EP3371120A1 - Blähglasgranulat mit spurenelementen, insbesondere als aufwuchsträger zur gezielten nährstoffversorgung von mikroorganismen - Google Patents
Blähglasgranulat mit spurenelementen, insbesondere als aufwuchsträger zur gezielten nährstoffversorgung von mikroorganismenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3371120A1 EP3371120A1 EP16801975.0A EP16801975A EP3371120A1 EP 3371120 A1 EP3371120 A1 EP 3371120A1 EP 16801975 A EP16801975 A EP 16801975A EP 3371120 A1 EP3371120 A1 EP 3371120A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- trace elements
- biogas
- microorganisms
- minerals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C11/00—Multi-cellular glass ; Porous or hollow glass or glass particles
- C03C11/007—Foam glass, e.g. obtained by incorporating a blowing agent and heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
- C03C1/02—Pretreated ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
- C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
- C03C3/087—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal containing calcium oxide, e.g. common sheet or container glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/0007—Compositions for glass with special properties for biologically-compatible glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
- C12M21/04—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses for producing gas, e.g. biogas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M25/00—Means for supporting, enclosing or fixing the microorganisms, e.g. immunocoatings
- C12M25/16—Particles; Beads; Granular material; Encapsulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide
- C03C2201/11—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide containing chlorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
- C03C2201/40—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
- C03C2201/58—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing metals in non-oxide form, e.g. CdSe
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2203/00—Production processes
- C03C2203/10—Melting processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for producing expanded glass granules, in particular for use in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant.
- the invention furthermore relates to expanded glass granules, in particular for use in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant.
- biogas or bio-methane produced from biomass can already be used today in all natural gas vehicles without any technical modifications.
- Biogas or biomethane can be emitted in corresponding engines with very high efficiencies.
- the range of a biogas-fueled passenger car is approximately 67,600 km per hectare of cultivated area.
- biogas plants In a biogas plant, there is basically the problem that those microorganisms that metabolize biomass to biogas typically have very low growth rates, which is associated with a low conversion rate of biomass to biogas.
- biogas plants In order nevertheless to ensure an acceptable conversion rate in a biogas plant by means of a comparatively high concentration of microorganisms, biogas plants frequently employ growth carriers on which the microorganisms settle as biofilms and are thus immobilized.
- a magnetic expanded glass granules is used as a growth medium.
- Such a magnetic blown glass developed by the applicant is known from DE 10 2010 039 232 B4 of the Applicant.
- the invention has for its object to provide a Blähglasgranulat, which is particularly suitable as a growth medium for microorganisms, in particular for use in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant.
- the object is achieved according to the invention by the features of claim 1.
- the object is achieved according to the invention by the features of claim 8.
- Advantageous and partly inventive in itself are set forth in the subclaims and the description below.
- the process according to the invention for producing expanded glass granules which is intended in particular for use in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant, comprises the following process steps:
- minerals and / or trace elements are added in the preparation of the expanded glass granules, and in particular in the preparation of the aforementioned starting mixture, which serve in particular for the nutrient supply of microorganisms used in the biogas plant or the anaerobic sewage treatment plant.
- the expanded glass granulate according to the invention which is used in particular for use in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant, is correspondingly produced from glass flour, a blowing agent and a binder, wherein the expanded glass granules are characterized by an addition of minerals and / or trace elements.
- the glass powder used is preferably a soda lime silicate glass powder
- the binder used is preferably an alkali silicate water glass.
- micronutrients As minerals (also referred to as “macronutrients”) are here and below referred to such substances that are taken by living things, specifically microorganisms, especially of the microorganisms used in the biogas plant and the anaerobic wastewater treatment plant, and metabolized for life and growth .
- microorganisms especially of the microorganisms used in the biogas plant and the anaerobic wastewater treatment plant, and metabolized for life and growth
- carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, calcium, magnesium and / or iron are added as minerals in the manufacture of the expanded glass granules.
- Trace elements are those substances which are necessary for living beings, again in particular for the microorganisms used in the biogas plant or the anaerobic sewage treatment plant, and in mass fractions of less than 50 mg / kg in the organism
- trace elements based on cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, tungsten and / or zinc are added in the preparation of the expanded glass granules.
- the expanded glass granules according to the invention are in principle suitable as carriers of biogas and methane-forming biofilms.
