EP3535501A1

EP3535501A1 - Visco-elastic damping element based on visco-elastic materials

Info

Publication number: EP3535501A1
Application number: EP17797294.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dirk Achten; Thomas BÜSGEN; Dirk Dijkstra; Roland Wagner; Bettina METTMANN; Nicolas Degiorgio; Peter Reichert
Original assignee: Covestro Deutschland AG
Current assignee: Covestro Deutschland AG
Priority date: 2016-11-04
Filing date: 2017-11-02
Publication date: 2019-09-11
Also published as: WO2018083150A1; CN109891118A; US20190254439A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a visco-elastic damping element comprising at least one visco-elastic spring element, characterized in that the visco-elastic spring element is structured from at least one visco-elastic material having a tan δ of at least 0.5, determined according to DIN 53535: 1982-03, and produced by means of a 3D printing method. The invention further relates to a visco-elastic damping element, which is produced or can be produced according to said method, and to a solid body comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping elements.

Description

Visco-elastic damping body based on viscoelastic materials

The invention relates to a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one spring element containing at least one viscoelastic material. The invention further relates to a visco-elastic damping body, manufactured or produced by such a method and a solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of such damping bodies.

Damping bodies of the type mentioned can be used for example in mattresses, as described in EP 1 962 644 A2. Therein, a large number of damping bodies are combined as a composite in a mattress.

From DE 20 2005 015 047 Ul a combination mattress is known, which is composed of a plurality of spring elements, which adjoin one another at their peripheral surfaces and are held together by means of a circulating belt. To secure the band, the spring elements have a groove. The spring elements are made of latex.

Furthermore, spring mattresses are known in which introduced into fabric pockets metal springs are provided as spring elements. The metal spring core thus formed is also referred to as Bonnell spring core or pocket spring core. Above the metal spring core, a foam padding is positioned, which is usually made of block foam and has a certain elasticity. Furthermore, foam mattresses with incorporated in the foam core wire springs are known.

From DE 299 18 893 Ul a padding element for furniture and mattresses is known in which a plurality of spring elements is assembled into a laminar composite. Here, the spring elements are made of sheep wool and filled in preferably made of cotton bags, the upper end faces of the pocket springs form the later load surface. To create a large-area upholstery element a plurality of spring elements is arranged side by side and connected in individual rows each with each other, preferably sewn together.

Furthermore, from DE 39 37 214 AI a pad member for supporting a lying human body known. A mattress part made of elastic material, such as foam, has a plurality of juxtaposed channels, are inserted into the inserts of different elasticity, so that the mattress part on his lying surface locally different Has elasticity ranges. The inserts may consist of an elastic material corresponding to that of the mattress part.

DE 10 2015 100 816 B3 describes a method for producing a body-supporting element, such as e.g. a mattress, based on print data using a 3D printer. On the basis of the print data areas of different elasticity can be generated by the formation of cavities of different sizes and / or different numbers by the 3D printer.

From WO 2007/085548 AI is also known that vi sko -elastic polyurethane flexible foams can be used as a material for mattresses.

The aforementioned methods have various disadvantages. Thus, in the production of mattresses made of visco-elastic flexible polyurethane foams, the possibilities of individual adaptation of the damping properties to the respective requirements are limited. In the conventional methods for producing innerspring mattresses is added that the assembly of the individual components is expensive. Also, due to the design-related size of the coil springs used, the possibilities of a spatially resolved adaptation of the damping properties are very limited. The little customizable manufacturing processes also hardly allow an economically sensible one-off production here.

The object of the invention was therefore to provide a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body, which allows the production of damping bodies with individually adjustable visco-elastic behavior at the same time high spatial resolution. The generated damping body should be suitable, for example, as a mechanical vibration damper or for use in a mattress.

The object is achieved with a visco-elastic damping body of the type mentioned above in that the viscoelastic damping body is produced via a 3D printing process using at least one viscoelastic material at the time of use.

The invention thus provides a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one viscoelastic spring element, wherein the method is characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element of at least one viscoelastic material with a tan δ of at least 0.5, determined according to DIN 53535 : 1982-03, constructed and produced via a 3D printing process.

