EP3469409B1 - Angular subpixel rendering multiview display using shifted multibeam elements - Google Patents

Angular subpixel rendering multiview display using shifted multibeam elements Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3469409B1
EP3469409B1 EP16904822.0A EP16904822A EP3469409B1 EP 3469409 B1 EP3469409 B1 EP 3469409B1 EP 16904822 A EP16904822 A EP 16904822A EP 3469409 B1 EP3469409 B1 EP 3469409B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
multiview
pixel
multibeam
valves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP16904822.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3469409A1 (en
EP3469409A4 (en
Inventor
David A. Fattal
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Leia Inc
Original Assignee
Leia Inc
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Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2016/036495 external-priority patent/WO2017131807A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/US2016/040584 external-priority patent/WO2017204840A1/en
Application filed by Leia Inc filed Critical Leia Inc
Publication of EP3469409A1 publication Critical patent/EP3469409A1/en
Publication of EP3469409A4 publication Critical patent/EP3469409A4/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12016—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the input or output waveguides, e.g. tapered waveguide ends, coupled together pairs of output waveguides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0036—2-D arrangement of prisms, protrusions, indentations or roughened surfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/004—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles
    • G02B6/0041—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles provided in the bulk of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
    • G02B6/0046—Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0096—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the lights guides being of the hollow type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F13/00—Illuminated signs; Luminous advertising
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/307—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using fly-eye lenses, e.g. arrangements of circular lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/31—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using parallax barriers
    • H04N13/312—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using parallax barriers the parallax barriers being placed behind the display panel, e.g. between backlight and spatial light modulator [SLM]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/349—Multi-view displays for displaying three or more geometrical viewpoints without viewer tracking
    • H04N13/351—Multi-view displays for displaying three or more geometrical viewpoints without viewer tracking for displaying simultaneously

Definitions

  • Electronic displays are a nearly ubiquitous medium for communicating information to users of a wide variety of devices and products.
  • Most commonly employed electronic displays include the cathode ray tube (CRT), plasma display panels (PDP), liquid crystal displays (LCD), electroluminescent displays (EL), organic light emitting diode (OLED) and active matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) displays, electrophoretic displays (EP) and various displays that employ electromechanical or electrofluidic light modulation (e.g., digital micromirror devices, electrowetting displays, etc.).
  • CTR cathode ray tube
  • PDP plasma display panels
  • LCD liquid crystal displays
  • EL electroluminescent displays
  • OLED organic light emitting diode
  • AMOLED active matrix OLEDs
  • electrophoretic displays EP
  • electrophoretic displays e.g., digital micromirror devices, electrowetting displays, etc.
  • electronic displays may be categorized as either active displays (i.e., displays that emit light) or passive displays (i.e., displays that modul
  • Displays that are typically classified as passive when considering emitted light are LCDs and EP displays.
  • Passive displays while often exhibiting attractive performance characteristics including, but not limited to, inherently low power consumption, may find somewhat limited use in many practical applications given the lack of an ability to emit light.
  • a backlight may serve as a source of light (often a panel backlight) that is placed behind an otherwise passive display to illuminate the passive display.
  • a backlight may be coupled to an LCD or an EP display.
  • the backlight emits light that passes through the LCD or the EP display.
  • the light emitted is modulated by the LCD or the EP display and the modulated light is then emitted, in turn, from the LCD or the EP display.
  • backlights are configured to emit white light.
  • Color filters are then used to transform the white light into various colors used in the display.
  • the color filters may be placed at an output of the LCD or the EP display (less common) or between the backlight and the LCD or the EP display, for example.
  • US2013/0155477A1 describes an autostereoscopic display assembly which comprises a sandwiched structure consisting of a light-guide panel and a modified liquid-crystal display that is applied onto the light-guide panel.
  • US2016/0033705A1 describes a multibeam diffraction grating-based color backlighting which includes a plate light guide and a multibeam diffraction grating at a surface of the plate light guide.
  • WO2017/041079A1 which is prior art under Art. 54(3) EPC only, describes another display with multibeam elements which are bigger in size than the light valves.
  • a multiview display is an electronic display or display system configured to provide a plurality of different views of a multiview image in different view directions.
  • the term 'multiview' as used in the terms 'multiview image' refers to a plurality or a number of different views representing different perspective views or including angular disparity between views of the many different views.
  • the term 'multiview' includes more than two different views (i.e., a minimum of three views and generally more than three views).
  • a 'multiview display' is distinguished from a stereoscopic display, which only provides or displays two different views to represent a scene or an image.
  • multiview images and multiview displays include more than two views
  • multiview images may be viewed (e.g., on a multiview display) as a stereoscopic pair of images by selecting only two of the multiview views to view at a time (e.g., one view per eye).
  • a multiview display comprises a screen with a plurality of multiview pixels.
  • Each multiview pixel comprises a plurality of sets of light valves.
