EP3339787B1 - Brennkammertrockner - Google Patents

Brennkammertrockner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3339787B1
EP3339787B1 EP16206823.3A EP16206823A EP3339787B1 EP 3339787 B1 EP3339787 B1 EP 3339787B1 EP 16206823 A EP16206823 A EP 16206823A EP 3339787 B1 EP3339787 B1 EP 3339787B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
combustion
drying chamber
chamber
frequency
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EP16206823.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3339787A1 (de
Inventor
Oliver HART
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Pulsed Powders Ltd
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Pulsed Powders Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B23/00—Heating arrangements
    • F26B23/02—Heating arrangements using combustion heating
    • F26B23/026—Heating arrangements using combustion heating with pulse combustion, e.g. pulse jet combustion drying of particulate materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C15/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in pulses influenced by acoustic resonance in a gas mass

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combustor dryer, in particular a pulse or pulsed combustor dryer, for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches, and a corresponding method for dehydration and/or granulation of the wet feedstock.
  • a combustor dryer in particular a pulse or pulsed combustor dryer, for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches, and a corresponding method for dehydration and/or granulation of the wet feedstock.
  • US 5,015,171 discloses a pulse combustor.
  • US 4,183,145 describes a spry-drying method.
  • CN1180343 relates to a method for treating excrement.
  • Pulse, pulsed (or impulse) combustion originates from the intermittent (periodic) combustion of air (or another oxidant) with gaseous, liquid or solid fuel.
  • Pulse combustors typically comprise inlet ports to admit combustion air and fuel, a combustion chamber in which the fuel/air mixture is ignited and a resonance tube or tailpipe used to expel the exhaust gases. The continuous stream of hot pulsating gases is then utilised in downstream processes such as heating, atomisation and drying of liquid feedstock.
  • Pulse combustion burners have advantages over steady flame combustion burners, e.g. an increased mass and heat transfer rate, an increased combustion intensity and higher energy efficiency with low excess air and reduced pollutant emissions. Disadvantages are a comparatively high noise level (requiring special attenuation measures) and difficulties of controlling (due to interactive process parameters).
  • the "pulses” originate inside a combustion chamber at a predetermined frequency of oscillation which is dependent on the speed of sound and the physical relationship between the combustion chamber and tailpipe dimensions in accordance with the Helmholtz formulas.
  • Known pulse combustors used in drying processes operate as Helmholtz resonators where the single (fixed) frequency originating from the combustion chamber is "tuned” primarily by changing the length of the tailpipe.
  • the inventor developed a "pulsed" combustor method in which the combustion air is mechanically excited or (pulsed) at the predetermined frequency externally to and before entering a combustion chamber.
  • a burner frequency therefore originates outside the combustion chamber and is not determined by the physical dimensions or operating conditions of either the combustion chamber or any tailpipe (as in the prior art).
  • the source of oscillations produced by the pulsed combustor is similar to that of a trombone, bugle or a blowing horn (vuvuzela), where the "note” is dictated by the vibrating lips of the player and not by the natural resonance of a cavity.
  • the instrument body and its physical shape merely serve to amplify or intensify the acoustic note created by the player's lips.
  • the "pulsed" combustion method according to the present invention allows a simple adjustment of the air pulses, wherein it is not necessary to physically change any dimensions of the combustor or combustor tailpipe (as in the prior art).
  • the pulsed combustor assembly contributes to an efficient and simple dehydration and/or granulation of wet feedstock.
  • air may be understood as ambient air but should be generally understood as being any gas (mixture) containing oxygen (of at least 5% or at least 20%).
  • Particles, generated and dried by a (in particular pulse or pulsed) combustor drying process can be very small so that it can be difficult to remove the dried particles from the process.
  • at least some materials to be dried tend to stick together (e.g. at the walls of a drying chamber) which makes it difficult to remove and recover the final product.
  • the invention is a combustor dryer according to claim 1, a method according to claim 8 and a use according to claim 10.