The present invention is based on the finding that an individualized adaptation of the damping properties is possible by means of a 3D printing method. Individualized means Here, that not only individual pieces can be produced economically useful, but also that the damping properties of a damping body at different points of the body can be set as desired and with a high spatial resolution. Thus, for example, a mattress can be customized to a customer according to the anatomical requirements or needs. For example, in order to achieve an optimal pressure distribution while lying on the mattress, a pressure profile of the body can first be recorded on a sensor surface and the data thus obtained used for the individualization of the mattress. The data is then fed to the 3D printing process in a manner known per se.

The 3D printing process may be selected, for example, from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Ink Jet Printing, Photopolymer Jetting, Stereo Lithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Digital Light Processing based Additive Manufacturing System, Continuous Liquid Interface Production, Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting-based additive manufacturing, Multijet Fusion-based additive manufacturing, High Speed Sintering Process and Laminated Object Modeling.

As used herein, the term "fused filament fabrication" (FFF), as used herein, refers to a manufacturing process in the field of additive manufacturing, with which a workpiece is built up in layers, for example, from a fusible plastic The plastic can be used with or without further additives such as fibers FFF machines belong to the machine class of 3D printers This process is based on the liquefaction of a wire-shaped plastic or wax material by heating, during which the material solidifies Material is applied by extrusion with a freely movable heating nozzle in relation to a production level, either the production level can be fixed and the nozzle is freely movable or a nozzle is fixed and a substrate table (with a production level) can be moved or both elements, nozzle and Production levels are v The speed with which the substrate and nozzle can be moved relative to one another is preferably in a range from 1 to 200 mm / s. The layer thickness is depending on the application in a range of 0.025 and 1.25 mm, the exit diameter of the material jet (Düsenauslassdurchmesser) from the nozzle is typically at least 0.05 mm.

In layered model making, the individual layers combine to form a complex part. The structure of a body is carried out by repeating regularly, one line at a time working plane (formation of a layer) and then the working plane "stacking" is shifted upward (forming at least one further layer on the first layer), so that a shape is formed in layers Exit temperature of the substance mixtures from the nozzle can For example, be 80 ° C to 420 ° C. It is also possible to heat the substrate table, for example at 20 ° C to 250 ° C. As a result, too rapid cooling of the applied layer can be prevented, so that a further, applied thereto layer sufficiently connects to the first layer.

The visco-elastic damping body according to the invention can have its damping properties in any desired spatial direction. The type of deformation is secondary. Thus, the visco-elastic damping body can be subjected to, inter alia, compression, tension, torsion or bending deformation and dampen it.

A visco-elastic damping body in the sense of the present invention may, for example, consist of different space-oriented and directionally dependent spring elements in their spring and damping effects, which in turn are based on energy-elastic materials with tan δ <0.5 and at least one viscoelastic material δ> 0, 5 at operating temperature, for example 25 ° C, are constructed. The spring force acting in the volume of space is governed by the material moduli and geometry factors, such as e.g. the wall thickness and spatial orientation of the spring elements determined. The damping is controlled by the damping component of the viscoelastic spring element as well as the length and design as well as the proportion of the total modulus of the viscoelastic spring elements.

The arrangement of different geometric damping body and other by definition of energy elastic spring elements and possibly additional deformation-limiting elements in the space enclosed by the damping body (closed or open) allows the targeted construction of symmetrical but also asymmetrically acting visco-elastic 3D damping bodies. The individual spring elements can be mechanically coupled or mechanically coupled and stationary. Preferably, all these spring elements are produced by means of additive 3D printing production methods. Various additive manufacturing technologies can be used in parallel or in series.

The modulus or the "spring force" of the damping body according to the invention is given by its compressive strength according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1 for soft elastic foams with low density and DIN EN ISO 3386-2 for soft elastic foams with high density as compression resistance in kPa.

The compression hardness of the damping body according to the invention is for example in the range of 0.01 to 1000 kPa. Preferably, the compression hardness according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1: 2010-09 des Damping body of the invention at a compression to 40% of its original height in the range of 0.1 to 500 kPa, more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 100 kPa.

