EP3384260A1 - Method and system for the open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product - Google Patents

Method and system for the open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product

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Publication number
EP3384260A1
EP3384260A1 EP16801148.4A EP16801148A EP3384260A1 EP 3384260 A1 EP3384260 A1 EP 3384260A1 EP 16801148 A EP16801148 A EP 16801148A EP 3384260 A1 EP3384260 A1 EP 3384260A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal product
determined
heating
phase
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16801148.4A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3384260B1 (en
Inventor
Thomas Heimann
Heinz-Jürgen Oudehinken
Christoph Hassel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Group GmbH
Original Assignee
SMS Group GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by SMS Group GmbH filed Critical SMS Group GmbH
Publication of EP3384260A1 publication Critical patent/EP3384260A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
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Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/74—Temperature control, e.g. by cooling or heating the rolls or the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/22—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/1213—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for heating or insulating strands
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/22—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for cooling cast stock or mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B9/40—Arrangements of controlling or monitoring devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/42—Circuits effecting compensation of thermal inertia; Circuits for predicting the stationary value of a temperature
    • G01K7/427—Temperature calculation based on spatial modeling, e.g. spatial inter- or extrapolation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/22—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length
    • B21B2001/225—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length by hot-rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2261/00—Product parameters
    • B21B2261/20—Temperature
    • B21B2261/21—Temperature profile
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K2213/00—Temperature mapping

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling and / or controlling a heating of a cast or rolled metal product.
  • the invention further relates to a system for heating a cast or rolled metal product, comprising at least one furnace or at least one heater into which the metal product for heating is introduced, and at least one control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or Rules of warming.
  • DE 10 2011 082 158 A1 discloses a casting method for producing a cast metal product.
  • the temperature distribution prevailing in the interior of the metal product is calculated by means of a temperature calculation model based on a dynamic temperature control (Dynamic Solidification Control).
  • a calculation step the total enthalpy of the system formed by the metal product is determined and as an input in the
  • Temperature calculation model processed.
  • One or more output (s) of the temperature calculation model will be / are in the control and / or
  • the total enthalpy is calculated from the sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energies) of all phases and / or phases present in the metal product.
  • Temperature of the metal product for subsequent processing such as a bending process or straightening process to prepare and / or to influence microstructures of the metal product, for example, to dissolve precipitates within the metal product can.
  • the heating of a metal product is usually carried out by means of a furnace, for example, in the context of a Continuous continuous casting process, especially in so-called CSP (Compact Strip Production) systems, is traversed by the cast metal products.
  • CSP Computer Strip Production
  • Temperatures in the metal product are not too low to ensure dissolution of certain precipitates.
  • desired microstructural transformations within the metal product may not be carried out in the desired quality or a correspondingly increased energy may be required to heat the oven
  • Metal product can be provided in the oven.
  • pyrometers may be used to detect a surface temperature of a cast metal product.
  • the temperatures within the inside of the metal product can basically not be measured with a pyrometer, so that a temperature distribution within the metal product depending on the process conditions only by means of a
  • Temperature calculation model can be determined. The temperature distribution within the metal product is based on the
  • Phase conversion level of the system are. From the calculation of the specific heat capacity follows the total enthalpy H according to the equation As necessary input variables of the heat equation, the heat conduction, the density and the total enthalpy are particularly important, since these quantities are the
  • Thermal conductivity and density are functions of the temperature, the chemical composition of the metal product and the respective phase fraction and can be determined experimentally accurately.
  • the total enthalpy is not measurable and for certain chemical compositions of the metal product, in particular iron or steel alloys, only vaguely describable with approximate equations. It follows that the subsequent numerical solution of the heat equation leads to inaccurate temperature results.
  • An object of the invention is to optimize the heating of a cast or rolled metal product in terms of product quality and energy consumption.
  • a method of controlling and / or controlling a heating of a cast or rolled metal product according to the invention comprises the steps of:
  • the temperature distribution within the metal product which can be determined very accurately from the total enthalpy of the metal product or the system formed therefrom, is taken into account in the control and / or regulation of the heating of a cast or rolled metal product. This allows better temperature prediction and control, as well as more accurate indication of the exit temperature from the furnace or heater, which results in energy savings and improved adjustment of the temperature needed to dissolve precipitates.
  • the total enthalpy of the metal product or system formed therefrom can be calculated using the temperature calculation model and the Gibbs energy at constant pressure according to the equation where H is the system's molar enthalpy, G is the Gibbs energy of the system, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, and p is the pressure of the system.
  • H is the system's molar enthalpy
  • G is the Gibbs energy of the system
  • T the absolute temperature in Kelvin
  • p the pressure of the system.
  • the Gibbs energy of the system are determined via the Gibbs energies of the phases or pure phases and their phase fractions. For example, for steel:
  • G f l G l + f r G r + f Pa G pa + f ea G ea + f ec G ec , (5)
  • G is the Gibbs energy of the metal product or system
  • f * the Gibbs energy fraction , also called the phase portion
  • G * is the Gibbs energy of the phase ⁇ .
  • Gibbs energy can be derived from the equation where G * is the Gibbs energy of a respective phase ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ is the mole fraction of the i-th component of the respective phase ⁇ , G * is the Gibbs energy of the i-th component of the respective phase ⁇ , R the general
  • T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin
  • E G is the Gibbs energy for a non-ideal mixture
  • magn G t is the magnetic energy of the system.
  • E G is the Gibbs energy for a non-ideal mixture, x, the mole fraction of the i-th component, Xj the mole fraction of the j-th component, Xk the mole fraction of the k-th component, a a correction term, 3 ⁇ _ ⁇ ⁇
  • the molar specific heat capacity can be calculated using the equation where c p is the molar specific heat capacity of the system, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin and G is the Gibbs energy of the system.
  • the parameters of the terms of equations (6) - (8) above are listed in a Thermocalc and MatCalc database and can be used to determine the Gibbs energies of a steel composition. With the help of a mathematical derivation, this results in the total enthalpy of the steel composition.
  • the metal product is preferably made by casting a steel or iron alloy.
  • the metal product may be formed as a slab or strand.
  • the heating of the metal product can be given, for example, in the form of preheating or intermediate heating, in particular reheating.
  • a density is determined for each phase and that phase boundaries between the phases are determined, wherein a density distribution of the metal product is determined on the basis of the determined densities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries.
  • the phase boundaries can be determined using the Gibbs energies.
  • Metal product can be determined using the phase boundaries as a function of temperature and the phase shares are determined. The exact knowledge of the density distribution of the metal product makes a more accurate determination of the temperature distribution of the
  • Thermal conductivity determined and phase boundaries between the phases are determined, with a profile of the thermal conductivity of the metal product is determined on the basis of the determined bossleitenseen the phases and the determined phase boundaries.
  • the phase boundaries can be determined using the Gibbs energies.
  • the course of the thermal conductivity of the metal product can with
  • Heat capacity c p which can be calculated from the enthalpy and thus from the phase components, also the temperature-dependent density p and the
  • Metal product can be measured only superficially. However, in order to be able to dissolve, for example, all precipitates, for example carbonitrides, the local temperature of the metal product must be above a limiting value over the entire cross-section, in particular also in a colder "cold-spof region" of the metal product. The internal local temperatures of the metal product can not be measured but only calculated. For this purpose, the most exact possible knowledge of the temperature-dependent heat conduction is a prerequisite.
  • Thermal conductivity ⁇ can be determined experimentally. It can do this
  • a further advantageous embodiment provides that on the basis of the phase boundaries transformation temperatures are determined, in each case a conversion is initiated from one phase to another phase.
  • the phase boundaries transformation temperatures are determined, in each case a conversion is initiated from one phase to another phase.
  • Transition temperatures determined from the minimum of Gibbs energies are preferably adopted ("principle of the energy minimum"), so that the phase of the lowest Gibbs energy can be determined from the energies of the Rhine phases This is indicated in Figures 2 and 4.
  • a temporal length of the heating is determined based on a predetermined target temperature distribution within the metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product and at least one property of a furnace used for heating or a heater used for this purpose.
  • the surface temperature of the metal product may be before and / or during the
  • the chemical composition of the metal product may come from a preliminary chemical analysis of the metal product or a material trace.
  • the target temperature distribution can be from the
  • Temperature calculation model determined and specified. Thus, it is possible to precisely determine the so-called heating time for achieving a minimum temperature limit and a sufficiently balanced temperature profile of the metal product. It is also possible to determine an annealing time which is necessary in order to
  • the time length of the heating can be determined until the metal product has reached a predetermined desired temperature at all cross-sectional positions or a desired dissolution of precipitates has taken place.