  • a combustor dryer in particular a pulse or pulsed combustor dryer, for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches, is proposed.
  • the combustor dryer comprises several (in particular at least a first and a second, optionally in addition at least a third) combustion chambers and a drying chamber, wherein each of the combustion chambers is connected with the drying chamber, wherein the combustor dryer is configured so that an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber is different (or can be controlled to be different) to an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber (in particular at least with respect to an oscillation frequency).
  • a core idea of the idea of the invention is to provide several combustor assemblies (combustion chambers) for one and the same drying chamber.
  • the several combustion chambers allow to generate and distribute several streams of the mixture of the combustion gas and the feedstock within the drying chamber over a width (or other dimension) of the drying chamber.
  • the overall structure of the combustor dryer can be compacted which simplifies the combustor dryer and a corresponding drying method.
  • the feedstock may emerge from (combustion chamber driven) atomizers (or nozzles, respectively) between (each of) the several combustion chambers and the drying chamber.
  • the combustor dryer is configured so that an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber is different (or can be controlled to be different) to an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber (in particular at least with respect to an oscillation frequency and/or a phase), the movement of the product to be dried within the drying chamber can be further modified which enhances the drying efficiency.
  • the oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber implies a corresponding oscillation of product particles in the gas.
  • the combustor dryer is further configured so that combustion chamber frequencies of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber (via an atomizer or nozzle, respectively) and of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber (via an atomizer or nozzle, respectively) are adapted or controlled or controllable so that a beat frequency resulting from the combustion chamber frequencies is generated in the drying chamber.
  • the beat frequency is preferably at least 5 Hz, further preferably at least 10 Hz.
  • the beat frequency may be below 50 Hz, preferably below 30 Hz.
  • Adjusting or controlling the respective frequency preferably implies that a plurality of different frequency values (larger than 0), e.g. at least two or at least five or at least ten different (beat) frequency values can be set (the plurality of values may be a continuum or consist of discrete values).
  • An absolute value of the difference of the combustion chamber frequencies of an oscillating gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and of an oscillating gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber is adapted or controlled or controllable so that it corresponds to at least 0.1 % preferably at least 1 %, further preferably at least 2 % of the value of a lower combustion chamber frequency (among the frequencies of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and second combustion chamber, respectively) and/or so it corresponds to not more than 50%, preferably not more than 20% of the value of (said) lower combustion chamber frequency.
  • the (absolute value of the) difference of combustion chamber frequencies is comparatively small with respect to the value of the combustion chamber frequencies per se.
  • the comparatively high combustion chamber frequencies can effectively atomize and pre-dehydrate the wet feedstock and the rather comparatively low beat frequency in the drying chamber may contribute to an advantageous movement in the drying chamber for further dehydrating (drying) the wet feedstock. This improves efficiency and reduces time required for the total dehydration process.
  • the combustor dryer is further configured so that a (the) first combustion chamber frequency of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and/or a (the) second combustion chamber frequency of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber are adjusted or controlled or controllable to be at least 100 Hz, preferably at least 300 Hz and/or not more than 1000 Hz, preferably not more than 600 Hz.
  • An average frequency (i.e. a frequency value obtained by summing up the abovementioned frequencies of an oscillation gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber, respectively divided by the number of combustion chambers) is preferably adjusted or controlled or controllable to be at least 50 Hz, preferably at least 100 Hz, further preferably at least 200 Hz, further preferably at least 450 Hz and/or not more than 800 Hz, preferably not more than 550 Hz.
  • a control means for controlling a (the) first combustion chamber frequency of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and/or a (the) second combustion chamber frequency of an oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber and/or a beat frequency of said frequencies and/or an average frequency of said frequencies may be provided.
  • the control means may be provided for controlling a phase shift between the oscillation of gas emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and from the second combustion chamber, respectively.
