrical power source is configured to apply an alternating signal across the film. The film vibrates when electrically activated and therefore discourages the attachment and the growth of submarine organisms on the structure.
  • EP 2 493 262 describes a submarine structure aiming to prevent the formation of hydrates in the structure but is not configured to prevent biological fouling.
  • One aim of the invention is therefore to provide a submarine structure configured to prevent the biological fouling at the outside of the structure and/or to prevent the formation of hydrates in the structure.
  • the subject-matter of the invention is a submarine structure of the above type, wherein the electrically conductive coating is configured to receive power from the power source to produce heat power.
  • the structure according to the invention comprises one or more of the following features, taken solely, or according to any technical feasible combination:
  • the invention further concerns a method of heating a submarine structure placed in a body water comprising the following steps:
  • the method according to invention may comprise one or more of the following features, taken solely, or according to any technical feasible combination:
  • the invention also relates to a use of the method as defined above to prevent fouling due to the installation and the growth of submarine organisms on the structure and/or to prevent the formation of hydrates in the structure.
  • a structure 10 according to the invention is shown in figure 1 .
  • the structure 10 is adapted to be in contact with a body of water 12.
  • the structure 10 is advantageously adapted to be submerged into the body of water 12.
  • the body of water 12 is for example a sea, an ocean, a lake and/or a river.
  • the structure 10 is for example a buoyancy module 14 supporting a pipe 16 as illustrated in figure 2 .
  • the pipe 16 is for example a rigid pipeline as defined by the offshore standard DNV-OS-F101 (October 2013) established by the Det Norske Veritas, or a flexible pipeline as for example risers and flowlines as defined by the standards API RP 17B (5th Edition, May 2014 ) and API 17J (4th Edition, May 2014 ) established by the American Petroleum Institute.
  • the pipe 16 is configured to convey hydrocarbons from an oil well to a surface facility.
  • the buoyancy module 14 comprises for example a clamp 18.
  • the clamp 18 attaches the buoyancy module 14 to the pipe 16.
  • the clamp 18 is attached circumferentially around a transversal section of the riser 16. Sometimes, the clamp 18 is fixed around a connection region defined by the area where two pipeline end terminations are securely connected.
  • the buoyancy module 14 is surrounded by the body of water 12.
  • the buoyancy module 14 comprises a buoyant foam element 19.
  • the buoyant foam element 19 is here made of a material having a density lower than the density of the surrounding water 12. When submerged in the body of water 12, an upward buoyant force is exerted on the buoyancy module 14. Therefore, the buoyancy module 14 enables to maintain the pipe 16 in a substantially stable position in the body of water 12.
  • the structure 10 comprises at least one wall 20, and according to the invention, an electrical conductive coating 22 applied on the wall 20.
  • the structure 10 comprises a power source 24 and advantageously, an inner primer coating 26 for adhesion of the electrical conductive coating 22 on the wall 20, an outer coating 28 and a protection coating 30.
  • the wall 20 is here an outside wall of the submarine structure 10.
  • the electrical conductive coating 22 is applied on an outside surface of the wall 20.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 separates here the outside wall 20 and the surrounding water 12.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is deposited as paint on the wall 20, for example with a brush or a painting sprayer.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 has advantageously a thickness comprised between 0.2 mm and 5 mm.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is a tape spirally wound around the wall 20, for example with a spiraling machine as known by the skilled man of the flexible pipeline manufacturing.
  • the tape has advantageously a thickness comprised between 0.2 mm and 5 mm.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is connected to the power source 24 and configured to receive electrical power to thus produce heat when receiving electrical power.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 produces heat homogenously over all its surface.
  • the heat generated by the electrically conductive coating 22 depends on the application.
  • the aim is to increase the temperature above the local marine growth acceptable temperature.
  • the aim would be to provide a low power continuous heat source along the pipeline.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is configured to reach a temperature of at least 10 °C, in particular a temperature comprised between 10 °C and 50 °C when receiving power. This temperature is measured for a structure 10 surrounded by water 12, the water 12 being at a temperature comprised between 4°C and 35°C.Advantageously, the electrically conductive coating 22 is also configured to generate a power by unit of surface greater than 0.1 W/m 2 , in particular a power by unit of surface comprised between 0.1 W/m 2 and 5 W/m 2 .
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is for example made of a thin layer of carbon nanotubes.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is for example a metallic-based electrical conductive material made of carbon, or of any other metal material exhibiting good electrically conductive properties.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is applied in a powdered or in a painted form.
  • the power source 24 is electrically connected to the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the power source 24 is configured to provide electrical power to the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the power source 24 is advantageously situated on an offshore surface installation, onshore or is attached to the structure 10. Alternatively, the power source 24 can be connected through an ROV using an electrical connection system known by the man of the art.
  • the primer coating 26 is placed between the wall 20 and the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the primer coating 26 is an undercoat that ensures adequate adhesion of the electrically conductive coating 22 when it is painted on the wall 20.
  • the primer coating 26 also increases the painting durability and provides additional protection for the painting.
  • the primer coating 26 is advantageously made of a polymeric resin material.