  • a predetermined target temperature distribution of the metal product based on a predetermined target temperature distribution of the metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product, at least a property of a furnace used for heating or of a heater used for this purpose and on the one hand a predetermined transport speed of the metal product or on the other hand a predetermined lying time of
  • Metal product a required for the heating temperature set temperature, which is applied to the metal product, determined.
  • the exact calculation of the temperature of the heating allows an energy saving over conventional ones
  • Temperature distribution within the metal product may be too high
  • Oven temperatures or heating temperatures can be used.
  • An inventive system for heating a cast or rolled metal product comprises at least one furnace or at least one heater into which the metal product is insertable for heating, and at least one control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or regulating the heating, wherein the control and / or regulating device is set up to carry out the method according to one of the aforementioned embodiments or any combination thereof.
  • the furnace may be, for example, an oven, in particular a tunnel kiln, a CSP plant, a continuous casting plant, a hot strip mill, a heavy plate mill, a round plant, profile plant or strip plant.
  • the furnace or heating can be arranged at all points of a production process where materials are to be heated.
  • FIG. 1 a representation of the Gibbs energy for pure iron
  • FIG. 2 a (constructed) phase diagram with Gibbs energies
  • FIG. 3 shows a course of the total enthalpy according to Gibbs for one
  • FIG. 4 shows a course of the Gibbs phase components for a low-carbon one
  • FIG. 5 shows a profile of the density for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions
  • FIG. 6 shows a profile of the heat conduction for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions;
  • FIG. 7 shows a course of Gibbs phase ratios for a high-alloyed steel
  • Figure 8 a profile of the density for a high-alloy steel (austenitic
  • Figure 9 a curve of the heat conduction for a high-alloy steel
  • Figure 10 a schematic representation of an embodiment of a
  • Figure 11 is a schematic representation of an application example of the invention.
  • Figure 12 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a
  • FIG. 13 a profile of the temperature of a metal product in an oven.
  • FIG. 1 shows a representation of the Gibbs energy for pure iron. It can be seen that the individual phases of ferrite, austenite and the liquid phase occupy a minimum for a certain characteristic temperature range at which these phases are stable.
  • Figure 2 shows the phase boundaries of an Fe-C alloy with 0.02% Si, 0.310% Mn, 0.018% P, 0.007% S, 0.02% Cr, 0.02% Ni, 0.027% Al and variable C content , With the formulation of the Gibbs energy, it is possible to have one
  • FIG. 3 shows a course of Gibbs total enthalpy for one
  • LC low carbon steel
  • Figure 4 shows a plot of Gibbs phase ratios for a low carbon steel (LC) as a function of temperature.
  • FIG. 4 shows the regions of the melt, the delta, gamma, alpha and cementite phases.
  • Figure 5 shows a plot of density for a low carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions as a function of temperature and the calculated phase boundaries. The density of each individual phase is separated
  • FIG. 6 shows a course of the heat conduction for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions.
  • the thermal conductivity for each phase is calculated from regression equations.
  • Figure 7 shows a graph of Gibbs phase ratios for a high alloy steel (austenitic stainless steel) with about 12% chromium and about 12% nickel. Austenitic steel is no longer converting from gamma to alpha.
  • FIG. 8 shows a profile of the density for a high-alloyed steel (austenitic stainless steel). The decrease in density during the phase transformation from gamma to alpha (otherwise at about 800 ° C) is eliminated.
  • FIG. 9 shows a course of the heat conduction for a high-alloyed steel
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a system 1 according to the invention for heating a cast or rolled, not shown metal product.
  • the system 1 comprises a furnace 2, into which the metal product for heating is insertable.
  • the system 1 comprises a control and / or regulating device 3 for controlling and / or regulating the heating.
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 is designed to carry out a method for controlling and / or regulating a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, comprising the steps:
  • control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up to determine for each phase a density, phase boundaries between the phases and a density distribution of the metal product on the basis of the determined densities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries.
  • control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up for each phase to determine a thermal conductivity, phase boundaries between the phases and a profile of the thermal conductivity of the metal product on the basis of the determined thermal conductivities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries.
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 can also be set up to determine conversion temperatures on the basis of the phase boundaries, in each case a conversion from one phase to another phase is initiated.
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up on the basis of a predetermined target temperature distribution within the metal product, a
  • control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up, based on a predetermined
  • Metal products the chemical composition of the metal product, at least one property of the furnace 2 used for heating and on the one hand a predetermined transport speed of the metal product or on the other hand, a predetermined residence time of the metal product required for the heating target temperature at which the metal product is applied to determine ,
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 may be set up to determine whether the local temperatures of the metal product at all calculation positions greater than are a precipitation temperature. If so, the metal product can be extended out of the furnace 2. On the other hand, if this is not the case, the metal product must remain in the furnace 2 for further temperature compensation until it has been replaced by the
  • FIG. 1 1 shows a schematic representation of an application example of the invention. It is shown a CSP plant 4, which has a casting plant 5, a tunnel kiln 2, a hot rolling mill 6 and a coiler 7.
  • the tunnel kiln 2 is part of a system 1 according to the invention, as described with reference to FIG.
  • Figure 12 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a system according to the invention 1.
  • the system 1 can basically according to FIG.
  • the furnace 2 is designed as a tunnel furnace.
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 contains a furnace model with integrated temperature calculation model.
  • the control and / or regulating device 3 are supplied according to the arrow 8 data on the current and maximum burner powers of the furnace 2. According to the arrow 9, the tax and / or
  • Control device 3 supplied by the Castermodell and measured values resulting temperatures at each slab position. According to the arrow 10, the control and / or regulating device 3 is supplied with analysis data relating to the chemical composition of the metal product which originate from the material tracking. According to the arrow
  • Control device 3 calculated, required burner power for each furnace chamber of the furnace 2 for achieving an optimum annealing temperature and an optimal annealing time or corresponding data supplied.
  • Figure 13 shows a temperature profile of a metal product in an oven. On the one hand, it is the target temperature 13 for each of the three chambers of the furnace
  • temperature profile 14 is shown for the heating. Furthermore, one is
  • Temperature curve 16 is shown in which a too low temperature has been calculated, whereby excretions are not resolved as desired.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, comprising the following steps: determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a total of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs free energy) of all phases and/or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model by using the determined total enthalpy; and open-loop and/or closed-loop controlling of the heating of the metal product according to at least one initial variable of the temperature calculation model.

Description

Verfahren und System zum Steuern und/oder Regeln einer Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts  Method and system for controlling and / or controlling heating of a cast or rolled metal product
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Steuern und/oder Regeln einer Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts. The invention relates to a method for controlling and / or controlling a heating of a cast or rolled metal product.
Die Erfindung betrifft des Weiteren ein System zum Erwärmen eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts, aufweisend wenigstens einen Ofen oder wenigstens eine Heizung, in den bzw. die das Metallprodukt zur Erwärmung einführbar ist, und wenigstens eine Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung zum Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung. The invention further relates to a system for heating a cast or rolled metal product, comprising at least one furnace or at least one heater into which the metal product for heating is introduced, and at least one control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or Rules of warming.
Aus DE 10 2011 082 158 A1 ist ein Gießverfahren zur Herstellung eines gegossenen Metallprodukts bekannt. Hierbei wird die im Innern des Metallprodukts herrschende Temperaturverteilung mittels eines auf einer dynamischen Temperatur-Regelung (Dynamic Solidification Control) beruhenden Temperaturberechnungsmodells berechnet. In einem Berechnungsschritt wird die Gesamtenthalpie des durch das Metallprodukt gebildeten Systems ermittelt und als eine Eingangsgröße in dem DE 10 2011 082 158 A1 discloses a casting method for producing a cast metal product. In this case, the temperature distribution prevailing in the interior of the metal product is calculated by means of a temperature calculation model based on a dynamic temperature control (Dynamic Solidification Control). In a calculation step, the total enthalpy of the system formed by the metal product is determined and as an input in the
Temperaturberechnungsmodell verarbeitet. Eine oder mehrere Ausgangsgröße(n) des Temperaturberechnungsmodells wird/werden im Regelungs- und/oder Temperature calculation model processed. One or more output (s) of the temperature calculation model will be / are in the control and / or
Steuerungsprozess des Gießprozesses verwendet. Die Gesamtenthalpie wird aus der Summe der freien molaren Enthalpien (Gibbs'schen Energien) aller im Metallprodukt aktuell vorhandenen Phasen und/oder Phasenanteile berechnet. Control process of the casting process used. The total enthalpy is calculated from the sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energies) of all phases and / or phases present in the metal product.
