EP3462992A1

EP3462992A1 - Viscoelastic damping body and method for producing same

Info

Publication number: EP3462992A1
Application number: EP17725986.8A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Thomas BÜSGEN; Dirk Achten; Nicolas Degiorgio; Jürgen Hättig; Peter Reichert
Original assignee: Covestro Deutschland AG
Current assignee: Covestro Deutschland AG
Priority date: 2016-06-01
Filing date: 2017-05-30
Publication date: 2019-04-10
Also published as: CN109310215A; WO2017207538A1; US20210222752A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a viscoelastic damping body (1, 20, 30), comprising at least one spring element (4) and at least one damping element coupled thereto, wherein the method is characterized in that the damping element and optionally also the spring element (4) are produced by means of a 3-D printing method. The invention further relates to a viscoelastic damping body (1, 20, 30) that is or can be produced according to such a method and to a volume body comprising or consisting of a plurality of such damping bodies (1, 20, 30).

Description

V isko-elastisierungsher damping body and method for its preparation

The invention relates to a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one spring element and at least one damping element coupled thereto. The invention further relates to a visco-elastic damping body, manufactured or produced by such a method and a solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of such Dämpfungskörp ern. Damping bodies of the type mentioned can be used for example in mattresses, as described in EP 1 962 644 A2. Therein, a large number of damping bodies are combined as a composite in a mattress.

From DE 20 2005 015 047 Ul a combination Matratz e is known, which is composed of a plurality of spring elements, which adjoin one another at their peripheral surfaces and are held together by means of a circulating belt. To secure the band, the spring elements have a groove. The spring elements are made of latex.

Furthermore, spring mattresses are known in which introduced into fabric pockets metal springs are provided as spring elements. The metal spring core thus formed is also referred to as Bonnell spring core or pocket spring core. Above the metal spring core, a foam padding is positioned, which is usually made of block foam and has a certain elasticity. Furthermore, foam mattresses with incorporated in the foam core wire springs are known.

From DE 299 18 893 Ul a padding element for furniture and mattresses is known in which a plurality of spring elements is assembled into a laminar composite. Here, the spring elements are made of sheep wool and filled in preferably made of cotton bags, the upper end faces of the pocket springs form the later La st area. To create a large-area upholstery element a plurality of spring elements is arranged side by side and connected in individual rows each with each other, preferably sewn together.

Furthermore, from DE 39 37 214 AI a pad member for supporting a lying human body known. A mattress part made of elastic material, such as foam, has a plurality of juxtaposed channels, are inserted into the inserts of different elasticity, so that the mattress part on his lying surface locally different Has elasticity ranges. The inserts may consist of an elastic material corresponding to that of the mattress part.

DE 10 2015 100 816 B3 describes a method for producing a body-supporting element, such as e.g. a mattress, based on print data using a 3 D printer. On the basis of the print data areas of different elasticity can be generated by the formation of cavities of different sizes and / or different numbers by the 3 D printer.

From WO 2007/085548 AI is also known that visco-elastic flexible polyurethane foams can be used as a material for mattresses.

The aforementioned methods have various disadvantages. Thus, in the production of mattresses made of visco-elastic flexible polyurethane foams, the possibilities of individual adaptation of the damping properties to the respective requirements are limited. In the conventional methods for producing innerspring mattresses is added that the assembly of the individual components is expensive. Also, due to the design-related size of the coil springs used, the possibilities of a spatially resolved adaptation of the damping properties are very limited. The little customizable manufacturing processes also hardly allow an economically sensible one-off production here.

An object of the present invention was to overcome at least one disadvantage of the prior art at least in part. Furthermore, an object of the invention was to provide a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body, which allows the production of damping bodies with individually adjustable visco-elastic behavior at the same time high spatial resolution. The generated Dämp fungskörp he should, for example, be suitable as a mechanical vibration damper or for use for a mattress.

At least one object is achieved in a visco-elastic damping body of the type mentioned in that the damping element and optionally also the spring element via a 3 D printing method is generated.

The invention is thus a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one spring element and at least one damping element coupled thereto, wherein the method is characterized in that the damping element and optionally also the spring element is generated via a 3D printing process. The present invention is based on the finding that an individualized adaptation of the damping properties is possible by means of a 3D printing method. Individualized here means that not only individual pieces can be produced economically sensible, but also that the damping properties of a Dämp fungskörp s s can be set as desired at different points of the body and with a high spatial resolution. Thus, for example, a mattress can be customized to a customer according to the anatomical requirements or needs. For example, in order to achieve an optimal pressure distribution while lying on the mattress, a pressure profile of the body can first be recorded on a sensor surface and the data thus obtained used for the individualization of the mattress. The data is then fed to the 3-D printing process in a manner known per se.

For example, the 3-D printing process can be selected from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Ink Jet Printing, Photopolymer Jetting, Stereo Lithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Digital Light Processing based Additive Manufacturing System, Continuous Liquid Interface Production, Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting-based additive manufacturing, Multijet Fusion-based additive manufacturing, High Speed Sintering Process and Laminated Object Modeling or a combination of at least two of them.