  • the primer coating 26 can comprises an epoxy-based or a polyurethane-based.
  • the outer coating 28 is disposed on the outside surface of the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the outer coating 28 is advantageously made of an epoxy-based paint.
  • the outer coating 28 has advantageously a thickness comprised between 0.5 mm and 5 mm depending on the application.
  • the protection coating 30 is disposed on the outside surface of the outer coating 28.
  • the protection coating 30 is configured to protect the different coatings 26, 22, 28 from the surrounding water 12.
  • the protection coating 30 is configured to provide toughness, wear resistance and corrosion protection to the structure 10.
  • the protection coating 30 has advantageously a thickness comprised between 0,1 mm and 5 mm.
  • the protective coating 30 is advantageously made of a polymeric material selected among epoxy resin, polylolefin such as polypropylene and in this application, performs better if it is as a high thermal conductivity.
  • the protection coating 30 may comprise an insulation layer 31 to maintain the structure 10 and more specifically the pipe, at a convenient temperature, avoiding hydrate formations.
  • a first method of heating a submarine structure 10 according to the invention, placed in a body of water 12, will now be described.
  • the structure 10 is immersed in the body of water 12.
  • the power source 24 is activated and provides electrical power to the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 produces heat by Joule effect when receiving electrical power.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is in contact with the surrounding water 12 or in an advantageous way in thermal contact with a surface 26, 20 of the structure 10, the surface 26 being in contact with the wall 20.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 reaches a temperature of at least 30 °C, in particular a temperature comprised between 40 °C and 50 °C.
  • This range of temperature of the electrically conductive coating 22 prevents the biological fouling on the structure 10. Indeed, the submarine organisms do not install and grow on a wall at this temperature. In case of a biological fouling already present on the structure 10, the heating of the electrically conductive coating 22 leads to the detachment of the submarine organisms from the structure 10.
  • the biological fouling of the structure 10 is therefore controlled over time by means of the electrically conductive coating 22. There is no use of aggressive and complicated means such as jetting or ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) intervention to remove the fouling from the structure 10.
  • jetting or ROV Remote Operated Vehicle
  • the structure 10 is for example a rigid pipe, a flexible pipe, a midwater arch or a floating platform.
  • the structure 110 is a rigid pipe which comprises an inner wall 20 made of a metallic material selected among steel grades.
  • the structure 110 is adapted to be in contact with a body of water 12.
  • the structure 110 is advantageously adapted to be submerged into the body of water 12.
  • the body of water 12 is for example a sea, an ocean, a lake and/or a river.
  • the structure 110 is for example a pipe 32 as illustrated in figure 3 .
  • the pipe 32 is for example a rigid pipe, a flexible pipe such as a riser or a flowline configured to transport liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons and defined respectively by the standards DNV-OS-F101, API 17J and API RP 17B already cited above.
  • the structure 110 is a rigid pipe and more precisely a pipe-in-pipe.
  • the structure 110 comprises at least one inner wall 20, an electrical conductive coating 22 applied around the inner wall 20, a power source 24, and an insulating outer wall 34. It advantageously comprises a primer coating 26, an outer coating 28 and a protection coating 30.
  • the inner wall 20 advantageously delimits an inner passage 36 for the circulation of liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbons.
  • the volume between the inner wall 20 and the insulating outer wall 34 defines an annular space 40.
  • the electrical conductive coating 22, the power source 24, the primer coating 26, the outer coating 28 and the protection coating 30 are similar to those of structure 10 and will not be described again.
  • the insulating outer wall 34 is situated on the outside surface of the protection coating 30 and is in contact with the surrounding body of water 12.
  • the outer wall 34 is an outer metallic steel protection pipe.
  • the configuration of the inner wall 20 and of the outer wall 34 ensure that the overall system has for example a thermal conductivity of less than 1W/m.K. It is configured to reduce the heat transfer between the structure 110 and the body of water 12.
  • the outer wall 34 and the annular space 40 are configured to reduce the cooling of the structure 110 by the body of water 12.
  • the protection coating 30 is replaced by a gap filled with air, inert gas or vacuum-pressurized. Therefore, insulation performance of the structure 110 is enhanced.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 is located in the annular space on the surface of the inner wall 20.
  • a method of heating a submarine structure 110 according to the invention placed in a body of water 12 will now be described.
  • the structure 110 is surrounded by a body of water 12.
  • the power source 24 is activated and sends electrical power to the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 produces heat while receiving electrical power.
  • the electrically conductive coating 22 reaches a temperature of at least 10 °C, in particular a temperature comprised between 10 °C and 50 °C.
  • the heat produced by the electrically conductive coating 22 is conducted to the inner passage 36 through the inner wall 20.
  • This range of temperature of the electrically conductive coating 22 enables to prevent the formation of hydrates in the inner passage 36 of the structure 110.
  • the risk of formation of hydrates in the structure 110 occurs at high pressures and low temperatures.
  • the heat produced by the electrically conductive coating 22 maintains the liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons circulating into the structure 110 at a high enough temperature to prevent the formation of hydrates.
  • This solution avoids the use of electrical cable and connection in the annular space 40 to conduct the electrical power along the pipeline.
  • the risk of formation of hydrates is important during production shutdowns in which the flow of hydrocarbons is very low or zero in the structure 110. Limiting the risk of formation of hydrates in the structure 110 enables an easier and a quicker restart of the production.