- the growth carriers are broken before use in a fermenter / bioreactor and sieved to a defined grain size.
- the resulting irregular surface texture results in biofilm formation, i. the settlement of microorganisms, very contrary.
- Growth carrier is very selective - the proportion of methanogenic organisms is significantly higher than in the surrounding fermentation fluid or inoculum. • The melting of trace elements and minerals in the expanded glass granulate or in the growth media increases the biogas yield compared to the yield obtained with the aid of conventional growth media.
- a ground soda lime silicate glass in particular with a weight fraction of 60 to 70%, is used as glass flour.
- the binder used is preferably an alkali-silicate-water glass, in particular with a weight fraction of 15 to 25% added.
- alkali silicate-water glass as a binder with appropriate temperature control and residence time during the sintering process to achieve a desired ratio between the necessary resistance and desired solubility targeted.
- blowing agent in particular by using one or more blowing agents of the following substances: dextrose, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate and dolomite.
- blowing agents of the following substances dextrose, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate and dolomite.
- a release agent in the form of calcium carbonate, dolomite and / or bentonite is added to the expanded glass granules green bodies before foaming in a preferred embodiment.
- Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate 0,00010 - 0,00020%
- the expanded glass granulate according to the invention is used in particular as a growth carrier for microorganisms in a bioreactor, in particular in a biogas plant or an anaerobic sewage treatment plant.
- Fig. 1 is a diagram of the anaerobic degradation of organic substance, changed to Weiland / P. Weiland, 2001 /,
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the supply and the availability of micronutrients in a biogas fermenter
- Fig. 4 shows a PCR-SSCP analysis of samples from a mesophilic
- FIG. 5 is a diagram of feeding quantity and gas development in a screening experiment with different growth carriers
- FIG. 7 shows a (glass) syringe as a miniature experimental fermenter for carrying out colonization experiments on different growth carriers
- FIG. 8 shows a bogie for supporting a plurality of syringes according to FIG.
- FIG. 12 again shows in a bar chart the concentration of the dry biofilm and the biogas yield in colonization experiments with different growth carriers.
- the anaerobic conversion of biomass and thus the extraction of the renewable energy source methane is one of the currently most efficient processes for the production of regenerative energy sources from biomass / SRU, 2007 /.
- macromolecules are synthesized by the plants as metabolic power. Stoichiometrically, these macromolecules can be converted into methane and carbon dioxide at very high efficiency in anaerobic digestion in biogas plants.
- the primary fermenters secrete exo-enzymes, which dissolve the complex macromolecules of the starting materials by breaking down the hydrogen bonds with the simultaneous incorporation of water. This step is called hydrolysis 3 and allows the microorganisms to take up and convert the formed monomers 4 and dimers, respectively.
- the individual building blocks (monomers 4) taken up by the primary digesters are converted by the microorganisms into building blocks 5, namely organic acids, alcohols and carbon dioxide (FIG. 1, 2nd step), the acidogenesis 6.
- acetogenesis 7 the secondary fermentation 8 converts the acids and alcohols formed to acetic acid (acetate 9), hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
- methanogenesis 10 occurs only under severe exclusion of air (indicated as anaerobic respiration 1 in Figure 1). In this stage, the methanogenic microorganisms from acetic acid or from hydrogen and carbon dioxide form the methane and carbon dioxide contained in the biogas 12.
- Bioreactors often referred to as fermenters, are containers in which certain microorganisms, cells or small plants are cultured (fermented) under optimal conditions.
- controllable or controllable in most bioreactors are the composition of the nutrient medium (nutrient solution or substrate), the oxygen supply or tightness against the ingress of oxygen, temperature, pH, sterility and others.
- the purpose of cultivating in a bioreactor may be to recover the cells or constituents of the cells or recover metabolic products.
- the degradation of chemical compounds can take place in bioreactors, such. B. in wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plants.
- reactors In bioreactors a wide variety of organisms are cultivated for different purposes. Therefore, several reactor variants are available in different designs. Typical are stirred tank reactors made of metal, but also strong distinctive variants, such. As fixed bed reactors, photobioreactors, etc. are used.
- Bioreactors are used in various areas of the process industry, such as:
- Wastewater treatment plants with biological process stages.
- an aerobic step first takes place, in which dissolved compounds of microorganisms are bound in the form of the biomass formed.