As used herein, the term "fused filament fabrication" (FFF), as used herein, refers to a manufacturing process in the field of additive manufacturing that uses a workpiece, such as a fusible material The plastic can be used with or without further additives such as fibers, machines for the FFF belong to the class of machines of the 3 D printers.This process is based on the liquefaction of a wire-shaped plastic or wax material by heating, which solidifies on cooling The material is applied by extrusion with a freely movable heating nozzle in relation to a production level, whereby either the production level can be fixed and the nozzle is freely movable or a nozzle is fixed and a substrate table (with one production level) can be moved or both elements , Nozzle and production level, s The speed with which the substrate and nozzle can be moved relative to one another is preferably in a range from 1 to 200 mm / s. The layer thickness is depending on the application in a range of 0.025 and 1, 25 mm, the exit diameter of the material jet (Düsenauslassdurchmesser) from the nozzle is typically at least 0.05 mm. In layered model making, the individual layers combine to form a complex part. The structure of a body is done by usually repeated, each line one Working plane (formation of a layer) and then the working plane "stacking" is shifted upwards (forming at least one further layer on the first layer), so that a shape layer by layer is formed The outlet temperature of the mixtures from the nozzle, for example, 80 ° C to 420 ° C. It is also possible to heat the substrate table, for example to 20 ° C. to 250 ° C. As a result, too rapid cooling of the applied layer can be prevented, so that a further layer applied thereto can be sufficiently filled with the first layer combines.

The visco-elastic damping body according to the invention can have its damping properties in any desired broaching direction. The type of deformation is secondary. Thus, the visco-elastic damping body can be subjected, inter alia, pressure, tensile torsion or bending deformation and dampen this.

A visco-elastic damping body according to the present invention, for example, from a provided with Durchlas sö openings hollow body made of a substantially energy-elastic material with a tan δ <0.5 at Einsatztemp temperature, for example 25 ° C, constructed. The passage openings are preferably designed as tubular outlets and supply lines and allow for deformation of the damping body a drain or access of a fluid from or into the cavity of the hollow volume body. As a result, the volume of the damping body increases or decreases under mechanical stress. In such an inventive visco-elastic 3D-Därnpfungskörper the perforated hollow-volume body is preferably surrounded by a liquid or gas continuum and filled. The spring force acting in the volume of space is determined by the material moduli and geometry factors, such as those shown in FIG. determines the wall thickness of the body. The damping is controlled by the viscosity of the fluid as well as hole size and rate of volumetric deformation, as well as the length and shape of the flow paths (e.g., tubing / channel / valve shape) of the fluid.

The arrangement of different geometric hollow body and other spring and / or damping elements such as purely energy-elastic springs and possibly additional deformation-limiting elements in the space flooded with the fluid (closed or open) allows the targeted construction of symmetrical but also asymmetric viscoelastic 3 D - Damping bodies. The individual spring elements can be mechanically coupled or mechanically coupled and stationary. Preferably, all these spring elements are produced by means of additive 3D printing production methods. Various additive manufacturing technologies can be used in parallel or in series. The modulus or the "spring force" of the damping body according to the invention is given by its compressive strength according to DI EN ISO 3386-1 for soft elastic foams with low density and DIN EN ISO 3386-2 for soft elastic foams with high density as compression resistance in kPa.

The compression hardness of the damping body according to the invention is for example in the range of 0.01 to 1000 kPa. The compressive strength according to the invention is preferably up to 40% of its original height in the range from 0.1 to 500 kPa, more preferably in the range from 0.5 to 100 kPa, according to the invention ,

Viscoelasticity refers to a partially elastic, partially viscous material behavior. Visco-elastic substances thus combine features of liquids and solids in themselves. The effect is time, temperature and frequency dependent and occurs in polymeric melts and solids such. As plastics but also other materials.

The elastic portion basically causes a spontaneous, limited, reversible deformation, while the viscous portion basically causes a time-dependent, unlimited, irreversible deformation. The viscous and elastic component is pronounced different degrees in different visco-elastic materials, and the nature of the interaction to sammenwirkens differs.

In rheology, elastic behavior is represented by a spring, the hook element, and viscous behavior by a damping cylinder, the Newton element. Vi sko-elasti s Behavior can be modeled by combining two or more of these elements. One of the simplest visco-elastic models is the Kelvin body, in which the spring and damping cylinders are connected in parallel. Under load, z. B. by stretching, the deformation is decelerated by the damping cylinder and limited by the spring in their extent. After a discharge, the body returns due to the hook element back to its original position. The Kelvin body thus deforms as a function of time, like a liquid, but limited and reversible like a solid.

All liquids and solids can be considered as visco-elastic materials by their storage and loss modulus, G 'and G ", or their loss factor tan δ = G" / G' are specified. For ideal viscous fluids (Newton's fluid), the storage modulus is very small compared to the loss modulus; for ideal elastic solids that obey Hooke's law, the loss modulus is very small compared to the storage modulus. Visco-elastic materials have both a measurable storage modulus and a measurable loss modulus on. If the storage modulus is greater than the loss modulus, it is called solids, otherwise liquids.

The loss factor is therefore a measure of the damping of a visco-elastic body. The damping tan δ of the damping body according to the invention is in a pressure or tensile deformation in the direction of action preferably at 0.05 to 2, in particular at 0.1 - 1, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982-03: Testing of rubber and elastomers; Basics for dynamic test methods.