  • the multiview display includes a backlight that comprises a light source optically coupled to a plate light guide that is configured with a plurality of multibeam elements.
  • Each multibeam element corresponds to a set of light valves, and the size of each multibeam element is comparable to the size of a light valve of the set of light valves.
  • the term 'size' used to describe the multibeam elements and the light valve may be a length, width, or area, for example.
  • each multibeam element is spatially offset, or equivalently has a spatial offset, with respect to a center of a corresponding set of light valves.
  • the multibeam elements may be spatially offset generally toward a center of the multiview pixel.
  • a shape of the multibeam element is analogous to a shape of the multiview pixel.
  • the sets of light valves of the multiview pixels modulate the light coupled out of backlight by the corresponding multibeam elements.
  • the spatial offset of the multibeam elements creates an angular offset in modulated light beams emerging from the sets of light valves.
  • the modulated light beams that emerge from the sets of light valves associated with each multiview pixel interleave to create multiview images at a viewing distance from the screen.
  • the multiview display having interleaved modulated light beams may provide a multiview image having a resolution that is perceived to be higher than a 'native' resolution of the multiview display, i.e., a resolution that is higher than a resolution of the multiview display without interleaved light beams.
  • a perceived higher than native resolution may be a result of angular subpixel rendering associated with the interleaved modulated light beams provided by the multiview display, according to various embodiments.
  • Figure 1A illustrates a perspective view of a multiview image produced by an example multiview display 100.
  • the multiview display 100 may simultaneously display multiple images. Each image provides a different view of a scene or object from a different view direction or perspective.
  • the view directions are illustrated as arrows extending from the multiview display 100 in various different principal angular directions.
  • the different views are illustrated as shaded polygonal panels at the termination of the arrows.
  • four polygonal panels 102-105 represent four different views of a multiview image from different corresponding view directions 106-109.
  • the multiview display 100 is used to display a multiview image of an object (e.g., a three-dimensional letter 'R', as illustrated below with respect to Figures 9A-9B ).
  • an observer views the multiview display 100 in the direction 106
  • the observer sees the view 102 of the object.
  • the observer views the multiview display 100 from the view direction 109
  • the observer sees a different view 105 of the same object.
  • Figure 1A the different views are illustrated in Figure 1A as being above the multiview display 100.
  • the different views are actually simultaneously displayed on a screen of the multiview display 100, enabling an observer to view an object or scene from different view directions by simply changing the observer's view direction of the multiview display 100.
  • a view direction or equivalently a light beam having a direction corresponding to a view direction of a multiview display generally has a principal angular direction given by angular components ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • the angular component ⁇ is referred to as the 'elevation component' or 'elevation angle' of the light beam.
  • the angular component ⁇ is referred to as the 'azimuth component' or 'azimuth angle' of the light beam.
  • the elevation angle ⁇ is an angle in a vertical plane (e.g., perpendicular to a plane of the screen of the multiview display) while the azimuth angle ⁇ is an angle in a horizontal plane (e.g., parallel to the plane of the screen of the multiview display).
  • Figure 1B illustrates a graphical representation of the angular components ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) of a light beam 110 emitted or emanating from a point on the multiview display 100 with a particular principal angular direction corresponding to a view direction, such as the view direction 108 in Figure 1A , for example.
  • the light beam 110 has a central ray associated with a particular point of origin "O" within the multiview display 100.
  • Figure 2A illustrates an isometric view of an example multiview display 200.
  • Figure 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multiview display 200 along a line I-I in Figure 2A .
  • Figure 2C illustrates an exploded isometric view of the multiview display 200.
  • the multiview display 200 comprises a backlight 202 and a screen 204 that, in turn, comprises an array of light valves.
  • Light valves in the array of light valves are represented by squares, as illustrated.
  • a light valve is represented by square 206.
  • the backlight 202 comprises a plate light guide 208 and a light source 210 optically coupled to an edge of the plate light guide 208.
  • Light generated by the light source 210 is coupled into the plate light guide 208 along an edge of the plate light guide 208 adjacent to the light source 210, according to various embodiments.
  • the plate light guide 208 may be a plate or slab optical waveguide having substantially planar, parallel first and second surfaces 212 and 214, respectively.
  • the plate light guide 208 may comprise any one of a number of different optically transparent materials or comprise any of a variety of dielectric materials including, but not limited to, one or more of various types of glass, such as silica glass, alkali-aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, and substantially optically transparent plastics or polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) or acrylic glass, and polycarbonate.
  • the plate light guide 208 may include a cladding layer on at least a portion of a surface of the plate light guide 208 (not illustrated) to further facilitate total internal reflection (TIR).
  • the light source 210 may comprise one or more optical emitters.
  • An optical emitter may be a light-emitting diode (LED), a laser, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), a polymer light-emitting diode, a plasma-based optical emitter, a fluorescent lamp, an incandescent lamp, and any other source of light.