Viscoelasticity refers to a partially elastic, partially viscous material behavior. Visco-elastic substances thus combine features of liquids and solids in themselves. The effect is time, temperature and frequency dependent and occurs in polymeric melts and solids such. As plastics but also other materials.

The elastic portion basically causes a spontaneous, limited, reversible deformation, while the viscous portion basically causes a time-dependent, unlimited, irreversible deformation. The viscous and elastic component is different in different visco-elastic materials, and the nature of the interaction differs.

In rheology, elastic behavior is represented by a spring, the hook element, and viscous behavior by a damping cylinder, the Newton element. Visco-elastic behavior can be modeled by combining two or more of these elements.

One of the simplest visco-elastic models is the Kelvin body, in which the spring and damping cylinders are connected in parallel. Under load, z. B. by stretching, the deformation is decelerated by the damping cylinder and limited by the spring in their extent. After a discharge, the body returns due to the hook element back to its original position. The Kelvin body thus deforms as a function of time, like a liquid, but limited and reversible like a solid.

All liquids and solids can be considered as visco-elastic materials by their storage and loss modulus, G 'and G ", or their loss factor tan δ = G" / G' are specified. For ideal viscous fluids (Newtonian fluid), the storage modulus is very small compared to the loss modulus, for ideal elastic solids that obey Hooke's law, the loss modulus is very small compared to the storage modulus. Visco-elastic materials have both a measurable storage modulus and a measurable loss modulus. If the storage modulus is greater than the loss modulus, it is called solids, otherwise liquids.

The loss factor is therefore a measure of the damping of a visco-elastic body. The damping tan δ of the damping body according to the invention is at a compression or tensile deformation in the direction of action preferably at 0, 5 to 2, in particular at 0.5 to 0.9, preferably 0.5 to 0.8, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982 -03: testing of rubber and elastomers; Basics for dynamic test methods. As a result, a good balance between damping and spring action is achieved, which is particularly advantageous when used in mattresses.

For body-relevant applications of the damping body according to the invention, for example for mattresses, helmets or protectors, the compression hardness according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1 is preferably in the range 0.5-100 kPa and the damping in the range 0.1-1.

The permanent deformation is determined according to DIN ISO 815-1: 2010-09: Elastomers or Thermoplastic Elastomers - Determination of Compression Set. The standard determines the compression set (DVR) at constant strain. A DVR of 0% means that the body has fully recovered to its original thickness, a DVR of 100% says the body was completely deformed during the trial and shows no reset. The calculation is made according to the following formula: DVR (%) = (L0 - L2) / (L0 - LI) x 100%

in which:

DVR = compression set in%

L0 = height of the specimen before the test

LI = height of the specimen during the test (spacer)

L2 = height of the specimen after the test

The indefinite term "a" generally stands for "at least one" in the sense of "one or more." The person skilled in the art understands, depending on the situation, that not the indefinite article but the specific article "a" in the sense of "1" is meant must or the indefinite article "a" in one embodiment, the specific article "a" (1) includes.

In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the damping body has a compression set after a 10% compression of <5%, measured according to DIN ISO 815-1, in particular of <3%, preferably of <2%. This is advantageous since such a damping body has the same resiliency for each new load. In the case of a mattress, visible pressure marks are avoided as far as possible.

The damping body can have a damping tan δ of 0.05 to 2 in a compression or tensile deformation in the direction of action, in particular from 0.1 to 1, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982-03. In other words, therefore, the damping of the damping body may be different than that of the individual damping element. This can be realized by combining damping elements with different damping behavior and spring elements with the damping bodies according to the invention in such a way that the aforementioned values for the damping body in its entirety correspond to the abovementioned values. In a preferred further connection of the method according to the invention, the damping body is configured partially or completely as an open-cell hollow body and provided with at least one passage opening and preferably exhibits an attenuation tan δ of 0.1-1 measured according to DIN 53535 in the event of a compression or tension deformation in the direction of action. This is advantageous because using the 3D printing method in this way components can be created in which, for example, air or another fluid can take an additional damping effect, the damping behavior can be easily adjusted by the manufacturing method of the invention. The volume of the damping body may be, for example, 1000L to 100mL, especially 700L to 1L, most especially 500L to 2L.