For body-relevant applications of the damping body according to the invention, for example for mattresses, helmets or protectors, the compression hardness according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1 is preferably in the range 0.5-100 kPa and the damping in the range 0-1-1.

The permanent deformation is determined according to DIN ISO 815-1: 2010-09: Elastomers or Thermoplastic Elastomers - Determination of Compression Set. The standard determines the compression set (DVR) at constant strain. A DVR of 0% means that the body has fully recovered to its original thickness, a DV'R of 100% says the body was completely deformed during the trial and shows no default. The calculation is made according to the following formula: DVR (%) = (L0 - L2) / (L0 - LI) x 100%

in which:

DVR = compression set in%

L0 = height of the specimen before the test

LI = height of the specimen during the test (distance)

1.2 = height of the test specimen after the test The indefinite term "an" generally means "at least one" in the sense of "one or more." The skilled person understands, depending on the situation, that not the indefinite article but the particular article "a" in the sense of "1", or the indefinite article "a" also comprises the specific article "a" (1) in one embodiment In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the damping body has a compression set after a 10% compression of <2%, measured in accordance with DIN ISO 815-1, in particular of <1.5%, preferably of <1%, This is advantageous since such a damping body has the same resiliency for each renewed load As a result, the formation of pressure points on the mattress is largely avoided, In a preferred development of the method according to the invention, the damping body or d The damping element partially or completely designed as filled with a fluid hollow body and provided with at least one Durchlas sö opening and has at a compressive or tensile deformation in the direction of action preferably an attenuation tan δ of 0.1 to 1, measured according to DIN 53535. This is advantageous because using the 3D printing process in this way Components can be created in which, for example, air or another fluid takes over the damping effect, the Dämp tion behavior can be easily adjusted by the manufacturing method of the invention. The hollow volume of the hollow body can be, for example, 1 microliter to 1 L, in particular 10 microliters to 100 milliliters, very particularly 100 microliters to 1 milliliter.

In this embodiment, 0.01 to 100 passage openings per cm ^{2 of the} outer surface of the damping element can be provided. The Durchlas sö openings preferably have independently of one another a diameter of 10 to 5000 μιη, or preferably from 20 to 4500 μιτι, or preferably from 50 to 4000 μπι on. By this possibility of variation, the damping behavior can be adapted to the desired damping effect or the damping fluid used. The passage openings can be produced during production or only after the production of the hollow body. The latter can be realized for example by chemical dissolution or melting of a sacrificial material from the wall of the damping element. By sacrificial material is meant a material that is not part of the finished damping body, but is used only during the manufacture of the damping body to, for example, structures during the layered construction with the Dämp fungskörp he forming building material / building materials by a 3 D printing process support or allow the production of overhangs. As sacrificial materials, for example, waxes having a lower melting point than the building material (s) or materials that are soluble in a different solvent than the building material (s) are used. For example, water-insoluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as a sacrificial material for non-water-soluble building materials, and high impact polystyrene (IIIS) as sacrificial material for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) as a construction material, which dissolves in acetone, in contrast to ABS.

The fluid may, for example, be selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oils, water, hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, ionic liquids, electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, Newtonian, visco-elastic, rheopexic, thixotropic liquids or mixtures of at least two of them. Preferably, the fluid includes air.

A damping body provided with at least one passage opening is also referred to below as a perforated hollow-volume body (pHVK). The major ch opens in the Cooperation with the fluid or form the damping elements, wherein the existing walls or other structural elements, in which the passage openings are provided, form the spring elements. A damping body designed as a perforated hollow-volume body (pHVK) may preferably have a compression hardness according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1 when compressed to 40% of its original height of 0.01 to 1000 kPa and / or a damping ratio according to DIN 53535 of 0, 1 to 1 and / or a compression set according to DIN ISO 815-1 after 10% compression of <1%; preferably after 20% compression of <2% and most preferably after 40% compression of <10%>.

A further preferred embodiment is directed to the production of a 3 D damper element comprising at least one pHVK, wherein the 3D damper element has a permanent deformation after 40% compression of <10% of the original component height. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the visco-elastic Dämp fungskörp ers this is designed as a perforated hollow body volume or its damping element is designed as a perforated hollow body volume, wherein the perforated hollow body volume in particular one or more of the following properties:

• Hollow volume: 1 iL to 1 L, preferably 10 μΐ, to 100 mL, more preferably 100 xL to 1 mL

• Thickness of the wall of the hollow volume body: 10 μπι to 1 cm, preferably 50 μπι to 0.5 cm

Diameter of the passage openings: 10 μπι to 5000 μπι

• Number of pores / cm ² in the outer surface: 0.01 to 100

• Area pores / cm ² in the outer surface: 0.1 to 10 mm2

· Modulus of elasticity according to DIN EN ISO 604: 2003-12 of the material used: <2 GPa, in particular from 1 to 1000 MPa, preferably 2-500 MPa.