Es ist des Weiteren bekannt, ein gegossenes Metallprodukt, beispielsweise eine Bramme oder ein Metallstrang, nach seinem Gießen zu erwärmen, um die It is also known to heat a cast metal product, such as a slab or a metal strand, after it has been cast, around the
Temperatur des Metallprodukts für eine nachfolgende Bearbeitung, beispielsweise einen Biegevorgang oder Richtvorgang, vorzubereiten und/oder um Gefügestrukturen des Metallprodukts zu beeinflussen, beispielsweise um Ausscheidungen innerhalb des Metallprodukts auflösen zu können. Die Erwärmung eines Metallprodukts erfolgt üblicherweise mittels eines Ofens, der beispielsweise im Rahmen eines kontinuierlichen Stranggießprozesses, insbesondere bei sogenannten CSP(Compact Strip Production)-Anlagen, von den gegossenen Metallprodukten durchlaufen wird. Temperature of the metal product for subsequent processing, such as a bending process or straightening process to prepare and / or to influence microstructures of the metal product, for example, to dissolve precipitates within the metal product can. The heating of a metal product is usually carried out by means of a furnace, for example, in the context of a Continuous continuous casting process, especially in so-called CSP (Compact Strip Production) systems, is traversed by the cast metal products.
Bei einer Erwärmung eines Metallprodukts sollte sichergestellt sein, dass die When heating a metal product should be ensured that the
Temperaturen in dem Metallprodukt nicht zu niedrig sind, um eine Auflösung bestimmter Ausscheidungen sicherzustellen. Zudem können bei Unterschreitung einer optimalen Ofeneinlauftemperatur gegebenenfalls gewünschte Gefügeumwandlungen innerhalb des Metallprodukts nicht in der gewünschten Qualität durchgeführt werden oder aber es muss eine entsprechend erhöhte Energie zur Erwärmung des Temperatures in the metal product are not too low to ensure dissolution of certain precipitates. In addition, if an optimum oven inlet temperature is not reached, desired microstructural transformations within the metal product may not be carried out in the desired quality or a correspondingly increased energy may be required to heat the oven
Metallprodukts im Ofen bereitgestellt werden. Zudem sollte bei einer Erwärmung eines Metallprodukts sichergestellt sein, dass die Temperaturen in dem Metallprodukt nicht zu hoch sind, was mit einem zu hohen Auflösungsgrad von Ausscheidungen innerhalb des Metallprodukts einhergehen würde, der zu einem zu großen Metal product can be provided in the oven. In addition, when heating a metal product, it should be ensured that the temperatures in the metal product are not too high, which would be accompanied by too high a degree of dissolution of precipitates within the metal product that is too large
Kornwachstum führt. Die Kenntnis der Temperaturverteilung innerhalb eines gegossenen Metallprodukts ist daher für den Betrieb eines Ofens von fundamentaler Bedeutung. Grain growth leads. Knowledge of the temperature distribution within a cast metal product is therefore of fundamental importance to the operation of a furnace.
Zum Erfassen einer Oberflächentemperatur eines gegossenen Metallprodukts können beispielsweise Pyrometer verwendet werden. Die Temperaturen innerhalb des im Inneren des Metallprodukts können mit einem Pyrometer grundsätzlich nicht gemessen werden, so dass eine Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts abhängig von den Prozessbedingungen nur mittels eines For example, pyrometers may be used to detect a surface temperature of a cast metal product. The temperatures within the inside of the metal product can basically not be measured with a pyrometer, so that a temperature distribution within the metal product depending on the process conditions only by means of a
Temperaturberechnungsmodells ermittelt werden kann. Die Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts wird auf Basis der Temperature calculation model can be determined. The temperature distribution within the metal product is based on the
Fourier'schen Wärmegleichung ermittelt. Hierbei sind p die Dichte, cp die spezifische Wärmekapazität bei konstantem Druck, T die berechnete absolute Temperatur in Kelvin, t die Zeit, s die Ortskoordinate, λ die Wärmeleitzahl und Q die während einer Phasenumwandlung freiwerdende Energie des aus dem Metallprodukt gebildeten Systems. In dem Fourier heat equation determined. Here, p is the density, c p the specific heat capacity at constant pressure, T the calculated absolute temperature in Kelvin, t the time, s the Spatial coordinate, λ the thermal conductivity and Q the released during a phase transformation energy of the system formed from the metal product. By doing
Temperaturberechnungsmodell wird die während der Phasenumwandlung Temperature calculation model becomes the during phase transformation
freiwerdende Energie mittels der Gleichung released energy using the equation
Q = pL (2) Q = pL (2)
dt ermittelt, wobei Q die freiwerdende Energie während der Phasenumwandlung, p die Dichte, L die freiwerdende Umwandlungswärme, t die Zeit und fs den dt, where Q is the released energy during the phase transformation, p is the density, L is the released heat of transformation, t is the time and f s is the
Phasenumwandlungsgrad des Systems sind. Aus der Berechnung der spezifischen Wärmekapazität folgt die Gesamtenthalpie H entsprechend der Gleichung Als notwendige Eingangsgrößen der Wärmegleichung sind die Wärmeleitung, die Dichte und die Gesamtenthalpie besonders wichtig, da diese Größen das Phase conversion level of the system are. From the calculation of the specific heat capacity follows the total enthalpy H according to the equation As necessary input variables of the heat equation, the heat conduction, the density and the total enthalpy are particularly important, since these quantities are the
Temperaturergebnis maßgeblich beeinflussen. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit bzw. Significantly influence the temperature result. The thermal conductivity or
Wärmeleitzahl und die Dichte sind Funktionen der Temperatur, der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts und des jeweiligen Phasenanteils und können experimentell genau ermittelt werden. Die Gesamtenthalpie ist jedoch nicht messbar und für bestimmte chemische Zusammensetzungen des Metallprodukts, insbesondere Eisen- oder Stahllegierungen, nur ungenau mit Näherungsgleichungen beschreibbar. Daraus folgt, dass die anschließende numerische Lösung der Wärmegleichung zu ungenauen Temperaturergebnissen führt. Bei Änderungen der chemischen Thermal conductivity and density are functions of the temperature, the chemical composition of the metal product and the respective phase fraction and can be determined experimentally accurately. However, the total enthalpy is not measurable and for certain chemical compositions of the metal product, in particular iron or steel alloys, only vaguely describable with approximate equations. It follows that the subsequent numerical solution of the heat equation leads to inaccurate temperature results. For changes in the chemical
Zusammensetzungen müssen zudem neue Messungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Dichte für den jeweiligen Werkstoff neu durchgeführt werden. Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Dichte besteht in der Ermittlung von Regressionsgleichungen, die den jeweiligen Werkstoff beschreiben. Da sich die Werte für die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die Dichte an Phasengrenzen stark ändern, liefern alle Regressionsgleichungen ohne Kenntnis der Phasengrenzen ungenaue Werte. Zum Beispiel gibt Schwerdtfeger als Herausgeber in seinem Buch„Metallurgie des Stranggießens", Verlag Stahleisen mbH, 1992 empirische Regressionsgleichungen für die Enthalpie von unlegierten Kohlenstoffstählen an, die innerhalb bestimmter, enger Analysegrenzen mit brauchbarer Genauigkeit verwendet werden können. Diese Regressionsgleichungen sind allerdings Näherungsgleichungen und haben keine physikalische Grundlage. Richter in„Die wichtigsten physikalischen Eigenschaften von 52 Eisenwerkstoffen", Verlag Stahleisen Düsseldorf, 1973 gibt für Reineisen eine genaue thermodynamische Beziehung für die Enthalpie der einzelnen Phasen an. Reineisen hat jedoch keine technische Bedeutung. Für Stahlwerkstoffe liegt für die Gesamtenthalpie eines Systems keine exakte thermodynamische Angabe vor. In addition, new measurements of the thermal conductivity and the density for the respective material must be carried out again. Another possibility for determining the thermal conductivity and the density is the determination of regression equations that describe the respective material. Since the values for the thermal conductivity and the density of phase boundaries change greatly, all regression equations without knowledge of the phase boundaries provide inaccurate values. For example, Schwerdtfeger, as publisher in his book "Metallurgie des Stranggießens", Verlag Stahleisen mbH, gives empirical regression equations for the enthalpy of unalloyed carbon steels in 1992. These equations can be used with reasonable accuracy within certain narrow limits of analysis, but these regression equations are and have approximate equations no physical basis Richter in "The Most Important Physical Properties of 52 Iron Materials", Verlag Stahleisen Düsseldorf, 1973 gives a precise thermodynamic relationship for pure iron for the enthalpy of the individual phases. However, pure iron has no technical significance. For steel materials there is no exact thermodynamic data for the total enthalpy of a system.