  • Controlling the respective frequency preferably implies that a plurality of different frequency values (larger than 0), e.g. at least two or at least five or at least ten different frequency values can be set (the plurality of values may be a continuum or consist of discrete values).
  • combustion chambers may be arranged on the same side of the drying chamber, e.g. on a top side or a bottom side of the drying chamber.
  • combustion chambers may be arranged on different sides of the drying chamber, e.g. at least one on the top side and at least one on the bottom side.
  • combustion chambers are provided in a side-by-side arrangement, preferably in a line or in a triangular configuration.
  • At least one combustion chamber (preferably several of or all of the combustion chambers) and the drying chamber may be connected so that gas from the combustion chamber(s) emerges from a bottom side of the drying chamber (in an upward direction, e.g. in an angle of at least 30° or at least 60° or at least substantially 90° with respect to the horizontal direction).
  • a combustion chamber or several of the combustion chambers or all of the combustion chambers
  • the drying chamber may be connected so that gas from the combustion chamber emerges from a top side of the drying chamber (in a downward direction, e.g.
  • At least one combustion chamber (or several of the combustion chambers or all of the combustion chambers) and the drying chamber may be connected so that gas from the combustion chamber emerges from a connecting side of the drying chamber connecting the top side and the bottom side (preferably in a horizontal direction or in an angle of less than 45°, preferably less than 25° with respect to the horizontal direction).
  • At least a first combustion chamber and a second combustion chamber may be arranged and connected with a drying chamber such that a first combustion gas stream (with product particles) emerging into the drying chamber from the first combustion chamber and a second combustion gas stream (with product particles) emerging into the drying chamber from the second combustion chamber may be directed in parallel or towards each other (wherein an angle between the directions of emergence is at least 30°, preferably at least 60°, further preferably at least 90° or at least substantially 180°).
  • the combustor dryer may comprise at least one fuel supply line, at least one air supply line, and at least one pulsed air generator, wherein the pulsed air generator may be connected to the air supply line for generating at least a first pulsed air stream with a pulse frequency f10 entering the combustion chamber.
  • a second air supply line and a second pulsed air generator being connected to the second air supply line are provided and configured to generate a second pulsed airstream with a pulse frequency f20 entering the (same) combustion chamber, wherein f20 is preferably higher or lower than f10.
  • At least a portion (in particular lower portion) of the drying chamber may be a (frusto-) conical portion or a portion within inclined walls (approaching each other).
  • An outlet for the product from the drying chamber may be at the lowest portion of the drying chamber (e.g. an end of a conical or frusto-conical portion) or may be provided on a sidewall (e.g. a sidewall of a portion with inclined walls).
  • the several combustion chambers may be provided in a line (e.g. four combustion chambers in a line).
  • the combustion chambers may be arranged in a two-dimensional pattern (e.g. in a rectangular or triangular configuration, preferably three combustion chambers may form a triangle).
  • One of (or several of or all of) the combustion chambers may be arranged in the lowest third of the drying chamber or in the topmost third of the drying chamber or in a middle third of the drying chamber (between an upmost third and the lowest third).
  • a method for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock is proposed, in particular a viscous feedstock such as the feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches, preferably utilising the combustor dryer as described above, wherein the method comprises supplying a first, in particular pulsed, combustion gas stream, preferably from a first combustion chamber and a second, in particular pulsed, combustion gas stream, preferably from a second combustion chamber, to the same drying chamber.
  • An oscillation of the first combustion gas stream and an oscillation of the second combustion gas stream may differ from each other, in particular with respect to a phase and/or frequency. Further method steps may correspond with functional features as described in the context of the above combustor dryer.
  • a use of the pulse combustion dryer as described above for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, is proposed.
  • the multiple combustion chambers may function (totally) independent from one another.
  • the multiple combustion chambers share the common volume of the drying chamber (after atomization).