- Another process-biological step is anaerobic wastewater treatment, which at very high COD load serves to remove harmful or interfering organic carbon compounds through microbiological degradation processes that take place without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic).
- bacteria gain the energy required for their metabolism from the conversion of organic carbon compounds to organic acids and subsequently mainly to methane, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon.
- the Aerobsystem converts 1 kg COD load into approx. 0.5 kg sludge dry substance formed, approx. 50% is converted to C0 2 and H 2 0.
- the biomass produced from the activated sludge process (aerobic system) can be passed through an anaerobic process step in an additional fermenter
- the biomass 1 used is degraded in an anaerobic process with several steps (hydrolysis 3, Acidogenese 6, acetogenesis 7 and methanogenesis 10) to biogas 12 and digestate (see Fig. 1).
- the containers are hermetically sealed and usually have a stirrer.
- To operate biogas reactors It is important to know which biological and procedural conditions prevail in the fermenter and what their nutrient status is. However, at most plants only a few parameters are measurable, such as pH and gas quality. Frequently, information on methane or carbon dioxide levels in the gas is missing. Often the operators control their plants on the basis of experience.
- yeasts that convert the sugar from the mash or the grape juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
- EPO erythropoietin
- the biological activity of microorganisms in bioreactors is determined by their metabolism. The better the microorganisms convert organic substances, the higher the process-biological yields are. If the process parameters in the reactor are not optimal or lack nutrients, the biological activity of the microorganisms decreases.
- Microorganisms can multiply at different rates. Their specific metabolic activity and thus the turnover of the substrate depend strongly on favorable environmental conditions, the presence of competitors / predators and on the energy that the reaction provides them. The denser the population and the higher the substrate availability, the faster substrate conversion takes place - but only within certain limits, as other factors can have a limiting effect.
- a supporting measure may be an increase in the pH by addition of basic substances (for example sodium bicarbonate, lime, quick lime / hydrated lime).
- the space load with the new substrate should initially be low and the residence time should be kept high. This gives the weak links enough time to build an effective, adapted to the new conditions population with sufficient density.
- the space load can be slowly increased. If the space load increases too fast, the syntrophic / methanogenic association can not regrow fast enough. Another approach is to ensure that the concentration of syntrophic
- Methanogenic organisms process technology is kept artificially high, for example via fermentation residue recycling or immobilization.
- the limit is 6 - 10 kg oTS / (m 3 * d).
- Minerals are essential inorganic nutrients that the organism can not produce itself; they have to be fed to him with food. Since the minerals are usually in the form of inorganic compounds, they are unlike some vitamins, insensitive to most cooking methods. For example, they can not be destroyed by heat or air.
- minerals are important inorganic compounds. They do not serve to provide energy, but act as building and active substance and thus take over important regulatory functions in the organism. "They are involved as catalysts in the metabolism, indispensable for the regulation the pH,
- Minerals are taken up by plants through the roots of the soil and incorporated into their biomass. They can not be burned and therefore remain as unburned residue in the ash. This property can be used for the determination of the mineral content in the plant material or in the
- Fermenterschlamm be used. Of the total of 92 different natural elements, 40-50 can be detected in plants. However, only 16 are indispensable for the plant. These nutrients are therefore also referred to as essential nutrients.
- the minerals in an organism are divided into two dimensions, concentration or function.
- the microorganisms involved in the biogas process require different minerals for their metabolism and for building up their cell substance. The required amounts are species-specific. "The dry matter of microorganisms consists of about 50% carbon, 1 1% nitrogen, 2% phosphorus and 1% sulfur".
- Carbon is the main constituent of microorganisms after water.
- the carbon source used is essentially the supplied substrate.
- Nitrogen is the most needed nutrient after carbon. It is needed in particular for protein biosynthesis, ie for the formation of enzymes that carry out the reactions in the metabolism. Excessively high nitrogen contents in the substrate can, however, lead to an inhibition of the microbial activity in the fermenter.
- Phosphorus is involved in the formation of the energy carriers ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) in the metabolism of microorganisms. Lack of phosphate therefore leads to the reduction of the metabolism.
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- Sulfur is part of the amino acids cysteine and histidine and thus essential for the formation of important enzymes in the metabolism.