Dies führt dazu, dass die numerische Lösung der Fourier'schen Wärmegleichung ungenaue Temperaturergebnisse hervorbringt. Der Nachteil des Standes der Technik besteht also darin, dass die Lösung der Fourier'schen Wärmegleichung mit As a result, the numerical solution of the Fourier heat equation produces inaccurate temperature results. The disadvantage of the prior art is therefore that the solution of the Fourier thermal equation with
numerischen Verfahren durchgeführt wird, die in Abhängigkeit von der Qualität der Eingangsdaten ein Temperaturergebnis, das heißt eine Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts liefern, so dass das erhaltene Ergebnis bei fehlerhaften oder ungenauen Enthalpie-Eingangsdaten zu Abweichungen zwischen der numerical method is performed, which depending on the quality of the input data, a temperature result, that is to provide a temperature distribution within the metal product, so that the result obtained with erroneous or inaccurate enthalpy input data to deviations between the
berechneten Temperaturverteilung oder Temperatur und der jeweils real calculated temperature distribution or temperature and each real
existierenden, gegebenenfalls durch Messungen belegten, Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts führt. existing, possibly occupied by measurements, temperature distribution within the metal product leads.
Eine Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts hinsichtlich der Produktqualität und des Energieverbrauchs zu optimieren. An object of the invention is to optimize the heating of a cast or rolled metal product in terms of product quality and energy consumption.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die unabhängigen Patentansprüche gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind insbesondere in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen This object is solved by the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are particularly in the dependent claims
angegeben, die jeweils für sich genommen oder in verschiedener Kombination miteinander einen Aspekt der Erfindung darstellen können. Ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren zum Steuern und/oder Regeln einer Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts umfasst die Schritte: which, taken alone or in various combinations with each other, may constitute an aspect of the invention. A method of controlling and / or controlling a heating of a cast or rolled metal product according to the invention comprises the steps of:
Ermitteln der Gesamtenthalpie des Metallprodukts aus einer Summe der freien molaren Enthalpien (Gibbs'schen Energien) aller im Metallprodukt momentan vorhandenen Phasen und/oder Phasenanteile; Determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energies) of all the phases and / or phase fractions currently present in the metal product;
Ermitteln einer Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts mittels eines dynamischen Temperaturberechnungsmodells unter Verwendung der ermittelten Gesamtenthalpie; und  Determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the estimated total enthalpy; and
Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung des Metallprodukts in Abhängigkeit von wenigstens einer Ausgangsgröße des Temperaturberechnungsmodells.  Controlling and / or controlling the heating of the metal product in dependence on at least one output of the temperature calculation model.
Erfindungsgemäß wird bei der Steuerung und/oder Regelung der Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts die Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts berücksichtigt, die sich aus der Gesamtenthalpie des Metallprodukts bzw. des daraus gebildeten Systems sehr genau ermitteln lässt. Dies macht eine bessere Temperaturvorhersage und Temperaturkontrolle sowie eine genauere Angabe der Austrittstemperatur aus dem Ofen oder einer Heizung möglich, was mit einer Energieeinsparung und einer verbesserten Einstellung der zur Auflösung von Ausscheidungen nötigen Temperatur einhergeht. According to the invention, the temperature distribution within the metal product, which can be determined very accurately from the total enthalpy of the metal product or the system formed therefrom, is taken into account in the control and / or regulation of the heating of a cast or rolled metal product. This allows better temperature prediction and control, as well as more accurate indication of the exit temperature from the furnace or heater, which results in energy savings and improved adjustment of the temperature needed to dissolve precipitates.
Die Gesamtenthalpie des Metallprodukts bzw. daraus gebildeten Systems kann mittels des Temperaturberechnungsmodells und der Gibbs'schen Energie bei konstantem Druck nach der Gleichung ermittelt werden, wobei H die molare Enthalpie des Systems, G die Gibbs'sche Energie des Systems, T die absolute Temperatur in Kelvin und p der Druck des Systems sind. Für eine Phasenmischung kann die Gibbs'sche Energie des Systems über die Gibbs'schen Energien der Phasen bzw. Reinphasen sowie deren Phasenanteilen ermittelt werden. Beispielsweise gilt für Stahl: The total enthalpy of the metal product or system formed therefrom can be calculated using the temperature calculation model and the Gibbs energy at constant pressure according to the equation where H is the system's molar enthalpy, G is the Gibbs energy of the system, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, and p is the pressure of the system. For a phase mixture, the Gibbs energy of the system are determined via the Gibbs energies of the phases or pure phases and their phase fractions. For example, for steel:
G = flGl + frGr + fPaGpa + feaGea + fecGec , (5) wobei G die Gibbs'sche Energie des Metallprodukts bzw. Systems, f* der Gibbs'sche Energieanteil, auch Phasenanteil genannt, der Phase φ am System und G* die Gibbs'sche Energie der Phase φ sind. Für die Austenitphase, Ferritphase und Flüssigphase kann die Gibbs'sche Energie aus der Gleichung ermittelt werden, wobei G* die Gibbs'sche Energie einer jeweiligen Phase Φ, χ,φ der Molenbruch der i-ten Komponente der jeweiligen Phase Φ, G * die Gibbs'sche Energie der i-ten Komponente der jeweiligen Phase Φ, R die allgemeine G = f l G l + f r G r + f Pa G pa + f ea G ea + f ec G ec , (5) where G is the Gibbs energy of the metal product or system, f * the Gibbs energy fraction , also called the phase portion, is the phase φ at the system and G * is the Gibbs energy of the phase φ. For the austenite phase, ferrite phase, and liquid phase, Gibbs energy can be derived from the equation where G * is the Gibbs energy of a respective phase Φ, χ, φ is the mole fraction of the i-th component of the respective phase Φ, G * is the Gibbs energy of the i-th component of the respective phase Φ, R the general
Gaskonstante, T die absolute Temperatur in Kelvin, EG die Gibbs'sche Energie für eine nicht ideale Mischung und magnG t die magnetische Energie des Systems sind. Die Gibbs'sche Energie für eine nicht ideale Mischung kann mit der Gleichung Εΰφ = Σ XiXj " f (xi - Xj } + Σ ·\· · ,ν,. / ';,,. (7) ermittelt werden, wobei EG die Gibbs'sche Energie für eine nicht ideale Mischung, x, der Molenbruch der i-ten Komponente, Xj der Molenbruch der j-ten Komponente, Xk der Molenbruch der k-ten Komponente, a ein Korrekturterm, 3Ι_^Φ Gas constant, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, E G is the Gibbs energy for a non-ideal mixture and magn G t is the magnetic energy of the system. The Gibbs energy for a non-ideal mixture can be found by the equation Ε ΰ φ = Σ XiXj "f (xi - Xj} + Σ · \ · ·, ν ,. / '; ,, E G is the Gibbs energy for a non-ideal mixture, x, the mole fraction of the i-th component, Xj the mole fraction of the j-th component, Xk the mole fraction of the k-th component, a a correction term, 3 Ι_ ^ Φ
Wechselwirkungsparameter verschiedener Ordnung und 3Ι_^,ι< Φ und aL Interaction parameters of different order and 3 Ι_ ^ , ι < Φ and a L
Wechselwirkungsparameter verschiedener Ordnung des Gesamtsystems sind. Der Anteil der magnetischen Energie kann mit der Gleichung  Interaction parameters of different order of the overall system are. The proportion of magnetic energy can be calculated using the equation
™*»(7Φ = Rrin(l + j8)/(r) (8) ermittelt werden, wobei magnG die magnetische Energie des Systems, R die allgemeine Gaskonstante, T die absolute Temperatur in Kelvin, ß das magnetische Moment und ί(τ) der Anteil am Gesamtsystem in Abhängigkeit von der normierten Curie-Temperatur τ des Gesamtsystems sind. In der obigen Gleichung (5) für die Gibbs'sche Energie einer Phasenmischung entsprechen die einzelnen Terme der Einzelelement-Energie, einem Beitrag für eine ideale Mischung sowie einem Beitrag für eine nicht ideale Mischung und der magnetischen Energie des Systems. Bei bekannter Gibbs'scher Energie des Systems kann daraus die molare spezifische Wärmekapazität mit der Gleichung ermittelt werden, wobei cp die molare spezifische Wärmekapazität des Systems, T die absolute Temperatur in Kelvin und G die Gibbs'sche Energie des Systems sind. Die Parameter der Terme der obigen Gleichungen (6) - (8) sind in einer Thermocalc- und MatCalc-Datenbank aufgeführt und können zur Ermittlung der Gibbs-Energien einer Stahlzusammensetzung verwendet werden. Mit Hilfe einer mathematischen Ableitung ergibt sich daraus die Gesamtenthalpie der Stahlzusammensetzung. Das Metallprodukt wird vorzugsweise durch Gießen einer Stahl- oder Eisenlegierung hergestellt. Das Metallprodukt kann als Bramme oder Strang ausgebildet sein. ™ * » (7 Φ = Rrin (l + j8) / (r) (8) where magn G is the magnetic energy of the system, R is the general gas constant, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, β is the magnetic moment and ί (τ) is the proportion of the total system as a function of the normalized Curie temperature τ of the overall system. In equation (5) above for the Gibbs energy of a phase mixture, the individual terms correspond to single element energy, a contribution to ideal mixing, and a contribution to non-ideal mixing and the magnetic energy of the system. If the Gibbs energy of the system is known, the molar specific heat capacity can be calculated using the equation where c p is the molar specific heat capacity of the system, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin and G is the Gibbs energy of the system. The parameters of the terms of equations (6) - (8) above are listed in a Thermocalc and MatCalc database and can be used to determine the Gibbs energies of a steel composition. With the help of a mathematical derivation, this results in the total enthalpy of the steel composition. The metal product is preferably made by casting a steel or iron alloy. The metal product may be formed as a slab or strand.