Open damping body can be produced during manufacture or else only after the production of the hollow body. The latter can be realized, for example, by chemical dissolution or melting of a sacrificial material from the construction volume of the damping body. By sacrificial material is meant a material that is not part of the finished damping body, but is used only during the manufacture of the damping body, for example, to support structures during the layered construction with the damping body forming building material / materials by a 3D printing process or the To allow overhang production. As sacrificial materials, for example, waxes having a lower melting point than the building material (s) or materials that are soluble in a different solvent than the building material (s) are used. For example, water-insoluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as the sacrificial material for non-water-soluble building materials, and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) as the sacrificial material for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) as a construction material, which dissolves in acetone, unlike ABS.

A damping body according to the invention may preferably have a compressive strength according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1 with a compression to 40% of its original height of 0.01 to 1000 kPa and / or a damping tan δ according to DIN 53535 of 0.1 to 1 and / or a Compression set to DIN ISO 815-1 after 10% compression 5%. Preferably after <20% compression <8% and most preferably after 40% compression <15%.

A further preferred embodiment is directed to the production of a 3D damping body wherein the 3D damper element has a permanent deformation after 40% compression of <10% of the original component height. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the visco-elastic damping body is characterized by an elastic modulus according to DIN EN ISO 604: 2003-12 of the structural materials used of <2 GPa, in particular from 1 to 1000 MPa, preferably 2-500 MPa

Such a damping body can be produced for example by a method according to the invention which comprises at least one of the following steps:

I) design of a damping body with a spatially resolved, temperature-dependent and direction-dependent damping profile in a suitable CAD program,

II) Translation of the CAD data set into a production manual for a 3D printer,

III) 3D printing of a hollow air-permeable damping body consisting of at least one spring element with viscoelastic properties and optionally further coupled spring elements,

IV) Optionally "release" of support material.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises, in addition to one of the above steps I) to IV), one of the further steps:

V) The combination of the damping body according to the invention with conventional damping materials.

VI) The optionally reversible mechanical or chemical fixation of the damping body according to the invention in a holding frame.

In a preferred embodiment, more than one cushioning body is interconnected via bridging materials to form a product having viscoelastic properties such as, for example, a mattress, a seat, a helmet, a shoe.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the damping body contains at least one elastic material with a modulus of elasticity in preferred direction of compression of <2 GPa and a material-specific damping tan δ at operating temperature, in particular at 25 ° C, of <0.2 wherein the damping body in its entirety Modulus in preferred direction of deformation and at operating temperature of <lGPa and a tan δ> 0.2. According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the spring element is designed such that the damping body has a compression hardness of 0.1 to 500 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1, in particular 0 0.5 to 100 kPa.

In a particular embodiment, a single or a plurality of spring elements which are part of the damping body at the application temperature which is preferably in the range of 10-40 ° C has a modulus of elasticity in the preferred direction of deformation, for example 10 Pa to 2GPa.

The spring element may be formed, for example, as a compression spring, tension spring, leg spring, torsion spring, coil spring, diaphragm spring, leaf spring, disc spring, air spring, gas spring, ring spring, Evolutfeder or coil spring. A part of the spring elements may consist of metallic materials in a particular embodiment. In this case, several of the aforementioned types can be used in a damping body, for example, to establish a different suspension behavior at different points of the damping body.

According to the method of the invention, it can be provided that a multiplicity of elastic and viscoelastic spring elements are connected in parallel and / or sequentially to one another and at least partially coupled to one another. These are understood to mean elastic and viscoelastic spring elements which can not be deformed independently of each other. The coupling with each other, for example, by known joining techniques such as gluing or welding or already in the manufacturing process in such a way that the individual elements are in advance of each other.

In the method according to the invention, the tensile modulus of the materials of the damping element used may be <250 GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12, in particular from 0.05 to 150 GPa. For example, the material can be reinforced in the pulling direction by carbon, aramid or glass fibers in order to achieve excellent tensile stabilities in addition to the damping in the main deformation direction.

The damping body can be constructed either from one or else from two or more different materials, for example from 2 to 10 different materials, in particular from more than 3 different materials, for example from 3 to 8 different materials. Various spring elements may be constructed of the same or different materials.