Such a perforated hollow-body volume (pHVK) can be prepared, for example, by a process according to the invention, which comprises the following step: I) 3 D pressure of a hollow-volume perforated body, the hollow-body volume being a

Hollow volume of 1 μΐ to 1 L, 0.01 to 100 ports / 'cm ² outer surface of the hollow body volume with diameters of 10 μιτι to 5000 μιη has.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises, in addition to the above step I), the further steps: II) introducing a plurality of perforated hollow body into an enclosure, such as a fabric or polymer fabric or a fluid-impermeable structure;

III) optionally at least partially wise closing of the envelope, so that the Hohlvo lumenkörp he are held inside the enclosure.

In this embodiment, the dimensioning of the envelope is preferably selected so that its extension in at least one of its 3 spatial axes corresponds to at least 2 times the extent in this spatial axis of a single hollow volume body. In this case, even more damping body can be inserted into the envelope, which are not perforated hollow-body.

As an alternative to an envelope, a multiplicity of perforated hollow-volume bodies can also be positioned between two surface elements which are preferably spaced parallel to one another, wherein the hollow-body bodies in contact with the respective surface elements are preferably connected to the surface elements.

According to another preferred embodiment, the perforated hollow volume body is made of an elastic material with an modulus of elasticity in the deformation direction of <2 GPa and a material-specific damping tan δ at operating temperature, in particular at 25 ° C., of <0.5 pHVK in its entirety has a modulus <I GPa and a tan δ> 0.2. According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the spring element is designed such that the damping body has a compression hardness of 0.1 to 500 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1, in particular from 0 0.5 to 100 kPa. The spring element itself may have a modulus of elasticity in the main deformation direction of, for example, 10 Pa to 2 GPa, preferably from 50 Pa to 1.5 GPa, or preferably from 100 Pa to

1 GPa.

In the context of the present invention, it can be provided that the spring element and the damping element of a damping body are realized in one component, in particular in the form of a hollow body provided with more than one constriction with at least one passage opening or as perforated hollow volume body. In this way, advantageously both mechanical part properties, namely spring action and damping, can be realized in one component. Examples are a bellows or a spring hose. The spring element may be formed, for example, as a compression spring, tension spring, leg spring, torsion spring, coil spring, diaphragm spring, leaf spring, disc spring, air spring, gas spring, ring spring, Evolutfeder or coil spring. The spring element may also be a metal spring. In this case, several of the aforementioned types can be used in a damping body, for example, to establish at different locations of the damping body another F ederungs behavior.

According to the method of the invention, it can be provided that a multiplicity of spring elements and damping elements are connected in parallel and / or sequentially to one another and at least partially coupled to one another. This is understood to mean spring elements and damping elements which can not be deformed independently of one another. The coupling with each other, for example, by known joining techniques such as gluing or welding or already in the manufacturing process in such a way that the individual elements are in advance of each other.

In the method according to the invention, the tensile modulus of the materials used of the damping element <250 GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO SO 6892-1: 2009-12, in particular from 0.05 to 150 GPa. For example, the material can be reinforced in the pulling direction by carbon, aramid, or glass fibers in order to achieve excellent tensile properties in addition to the damping in the main deformation direction.

According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the shape of the hollow volume body is rotationally symmetrical.

The Dämp fungskörp it can be constructed either of one or two or more different materials, for example, from 2 to 10 different materials, especially from more than 3 under chiedli chen materials, for example, from 3 to 8 different materials. The spring element and the damping element may be constructed of the same or different materials.

The curing of the materials used can be carried out by cooling of metals or thermoplastics, by cold or hot polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation, addition or condensation or by electron or electro-magnetic radiation initiated polymerization.

The material of the spring element and of the damping element can be selected independently from metals, plastics and composites, in particular from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, Polyimides, polyether ketones, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and mixtures thereof and copolymers.

The material of the spring element and the damping element is particularly preferably selected from thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), cycloolefinic copolyesters (COC), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetheramide ketone (PEAK), polyetherimide (PEi) (eg Ultem), polyimide (PI), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polylactate (PLA), polymethyl methacrylate ( PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylate, celluloid preferably selected from a group consisting of TPE, TPU, PA, PEI, and PC. most preferably selected from its group TPU and PC.

Also used may be materials selected from reactive-cure systems.

The material of the spring element and ⁷ or the damping element may contain at least one additive, such as. As fibers, UV curing agents, peroxides, diazo compounds, sulfur, stabilizers, inorganic fillers, plasticizers, flame retardants and anti-oxidants. Examples of such additives are Kevlar, glass, aramid or carbon fibers rayon, cellulose acetate, and / or common natural fibers (eg flax, hemp, coco, etc.). In addition to or instead of fibers, the mixtures may also reinforcing particles, in particular selected from inorganic or ceramic nanopowders, metal powders or plastic powders, for example, of S1O ₂ or AI ₂ Q ₃ , AIOH3, carbon black, T1O2 or CaCO. Furthermore, mixtures of substances z. As peroxides, diazo compounds and / or sulfur.