Die Erwärmung des Metallprodukts kann beispielsweise in Form einer Vor- oder Zwischenerwärmung, insbesondere Wiedererwärmung, gegeben sein. The heating of the metal product can be given, for example, in the form of preheating or intermediate heating, in particular reheating.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass für jede Phase eine Dichte ermittelt wird und dass Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen ermittelt werden, wobei eine Dichteverteilung des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten Dichten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen ermittelt wird. Die Phasengrenzen können mit Hilfe der Gibbs'schen Energien bestimmt werden. Die Dichteverteilung desAccording to an advantageous embodiment, it is provided that a density is determined for each phase and that phase boundaries between the phases are determined, wherein a density distribution of the metal product is determined on the basis of the determined densities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries. The phase boundaries can be determined using the Gibbs energies. The density distribution of
Metallprodukts kann mit Hilfe der Phasengrenzen als Funktion der Temperatur und der Phasenanteile ermittelt werden. Die genaue Kenntnis der Dichteverteilung des Metall produkts macht eine genauere Ermittlung der Temperaturverteilung des Metal product can be determined using the phase boundaries as a function of temperature and the phase shares are determined. The exact knowledge of the density distribution of the metal product makes a more accurate determination of the temperature distribution of the
Metall produkts möglich. Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird für jede Phase eine Metal products possible. According to a further advantageous embodiment, one for each phase
Wärmeleitfähigkeit ermittelt und werden Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen ermittelt, wobei ein Verlauf der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten Wärmeleitfähigkeiten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen ermittelt wird. Die Phasengrenzen können mit Hilfe der Gibbs'schen Energien bestimmt werden. Der Verlauf der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Metallprodukts kann mit Thermal conductivity determined and phase boundaries between the phases are determined, with a profile of the thermal conductivity of the metal product is determined on the basis of the determined Wärmeleitfähigkeiten the phases and the determined phase boundaries. The phase boundaries can be determined using the Gibbs energies. The course of the thermal conductivity of the metal product can with
Hilfe der Phasengrenzen als Funktion der Temperatur und der Phasenanteile ermittelt werden. Die genaue Kenntnis des Verlaufs der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Metallprodukts macht eine genauere Ermittlung der Temperaturverteilung des Metallprodukts möglich. In die Fourier'sche Wärmegleichung (1 ) geht neben der spezifischen Help the phase boundaries are determined as a function of temperature and the phase components. The exact knowledge of the course of the thermal conductivity of the metal product makes a more accurate determination of the temperature distribution of the metal product possible. In the Fourier heat equation (1) goes in addition to the specific
Wärmekapazität cp, die aus der Enthalpie und damit aus den Phasenanteilen berechnet werden kann, auch die temperaturabhängige Dichte p und die Heat capacity c p , which can be calculated from the enthalpy and thus from the phase components, also the temperature-dependent density p and the
temperaturabhängige Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ ein. Die Kenntnis der Wärmeleitung ist bei der Erwärmung des Metallprodukts extrem wichtig, da die Temperatur des temperature-dependent thermal conductivity λ a. The knowledge of the heat conduction is extremely important in the heating of the metal product, since the temperature of the
Metallprodukts nur oberflächlich gemessen werden kann. Um aber beispielsweise alle Ausscheidungen, beispielsweise Carbonnitride, auflösen zu können, muss über den gesamten Querschnitt, insbesondere auch in einem kälteren„Cold-Spof-Bereich, des Metallprodukts die lokale Temperatur des Metallprodukts über einem Grenzwert liegen. Die inneren lokalen Temperaturen des Metall produkts können aber nicht gemessen, sondern lediglich berechnet werden. Hierzu ist eine möglichst exakte Kenntnis der temperaturabhängigen Wärmeleitung Voraussetzung. Die Metal product can be measured only superficially. However, in order to be able to dissolve, for example, all precipitates, for example carbonitrides, the local temperature of the metal product must be above a limiting value over the entire cross-section, in particular also in a colder "cold-spof region" of the metal product. The internal local temperatures of the metal product can not be measured but only calculated. For this purpose, the most exact possible knowledge of the temperature-dependent heat conduction is a prerequisite. The
Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ kann experimentell ermittelt werden. Es können hierbei  Thermal conductivity λ can be determined experimentally. It can do this
Regressionsgleichungen zur Ermittlung der Wärmeleitung in einer Reinphase, also λγ und λα, eingesetzt werden. Aus den berechneten Phasengrenzen können die Regressionsgleichungen for determining the heat conduction in a pure phase, ie λ γ and λ α , are used. From the calculated phase boundaries, the
Umwandlungstemperaturen bestimmt werden und daraus der Verlauf der Conversion temperatures are determined and from this the course of
Wärmeleitung: Τ>Τγα für λ=λγ, T<Tce für λ=λα und Tce<T<TYa für λ=λγΡγ+λαΡα mit den berechneten Phasenanteilen PY und Pa. Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung sieht vor, dass auf Basis der Phasengrenzen Umwandlungstemperaturen ermittelt werden, bei denen jeweils eine Umwandlung von einer Phase in eine andere Phase eingeleitet wird. Insbesondere werden die Heat conduction: Τ> Τ γα for λ = λ γ , T <T ce for λ = λ α and T ce <T <T Ya for λ = λ γ Ρ γ + λ α Ρ α with the calculated phase components P Y and P a , A further advantageous embodiment provides that on the basis of the phase boundaries transformation temperatures are determined, in each case a conversion is initiated from one phase to another phase. In particular, the
Umwandlungstemperaturen aus dem Minimum der Gibbs'schen Energien ermittelt. In der Natur wird bevorzugt die Phase angenommen, in der die Energie minimal wird („Prinzip des Energieminimums"). So kann aus den Energien der Rheinphasen die Phase mit der geringsten Gibbs'schen Energie bestimmt werden. Zudem können durch Tangentenbildung auch Zwei-Phasen-Gebiete bestimmt werden. Dies ist in den Figuren 2 und 4 angedeutet. Transition temperatures determined from the minimum of Gibbs energies. In nature, the phase in which the energy is minimized is preferably adopted ("principle of the energy minimum"), so that the phase of the lowest Gibbs energy can be determined from the energies of the Rhine phases This is indicated in Figures 2 and 4.