The curing of the materials used can be carried out by cooling of metals or thermoplastics, by cold or hot polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation, addition or condensation or by electron or electro-magnetic radiation initiated polymerization. The material of the spring elements can be selected independently from metals, plastics and composites, in particular from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyetherkethonen, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based of polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters, rubber materials and mixtures and copolymers of at least two of these.

The material of the spring element and the damping element is particularly preferably selected from thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), cycloolefinic copolyesters (COC), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetheramide ketone (PEAK), polyetherimide (PEI) (eg Ultem), polyimide (PI), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polylactate (PLA), polymethyl methacrylate ( PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylate, celluloid or a mixture of at least two thereof. Preferably, the material is selected from a group consisting of TPE, TPU, PA, PEI, and PC, more preferably from a group selected from TPU and PC.

Also used may be materials selected from reactive cure systems.

The material of the spring element and / or the damping element may contain at least one additive, such as. As fibers, UV curing agents, peroxides, diazo compounds, sulfur, stabilizers, inorganic fillers, plasticizers, flame retardants and anti-oxidants. Examples of such additives are Kevlar, glass, aramid or carbon fibers rayon, cellulose acetate, and / or common natural fibers (eg flax, hemp, coco, etc.). In addition to or instead of fibers, the substance mixtures may also contain reinforcing particles, in particular selected from inorganic or ceramic nanopowders, metal powders or plastic powders, for example of S1O ₂ or Al ₂ O ₃ , AlOH ₃ , carbon black, TIO 2 or CaCCb. Furthermore, mixtures of substances z. As peroxides, diazo compounds and / or sulfur.

In particular, in the case of reaction resins, mixtures of two or more reaction resins may be mixed in advance or may be mixed on the substrate. The order can be made in the latter case, for example, from different nozzles. The curable compositions may be of different nature, but under the conditions of the method according to the invention must be liquid or viscous extrudable or liquid verdruckbare plastic compositions. These may be thermoplastics, silicones or even hardenable Reactive resins act, for. B. 2-K polyurethane, 2K epoxy or moisture-curing polyurethane systems, air-curing or free-radically curing unsaturated polyester or UV-curing reactive resins based on eg vinyl and acrylic compounds, as described, inter alia, in EP 2 930 009 A2 and DE 10 2015100 816 are described.

The generation of the damping body according to the invention is generally carried out in layers. After application of a first layer and, if necessary, after application of additional layers to produce a surface section, the applied material can be used in reactive systems, for. B. by cold or hot polymerization or polyaddition or polycondensation, addition (eg., PU addition) or condensation or initiation by electron or electro-magnetic radiation, in particular UV radiation, are cured. Thermosetting plastic mixtures can be cured by a corresponding IR radiation source.

The prior art describes various two-component or multicomponent systems which can be printed. For example, DE 199 37 770 A1 discloses a two-component system comprising an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component. From both components, droplet jets are generated, which are aligned so that they unite into a common droplet jet. In the common droplet jet, the reaction of the isocyanate component with the isocyanate-reactive component begins. The common drop steel is directed onto a support material where it is used to form a three-dimensional body to form a polymeric polyurethane. EP 2 930 009 A2 describes a process for printing a multicomponent system comprising at least one isocyanate component and at least one isocyanate-reactive component which, because of their reactivity and miscibility, are particularly suitable for inkjetting processes.

Another object of the present invention relates to a visco-elastic damping body, manufactured or prepared by the method according to the invention.

The invention also relates to a solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies according to the invention, wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.

The solid according to the invention is preferably constructed of at least two damping bodies.

The invention also relates to a mechanical damper, such as a damped strut comprising at least one damping body according to the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to a use of one or more according to the damping body according to the invention as a solid body preferably for supporting body parts. The solid is preferably selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a cushion, a seat, a sofa, preferably a sofa part, a chair, preferably a chair part, a cushion, a helmet, a body protector, an orthopedic support element, preferably a part of a orthopedic support element, a shoe and parts thereof or a combination of at least two thereof. Preferably, the body is for use as a support of body parts selected from the group consisting of a mattress, a cushion, a seat, a cushion and parts thereof or a combination of at least two thereof.