- Other sulfur compounds also play a crucial role in the metabolic cycle, eg FeS complexes as redox partners in electron transport.
- C, N, P, S and Na + as well as calcium, magnesium and iron fulfill important functions in the metabolism.
- Calcium and magnesium are important structural elements eg for enzymes.
- iron is a binding element in the sulfide precipitation. As iron binds to sulfur, iron sulfide can precipitate, reducing sulfide toxicity in the fermenter.
- iron in the microbial metabolism serves as a reaction partner.
- Methanogenic bacteria require a transport system to reduce CO 2 to CH 4 .
- Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ iron first acts as an electron acceptor.
- Fe 2+ can be used later as an electron donor and thus as an energy carrier.
- iron is also part of many enzymes.
- Micronutrients are also referred to as trace elements due to their low concentration in the biomass. Trace elements enter the soil through physical and chemical rock weathering. Consequently, the trace element content in the soil varies depending on the source rock, climate and the impact of planting or management.
- Plants need trace elements to survive. They extract these substances from the soil, but these are only a few grams per hectare. The micronutrient content in plant biomass is correspondingly low.
- Methanogenic archees require the elements cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn).
- Cobalt serves primarily as a central atom in Korrinoiden and vitamin B12 enzymes. Cobalt can be incorporated in three different forms as a central ion: as Co 3+ , Co 2+ or Co + . Cobalt-containing enzymes are present in both the methanogenic and the acetogenic bacteria.
- Manganese (Mn) has similar properties or functions to anaerobic organisms as iron. By reducing Mn 4+ to Mn 2+ and Fe 3+ to Fe 2+, they use these micronutrients as oxidizing agents. Later oxidation reactions can in turn provide electrons for further reactions.
- Nickel is a kind of universal element in the biogas process because it is involved in the construction of many different enzymes. For example, a nickel-centered atom occurs in urease, hydrogenase, the cofactor F430 and many other enzymes. Urease causes the hydrolysis of urea. The released ammonia serves many microorganisms as nitrogen source.
- Hydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and plays an essential role.
- the cofactor F430 (see Figure 2) is indispensable for the final step of methane formation.
- This cofactor has a nickel central atom.
- Molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) have similar chemical properties and perform similar tasks during anaerobic conversion. Thus, they usually catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions of C0 2 . Research has also shown that molybdenum can in some cases be replaced by tungsten. Molybdenum is thus the only known example in which a central atom of one enzyme can be replaced by another, without losing the enzyme-specific effect / Bertram et al, 19941.
- Selenium is especially useful for building proteins such as Selenocysteine or selenomethionine of importance.
- Some methanogenic archaea require the selenium-containing proteins to oxidize hydrogen. Inadequate selenium concentration can therefore also be a growth-limiting factor for these archaee / Chasteen, Bentley, 20031.
- the enzymes and coenzymes required for the metabolism can no longer be sufficiently formed. As a result, the performance of the methanogenic microorganisms decreases.
- the primary fermentation, d. H. the formation of the longer-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols is not affected. As a result, the metabolic products formed in these upstream process steps accumulate - above all the propionic acid.
- Table 1 Mineral content in the fermentation substrate of biogas plants, data from 700 analyzes / Lindorfer, 2009 /
- physical e.g., temperature, friction, comminution
- chemical e.g., pH
- biological e.g., microbial degradation
- Fig. 3 (1) As acidic conditions promote their solubility, they are increasingly converted to sparingly soluble compounds at higher pH in the presence of free phosphate, sulfide, sulfate, and / or carbonate. They are thus initially deprived of direct access by microorganisms (2). However, some microorganisms can "capture” unavailable trace elements via chelating agents and make them usable (3). After this The death of microorganisms releases trace elements in bound and dissolved form (4) and can be reused in the internal circulation of nutrients. The discharge of trace elements takes place with the fermenter content and the biomass into the fermentation residue storage (5). In the case of a recirculation of the fermentation residue, the entrained trace elements and heavy metals are again available for the microorganisms in the fermenter (6).
- a content of about 50 g Co / L (about 750 g Co / kg DM) seems to be a reasonable size for stable operation of a NawaRo plant.
- the corresponding concentrations are about 5 times lower (about 10 g Se / L, or about 150 g Se / kg TS), for Mo but about a factor of 10 and for Ni about 40 times higher.