  • FIG. 5 Another structure 210 according to the invention is shown in figure 5 .
  • the structure 210 is in contact with a body of water 12. In particular, the structure 210 is submerged into the body of water 12.
  • the structure 210 comprises at least one inner wall 20, an electrical conductive coating 22 applied on the wall 20 and a power source 24. It advantageously comprises a primer coating 26, a coating 28, a protection coating 30 and an insulation coating 31 aiming at improving the thermal efficiency of the system.
  • the structure 210 is for example a rigid pipe.
  • the electrical conductive coating 22 is here applied on the inside surface of the wall 20 in the inner passage 36.
  • the electrical conductive coating 22 is therefore directly in contact with the flow of liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbons circulating in the inner passage 36.
  • the primer coating 26 is advantageously disposed between the wall 20 and the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the outer coating 28 is disposed on the inside surface of electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the protection coating 30 is disposed on the outside surface of the wall 20.
  • the insulation coating 31 is disposed on the outside surface of the protection coating 30, in contact with the surrounding body of water 12.
  • the third structure 210 is configured to facilitate the welding issues as the welds are not affecting the coating.
  • ROV Remote Operated Vehicle
  • the fourth structure (not shown) is for example a pipe conveying hydrocarbons.
  • the ROV is configured to connect the power source 24 to the electrically conductive coating 22 and to provide electrical power to the electrically conductive coating 22.
  • the ROV is configured to be send at this location and heat specifically this area.
  • the heating of the electrically conductive coating 22 leads to the suppression of the hydrates and enables a restart of the production.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210), welche imstande ist, in Kontakt mit einem Wasserkörper (12) zu sein, und welche aufweist:
    - mindestens eine Wand (20),
    - eine elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22), welche auf einer Fläche der Wand (20) aufgebracht ist,
    - eine Leistungsquelle (24), welche mit der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) elektrisch verbunden ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) eingerichtet ist, um Leistung von der Leistungsquelle (24) zu empfangen, um Wärmeleistung zu erzeugen,
    dadurch, dass die Wand (20) eine Außenwand der Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) ist, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) die Außenwand (20) und das umgebende Wasser (12) trennt,
    und dadurch, dass die Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) ein Auftrieb-Modul (14) ist.
  2. Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) eingerichtet ist, um eine Temperatur von zumindest 10 °C, insbesondere eine Temperatur, welche zwischen 10 °C und 50 °C liegt, zu erreichen.
  3. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, wobei die Leistung, welche pro Einheitsfläche mittels der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) erzeugt wird, größer als 0,1 W/m2 ist, insbesondere eine Leistung, welche pro Einheitsfläche mittels der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) erzeugt wird, welche zwischen 0,1 W/m2 und 5 W/m2 liegt.
  4. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) eine äußere Beschichtung (28), insbesondere eine wasserdurchlässige äußere Beschichtung (28), aufweist, welche an der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) angeordnet ist.
  5. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) eine Schutz-Beschichtung (30) aufweist, welche direkt an der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) oder an der äußeren Beschichtung (28) angeordnet ist.
  6. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210) ein Rohr (32) ist, welches imstande ist, flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe zu transportieren.
  7. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß Anspruch 6, wobei das Rohr (32) eine äußere Wand (34) aufweist, welche mit der Wand (22) einen ringförmigen Raum definiert, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) im ringförmigen Raum oder vorzugsweise an der Wand (20) angeordnet ist.
  8. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Wand (20) eine innere Wand ist, welche einen inneren Durchlass (36) zum Fördern eines Fluids begrenzt, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) an einer inneren Fläche der inneren Wand (20) angeordnet ist.
  9. Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) eine Graphit-Nanoröhre oder ein elektrisch leitendes Material, wie zum Beispiel Kohlenstoff, oder ein Metall, möglicherweise in einer Pulver-/Farb-Form, aufweist.
  10. Verfahren zum Erwärmen einer Unterwasser-Struktur (10, 110, 210), welche in einem Wasserkörper (12) angeordnet ist, welches aufweist:
    - Bereitstellen einer Struktur (10, 110, 210) gemäß irgendeinem der vorherigen Ansprüche,
    - Aktivieren der Leistungsquelle (24), um Leistung zur elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) zu senden,
    - Erzeugen von Wärme mittels der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22).
  11. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei die Temperatur der elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung (22) größer als 10°C ist, insbesondere zwischen 10 °C und 50 °C liegt.
  12. Verfahren gemäß irgendeinem der Ansprüche 10 oder 11, wobei die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung (22) in Kontakt mit einem umgebenden Wasserkörper (12) oder in thermischem Kontakt mit einer Fläche der Struktur (10, 110, 210), welche in einem umgebenden Wasserkörper (12) angeordnet ist, ist.
  13. Verwendung eines Verfahrens gemäß irgendeinem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, um Faulen aufgrund der Installation oder das Wachsen von Unterwasser-Organismen an der Struktur (10, 110, 210) zu verhindern, und/oder um die Bildung von Hydraten in der Struktur (10, 110, 210) zu verhindern.
EP17306708.3A 2017-12-06 2017-12-06 Unterwasserstruktur und zugehöriges verfahren Active EP3495055B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17306708.3A EP3495055B1 (de) 2017-12-06 2017-12-06 Unterwasserstruktur und zugehöriges verfahren
PCT/EP2018/083640 WO2019110657A1 (en) 2017-12-06 2018-12-05 A submarine structure and related method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17306708.3A EP3495055B1 (de) 2017-12-06 2017-12-06 Unterwasserstruktur und zugehöriges verfahren