According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one viscoelastic spring element, characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element of at least one viscoelastic material with a tan δ of at least 0.5, determined according to DIN 53535: 1982 -03, is constructed and generated via a 3D printing process.

According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a method according to item 1, characterized in that the viscoelastic material has a tan δ of 0.5 to 0.9, determined according to DIN 53535: 1982-03, in particular from 0.5 to 0 ,8th.

According to a third aspect, the invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding articles, characterized in that the viscoelastic material is selected from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyetherkethonen, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and mixtures and copolymers of at least two thereof.

According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to item 3, characterized in that the viscoelastic material is selected from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyacrylates, polyurethanes and mixtures and copolymers of at least two thereof.

According to a fifth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element is designed as a partially or completely filled with a fluid hollow body and provided with at least one passage opening, wherein the fluid is in particular selected from air, nitrogen , Carbon dioxide, oils, Water, hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, ionic liquids, electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, neontonian, visco-elastic, rheo-opene, thixotropic liquids or mixtures of at least two thereof.

According to a sixth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to item 5, characterized in that the proportion of fluid viscoelasticity in the deformation of the viscoelastic spring element from its unloaded state is at most 10% of the total viscoelasticity of the viscoelastic spring element, in particular at most 5% , preferably at most 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%.

According to a seventh aspect, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element has a compression hardness of 0.01 to 1000 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1: 2010-09, in particular of 0, 1 to 500 kPa, from 0.5 to 100 kPa.

According to a eighth object, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that a plurality of viscoelastic spring elements connected in parallel and / or sequentially to each other and at least partially coupled to each other, wherein the viscoelastic spring elements are constructed the same or different.

According to a ninth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that the damping body has a compression set after a 10% compression of <2%, measured according to DIN ISO 815-1: 2010-09.

According to a tenth object, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that the damping body at a compression or tensile deformation in the direction of action an attenuation tan δ of 0.05 to 2, in particular from 0.1 to 1, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982-03.

According to an eleventh aspect, the invention relates to a method according to any preceding item, characterized in that the 3D printing method is selected from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Ink Jet Printing, Photopolymer Jetting, Stereo Lithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Digital Light Processing based Additive Manufacturing System, Continuous Liquid Interface Production, Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting based additive manufacturing, Multijet Fusion based additive manufacturing, High Speed Sintering Process and Laminated Object Modeling or a combination of at least two of them. According to a twelfth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding objects, characterized in that the tensile modulus of the materials used for the damping body (1, 20, 30) <250GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009- 12, in particular from 0.05 to 150 GPa.

According to a thirteenth aspect, the invention relates to a method according to one of the preceding articles, characterized in that the material of the spring element (4) and the damping element is independently selected from metals, plastics and composites, in particular from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, Polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyetherkethonen, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and mixtures and copolymers of at least two thereof.

According to a fourteenth aspect, the invention relates to a visco-elastic damping body, manufactured or producible by a method according to one of the items 1 to 13, wherein the damping body has in particular one or more of the following properties:

Hollow volume: 1 μΕ to 1 L, preferably 10 μΕ to 100 mL

Thickness of the material: 10 μιη to 1 cm, preferably 50 μιη to 0.5 cm

Diameter of the passage openings: 10 to 5000 μιη

Number of pores / cm ² outer surface: 0.01 to 100

Area pores / cm ² Outside area: 0.1 to 10 mm ²

E modulus according to DIN EN ISO 604: 2003-12 of the material used: <2 GPa, in particular from 1 to 1000 MPa, preferably 2-500 MPa.