- FIG. 4 shows the activating effect of the trace element additive for the methanogenic archae. It shows a PCR-SSCP analysis of various samples from a mesophilic maize silage fed only
- Type 9 iron oxide granules (pure / unbeaten)
- Type 10 magnetic PORAVER magnetic separator before loading
- Materials 7 and 8 are newly developed materials with altered chemical properties.
- Types 9 and 10 served to secure the evidence of the effectiveness of the inventive growth medium.
- Magnetic PORAVER, type 10 is due to the very slow and inadequate colonization due to its smooth surface texture only conditionally as a growth medium.
- Lime-soda-silicate glasses are well suited as a growth substrate for the immobilization of the fermenter biocenosis. 2.
- Broken grain is preferably colonized, since shearing and stripping of the biofilms by movement (agitators) is prevented due to the structurally rich surface.
- the application of minerals and / or trace elements during the swelling process and / or their admixture in the formulation show positive effects.
- the minerals or trace elements may be present in the form of oxides, carbonates and hydrates.
- Coatings with organic substrates have a positive influence, but are only necessary if a very fast colonization is desired.
- Alkali-alkaline earth silicate glasses are the oldest man-made glass type. These include the flat glass (window glass) melted in large quantities and packaging glass.
- Borosilicate glasses are very chemical and temperature resistant glasses, which are mainly used for glassware in the laboratory, chemical engineering and in the household. The good chemical resistance to water, many chemicals and pharmaceutical products (hydrolytic class 1) is explained by the boron content of these glasses.
- the near-surface alkalis and alkaline earths first dissolve. Through this process, the structure is weakened and the network-forming SiO 2 is also dissolved.
- the soluble oxides or their reaction products are, with the exception of SiO 2 , in the list of minerals and trace elements (Section 1 .4) again.
- the typical utility glasses are classified as very stable in their chemical resistance (hydrolytic class 1 or 2). The expected dissolved amount of Na, K, Ca and Mg ions is so low that under normal conditions a sufficient and targeted nutrient supply of the microorganisms can not be assumed.
- the green body used to produce the expanded glass granules is composed essentially of glass powder, iron oxide and water glass.
- the addition of different amounts of water glass provides a very good opportunity to set the chemical resistance of the entire system in aqueous media targeted and greatly reduced compared to the base glass. If an alkali silicate glass (water glass) is added to the ground basic glass (soda-lime glass), this, in addition to lowering the sintering temperature, depending on the amount added, also leads to a reduction in the chemical resistance. Due to its composition of only two components - the network former Si0 2 and a network converter (flux), in this case Na 2 O, water glass is chemically unstable, especially at high alkali parts.
- a release agent is necessary in order to prevent the sticking together of the granules under the effect of heat during the swelling process. It is an inert material, which should be selected so that no or only very little interaction with the glass granules occur at the respective process conditions. Most are substances of mineral origin such. Sand, alumina, different carbonates but also high firing clays in the form of powders and flours.
- Dolomite is a carbonic calcium-magnesium mineral, CaMg (CO 3 ) 2, it is rock forming in the rock of the same name, in dolomitic limestone and in various sedimentary rocks. Dolomite occurs alongside anchorite, CaFe (CO 3 ) 2 , often as a hydrothermal gangue. Its color can range from white, gray, yellowish to reddish brown. Under the action of heat, dolomite begins to decompose at about 830 ° C after the following reaction.
- reaction products CaO, MgO, but also unreacted CaMg (CO 3 ) 2 accumulate on the surface of the foamed granules by adhesion or Van der Waals forces. If these are introduced into an aqueous solution, then CaO / MgO act as an acid buffer and as hydroxides are very quickly available to the microorganisms for metabolism.
- Bentonite is a mixture of different clay minerals, which contains montmorillonite (60-80%) as its main constituent, which explains its strong water absorption and swelling capacity. Further accompanying minerals are quartz, mica, feldspar, pyrite or calcite. It was formed mainly by weathering from volcanic ash.
- the basic composition corresponds to the two types of material 7 or 8 of the preliminary tests.
- Type and amount of the added trace elements were based on a dissertation on substrate conversion of Methanosarcina mazei / Krätzer 201 11 and work on the same topic at the LfL in Freising / Bauer, Lebuhn, Gronauer; 20091 compiled.
- premix one and premix two were mixed according to the following composition.