  • a phase of the oscillating gas emerging into the drying chamber from the respective combustion chambers may be 360° divided by the number of combustion chambers (per drying chamber). If, for example, two combustion chambers are being used they may emerge (fire) pulses at a maximum of 180° out of phase. If, for example, three burners are used, the phase difference would be 120°. If, for example, four combustions chambers are used, the angle would be 90° (etc.).
  • a wide range of "beat frequencies" may be generated which may sweep in intensity as they resonate with the cavity of the drying chamber.
  • the motion of the product to be dried within the drying chamber can be improved.
  • it can be possible to provide a rolling motion which improves the drying process and hinders the product from sticking to walls of the drying chamber.
  • a combustor dryer is proposed, in particular a pulse or pulsed combustor dryer, for dehydration and granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches, comprising at least one combustion chamber and a drying chamber, wherein the at least one combustion chamber is connected with the drying chamber so that gas from the combustion chamber emerges in a horizontal or in an upward direction (preferably in a direction having an angle of at least 20° or at least 30° or at least 50° with respect to the horizontal direction).
  • a rolling motion can be obtained which further improves the drying process and hinders the product from sticking to walls of the drying chamber).
  • the combustor dryer is configured as pulsed combustor dryer, it comprises preferably at least one fuel supply line, at least one air supply line and at least one pulsed air generator, wherein the pulsed air generator is connected to the air supply line for generating at least a first pulsed airstream with a pulse frequency f10 entering the combustion chamber.
  • the combustor dryer comprises a second air supply line and a second pulsed air generator being connected to the second air supply line and configured to generate a second pulsed airstream with a pulse frequency f20 entering the combustion chamber, wherein f20 is preferably higher or lower than f10.
  • the combustor dryer preferably comprises further at least one gas outlet, in particular in an upper area of the drying chamber, for exhausting gasses, in particular humid gas (air), from inside the drying chamber.
  • the combustion air is mechanically excited (or pulsed) at a predetermined frequency externally to and before entering the combustion chamber.
  • a burner frequency therefore originates outside the combustion chamber and is not determined by the physical dimensions or operating conditions of either the combustion chamber or any tailpipe (as in the prior art).
  • the source of oscillations produced by the pulsed combustor is similar to that of a trombone, bugle or a blowing horn (vuvuzela), where the "note” is dictated by the vibrating lips of the player and not by the natural resonance of a cavity. In such cases, the instrument body and its physical shape merely serve to amplify or intensify the acoustic note created by the player's lips.
  • the "pulsed" combustion method allows a simple adjustment of the air pulses, wherein it is not necessary to physically change any dimensions of the combustor or combustor tailpipe (as in the prior art).
  • the pulsed combustor assembly contributes to an efficient and simple dehydration and/or granulation of wet feedstock.
  • air may be understood as ambient air but should be generally understood as being any gas (mixture) containing oxygen (of at least 5% or at least 20%).
  • the pulsed air generator may be configured and connected so that a pulsed air stream is not immediately (i.e. directly at the outlet of the generator) mixed with the fuel (coming from the supply line). For example, a travel distance of the pulsed air before being mixed with the fuel to be combusted may be at least 1 cm, preferably at least 10 cm.
  • the pulsed air generator may be configured to actively generate the pulsed air stream, i.e. so that the frequency of the pulsed air stream is adjusted (controlled) by the pulsed air generator or, respectively, a control means of the pulsed air generator (only).
  • the pulsed air generator would not be a mere passive element which reacts on other conditions of the combustion assembly, such as a low pressure portion of a combustion cycle.
  • the pulsed combustor assembly comprises a second air supply line and a second pulsed air generator being connected to the second air supply line and configured to generate a second pulsed air stream with a pulse frequency f20 entering the combustion chamber.
  • the second air supply line and/or the second pulse air generator may be structured and/or configured and/or arranged similar to or identical to the first air supply line and/or first pulsed air generator, respectively.
  • the frequency f20 is preferably higher or lower than f10. By this, the adjustment of the frequency within the combustion chamber is further improved.