In particular, in the case of reaction resins, mixtures of two or more reaction resins may be mixed in advance or may be mixed on the substrate. The order can be made in the latter case, for example, from different nozzles. The curable compositions may be of different nature, but under the conditions of the method according to the invention must be liquid or viscous extrudable or liquid verdruckbare plastic compositions. These may be thermoplastics, silicones or even curable reaction resins, for. B. 2-K polyurethane, 2K epoxy or moisture-curing polyurethane systems, air-curing or free-radically curing unsaturated polyester or UV-curing reactive resins based on eg vinyl and acrylic compounds, as described, inter alia, in EP 2 930 009 A2 and DE 10 2015100 816 are described. The generation of the erfndungsgemäß s damping body is usually in layers. After application of a first layer and, if necessary, after application of additional layers to produce a surface section, the applied material can be used in reactive systems, for. B. by cold or hot polymerization or polyaddition or polycondensation, addition (eg, PU addition) or condensation or initiation by electron or electro-magnetic radiation, in particular UV radiation, are cured. Thermosetting plastic mixtures can be cured by a corresponding IR radiation source.

The prior art describes various two-component or multicomponent systems which can be printed. For example, DE 199 37 770 A1 discloses a two-component system comprising an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component. From both components, droplet jets are generated, which are aligned so that they unite into a common droplet jet. In the common droplet jet, the reaction of the isocyanate component with the isocyanate-reactive component begins. The common drop steel is directed onto a support material where it is used to form a three-dimensional body to form a polyurethane polymer. EP 2 930 009 A2 describes a process for printing a multicomponent system comprising at least one isocyanate component and at least one isocyanate-reactive component which, due to their reactivity and miscibility, are particularly suitable for ink-setting processes.

Another object of the present invention relates to a visco-elastic damping body, manufactured or prepared by the method according to the invention.

The invention also relates to a solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies according to the invention, wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.

The solid according to the invention is preferably constructed of at least two pHVK.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention volumenkörp it comprises at least one further vibration damper, which is not inventive damping body. The ratio of the modulus of elasticity of the pHVK to one or the sum of a plurality of further vibration dampers is preferably from 0.01: 1 to 10: 1.

The invention also relates to a mechanical damper, such as a damped strut comprising at least one damping body according to the invention. Preferred embodiments:

1) According to a first disclosed embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body (1, 20, 30) comprising at least one spring element (4) and at least one coupled Dämp tion element, characterized in that the damping element and Optionally, the spring element is produced via a 3-D printing process.

2) According to a second embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to embodiment

1), characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) or the damping element partially or completely as at least one filled with fluid hollow body (2) and provided with at least one passage opening (3, 14, 25, 34) wherein the fluid is in particular selected from air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oils, water, hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, ionic liquids, electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, Newtonian, visco-elastic, rheopexic, thixotropic liquids or mixtures of these. 3) According to a third embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to embodiment

2), characterized in that the hollow volume of the hollow body (2) is 1 microliter to 1 I.

4) According to a fourth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to embodiment 2) or 3), characterized in that 0.01 to 100 passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) per cm ² outer surface of the damping element or the damping body ( 1, 20, 30) are provided and / or the passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) independently of one another have a diameter of 10 to 5000 μιη.

5) According to a fifth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the embodiments 2) to 4), characterized in that the passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) are produced only after the production of the hollow body (2), in particular by chemical

Removal or melting of a sacrificial material from the wall of Dämp Fung elements.

6) According to a sixth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 5), characterized in that the spring element (4) is designed such that the Dämp fungskörp he (1, 20, 30) has a compression hardness of 0.01 to 1000 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1: 2010-09, in particular from 0.1 to 500 kPa, or from 0.5 to 100 kPa. According to a seventh embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 6), characterized in that the spring element (4) and the damping element of a damping body (1, 20, 30) is realized in a component, in particular Shape of a hollow body (10) provided with more than one constriction with at least one passage opening (14). ) According to an eighth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the embodiments 1) to 6), characterized in that the spring element (4) as compression spring, tension spring, torsion spring, torsion spring, spiral spring, diaphragm spring, leaf spring, disc spring, air spring, Gas spring, ring spring, Evolutfeder or is designed as a helical spring. ) According to a ninth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 8), characterized in that a plurality of spring elements (4) and damping elements connected in parallel and / or sequentially to each other and at least partially coupled to each other. 0) According to a tenth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 9), characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) has a compression set after a 10% compression of <2% measured according to DIN ISO 815-1: 2010-09. 1) According to an eleventh embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 10), characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) at a compressive or tensile deformation in the direction of action an attenuation tan δ of 0, 05 to 2, in particular from 0.1 to 1, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982-03. 2) According to a twelfth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 11), characterized in that the SD printing method is selected from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Ink Jet Printing, Photopolymer Jetting, Stereo Lithograhpy, Selective Laser Sintering, Digital Light Processing based Additive Manufacturing System, Continuous Liquid Interface Production, Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting based Additive Manufacturing, Multijet Fusion based Additive Manufacturing, High Speed Sintering Process and Laminated Object Modeling. 3) According to a thirteenth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 12), characterized in that the tensile modulus of the used materials of the damping body (1, 20, 30) <250GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12, in particular from 0.05 to 150 GPa. ) According to a fourteenth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 13), characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) is constructed of at least two different materials. ) According to a fifteenth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to any one of the above imple mentation form 1) to 14), characterized in that the spring element (4) and the damping element are constructed of different materials. ) According to a sixteenth embodiment, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding embodiments 1) to 15), characterized in that the material of the spring element (4) and the damping element is independently selected from metals, plastics and composites, in particular of thermoplastically processable Plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, polyether ketones, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and mixtures thereof and copolymers. ) According to a seventeenth embodiment, the invention relates to a visco-elastic Dämp Fung body (1, 20, 30), manufactured or prepared by a method according to any one of embodiments 1) to 16), wherein the damping body (1, 20, 30) preferably as perforated hollow-volume body (1) is formed or its damping element is designed as a perforated hollow-volume body (1), wherein the perforated hollow-volume body (1) in particular one or more of the following properties:

- Hollow volume: 1 μΐΐ, to 1 L, preferably 10 to 100 mL;

Thickness of the material: 10 μιη to 1 cm, preferably 50 μηι to 0.5 cm;

- Diameter of the passage openings: 10 to 5000 μιη;

Number of pores / cm ² outer surface: 0.01 to 100;

- area pores / cm ² outer surface: 0.1 to 10 mm ² ;

- E modulus according to DIN EN ISO 604: 2003-12 of the material used: <2 GPa, in particular from 1 to 1000 MPa, preferably from 2 to 500 MPa. ) According to an eighteenth embodiment, the invention relates to a solid comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies (1, 20, 30) according to embodiment 17), wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to examples and Figures 1 to 7, 8a to 8c and 9a to 9c. It shows

Fig. 1 shows a first example of a damping body according to the invention and its

Deformation along a spatial axis,

Fig. 2 shows a second example of a damping body according to the invention and its

Deformation along a spatial axis,

Fig. 3 shows a third example of a Dämp fungskörp invention and its

Deformation along a spatial axis,

Fig. 4 shows a fourth example of a damping body according to the invention and its

Deformation along two spatial axes,

5 shows a fifth example of an inventive damping body and its

Deformation along a spatial axis,

Fig. 6 shows a sixth example of a damping body according to the invention and its

Deformation along two spatial axes,

6 shows a seventh example of a damping body according to the invention and its

Deformation along two spatial axes,

Fig. 8a an eighth example of a damping body according to the invention in three-dimensional

View from diagonally above,

Fig. 8b, the eighth example of the invention Dämp fungskörp ers from Fig. 8a in the

Top view,

Fig. 8c, the eighth example of the invention Dämp fungskörp ers along a vertical section line A-A of FIG. 8b.

9a shows a ninth example of an inventive Dämp fungskörp ers in three-dimensional view obliquely from above,

9b, the ninth example of the damping body according to the invention of Fig. 9a in the

Top view, as well

9c shows the ninth example of the damping body according to the invention along a vertical section line B-B according to FIG. 9b.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a damping body 1 according to the invention in a lateral section. The damping body 1 was generated by a 3D printing method and is presently designed as a porous hollow volume body (pHVK) with a hollow body 2, which has a plurality of passage openings 3, which are filled with a fluid, in this case ambient air. This means that in this case spring element and damping element are realized in a contiguous component. In the middle illustration of FIG. 1, the damping body 1 is subjected to compressive stress along the Z-axis. In this case, the fluid contained in the passage openings 3 is partially pressed out. As a result, a damping of the deformation speed is achieved. In the right-hand illustration of FIG. 1, the damping body 1 is subjected to tensile stress along the Z-axis. In this case, ambient air is drawn into the passage openings 3, whereby the speed of the tensile stress is damped. Compression or decompression thus changes the shape of the pHVK 1 and thus the hollow volume within the pHVK 1, so that fluid is pressed out of or into the hollow-volume body through the pores / channels.

In Fig. 2, a further imple mentation form of a visco-elastic damping body according to the invention is shown. Therein, a multiplicity of damping bodies 1 according to FIG. 1 are coupled alternately with spring elements 4 in the form of spiral springs in the z direction and are arranged between an upper and a lower planar structure 5. The fabrics 5 may be, for example, rigid panels or even elastic surfaces - such as a textile. For use in decompression-decompression applications, the coil springs 4 and pHKVs 1 adjacent to the sheets 5 must be bonded to the respective sheets 5. In this embodiment, the spring action of the damping body 1 is amplified in the z direction by the additional coil springs 4, wherein the damping component of the overall arrangement is essentially defined by the damping behavior of the damping body 1. Through the fabric 5, a distribution of the load effect can be achieved.

FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of a damping body analogous to FIG. 2. In contrast to Fig. 2 in this case the plurality of damping bodies 1 and coil springs 4 is completely enclosed by a sheath 6. Such an embodiment can be used for example as a mattress. The sheath 6 consists of an elastic material which ensures that the volume contraction can be compensated by pressure on at least one surface and consequent decrease in length in at least one spatial direction of the three-dimensional structure by a longitudinal extension in at least one other spatial direction. For use in decompression applications of the damping body, the coil springs 4 and pHKVs 1 adjoining the sheath 6 must be connected to the sheath 6 at least in the main direction of decompression.