- dolomite was used as the blowing agent upon heating cleaved C0 2 should not change the redox potential of magnetite but contribute calcium and magnesium in the form of easily soluble in the growth substrate.
- the green grain produced from the starting mixture in a granulation process was dried at a temperature of 120 ° C in a rotary kiln and then the classification was carried out with a sieve limit of 0.25 mm.
- the green bodies obtained were mixed with 10 to 15% by weight of release agent and foamed in the directly heated rotary kiln at temperatures between 780 ° C and 815 ° C with a flow time of 10 to 15 minutes.
- Foaming and cooling, the granules were broken and sieved to a particle size of 0.25-1.5 mm.
- test material was subjected to elution.
- the samples, solid, pasty and muddy materials are slowly turned overhead or shaken in distilled water for 24 hours.
- the liquid / solid ratio should be adjusted to a ratio of 10/1.
- the sample should remain constantly in motion, further comminution e.g. However, be avoided by abrasion.
- this procedure assumes that the voting substances are soluble in water.
- test batch was adjusted once with acetic acid to a pH of 5 and determined over a period of 45 days in addition to the solutes and the adjusting pH.
- buffer capacity of the growth media in the fermenter should be determined with this experimental setup.
- HBT Test The University of Hohenheim has developed the so-called HBT Test, which is used to evaluate different substrates and starting materials as well as to present different process engineering conditions in fermenters of biogas plants and sewage treatment plants. Since up to 200 samples are used in the sample carrier, sufficient statistical protection can be achieved via this test.
- the core pieces of the experimental set-up are reaction vessels in the form of syringes 20 made of glass (FIG. 7) and a device for storing these syringes 20, the bogie 25 (FIG. 8).
- the syringes 20 have a filling volume of 100 ml and are equipped with a three-way stopcock 26.
- the syringes can be stored horizontally. It is equipped with a controllable drive which allows rotation of the bogie 25 about the longitudinal axis of the syringes stored therein. The rotation can take place at speeds in the range of 5 to 50 min -1 .
- Inoculate culture are housed in a heated climate chamber.
- FIGS. 9 to 11 the temporal evolution of the biofilm is shown in FIGS. 9 to 11.
- Fig. 9 the values of concentration of the dry biofilm on the nursery carriers in (mg 0 Ts / g growth substrate) in Fig. 10, the microbial total ⁇ population (BAC and ARC) in (10 9 16S rRNA gene copies (GFM) 1 ) and in FIG. 11 the occurrence of archae (ARC) in (10 9 16S rRNA gene copies (gFM) "1 ) (left scale) and their proportion of the total population in% (right scale).
- the values of the inoculum (IN) are also shown in Figs. 10 and 11. When looking at the diagrams, it is noticeable that the biofilm mass was determined almost exclusively by the two factors "material type of the growth medium" and "time”.
- the concentration of the dry biofilm on the growth media was determined after a growth time of 33 days (mg 0 Ts / gAutwuchslic) - Fig. 12, left scale, white bars - and each achieved Biogas yield (Ißiogas / kg 0 s) - Fig. 12, right scale, gray bars - opposite.
- a relationship between the biogas yield and the concentration of the dry biofilm can be derived on the different growth carriers.
- the growth carriers B3 and B4 in which trace elements are melted down, appear to promote biofilm formation and thereby achieve a higher biogas yield.
- the lower biofilm mass in sample B4 with simultaneously high biogas yield indicates after this first evaluation that the microorganisms present in the sample had a higher metabolic activity at the time of the measurement. This behavior in biofilms is known. If enough food and optimal living conditions are available to a population that has united into a colony in a biofilm, the microorganisms react with an increased metabolic activity or partially re-dissolve the biofilms and migrate into the fermentation fluid.
- Growth carriers indicate that saturation had already occurred and that the maximum ratio of growth carrier and biofilm is between 40 and 50 mg oTS per g of growth carrier.
- similar total populations of microorganisms could be detected as on the growth media.
- approaches B2 to B4 the population of the archaea and their proportion of the total population increased with the incubation period - the values of the growth carriers were not reached.
- a strong promotion of methanogenic organisms in the fermentation liquid by the use of the growth carrier could not be detected.
- the microscopic examinations provided important conclusions which can be used to assess the suitability of the different growth carriers.