Gemäß einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird auf Basis einer vorgegebenen Zieltemperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts, einer Oberflächentemperatur des Metallprodukts, einer chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts und wenigstens einer Eigenschaft eines zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens oder einer hierzu eingesetzten Heizung eine zeitliche Länge der Erwärmung ermittelt. Die Oberflächentemperatur des Metallprodukts kann vor und/oder während der According to a further advantageous embodiment, a temporal length of the heating is determined based on a predetermined target temperature distribution within the metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product and at least one property of a furnace used for heating or a heater used for this purpose. The surface temperature of the metal product may be before and / or during the
Erwärmung gemessen werden. Die chemische Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts kann aus einer vorausgehenden chemischen Analyse des Metallprodukts oder einer Materialverfolgung stammen. Die Zieltemperaturverteilung kann von dem Heating can be measured. The chemical composition of the metal product may come from a preliminary chemical analysis of the metal product or a material trace. The target temperature distribution can be from the
Temperaturberechnungsmodell ermittelt und vorgegeben werden. Es lässt sich also die sogenannte Aufheizzeit zum Erreichen einer minimalen Temperaturgrenze und eines ausreichend ausgeglichenen Temperaturprofils des Metallprodukts genau ermitteln. Auch lässt sich eine Glühzeit ermitteln, die erforderlich ist, um Temperature calculation model determined and specified. Thus, it is possible to precisely determine the so-called heating time for achieving a minimum temperature limit and a sufficiently balanced temperature profile of the metal product. It is also possible to determine an annealing time which is necessary in order to
Ausscheidungen wie gewünscht aufzulösen. Aus der ermittelten Temperaturverteilung des Metallprodukts und der vorgegebenen Ofentemperatur bzw. Heizungstemperatur kann so die zeitliche Länge der Erwärmung ermittelt werden, bis das Metallprodukt an allen Querschnittspositionen eine vorgegebene Solltemperatur erreicht hat bzw. eine gewünschte Auflösung von Ausscheidungen erfolgt ist. Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird anhand einer vorgegebenen Zieltemperaturverteilung des Metallprodukts, einer Oberflächentemperatur des Metall produkts, einer chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts, wenigstens einer Eigenschaft eines zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens oder einer hierzu eingesetzten Heizung und einerseits einer vorgegebenen Transportgeschwindigkeit des Metallprodukts oder andererseits einer vorgegebenen Liegezeit des Eliminate precipitations as desired. From the determined temperature distribution of the metal product and the predetermined oven temperature or heating temperature, the time length of the heating can be determined until the metal product has reached a predetermined desired temperature at all cross-sectional positions or a desired dissolution of precipitates has taken place. According to a further advantageous embodiment, based on a predetermined target temperature distribution of the metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product, at least a property of a furnace used for heating or of a heater used for this purpose and on the one hand a predetermined transport speed of the metal product or on the other hand a predetermined lying time of
Metallprodukts eine für die Erwärmung erforderliche Solltemperatur, mit der das Metallprodukt beaufschlagt wird, ermittelt. Die exakte Berechnung der Temperatur der Erwärmung ermöglicht eine Energieeinsparung gegenüber herkömmlichen Metal product a required for the heating temperature set temperature, which is applied to the metal product, determined. The exact calculation of the temperature of the heating allows an energy saving over conventional ones
Erwärmungen, bei denen aufgrund einer weniger exakt ermittelten Warming, where due to a less accurately determined
Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts gegebenenfalls zu hohe Temperature distribution within the metal product may be too high
Ofentemperaturen bzw. Heizungstemperaturen verwendet werden können. Auf der anderen Seite kann durch die genauere Temperatursteuerung und/oder Oven temperatures or heating temperatures can be used. On the other hand, due to the more accurate temperature control and / or
Temperaturregelung sichergestellt werden, dass die Temperaturbeaufschlagung des Metallprodukts ausreicht, um eine gewünschte Auflösung von Ausscheidungen zu erreichen. Ein erfindungsgemäßes System zum Erwärmen eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts umfasst wenigstens einen Ofen oder wenigstens eine Heizung, in den bzw. die das Metallprodukt zur Erwärmung einführbar ist, und wenigstens eine Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung zum Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung, wobei die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einer der vorgenannten Ausgestaltungen oder einer beliebigen Kombination derselben eingerichtet ist.  Temperature control are ensured that the temperature of the metal product is sufficient to achieve a desired resolution of precipitates. An inventive system for heating a cast or rolled metal product comprises at least one furnace or at least one heater into which the metal product is insertable for heating, and at least one control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or regulating the heating, wherein the control and / or regulating device is set up to carry out the method according to one of the aforementioned embodiments or any combination thereof.
Mit dem System sind die oben mit Bezug auf das Verfahren genannten Vorteile entsprechend verbunden. Der Ofen kann beispielsweise ein Ofen, insbesondere Tunnelofen, einer CSP-Anlage, einer Stranggießanlage, einer Warmbandstraße, einer Grobblechstraße, einer Rundanlage, Profilanlage oder Bandanlage sein. Der Ofen bzw. Heizung kann an allen Stellen eines Produktionsprozesses angeordnet sein, an denen Werkstoffe erwärmt werden sollen. Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf die anliegenden Figuren exemplarisch erläutert, wobei die nachfolgend erläuterten Merkmale sowohl jeweils für sich genommen als auch in unterschiedlicher Kombination miteinander einen Aspekt der Erfindung darstellen können. Es zeigen: With the system, the advantages mentioned above with respect to the method are connected accordingly. The furnace may be, for example, an oven, in particular a tunnel kiln, a CSP plant, a continuous casting plant, a hot strip mill, a heavy plate mill, a round plant, profile plant or strip plant. The furnace or heating can be arranged at all points of a production process where materials are to be heated. In the following, the invention will be explained by way of example with reference to the attached figures, the features explained below being in each case for taken as well as in different combinations with each other may represent an aspect of the invention. Show it:
Figur 1 : eine Darstellung der Gibbs'schen Energie für Reineisen; FIG. 1: a representation of the Gibbs energy for pure iron;
Figur 2: ein (konstruiertes) Phasendiagramm mit Gibbs'schen Energien; FIG. 2: a (constructed) phase diagram with Gibbs energies;
Figur 3: einen Verlauf der Gesamtenthalpie nach Gibbs für einen FIG. 3 shows a course of the total enthalpy according to Gibbs for one
kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC);  low carbon steel (LC);
Figur 4: einen Verlauf der Phasenanteile nach Gibbs für einen kohlenstoffarmen FIG. 4 shows a course of the Gibbs phase components for a low-carbon one
Stahl (LC);  Steel (LC);
Figur 5: einen Verlauf der Dichte für einen kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) mit den berechneten Phasenanteilen; FIG. 5 shows a profile of the density for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions;
Figur 6: einen Verlauf der Wärmeleitung für einen kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) mit den berechneten Phasenanteilen; Figur 7: einen Verlauf der Phasenanteile nach Gibbs für einen hochlegierten Stahl FIG. 6 shows a profile of the heat conduction for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions; FIG. 7 shows a course of Gibbs phase ratios for a high-alloyed steel
(austenitischer Edelstahl);  (austenitic stainless steel);
Figur 8: einen Verlauf der Dichte für einen hochlegierten Stahl (austenitischer Figure 8: a profile of the density for a high-alloy steel (austenitic
Edelstahl);  Stainless steel);
Figur 9: einen Verlauf der Wärmeleitung für einen hochlegierten Stahl Figure 9: a curve of the heat conduction for a high-alloy steel
(austenitischer Edelstahl);  (austenitic stainless steel);
Figur 10: eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für ein Figure 10: a schematic representation of an embodiment of a
erfindungsgemäßes System; Figur 11 eine schematische Darstellung eines Anwendungsbeispiels für die Erfindung; system according to the invention; Figure 11 is a schematic representation of an application example of the invention;
Figur 12 eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für ein Figure 12 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a
erfindungsgemäßes System; und  system according to the invention; and
Figur 13: einen Verlauf der Temperatur eines Metallprodukts in einem Ofen. FIG. 13: a profile of the temperature of a metal product in an oven.
Figur 1 zeigt eine Darstellung der Gibbs'schen Energie für Reineisen. Man kann erkennen, dass die einzelnen Phasen Ferrit, Austenit und die Flüssigphase für einen bestimmten charakteristischen Temperaturbereich ein Minimum einnehmen, bei dem diese Phasen stabil sind. FIG. 1 shows a representation of the Gibbs energy for pure iron. It can be seen that the individual phases of ferrite, austenite and the liquid phase occupy a minimum for a certain characteristic temperature range at which these phases are stable.
Figur 2 zeigt die Phasengrenzen einer Fe-C-Legierung mit 0,02% Si, 0,310% Mn, 0,018 % P, 0,007% S, 0,02% Cr, 0,02% Ni, 0,027% AI und variablem C-Gehalt. Mit der Formulierung der Gibbs'schen Energie ist es möglich, ein solches Figure 2 shows the phase boundaries of an Fe-C alloy with 0.02% Si, 0.310% Mn, 0.018% P, 0.007% S, 0.02% Cr, 0.02% Ni, 0.027% Al and variable C content , With the formulation of the Gibbs energy, it is possible to have one
Phasendiagramm mit einer beliebigen chemischen Zusammensetzung zu konstruieren und die stabilen Phasenanteile darzustellen. Figur 3 zeigt einen Verlauf der Gesamtenthalpie nach Gibbs für einen Phase diagram with any chemical composition to construct and represent the stable phase components. FIG. 3 shows a course of Gibbs total enthalpy for one
kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) als Funktion der Temperatur. Außerdem sind im Bild die Solidus- und Liquidustemperatur dargestellt. low carbon steel (LC) as a function of temperature. In addition, the figure shows the solidus and liquidus temperatures.
Figur 4 zeigt einen Verlauf der Phasenanteile nach Gibbs für einen kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) als Funktion der Temperatur. Man erkennt in Figur 4 die Bereiche der Schmelze, der Delta-, Gamma-, Alpha- und Zementit-Phase. Figure 4 shows a plot of Gibbs phase ratios for a low carbon steel (LC) as a function of temperature. FIG. 4 shows the regions of the melt, the delta, gamma, alpha and cementite phases.