  • the light produced by the light source 210 may be of a particular wavelength (i.e., may be of a particular color), or may be over or include a range of wavelengths (e.g., white light).
  • the light source 210 may include sets of optical emitters in which each set of optical emitters produces light of a particular wavelength or a range of wavelengths that is different from the wavelength or range of wavelengths produced by the other sets of optical emitters.
  • the light source 210 may comprise sets of optical emitters in which each set of one or more optical emitters produces one of the primary colors (e.g., red, green, and blue).
  • each set of light valves comprises a four-by-four sub-array of sixteen light valves.
  • a set of light valves 216 comprises a four-by-four array of light valves demarcated by a dashed-line square.
  • Each set of light valves corresponds to a multibeam element 218 of the plate light guide 208.
  • the multibeam elements 218 are represented by shaded square-shaped patches on the first surface 212 of the plate light guide 208.
  • a size of each multibeam element 218 is comparable to the size of a light valve 206.
  • the size of a multibeam element 218 may be between about one-half and about two times the size of the light valve 206, e.g., see equation (2) below.
  • the number of light valves used to form sets of light valves may by N -by- N sub-arrays of light valves, where N is an integer greater than or equal to two.
  • Sets of light valves may also be rectangular N-by-M sub-arrays of light valves, where N is an integer greater than or equal to two and M is an integer greater than or equal to zero.
  • Sets of light valves may be grouped to form multiview pixels of an array of multiview pixels.
  • a 'multiview pixel' is a plurality of sets of light valves representing 'view' pixels in each of a similar plurality of different views of a multiview display.
  • a multiview pixel may have a plurality of sets of light valves corresponding to or representing a view pixel in each of the different views of a multiview image.
  • the sets of light valves of the multiview pixel are so-called 'directional pixels' in that each of the sets of light valves is associated with a predetermined view direction of a corresponding one of the different views.
  • the different view pixels represented by the sets of light valves of a multiview pixel may have equivalent or at least substantially similar locations or coordinates in each of the different views.
  • the twenty-four sets of light valves of the screen 204 illustrated in Figures 2A and 2C may be grouped to form an array of six multiview pixels, each multiview pixel comprising a two-by-two array of four sets of light valves.
  • an example multiview pixel comprising a two-by-two array of four sets of light valves is outlined by dashed-line square 220.
  • multiview pixels of an array of multiview pixels may be formed from or include three-by-three arrays of nine sets of light valves, four-by-four arrays of sixteen sets of light valves, and five-by-five arrays of twenty-five sets of light valves.
  • the multiview pixels of an array of multiview pixels may be formed from or include rectangular arrays of sets of light valves.
  • multiview pixels of an array of multiview pixels may be formed from or include K-by-L arrays of K ⁇ L sets of light valves, where K is an integer greater than or equal to 2 and L is an integer greater than or equal to one.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multiview display 200 in which light 302 provided by the light source 210 is input to, or coupled into, the plate light guide 208.
  • the light 302 is couple into the plate light guide 208 at a non-zero propagation angle (e.g., about 30-35 degrees) with respect to the first and second surfaces 212 and 214 of the plate light guide 208.
  • the multiview display 200 may include one or more lenses, mirrors or similar reflectors (e.g., a tilted collimating reflector), and one or more prisms (not illustrated) may be used to couple light provided by the light source 210 into the plate light guide 208 at the non-zero propagation angle.
  • the light 302 may be input to or couple into the plate light guide 208 as collimated light 302, e.g., as a collimate beam of light 302.
  • a degree to which the light 302 is collimated within the collimated light beam is represented by a collimation factor denoted by ⁇ .
  • the collimation factor defines an angular spread of light rays within the collimated light beam.
  • a collimation factor ⁇ may specify that a majority of light rays in the collimated beam of collimated light 302 is within a particular angular spread (e.g., +/- ⁇ degrees about a central or principal angular direction of the collimated beam of guide light).
  • the light rays of the collimated light 302 may have a Gaussian distribution in terms of angle and the angular spread may be an angle determined by at one-half of a peak intensity of the collimated light beam.
  • the plate light guide 208 is configured to guide the light 302 according to TIR at the non-zero propagation angle between the first surface 212 and the second surface 214 of the plate light guide 208.
  • Figure 4 illustrates trajectories of two beams of light that may propagate within the plate light guide 208 and are incident on the same point of a surface 402 (e.g., the surface 402 may be the first surface 212 or the second surface 214) of the plate light guide 208.
  • the surface 402 is a boundary between the plate light guide 208 and air (or another material) 404, which has a lower refractive index than the plate light guide 208.
  • Dot-dash line 406 represents a normal direction to the surface 402 and ⁇ c denotes a critical angle with respect to the normal direction 406.
  • the angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal direction 406.
  • the light incident on the surface 402 at angles greater than the critical angle ⁇ c experiences TIR.
  • the light represented by directional arrow 408 is incident on the surface 402 at an angle greater than the critical angle ⁇ c , the light is internally reflected by TIR as represented by directional arrow 410.