  • the frequency f10 and/or the frequency f20 may be adjustable.
  • a control means may be provided for adjusting the frequency f10 within a predetermined range and/or for adjusting the frequency f20 within a predetermined range.
  • Adjusting the frequency preferably, means that a plurality of frequencies (larger than 0) can be set (the plurality of values may be a continuum or consist of discrete values).
  • the control means can function as an open loop or closed loop control.
  • a first control means may be provided for controlling f10.
  • a second control means may be provided for controlling f20.
  • One control means may be provided for controlling both f10 and f20. In any case, the adjustment possibilities are further improved so that the pulsed combustor assembly may contribute for a more efficient dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock.
  • the first and/or second pulsed air generator may comprise an (in particular motorised) air interrupter.
  • the air interrupter may comprise a rotating disk, lobe and/or valve assembly. Thereby, the pulse generation is executed in a simple way.
  • the first air supply line and the second air supply line may be connected to a common compressed air supply line (preferably being part of the pulsed combustor assembly).
  • the pulsed combustor assembly may further comprise a source for compressed air.
  • the frequencies f10 and f20 are adjusted (in particular by the control means) to generate a beat frequency f30 within the combustion chamber.
  • the frequencies f10 and f20 may have a similar (but not identical) value.
  • f20 may be at least 1% or at least 3% higher and/or less than 30% or less than 15% higher than the frequency f10. If there is only a small difference between the frequencies f10 and f20, a beat frequency f30 will be generated.
  • a "beat” is an interference phenomenon between two waves (sounds) of slightly different frequencies.
  • This interference results in a waveform comprising a high frequency component which is (at least approximately) the average frequency between f10 and f20 and a beat frequency which results from the envelope of the higher frequency component.
  • the beat frequency is (at least approximately) the difference between the frequencies f10 and f20.
  • Energy from the high-frequency components may be utilised both to atomise and dehydrate the wet feedstock passing through an impingement zone.
  • the low beat frequency may pass through the combustion chamber and enhance the dehydration in a drying chamber arranged downstream. Thereby, the efficiency of the dehydration process is improved. In particular, the time for dehydration is reduced and a comparatively small drying chamber can be used.
  • the control means is configured to simultaneously vary the frequencies f10 and f20 within a predetermined frequency range, wherein a difference f10 - f20 is preferably at least substantially constant for generating an at least substantially constant beat frequency f30.
  • the frequency range (within which f10 and f20 may be varied) can be for example 100 to 600 Hz, preferably 300 to 500 Hz.
  • the difference f10-f20 can be between 10 Hz and 30 Hz, in particular 20 Hz.
  • the average frequency f40 is adapted to current process parameters, in particular the temperature within the combustion chamber.
  • resonance conditions can be adjusted (which are dependent on the speed of sound being dependent on the temperature).
  • a temperature determining means is provide for determining the temperature within the combustion chamber.
  • the control means may control f10 and f20 based on the temperature.
  • the compressed air (modulated by f10 and f20) may be mixed with fuel.
  • the mixture may be ignited by an ignition source inside the combustion chamber.
  • f10 and/or f20 may be more than 100 Hz, preferably more than 300 Hz and/or less than 600 Hz, preferably less than 500 Hz.
  • the beat frequency f30 may be more than 10 Hz and/or less than 30 Hz.
  • a high frequency band (with a fundamental frequency e.g. between 300 to 500 Hz) as defined by f10 and f20 may be adjusted to resonate with a comparatively small (regarding its volume or acoustical length, respectively) combustion chamber while the (low) beat frequency f30 (typically at least approximately 30 Hz) passes through the combustion chamber and resonates with a comparatively large (regarding its volume or acoustical length, respectively) drying chamber.
  • the pulsed combustion (continuous pulsed combustion) in the combustion chamber may generate a stream of high-temperature exhaust gases which exit at a high velocity (for example, 100 m/s) via a nozzle.