Figur 5 zeigt einen Verlauf der Dichte für einen kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) mit den berechneten Phasenanteilen als Funktion der Temperatur und der berechneten Phasengrenzen. Die Dichte jeder einzelnen Phase wird über separate Figure 5 shows a plot of density for a low carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions as a function of temperature and the calculated phase boundaries. The density of each individual phase is separated
Regressionsgleichungen bestimmt. Zur Bestimmung des gesamten Dichteverlaufs werden die Phasengrenzen benötigt. Figur 6 zeigt einen Verlauf der Wärmeleitung für einen kohlenstoffarmen Stahl (LC) mit den berechneten Phasenanteilen. Hier wird wie bei der Berechnung der Dichte die Wärmeleitzahl für jede Phase aus Regressionsgleichungen berechnet. Zur Regression equations determined. To determine the total density curve, the phase boundaries are needed. FIG. 6 shows a course of the heat conduction for a low-carbon steel (LC) with the calculated phase fractions. Here, as in the calculation of the density, the thermal conductivity for each phase is calculated from regression equations. to
Bestimmung des Gesamtverlaufs der Wärmeleitung werden wiederum die Determination of the overall course of the heat conduction will turn the
Phasenanteile benötigt. Phase shares needed.
Figur 7 zeigt einen Verlauf der Phasenanteile nach Gibbs für einen hochlegierten Stahl (austenitischer Edelstahl) mit etwa 12 % Chrom und etwa 12 % Nickel. Der austenitische Stahl wandelt nicht mehr von Gamma nach Alpha um. Figure 7 shows a graph of Gibbs phase ratios for a high alloy steel (austenitic stainless steel) with about 12% chromium and about 12% nickel. Austenitic steel is no longer converting from gamma to alpha.
Figur 8 zeigt einen Verlauf der Dichte für einen hochlegierten Stahl (austenitischer Edelstahl). Der Abfall der Dichte bei der Phasenumwandlung von Gamma nach Alpha (sonst bei etwa 800 °C) entfällt. Figur 9 zeigt einen Verlauf der Wärmeleitung für einen hochlegierten Stahl FIG. 8 shows a profile of the density for a high-alloyed steel (austenitic stainless steel). The decrease in density during the phase transformation from gamma to alpha (otherwise at about 800 ° C) is eliminated. FIG. 9 shows a course of the heat conduction for a high-alloyed steel
(austenitischer Edelstahl). Da die Alpha-Phase nicht auftritt, fällt die Wärmeleitzahl bis auf etwa 14 W/(mK) bei 25 °C ab.  (austenitic stainless steel). Since the alpha phase does not occur, the thermal conductivity drops to about 14 W / (mK) at 25 ° C.
Figur 10 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für ein erfindungsgemäßes System 1 zum Erwärmen eines gegossenen oder gewalzten, nicht gezeigten Metallprodukts. Das System 1 umfasst einen Ofen 2, in den das Metallprodukt zur Erwärmung einführbar ist. Des Weiteren umfasst das System 1 eine Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 zum Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung. Die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 ist zur Durchführung eines Verfahrens zum Steuern und/oder Regeln einer Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metall produkts eingerichtet, aufweisend die Schritte: Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a system 1 according to the invention for heating a cast or rolled, not shown metal product. The system 1 comprises a furnace 2, into which the metal product for heating is insertable. Furthermore, the system 1 comprises a control and / or regulating device 3 for controlling and / or regulating the heating. The control and / or regulating device 3 is designed to carry out a method for controlling and / or regulating a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, comprising the steps:
Ermitteln der Gesamtenthalpie des Metallprodukts aus einer Summe der freien molaren Enthalpien (Gibbs'schen Energien) aller im Metallprodukt momentan vorhandenen Phasen und/oder Phasenanteile; Ermitteln einer Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts mittels eines dynamischen Temperaturberechnungsmodells unter Verwendung der ermittelten Gesamtenthalpie; und Determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energies) of all the phases and / or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; Determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the estimated total enthalpy; and
Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung des Metallprodukts in Abhängigkeit von wenigstens einer Ausgangsgröße des Temperaturberechnungsmodells.  Controlling and / or controlling the heating of the metal product in dependence on at least one output of the temperature calculation model.
Des Weiteren kann die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 eingerichtet sein, zu jeder Phase eine Dichte, Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen und eine Dichteverteilung des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten Dichten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen zu ermitteln. Zudem kann die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 eingerichtet sein, für jede Phase eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit, Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen und einen Verlauf der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten Wärmeleitfähigkeiten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen zu ermitteln. Auch kann die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 eingerichtet sein, auf Basis der Phasengrenzen Umwandlungstemperaturen zu ermitteln, bei denen jeweils eine Umwandlung von einer Phase in eine andere Phase eingeleitet wird. Furthermore, the control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up to determine for each phase a density, phase boundaries between the phases and a density distribution of the metal product on the basis of the determined densities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries. In addition, the control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up for each phase to determine a thermal conductivity, phase boundaries between the phases and a profile of the thermal conductivity of the metal product on the basis of the determined thermal conductivities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries. The control and / or regulating device 3 can also be set up to determine conversion temperatures on the basis of the phase boundaries, in each case a conversion from one phase to another phase is initiated.
Die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 kann eingerichtet sein, auf Basis einer vorgegebenen Zieltemperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts, einer The control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up on the basis of a predetermined target temperature distribution within the metal product, a
Oberflächentemperatur des Metallprodukts, einer chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts und wenigstens einer Eigenschaft des zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens 2 eine zeitliche Länge der Erwärmung zu ermitteln. Zudem kann die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 eingerichtet sein, anhand einer vorgegebenen Surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product and at least one property of the used for heating furnace 2 to determine a time length of heating. In addition, the control and / or regulating device 3 can be set up, based on a predetermined
Zieltemperaturverteilung des Metallprodukts, der Oberflächentemperatur des Target temperature distribution of the metal product, the surface temperature of the
Metall produkts, der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts, wenigstens einer Eigenschaft des zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens 2 und einerseits einer vorgegebenen Transportgeschwindigkeit des Metallprodukts oder andererseits einer vorgegebenen Liegezeit des Metallprodukts eine für die Erwärmung erforderliche Soll- Temperatur, mit der das Metallprodukt beaufschlagt wird, zu ermitteln. Metal products, the chemical composition of the metal product, at least one property of the furnace 2 used for heating and on the one hand a predetermined transport speed of the metal product or on the other hand, a predetermined residence time of the metal product required for the heating target temperature at which the metal product is applied to determine ,
Die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 kann eingerichtet sein, zu ermitteln, ob die lokalen Temperaturen des Metall produkts an allen Berechnungspositionen größer als eine Ausscheidungstemperatur sind. Trifft dies zu, kann das Metallprodukt aus dem Ofen 2 ausgefahren werden. Trifft dies hingegen nicht zu, muss das Metallprodukt zum weiteren Temperaturausgleich in dem Ofen 2 verweilen, bis mittels der The control and / or regulating device 3 may be set up to determine whether the local temperatures of the metal product at all calculation positions greater than are a precipitation temperature. If so, the metal product can be extended out of the furnace 2. On the other hand, if this is not the case, the metal product must remain in the furnace 2 for further temperature compensation until it has been replaced by the
Temperaturberechnungsmodells festgestellt wird, dass die lokalen Temperaturen des Metallprodukts an allen Berechnungspositionen größer als eine Temperature calculation model is found that the local temperatures of the metal product at all calculation positions greater than one
Ausscheidungstemperatur sind. Excretion temperature are.
Figur 1 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines Anwendungsbeispiels für die Erfindung. Es ist eine CSP-Anlage 4 gezeigt, die eine Gießanlage 5, einen Tunnelofen 2, ein Warmwalzwerk 6 und eine Haspeleinrichtung 7 aufweist. Der Tunnelofen 2 ist Teil eines erfindungsgemäßen Systems 1 , wie es mit Bezug auf Figur 10 beschrieben ist. Figure 1 1 shows a schematic representation of an application example of the invention. It is shown a CSP plant 4, which has a casting plant 5, a tunnel kiln 2, a hot rolling mill 6 and a coiler 7. The tunnel kiln 2 is part of a system 1 according to the invention, as described with reference to FIG.