  • Light incident on the surface 402 at an angle less than the critical angle ⁇ c is transmitted through the surface 402 as represented by directional arrow 414.
  • a multibeam element 218 may comprise a diffraction grating configured to diffract incident light.
  • the multibeam element 218 may comprise a plurality of diffractive features arranged in a periodic or quasi-periodic manner.
  • the multibeam element 218 may include a plurality of diffractive features (e.g., a plurality of grooves or ridges in a material surface) arranged in a one-dimensional (1D) array.
  • the multibeam element 218 may be a two-dimensional (2D) array of diffractive features.
  • the multibeam element 218 may be a 2D array of bumps on, or holes in, a material surface of the plate light guide 208.
  • the multibeam element 218 may be formed or fabricated using any one of many different microfabrication techniques, including, but not limited to, wet etching, ion milling, photolithography, anisotropic etching, and plasma etching, according to various embodiments.
  • the multibeam element 218 comprising the diffraction grating provides transmitted diffraction by diffractively coupling light out from the plate light guide 208 through the multibeam element 218.
  • a multibeam element 218 configured to transmit diffracted light through the multibeam element 218 is referred to as a 'transmission mode' multibeam element, by definition herein.
  • a multibeam element 218 configured to both diffract and reflect incident light (reflected diffraction) is referred to by definition herein as a 'reflection mode' multibeam element.
  • a multibeam element 218 also redirects or changes an angle of the light by or using diffraction (i.e., at a diffractive angle).
  • diffraction causes the light coupled out by the multibeam element 218 to propagate in different propagation directions from the propagation direction of the light incident on the multibeam element 218 (i.e., incident light).
  • the multibeam element 218 may be a structure including diffractive features that diffractively redirects light incident on the multibeam element 218 and, if the light propagating within the plate light guide 208 is incident on the multibeam element 218, the multibeam element 218 may also diffractively couple light out from the plate light guide 208.
  • the form of the light diffractively scattered out from the plate light guide 208 by the multibeam element depends on the structure and configuration of the diffractive features.
  • the multibeam element 218 may comprise a diffraction grating having substantially constant or unvarying diffractive feature spacings throughout the diffraction grating.
  • Figure 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view a transmission mode multibeam element 502 configured as a diffraction grating with substantially constant or unvarying diffractive feature spacings formed in the first surface 212 of the plate light guide 208.
  • Light incident on the multibeam element 502 is diffractively transmitted or diffractively coupled out of the plate light guide 208 through the multibeam element 502 and the multibeam element 502 is referred to as a 'transmission mode' multibeam element 502.
  • the diffractive feature spacing d may be sub-wavelength (i.e., less than a wavelength of the light).
  • ⁇ a particular wavelength
  • the diffractive feature spacing d may be sub-wavelength (i.e., less than a wavelength of the light).
  • the waves constructively interfere creating emerging light beams with maximum intensity.
  • a multibeam element 508 may be a diffraction grating formed in the second surface 214 of the plate light guide 208.
  • the multibeam element 508 includes a reflective coating 510, such as silver, aluminum or another reflective material, that fills the diffractive features and grooves of the diffraction grating to create a 'reflection mode' multibeam element 508.
  • the diffraction grating creates diffracted light 512 that is reflected by the reflective coating 510 toward the first surface 212 and emerges as the diffractively coupled-out light 514.
  • the light 514 that emerges from the plate light guide 208 along the first surface 212 is refracted due to the difference between the refractive index of the plate light guide 208 and surrounding air.
  • the diffractive features may be configured to account for refraction.
  • the multibeam elements 218 may be diffraction gratings located between the first and second surfaces 212 and 214 of the plate light guide 208.
  • the multibeam elements 218 may comprise chirped diffraction gratings.
  • the diffractive feature spacing of a chirped diffraction grating varies across an extent or length of the chirped diffraction grating.
  • a chirped diffraction grating may have or exhibit a chirp of the diffractive feature spacing that varies linearly with distance.
  • the chirped diffraction grating is a 'linearly chirped' diffraction grating, by definition herein.
  • the chirped diffraction grating may exhibit a non-linear chirp of the diffractive feature spacing.
  • Non-linear chirps may be used including, but not limited to, an exponential chirp, a logarithmic chirp or a chirp that varies in another, substantially non-uniform or random but still monotonic manner.
  • Non-monotonic chirps such as, but not limited to, a sinusoidal chirp or a triangle chirp or sawtooth chirp, may also be employed.
  • Combinations of any of non-linear chirps may also be employed.
  • the multibeam elements 218 may comprise a plurality of diffraction gratings having varying diffractive characteristics.
  • Figure 5C illustrates a cross sectional view of an example multibeam element 516 that comprises a plurality of diffraction gratings 518-521.
  • Figure 5D illustrates a plan view of an example multibeam element 524 that comprises a plurality of diffraction gratings 526-532.