According to a fifteenth aspect, the invention relates to a solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies according to item 14, wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to two figures. It shows

Fig. 1 shows a solid according to the invention in the form of a mattress in a schematic three-dimensional representation of obliquely above and

Fig. 2 shows the structure of the marked in Fig. 1 with "I" portion of the solid body as it is generated in the 3D printer. In Fig. 1, an inventive solid M in the form of a mattress is shown schematically in a three-dimensional view obliquely from above. The mattress M is divided into different sections A, B, C, D, E. The mattress M is divided horizontally into the section C on the one hand and the sections A, B, D and E on the other. Section C is the mattress underside, the sections D are the upper and lower edge regions of the mattress during sleep which usually no special load rests, section E is the head and shoulder area, section A of the torso and section B of the leg area. The individual sections differ in their damping behavior and their compressive strength as follows:

As can be seen from FIG. 1, the compression hardness and the damping behavior can thus be adapted individually and spatially resolved to the physiological characteristics of an individual. In this case, a plurality of damping elements and, if desired, also spring elements is generated via the 3D printing process, which then achieve the above-mentioned values for tan δ and the compression hardness in cooperation.

In FIG. 1, a region I is furthermore marked with a dashed line. This is shown enlarged in Fig. 2. This again shows the sections B, C, D and their structure, as they are produced in the production of a 3D printer. In Fig. 2 it can be clearly seen that the structure of the printed repeat units in the individual sections B, C, D are different, resulting in a different damping behavior and a different compression hardness.

Claims

Claims:

1. A method for producing a visco-elastic damping body comprising at least one viscoelastic spring element, characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element of at least one viscoelastic material with a tan δ of at least 0.5, determined according to DIN 53535: 1982-03, is constructed and is generated via a 3D printing process.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the viscoelastic material has a tan δ of 0.5 to 0.9, determined according to DIN 53535: 1982-03, in particular from 0.5 to 0.8.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the viscoelastic material is selected from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyetherkethonen, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials Base of polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and their mixtures and copolymers.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the viscoelastic material

is selected from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyacrylates, polyurethanes and their mixtures and copolymers.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the

viscoelastic spring element as having a fluid partially or completely filled

Hollow body designed and provided with at least one passage opening, wherein the fluid is in particular selected from air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oils, water,

Hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, ionic liquids, electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, Newtonian, visco-elastic, rheopexic, thixotropic liquids or mixtures of these.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the proportion of fluid viscoelasticity in the deformation of the viscoelastic spring element from its unloaded state is at most 10% of the total viscoelasticity of the viscoelastic spring element, in particular at most 5%, preferably at most 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the viscoelastic spring element has a compression hardness of 0.01 to 1000 kPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 3386-1: 2010-09, in particular from 0.1 to 500 kPa, of 0.5 to 100 kPa.

8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of viscoelastic spring elements connected in parallel and / or sequentially to each other and at least partially coupled to each other, wherein the viscoelastic spring elements are constructed the same or different.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the

Damping body has a compression set after a 10% compression of <2%, measured according to DIN ISO 815-1: 2010-09.

10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the

Damping body in a compression or tensile deformation in the direction of action has a damping tan δ of 0.05 to 2, in particular from 0.1 to 1, measured according to DIN 53535: 1982-03.

11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the 3D printing method is selected from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Ink Jet Printing, Photopolymer Jetting, Stereo Lithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Digital Light Processing based Additive Manufacturing System, Continuous Liquid Interface Production, Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting Based Additive Manufacturing, Multijet Fusion Based Additive Manufacturing, High Speed Sintering Process and Laminated Object Modeling.

12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensile modulus of the materials used of the damping body (1, 20, 30) <250GPa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12, in particular from 0, 05 to 150 GPa.

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the material of the spring element (4) and the damping element is independently selected from metals, plastics and composites, in particular from thermoplastically processable plastic formulations based on polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, Polyether ketones, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride,

Polyoxymethylene and / or crosslinked materials based on polyepoxides, polyurethanes, polysilicones, polyacrylates, polyesters and mixtures thereof and copolymers.

14. A viscoelastic damping body, produced or producible by a method according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the damping body in particular has one or more of the following properties:

Hollow volume: 1 μΕ Μβ 1 L, preferably 10 μΕ β 100 mL

Thickness of the material: 10 μιη to 1 cm, preferably 50 μιη to 0.5 cm

Diameter of the passage openings: 10 to 5000 μιη

Number of pores / cm ² outer surface: 0.01 to 100

Area pores / cm ² Outside area: 0.1 to 10 mm ²

15. Solid, comprising or consisting of a plurality of damping bodies according to claim 14, wherein the volume body is in particular a mattress.