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EP3495055A1 EP3495055A1 (de) 2019-06-12
EP3495055B1 true EP3495055B1 (de) 2021-02-17

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Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4361017A1 (de) * 2022-10-31 2024-05-01 EPFF Electrical Pipe For Fluid transport AB Verminderung von biofouling auf wasserfahrzeugen

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040037952A1 (en) * 2002-08-20 2004-02-26 Stefan Sandrock Coating of surfaces, which get in contact with a liquid, for the prevention of biological fouling
WO2006019464A1 (en) * 2004-07-16 2006-02-23 Brunswick Corporation Multilayered submersible structure with fouling inhibiting characteristic

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4283461A (en) 1979-05-31 1981-08-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Piezoelectric polymer antifouling coating
US6142707A (en) * 1996-03-26 2000-11-07 Shell Oil Company Direct electric pipeline heating
JP4028169B2 (ja) * 2000-11-29 2007-12-26 株式会社東芝 海水に接する構造物および熱交換器の防汚装置
NO328383B1 (no) * 2008-02-15 2010-02-08 Nexans Direkte elektrisk oppvarmingssystem med hoy virkningsgrad
NO334353B1 (no) * 2011-02-24 2014-02-17 Nexans Lavspent direkte elektrisk oppvarming for fleksible rør/stigerør

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040037952A1 (en) * 2002-08-20 2004-02-26 Stefan Sandrock Coating of surfaces, which get in contact with a liquid, for the prevention of biological fouling
WO2006019464A1 (en) * 2004-07-16 2006-02-23 Brunswick Corporation Multilayered submersible structure with fouling inhibiting characteristic

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WO2019110657A1 (en) 2019-06-13

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