  • the cross sectional view in Figure 5C may represents a cross-sectional view through four diffraction gratings 518-521 of the multibeam element 516.
  • the plurality of diffraction gratings 518-521 of the multibeam element 516 are provided at the first surface 212 of the plate light guide 208 each diffraction grating has a different feature spacing d.
  • the first diffraction grating 518 is independent from and adjacent to the second diffraction grating 519 within the multibeam element 516.
  • a size of the multibeam element 516 and 524 is denoted by s in both Figures 5C and 5D , while a boundary of the diffractive multibeam element 524 is illustrated in Figure 5D using a dashed line.
  • a differential density of diffraction gratings within a multibeam element may be configured to control a relative intensity of the light diffractively coupled-out by respective different diffractive multibeam elements of the multibeam elements 516 and 524.
  • the diffractive multibeam elements 516 and 524 may have different densities of diffraction gratings therein and the different densities (i.e., the differential density of the diffraction gratings) may be configured to control the relative intensity of the coupled-out light.
  • a diffractive multibeam element 516 having fewer diffraction gratings within the diffraction grating plurality may produce coupled-out light having a lower intensity (or beam density) than another multibeam element having relatively more diffraction gratings.
  • the differential density of diffraction gratings may be provided using locations such as locations 533 and 534 illustrated in Figure 5D within the multibeam element 524 that lack or are without a diffraction grating, for example.
  • the multibeam elements 516 and 524 may also be formed in the second surface 214 of the plate light guide 208 with a reflective material filling the grooves and covering the diffractive features to form reflection mode multibeam elements comprising a plurality of diffraction gratings, as described above with reference to Figure 5B .
  • the multibeam elements 218 may comprise micro-refractive elements.
  • Figure 6A illustrates a cross-sectional view of the plate light guide 208 in which a multibeam element 602 comprises a micro-refractive element.
  • the micro-refractive multibeam element 602 is configured to refractively couple out a portion of the light 302 from the plate light guide 208 over different angles as coupled-out light 604.
  • the micro-refractive multibeam element 602 may have any of various shapes including, but not limited to, a semi-spherical shape, a rectangular shape or a prismatic shape (i.e., a shape having sloped facets).
  • the micro-refractive multibeam element 602 may extend or protrude out of the first surface 212 of the plate light guide 208, as illustrated, or may be a cavity or recess in the first surface 212 (not illustrated).
  • the micro-refractive multibeam element 602 may comprise the material as the plate light guide 208.
  • the micro-refractive multibeam element 602 may comprise another material adjacent to, and in some examples, in contact with the first surface 212.
  • the multibeam elements 218 may comprise micro-reflective elements.
  • Figure 6B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the plate light guide 208 in which a multibeam element 608 comprises a prismatic-shaped micro-reflective element located along the second surface 214.
  • Figure 6C illustrates a cross-sectional view of the plate light guide 208 in which a multibeam element 610 comprises a semi-spherical micro-refractive element located along the second surface 214.
  • the micro-reflective multibeam elements 608 and 610 may include, but are not limited to, a reflector that employs a reflective material or layer thereof (e.g., a reflective metal) or a reflector based on TIR.
  • the micro-reflective multibeam element may be located within the plate light guide 208 between the first and second surfaces 212 and 214.
  • Figure 6B illustrates the prismatic-shaped micro-reflective multibeam element 608 configured with reflective facets that extend within the plate light guide 208.
  • the facets of the prismatic micro-reflective multibeam element 608 are configured to reflect (i.e., reflectively couple) a portion of the light 612 out of the plate light guide 208.
  • the facets may be slanted or tilted (i.e., have a tilt angle) relative to a propagation direction of the light 302 to reflect the light portion out of plate light guide 208.
  • the facets may be formed using a reflective material within the plate light guide 208 (e.g., as illustrated in Figure 6B ) or may be surfaces of a prismatic cavity in the second surface 214, according to various embodiments.
  • a prismatic cavity either a refractive index change at the cavity surfaces may provide reflection (e.g., TIR) or the cavity surfaces that form the facets may be coated with a reflective material to provide reflection, for example.
  • the illustrated semi-spherical micro-reflective element 610 having a substantially smooth, curved surface.
  • the surface curvature of the semi-spherical micro-reflective multibeam element 610 reflects the portion of the light 302 depending on a point of incidence the light 302 makes with the curved surface.
  • the semi-spherical micro-reflective multibeam element 610 in Figure 6C may be either a reflective material that extends within the plate light guide 208 or a cavity (e.g., a semi-circular cavity) formed in the second surface 214, as illustrated in Figure 6C .
  • the principal angular directions of the reflected light 612 and 614 are generally refracted due to a change in refractive index as coupled-out light 616 and 618 emerges the first surface 212 into air (or a similar surrounding material).
  • an array of multiview pixels may be formed from arrays of sets of light valves.