4 shows a further embodiment of a damping body according to the invention. In this perforated hollow volume body 1 are alternately coupled with coil springs 4 and arranged in mutually vertically extending spatial axes. Such a damping body thus shows a visco-elastic behavior at least in the direction of these two spatial axes. 5, a further embodiment of a damping body according to the invention is shown. In this spiral springs 4 and perforated hollow volume body 1 are arranged asymmetrically successively between a lower skirt 7 and an upper cover 8. In this embodiment, the damping body in its entirety in the left-hand region exhibits an essentially hook-shaped behavior, which changes into a strongly viscoelastic damping behavior towards the right. In addition, the compression of this damping body by the outer skirt 7 and the cover plate 8 is limited insofar as that the Dämp fungskörp he can not be deformed nondestructive, when the cover plate 8 comes into contact with the upper edge of the skirt 7.

In Fig. 6 is a further imple mentation shape of the damping body 1 according to the invention shown, are installed in the perforated hollow volume body 1 with different sizes. FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment of the damping body 10 according to the invention, which was produced by means of a 3D printing method. In this case, the damping body 10 is realized in the form of a bellows with an outer wall 11, which in a sectional side view along the longitudinal axis has alternating constrictions 12 and protuberances 13. The damping body 10 is also equipped with passage openings 14 through which in compression of the damping body 10 along its longitudinal axis contained in the cavity 1 5 of the damping body fluid, in the present ambient air, flow out or can flow in expansion again.

By selecting the size of the passage openings 14 and / or selection of the fluid contained in the cavity 15 or its viscosity, the damping behavior of the damping body 10 can be adjusted. In this embodiment, the accordion-like configuration of the outer wall 11 acts as a spring element. 4

FIGS. 8a to 8c show a further embodiment of a damping body 20 according to the invention in a three-dimensional representation of an isometry (FIG. 8a), in a plan view (FIG. 8b) and in a lateral sectional view along the line AA. The damping body 20 was generated by a 3-D printing process and consists of a cylinder 21 open on a flat side, in which a holding webs 22 fixed kupp egg-shaped first chamber 23 is positioned. The first chamber 23 has in its interior a fluid-filled cavity 24 and in the bottom region a passage opening 25 through which the fluid from the cavity 24 of the first chamber 23 can escape under pressure in the z direction in a second chamber 26. The first chamber 23 is also fixed in the cylinder 21 by a circumferential retaining ring 27 in which diametrically opposite Outlet openings 28 are located, from which escape the fluid from the second chamber 26 under compressive stress or can re-flow in relaxation.

If the volume of the dome-shaped first chamber 23 is reduced by impressions, the fluid therein is pressed into the connected second chamber 26. If the volume of the first chamber 23 is brought back to its original size due to the restoring forces of the material, the fluid flows back into the first chamber 23 due to the lower pressure. The rate at which the fluid flows out of and into the first chamber 23 is dependent on the friction on the walls of the chamber 23, and in particular the dimension of the passage opening 25 and the viscosity of the fluid. Different viscous fluids result in different elastic moduli and damping properties of the damping body 20.

FIGS. 9a to 9c show a further embodiment of a damping body 30 according to the invention. 9a shows the damping body 30 in a three-dimensional view of an isometry, FIG. 9b shows the damping body 30 in plan view and FIG. 9c shows the damping body 30 along a vertical cutting line B-B. The damping body 30 was produced by a 3-D pressure method and comprises a cylinder 31 which is open on one side and in which a dome-shaped first chamber 32 is fixed to the wall of the cylinder 31 via a retaining ring 33 arranged peripherally in the lower region of the first chamber 32. In the lower region of the first chamber 32, a passage opening 34 is provided, through which a fluid located in the cavity 35 of the first chamber 32 can flow into a second chamber 36 when the damping body 30 is subjected to mechanical pressure along its vertical longitudinal axis. In the circumferential retaining ring 33 Auslassöffhungen 37 are provided through which the fluid under pressure loading of Dämp fungskörp ers 30 can escape from the second chamber 36.

Example of a test specimen 1

As a specimen, a damping body 20 was used according to the embodiment shown in Figures 8a to 8c. As a material for Dämp fungskörp he 20 a TPU was selected with a Shore hardness of 85A and 3D printed by means of FFF. The fluids used were air, a low viscosity and a high viscosity oil.

The diameter of the damping body (length of the line AA) is 25 mm, the outer radius of the dome-shaped first chamber 23 is 7.15 mm, the maximum vertical extent of the cavity 24 is 9.4 mm and the diameter of both the opening 25 Durchlass as well 28 are 2 mm. The dome-shaped first chamber 23 has a wall thickness of 0.6 mm.

The viscoelasitic properties of the test piece were determined as follows: The specimen was clamped in a Gabometer under axial compression, so that it was compressed to 80% of its original height. To do this, a stamp with a diameter of 13mm pressed on the first chamber (dome) of the sample. For the actual measurement of the specimen is claimed with a further sinusoidal, axial pressure movement in the frequency range between 0.5 Hz and 20 Hz. The force is recorded over the sinusoidal, axial pressure movement. From this, among other things, the storage and loss modulus, G and G ", can be derived, the quotient of which is the loss factor with tan δ = G" / G '. All measurements took place under room temperature and ambient pressure. For all fluids used, a maximum of the loss factor is found at a frequency of 15.8 Hz. The amount of the loss factor varies considerably with

tan δ (air) = 0.31

tan δ (low viscosity oil) = 0.32

Tan δ (high viscosity oil) = 0.38

Example of a test specimen 2

Another damping body 20 with the same geometry w e was produced in Example 1, but a TPU with the Shore hardness of 90 A was used as the material for the specimen. All other conditions and measurement parameters are identical to Example 1.