Figur 12 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für ein erfindungsgemäßes System 1. Das System 1 kann grundsätzlich entsprechend FigurFigure 12 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a system according to the invention 1. The system 1 can basically according to FIG
10 ausgebildet sein, weshalb hier zur Vermeidung von Wiederholungen auf die obige Beschreibung zu Figur 10 verwiesen wird. Der Ofen 2 ist als Tunnelofen ausgebildet. Die Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 enthält ein Ofenmodell mit integriertem Temperaturberechnungsmodell. Der Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 werden gemäß dem Pfeil 8 Daten zu den momentanen und maximalen Brennerleistungen des Ofens 2 zugeführt. Gemäß dem Pfeil 9 werden der Steuer- und/oder 10, so reference is made here to avoid repetition of the above description of Figure 10. The furnace 2 is designed as a tunnel furnace. The control and / or regulating device 3 contains a furnace model with integrated temperature calculation model. The control and / or regulating device 3 are supplied according to the arrow 8 data on the current and maximum burner powers of the furnace 2. According to the arrow 9, the tax and / or
Regeleinrichtung 3 vom Castermodell und Messwerten herrührende Temperaturen an jeder Brammenposition zugeführt. Gemäß dem Pfeil 10 werden der Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 aus der Materialverfolgung herrührende Analysedaten bezüglich der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts zugeführt. Gemäß dem PfeilControl device 3 supplied by the Castermodell and measured values resulting temperatures at each slab position. According to the arrow 10, the control and / or regulating device 3 is supplied with analysis data relating to the chemical composition of the metal product which originate from the material tracking. According to the arrow
1 1 werden der Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 aus einer Materialberechnung und/oder aus Erfahrungswerten stammende Ausscheidungstemperaturen und Glühzeiten zugeführt. Gemäß dem Pfeil 12 werden von der Steuer- und/oder 1 1 are supplied to the control and / or regulating device 3 from a material calculation and / or excretion temperatures and annealing times derived from empirical values. According to the arrow 12 are of the tax and / or
Regeleinrichtung 3 berechnete, erforderliche Brennerleistungen für jede Ofenkammer des Ofens 2 zum Erreichen einer optimalen Glühtemperatur und einer optimalen Glühzeit bzw. entsprechende Daten zugeführt. Figur 13 zeigt einen Verlauf der Temperatur eines Metallprodukts in einem Ofen. Es ist zum einen die Solltemperatur 13 für jede der drei Kammern des Ofens Control device 3 calculated, required burner power for each furnace chamber of the furnace 2 for achieving an optimum annealing temperature and an optimal annealing time or corresponding data supplied. Figure 13 shows a temperature profile of a metal product in an oven. On the one hand, it is the target temperature 13 for each of the three chambers of the furnace
eingezeichnet. Zudem ist der gemäß dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ermittelte Temperaturverlauf 14 für die Erwärmung dargestellt. Des Weiteren ist ein located. In addition, the determined according to the method of the invention temperature profile 14 is shown for the heating. Furthermore, one is
herkömmlich berechneter, falscher Temperaturverlauf 15 dargestellt, bei dem eine zu hohe Temperatur berechnet worden ist, was mit einem unnötigen Energieverlust einhergeht. Des Weiteren ist ein herkömmlich berechneter, falscher conventionally calculated, incorrect temperature profile 15 is shown, in which a too high temperature has been calculated, which is associated with an unnecessary loss of energy. Furthermore, a conventionally calculated one is wrong
Temperaturverlauf 16 dargestellt, bei dem eine zu niedrige Temperatur berechnet worden ist, wodurch Ausscheidungen nicht wie gewünscht aufgelöst werden. Temperature curve 16 is shown in which a too low temperature has been calculated, whereby excretions are not resolved as desired.
Bezugszeichenliste LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
1 System 1 system
2 Ofen  2 oven
3 Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung 3 control and / or regulating device
4 CSP-Anlage 4 CSP plant
5 Gießanlage  5 casting plant
6 Warmwalzwerk  6 hot rolling mill
7 Haspeleinrichtung  7 reel device
8 Pfeil (Datenfluss)  8 arrow (data flow)
9 Pfeil (Datenfluss)  9 arrow (data flow)
10 Pfeil (Datenfluss)  10 arrow (data flow)
1 1 Pfeil (Datenfluss)  1 1 arrow (data flow)
12 Pfeil (Datenfluss)  12 arrow (data flow)
13 Solltemperatur  13 set temperature
14 Temperaturverlauf  14 temperature profile
15 falscher Temperaturverlauf 15 wrong temperature profile
16 falscher Temperaturverlauf 16 wrong temperature profile

Claims

Patentansprüche: claims:
1. Verfahren zum Steuern und/oder Regeln einer Erwärmung eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts, aufweisend die Schritte: A method of controlling and / or controlling heating of a cast or rolled metal product, comprising the steps of:
Ermitteln der Gesamtenthalpie des Metallprodukts aus einer Summe der freien molaren Enthalpien (Gibbs'schen Energien) aller im Metallprodukt momentan vorhandenen Phasen und/oder Phasenanteile; Determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energies) of all the phases and / or phase fractions currently present in the metal product;
Ermitteln einer Temperaturverteilung innerhalb des Metallprodukts mittels eines dynamischen Temperaturberechnungsmodells unter Verwendung der ermittelten Gesamtenthalpie; und  Determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the estimated total enthalpy; and
Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung des Metallprodukts in  Controlling and / or controlling the heating of the metal product in
Abhängigkeit von wenigstens einer Ausgangsgröße des  Dependence on at least one output of the
Temperaturberechnungsmodells.  Temperature calculation model.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zu jeder Phase eine Dichte ermittelt wird und dass Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen ermittelt werden, wobei eine Dichteverteilung des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten Dichten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen ermittelt wird. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a density is determined for each phase and that phase boundaries between the phases are determined, wherein a density distribution of the metal product is determined on the basis of the determined densities of the phases and the determined phase boundaries.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für jede Phase eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit ermittelt wird und dass Phasengrenzen zwischen den Phasen ermittelt werden, wobei ein Verlauf der 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that for each phase, a thermal conductivity is determined and that phase boundaries between the phases are determined, wherein a course of the
Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Metallprodukts auf Basis der ermittelten  Thermal conductivity of the metal product based on the determined
Wärmeleitfähigkeiten der Phasen und der ermittelten Phasengrenzen ermittelt wird.  Wärmeleitfähigkeiten the phases and the determined phase boundaries is determined.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf Basis der Phasengrenzen Umwandlungstemperaturen ermittelt werden, bei denen jeweils eine Umwandlung von einer Phase in eine andere Phase eingeleitet wird. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf Basis einer vorgegebenen Zieltemperaturverteilung innerhalb des 4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that on the basis of the phase boundaries transformation temperatures are determined, in each case a conversion is initiated from one phase to another phase. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that based on a predetermined target temperature distribution within the
Metallprodukts, einer Oberflächentemperatur des Metallprodukts, einer chemischen Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts und wenigstens einer Eigenschaft eines zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens (2) oder einer hierzu eingesetzten Heizung eine zeitliche Länge der Erwärmung ermittelt wird. Metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical composition of the metal product and at least one property of a furnace used for heating (2) or a heater used for this purpose, a time length of the heating is determined.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass anhand einer vorgegebenen Zieltemperaturverteilung des Metallprodukts, einer Oberflächentemperatur des Metallprodukts, einer chemischen Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that based on a predetermined target temperature distribution of the metal product, a surface temperature of the metal product, a chemical
Zusammensetzung des Metallprodukts, wenigstens einer Eigenschaft eines zur Erwärmung eingesetzten Ofens (2) oder einer hierzu eingesetzten Heizung und einerseits einer vorgegebenen Transportgeschwindigkeit des Composition of the metal product, at least one property of a furnace used for heating (2) or a heater used for this purpose and on the one hand a predetermined transport speed of the
Metall produkts oder andererseits einer vorgegebenen Liegezeit des Metal products or on the other hand, a predetermined time of
Metallprodukts eine für die Erwärmung erforderliche Soll-Temperatur, mit der das Metallprodukt beaufschlagt wird, ermittelt wird. Metal product a required for the heating temperature target temperature, which is applied to the metal product, is determined.
System (1 ) zum Erwärmen eines gegossenen oder gewalzten Metallprodukts, aufweisend wenigstens einen Ofen (2) oder wenigstens eine Heizung, in den bzw. die das Metallprodukt zur Erwärmung einführbar ist, und wenigstens eine Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung (3) zum Steuern und/oder Regeln der Erwärmung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuer- und/oder A system (1) for heating a cast or rolled metal product, comprising at least one furnace (2) or at least one heater into which the metal product for heating is insertable, and at least one control device (3) for controlling and / or rules of heating, characterized in that the control and / or
Regeleinrichtung (3) zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Control device (3) for carrying out the method according to one of
Ansprüche 1 bis 6 eingerichtet ist. Claims 1 to 6 is set up.
EP16801148.4A 2015-11-30 2016-11-04 Method and system for the open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product Active EP3384260B1 (en)

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CN108603793A (en) 2018-09-28
US20180345342A1 (en) 2018-12-06
CN108603793B (en) 2021-06-04
WO2017092967A1 (en) 2017-06-08
US11701696B2 (en) 2023-07-18
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EP3384260B1 (en) 2021-01-06
US20220193740A1 (en) 2022-06-23

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