  • the multibeam element associated with each set of light valves of a multiview pixel may be spatially offset toward a center of the multiview pixel.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a plan view of sixteen example sets of light valves and corresponding multibeam elements of a multiview display 700.
  • each set of light valves in the multiview display 700 comprises a four-by-four array of light valves and is demarcated by a dashed-line square.
  • a set of light valves 702 comprises a four-by-four array of light valves.
  • the sixteen example sets of light valves are grouped to form four multiview pixels, each multiview pixel comprising a two-by-two array of four sets of light valves.
  • four sets of light valves 702-705 are grouped to form a multiview pixel 706.
  • Figure 7 includes a magnified view of the multiview pixel 706 formed from the four sets of light valves 702-705.
  • the magnified view of the multiview pixel 706 reveals that the four multibeam elements 708-711 associated with corresponding sets of light valves 702-705 are spatially offset toward a center 712 of the multiview pixel 706.
  • a size of a multibeam element is comparable to the size of the light valves.
  • the term 'size' may refer a length, width, or area.
  • the size of a multibeam element may be given by the length, s, of a side of the multibeam element or by the area, s ⁇ s , of the multibeam element (In Figures 5-6 , the size of the multibeam elements is denoted by s.).
  • the length of a light valve is denoted by dx
  • the size of a light valve may be given by the length, dx, or by the area, e.g., dx ⁇ dx, of the light valve.
  • a size of the multibeam element is 'comparable' in size to a light valve in that the multibeam element size is a function of both a size of the light valve (e.g., dx) and a number of sets of light valves in a multiview pixel.
  • the multibeam element size may be given by the light valve size dx divided by about one-half of p (i.e., p/2).
  • the size of the multibeam element may be between about twenty-five percent (25%) and about one hundred percent (100%) of the size of the light valve.
  • the size of a multibeam element relative to the size dx of a light valve may satisfy the following condition: 1 4 dx ⁇ s ⁇ dx
  • the multibeam element size is greater than about thirty percent (30%) of the light valve size, or about forty percent (40%) of the light valve size, or greater than about fifty percent (50%) of the light valve size, and the multibeam element is less than about one hundred percent (100%) of the light valve size, or less than about eighty percent (80%) of the light valve size, or less than about seventy percent (70%) of the light valve size, or less than about sixty percent (60%) of the light valve size, e.g., for an example two-by-two array.
  • the multibeam element size may be between about seventy-five percent (75%) and about one hundred fifty (150%) of the light valve size divided by two for a two-by-two array of sets of light valves.
  • a multibeam element may be comparable in size to a light valve where the multibeam element size is between about one hundred twenty-five percent (125%) and about eighty-five percent (85%) of the light valve size divided by one-half of a number p of sets of light valves in a p -by- p array of sets of light valves within a multiview pixel.
  • the comparable sizes of a multibeam element and a light valve size may be chosen to reduce, or in some examples to minimize, dark zones between views of a multiview display, while at the same time reducing, or in some examples minimizing, an overlap between views of the multiview display.
  • each multibeam element 708-711 is spatially offset toward the center of the multiview pixel in the x- and y -directions by a distance ⁇ where the distance ⁇ may be plus or minus the size or length dx of a light valve (e.g., -dx ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ dx).
  • the spatial offset distance ⁇ may be plus or minus about dx divided by two (dx/2) for a two-by-two array of sets of light valves, as illustrated in Figure 7 .
  • the plan view of the multiview display 700 also reveals that the four multibeam elements that correspond to the four sets of light valves of three other multiview pixels 716-718 are also spatially offset toward the centers of the three multiview pixels 716-718.
  • Each of the four-by-four sets of lights valves, such as sets of light valves 702-706, creates sixteen different views.
  • each of the multiview pixels 706, 716-718 creates 64 views with a perceived resolution of approximately 4 ⁇ dx.
  • the distance of the spatial offset of a multibeam element from the center of a corresponding set of light valves toward the center of multiview pixel may be in only one of the x- and y -directions.
  • Figure 7 is not intended to provide a scale depiction of the relative sizes of the multibeam elements 708-711 and the light valves (e.g., light valves 716-718), but instead merely provides certain relational aspects of the various illustrated elements.
  • FIG 8A illustrates a plan view of an example multiview pixel 800 comprising four sets of light valves 802-805 identified by dashed-line squares and four corresponding multibeam elements 806-809.
  • Figure 8B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multiview pixel 800 along a line II-II illustrated in Figure 8A .
  • the multibeam elements 806-809 are configured to couple out light from the plate light guide 208 with different angles.
  • the illustrated multibeam elements 806-809 are spatially offset toward a center 810 of the multiview pixel 800 as indicated by directional arrows 812.
  • light 302 propagating in the plate light guide 208 is incident on the multibeam elements 807 and 808 as represented by directional arrows 816 and 817.
  • the multibeam elements 807 and 808 are configured to couple out light with different angles as described above with reference to Figures 5A-5D and 6A-6C .