For all fluids used, a maximum of the loss factor is found at a frequency of 15.8 Hz. The amount of the loss factor varies considerably with

tan δ (air) = 0.31

tan δ (low viscosity oil) = 0.38

tan δ (high viscosity oil) = 0.50

In both examples of a specimen 1 and 2 according to the invention, a higher damping is found with the use of oils in relation to air as fluid. The higher viscosity oil shows a greater increase in tan δ than the low viscosity, due to higher friction on the walls of the damper body and in particular the ports. The hardness of the material used for the damping body also plays a role: in the case of the oils, the damping values are higher for the harder material (Shore 90A, Example 1) than for the softer one (Shore 85A, Example 2). This is due to the higher compression modulus of the harder TPU type. List of reference numbers:

(1) Damping Body, Porous Hollow Volume Body (pHVK)

(2) hollow body

(3) passage opening

(4) Spring element, spiral spring

(5) fabrics

(6) Serving

(7) surround

(8) cover

(10) Damping body

(1 1) outer wall

(12) constriction

(13) protuberance

(14) Through open mouth

(15) cavity

(20) damping element

(21) Cylinder

(22) retaining bridge

(23) first chamber

(24) cavity

(25) passage opening

(26) second chamber

(27) circumferential retaining ring

(28) outlet opening

(30) (20) Damping element

(31) Cylinder

(32) first chamber

(33) circumferential retaining ring

(34) passage opening

(35) cavity

(36) second chamber

(37) outlet opening

Claims

Expectations:

1. A method for producing a visco-elastic damping body (1, 20, 30) comprising at least one spring element (4) and at least one damping element coupled thereto, characterized in that the damping element and optionally also the spring element have a 3 D Printing process is generated.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) or the damping element is partially or completely designed as a hollow body (2) filled with fluid and with at least one passage opening (3, 14, 25, 34), the fluid being selected in particular from air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oils, water, hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, ionic liquids, electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, Newtonian, visco-elastic, rheopex, thixotropic liquids or mixtures of this one.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that 0.01 to 100 passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) are provided per cm ² on the outside of the damping element or the damping body (1, 20, 30) and / or the passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) independently of one another have a diameter of 10 to 5000 μm.

4. The method according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the passage openings (3, 14, 25, 34) are only created after the hollow body (2) has been manufactured, in particular by chemically dissolving or melting a sacrificial material from the wall of the Damping elements.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spring element (4) is designed such that the damping body (1, 20, 30) has a compression hardness of 0.01 to 1000 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386- 1:2010-09, in particular from 0.1 to 500 kPa, or from 0.5 to 100 kPa.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spring element (4) and the damping element of a damping body (1, 20, 30) are realized in one component, in particular in the form of a hollow body (10) provided with more than one constriction. with at least one passage opening (14).

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of spring elements (4) and damping elements are connected in parallel and / or sequentially to one another and are at least partially coupled to one another.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) has a compression set after a 10% compression of <2%, measured according to DIN ISO 815-1:2010-09.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the damping body (1, 20, 30) has a damping tan δ of 0.05 to 2, in particular from 0.1 to 1, during a compressive or tensile deformation in the direction of action, measured according to DIN 53535:1982-03.

10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the SD printing process is selected from fused filament fabrication (FFF), ink jet printing, photopolymer jetting, stereo lithograhpy, selective laser sintering, digital light processing based additive manufacturing system, continuous liquid interface production, selective laser melting, binder jetting based additive manufacturing, multijet fusion based additive manufacturing, high speed sintering process and laminated object modeling.

11. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensile modulus of the materials used for the damping body (1, 20, 30) is <250GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2009-12, in particular 0, 05 to 150 GPa.

12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spring element (4) and the damping element are constructed from different materials.

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the material of the spring element (4) and the damping element is independently selected from metals, plastics and composites, in particular from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyetherketones, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or cross-linked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and their mixtures and copolymers.

14. Visco-elastic damping body (1, 20, 30), manufactured or producible by a method according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the damping body (1, 20, 30) is preferably designed as a perforated hollow volume body (1) or whose damping element is designed as a perforated hollow volume body (1), the perforated hollow volume body (1) in particular having one or more of the following properties:

• Hollow volume: 1 μΐ, up to 1 L, preferably 10 to 100 mL

• Thickness of the material: 10 μm to 1 cm, preferably 50 μm to 0.5 cm

• Diameter of the passage openings: 10 to 5000 μηι

• Number of pores/cm ² external surface: 0.01 to 100

• Area pores/cm ² external surface: 0.1 to 10 mm2

• Modulus of elasticity according to DIN EN ISO 604: 2003-12 of the material used: < 2 GPa, in particular from 1 to 1000 MPa, preferably 2-500 MPa.

A volume body, comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies (1, 20, 30) according to claim 14, wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.