- the degree and shape of the colonization of the growth media could be well assessed by the DNA staining (fluorescence microscopy) of the microorganisms present.
- the presence of methanogenic organisms was assessed by their autofluorescence.
- Autofluorescence also occurred in all microbial colonies detected by DNA staining in each of the investigated growth media. Accordingly, methanogenic organisms were represented in all microorganisms colonies of biofilms.
- Growth carriers are basically suitable as carriers of biogas and methane-forming biofilms.
- the growth media must be crushed before use in a fermenter / bioreactor and sifted to a defined particle size.
- the resulting irregular surface structure is very conducive to biofilm formation.
- the mass of the biofilm adhering to a growth carrier alone does not allow any statements about the quality of the biofilm.
- the molecular genetic analysis allows a deeper insight.
- Growth carrier is very selective - the proportion of methanogenic organisms is significantly higher than in the surrounding fermentation fluid or inoculum.
- the growth carriers bring a significant buffer capacity into the system and thus counteract any process disturbances caused by overacidification.
- an obviously optimal "micro-environment” is formed for the biofilms, which allows the archae to survive even in an acidified environment.
- Acetogenesis Formation of acetic acid
- Acetoclastic decomposing acetic acid
- Biocenosis (alt. ⁇ bios. Life 'and ⁇ koinos. Together') is a community of organisms of various species in a definable
- COD Chemical oxygen demand, measure of the sum of all (in water), under certain conditions oxidizable substances
- DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, method for the specific detection of certain DNA sections with the help of the running behavior in a gel with a gradient of denaturing substances
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- carrier of the genetic material e- electron (s)
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Electron acceptor element by changing its valency
- Electron donor element that changes its value
- Electron carrier molecule that transfers electrons to the reduction of another molecule
- Ergodicity refers to the mean behavior of a system. Such a system is described by a pattern function that determines the evolution of the system over its current state
- Glucose glucose
- Halophil loving saline conditions
- Hydrogenotrophic Utilizing hydrogen for growth
- Enzymes in gel particles, capsules or in confined reaction spaces The immobilization leads to a shift in the catalytic activity of submicroscopic and microscopic units in macroscopic particles to achieve retention
- Lignocellulose compound of cellulose with lignin (- inclusions)
- methanogenic archae methane gas producing microorganisms
- Network Converters Connections that form a glass together with one or more network creators.
- Network converters change the structure and properties of the glass OLR: organic loading rate, organic room load oTS: organic dry matter
- Oxidation state change of a molecule under electron donation
- PCR Polymerase chain reaction, polymerase chain reaction, molecular biology method for the amplification of specific sections of DNA in order to specifically detect them
- Polar molecule Molecule with positively and negatively charged end
- Proteases Protein-splitting enzymes
- Room load is the amount of organic dry matter
- Sequence sequence of bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine,
- SSCP Single Strand conformation polymorphism, method for the specific detection of certain DNA segments with the help of the folding of single-stranded DNA
- Stabilizers can be both network converters and network formers in the glass. However, they are not able to form a single component as a glass
- Substrate material that is fermented in a biogas plant Supplementation: Add, Add
- Taxon ⁇ that, plural: taxa; to Greek ⁇ täxis. (arrangement, rank) designates in biology a group recognized as a systematic unit of
- Thermophilic a high temperature level loving (about 45 - 65 ° C)
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DE102017131089B4 (de) | 2017-12-22 | 2022-06-30 | Jassen - Kunststoffzentrum Gmbh - Apparatebau, Zuschnitte Und Formung | Bioreaktor und dessen Verwendung, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer organischen Nährstofflösung und organische Nährstofflösung |
DE102019007167A1 (de) * | 2019-10-15 | 2021-04-15 | Hochschule Kaiserslautern | Emerser Bioreaktor |
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DE19817268A1 (de) * | 1998-04-18 | 1999-10-21 | Hermsdorfer Inst Tech Keramik | Verfahren zur katalytischen und biologischen Abwasserreinigung, Granulat zur Durchführung des Verfahrens sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung des Granulates |
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DE102011012346A1 (de) * | 2011-02-24 | 2012-08-30 | Wismut Gmbh | Reaktives Material zur Stimulierung mikrobieller Stoffwechselvorgänge für die nachhaltige Immobilisierung anorganischer Schadstoffe in schadstoffbelasteten Wässern |
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