  • Figure 8 is not intended to provide a scale depiction of the relative sizes of the multibeam elements 806-809 and the light valves (e.g., light valves 716-718), but instead merely provides certain relational aspects of various the illustrated elements.
  • directional arrows 818 represent paths of coupled out light from the multibeam element 807.
  • the coupled-out light having paths represent by directional arrows 818 passes through light valves of the set of light valves 803.
  • directional arrows 819 represent paths of coupled out light from the multibeam element 808.
  • the coupled-out light having paths represented by directional arrows 819 passes through light valves of the set of light valves 804, as illustrated.
  • the spatial offset of the multibeam elements (or equivalently of the virtual light sources) creates an angular offset, d ⁇ , with respect to a normal direction of the coupled-out light to the screen 204 located at the center of each set of light valves.
  • the angular offset, d ⁇ applies substantially equally to all of the light beams of the coupled-out light associated with a particular set of light valves.
  • dot-dashed lines 820 and 821 represent normal directions to the screen 204 at the centers of the sets of light valves 803 and 804, respectively.
  • Dot-dashed line 823 represents a normal direction to a center of the multibeam element 807.
  • Light coupled out by the multibeam element 807 with different angles is represented by ⁇ with respect to the normal direction 823 and includes the angular offset d ⁇ with respect to the normal direction 820 of the set of light valves 803.
  • the light coupled out from a multiview element passes through light valves of a corresponding set of light valves.
  • Modulated light beams that emerge from sets of light valves of a multiview pixel interleave at distances beyond the screen 204.
  • the light valves of the sets of light valves may be modulated to create different views of a multiview image described above with reference to Figure 1A and described below with reference to Figures 9-12 .
  • Figures 9-12 illustrate projecting different views of a multiview image using sets of light valves of a multiview pixel.
  • Figure 9A illustrates the letter "R" as an example of a three-dimensional (3D) object to be projected in different views of a multiview image.
  • the letter R lies in the xy -plane and protrudes in the z-direction.
  • Directional arrows labeled 1-8 represent eight different view directions of the 3D letter R along a curve 902 that lies in the xz-plane.
  • Figure 9B illustrates a series of eight different two-dimensional (2D) images of the 3D letter "R" labeled 1-8. Each 2D image displays one of the eight different views of the letter R illustrated in Figure 9A .
  • the images 1-8 of Figure 9B represent discrete views an observer would see of the letter R as the observer's eye 904 looks at the 3D letter R in the corresponding view directions along the curve 902.
  • the images 1-8 form a multiview image of the 2D letter R along the curve 902.
  • 2D image 3 of Figure 9B displays a view of the letter R in the view direction 3 of Figure 9A .
  • the series of images 1-8 are consecutive or arranged in spatial succession that corresponds to the view directions 1-8 of Figure 9A .
  • a change in an observer's attention from image 3 to either image 2 or 4 in Figure 9B is equivalent to a change in view direction 3 to either view direction 2 or 4 in Figure 9A .
  • Each of the 2D images illustrated in Figure 9B comprises a set of pixels.
  • Each pixel has an intensity and a corresponding address or coordinate location in an image (e.g., a pixel equals (x, y, pixel intensity)).
  • Figure 10 illustrates magnified views of eight example sets of pixels 1001-1008 that correspond to regions 911-918 of the images 1-8 of Figure 9B .
  • the set of pixels 1001 of Figure 10 is a magnified view of the pixels in the region 911 of image 1 in Figure 9B .
  • the sets of pixels 1001-1008 have the same addresses or coordinate locations in the corresponding images 1-8 of Figure 9B .
  • a triplet of adjacent pixels labeled 1a, 1b, and 1c in the set of pixels 1001 have the same coordinates (x, y) as the triplet of adjacent pixels labeled 5a, 5b, and 5c in the set of pixels 1005.
  • the intensities of the pixels are binary (i.e., black and white) with hash-marked pixels corresponding to the edges of the letter R in regions 911-918 of Figure 9B .
  • pixels may be color pixels, such as red, green, and blue, and intensities may be modulated to control the amount light emitted from each pixel.
  • Figure 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of three adjacent multiview pixels 1101-1103 of the multiview display 200 described above and assignment of pixel intensities of the 2D images to light valves of multiview pixels.
  • Dashed lines 1104 and 1105 represent boundaries between the multiview pixels 1101-1103.
  • Dotted lines 1106-1108 represent boundaries between sets of light valves that comprise the multiview pixels 1101-1103.
  • the multiview pixel 1101 comprises a set of light valves 1109 and a set of light valves 1110.
  • Figure 11 illustrates assignment of pixel intensities of triplets of adjacent pixels illustrated in Figure 10 to a row of light valves of the sets of light valves of the multiview pixels 1101-1103.
  • pixels of the triplets of adjacent pixels with the same coordinates in the images 1-8 are assigned to the same multiview pixel image.
  • the pixels 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, and 8a have the same coordinates in the images 1-8 of Figure 10 and are assigned to the multiview pixel 1101.
  • the pixels 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b have the same coordinates in the images 1-8 and are assigned to the multiview pixel 1102.
  • the pixels 1c, 2c, 3c, 4c, 5c, 6c, 7c, and 8c have the same coordinates in the images 1-8 and are assigned to the multiview pixel 1103.
  • the intensity of pixels with the same coordinates in consecutive images are assigned in alternating order to the light valves of the sets of light valve of the multiview pixel.
  • Directional arrows such as directional arrows 1112-1115, represent an alternating order in which the intensities of the pixels assigned to the multiview pixel 1102 are assigned to the light valves of the two sets of light valves 1109 and 1110.
  • directional arrow 1112 represents assignment of the pixel intensity of the pixel 1b in image 1 to a first pixel in the set of light valves 1109.
  • Directional arrow 1113 represents assignment of the pixel intensity the pixel 2b in image 2 (adjacent to image 1) to a first pixel in the set of light valves 1110.
  • Directional arrow 1114 represents assignment of the pixel intensity of the pixel 3b in image 1 to a second pixel in the set of light valves 1109.
  • Directional arrow 1115 represents assignment of the pixel intensity of the pixel 4b in image 2 to a second pixel in the set of light valves 1110.
  • the intensity of a pixel in the images 1-8 may be assigned to a light valve of a set of light valves by modulating the intensity of the light valve to substantially match the intensity of the pixel.
  • the light valves 1116 and 1117 of the sets of light valves 1109 and 1110 are modulated to substantially match the intensity of the pixels 1b and 6b, respectively.
  • Light coupled out of a multibeam element of the plate light guide propagates to a corresponding set of light valves.
  • Light that is transmitted through a modulated light valve of a set of light valves creates a modulated light beam that propagates away from the screen 204 of the multiview display 200.
  • Certain modulated light beams created by sets of light valves of a multiview pixel as described above with reference to Figure 11 interleave away from the screen 204 thereby creating the directional pixels of images in a multiview image.
  • Figure 12 illustrates directional pixels emanating from the light valves of the sets of light valves 1109 and 1110 of the multiview pixel 1102, e.g., of Figure 11 .
  • Multibeam elements 1201 and 1202 couple out light from corresponding sets of light valves 1109 and 1110, e.g., as described above with reference to Figures 8A-8B .
  • Solid-line directional arrows 1204 represent couple out light that emerges as modulated light beams from the light valves of the set of light valves 1109 described above with reference to Figure 11 .
  • Dashed-line directional arrows 1206 represent couple out light that emerges as modulated light beams from the light valves of the set of light valves 1110 described above with reference to Figure 11 .
  • directional pixels that correspond to the pixels 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, and 7b interleave within a viewing distance 1208.
  • the modulated light beams that correspond to pixels 1b and 8b may not interleave with the other modulated light beams output from the sets of light valves 1109 and 1110 within the view distance 1208.
  • the modulated light beams that correspond to pixels of the first and last images in the series of images 1-8 may not interleave with the modulated light beams that correspond to the pixels of images in the series of images 2-7 within the viewing distance 1208.
  • the interleaving of the modulated light beams output from the sets of light valves 1109 and 1110 reorders the pixels to match the order of the images 1-8 at about the viewing distance 1208.
  • the light from the modulated light beams enters the observer's eye with the same order as the series of images 1-8.
  • the observer sees the images 1-8 in consecutive order as the observer's eyes moves across the screen 204 from the viewing distance 1208, recreating the multiview image experience described above with reference to Figure 1A .
  • Figure 13 illustrates a flow diagram of a method to display a multiview image.
  • light generated by a light source optically coupled to a plate light guide is optically coupled into the plate light guide as described above with reference to Figures 2 and 3 .
  • pixel intensities of a series of two-dimensional (2D) images of a multiview image are assigned to light valves of a plurality of sets of light valves of a multiview pixel as described above with reference to Figures 10 and 11 .
  • a portion of the light propagating in the plate light guide is couple out from a plurality of multibeam elements of the plate light guide as described above with reference to Figure 6 .
  • the modulated light beams have different angles and angular offsets in order to interleave the modulated light beams as described above with reference to Figures 8 and 12 .
  • the coupled-out light is modulated at light valves of the plurality of sets of light valves of the multiview pixel according to assigned pixel intensities as described above with reference to Figure 12 .
  • the interleaved and modulated light beams are directional pixels that correspond to different views of the multiview image.

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PCT/US2016/036495 WO2017131807A1 (en) 2016-01-30 2016-06-08 Multibeam element-based backlight and display using same
PCT/US2016/040584 WO2017204840A1 (en) 2016-05-23 2016-06-30 Diffractive multibeam element-based backlighting
US201662214970P 2016-09-05 2016-09-05
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