  • the mass and inertia of the high-temperature, oscillating exhaust gas may form a conduit (waveguide) on which both a high and a low-frequency acoustic shockwave may be super-imposed.
  • Such conduit may additionally channel acoustic energy at "screech" frequencies, as well as a broadband of harmonic frequencies generated inside the combustion chamber, towards an impingement zone.
  • the average frequency stays within the combustion chamber.
  • acoustic pulses at the beat frequency f30, generated in the combustion chamber may be too low to excite acoustic resonance in the cavities of the (small volume) combustion chamber and pass through the combustion chamber (and preferably through a shear atomizer downstream of the combustion chamber) to find resonance in the (large volume) drying chamber.
  • the combustion chamber may behave like a low-pass filter for the beat frequency f30.
  • a pulsed combustion dryer for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches comprises a pulsed combustor assembly as described above.
  • the combustion dryer may comprise an atomizer (preferably for each combustion chamber).
  • the combustion dryer (in particular pulse or pulsed combustion dryer) may comprise a drying chamber.
  • a volume of a drying chamber may be larger than a volume of the combustion chamber.
  • the volume of the drying chamber is at least 50 times, further preferably at least 100 times, even further preferably at least 300 times, e.g. 600 times as large the volume of the combustion chamber.
  • the volume of the drying chamber may be less than 1000 times the volume of the combustion chamber, preferably less than 800 times, further preferably less than 600 times.
  • An acoustic length of the drying chamber may be at least 5 times, further preferably at least 10 times, even further preferably at least 30times as long as an acoustic length of the combustion chamber.
  • the (pulse or pulsed) combustion dryer may comprise a granulator, preferably fluid bed granulator, in particular spouted bed granulator.
  • the resonance frequency of the combustion chamber may be at least 2 times, preferably at least 3 times, further preferably, at least 4 times, even further preferably at least 6 times as large as the resonance frequency of the drying chamber.
  • the beat frequency f30 resonates with the drying chamber.
  • acoustic pulses in the combustion chamber as in principle also in the prior art
  • the dehydration and/or granulation can be realised in a more efficient way, in particular faster.
  • a method for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres, sugars and/or vegetable starches comprises a supply of fuel via a fuel supply line and a supply of a first pulsed air stream with a pulse frequency f10 via a first air supply line to a combustion chamber.
  • the method may further comprise supplying a second pulsed air stream via a second air supply line with a pulse frequency f20 to the combustion chamber, wherein f20 is preferably higher or lower than f10.
  • the average frequency may stay in the combustion chamber.
  • a beat frequency f30 (of f10 and f20) may pass through the combustion chamber and may preferably resonate with a drying chamber.
  • the method may contain further features according to the functional features being described with respect to the pulsed combustor assembly and/or the pulsed combustion dryer above.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a use of the combustion dryer of the pre-described kind for dehydration and/or granulation of a wet feedstock, in particular a viscous feedstock such as a feedstock containing natural fibres.
  • the pulsed combustor assembly and/or the pulsed combustion dryer and/or the method for dehydration and/or granulation may be applied for dehydration (drying) and simultaneously producing granular products, for example from (pumpable) pastes, slurries and/or (smoothie-like) purees, in particular derived from (whole) fruits and/or vegetables (e.g. as used in the food and/or beverage industry sectors). Further applications may be other (paste-like) feedstock such as meat, fish and/or dairy products (e.g. including viscous polymers, minerals and/or chemicals).
  • a size of the (spherical) granules obtained by the combustor dryer and/or method of the present invention may vary between 1.0 and 5.0 millimetres.
  • Figs. 1 to 3 show a first embodiment of a combustor dryer according to the invention.
  • the combustor dryer comprises a drying chamber 10 and several (three) combustion chambers 11a, 11b and 11c being connected to the (one) drying chamber 10. Between the drying chamber 10 and each of the combustion chambers 11a, 11b and 11c, a (shear) atomizer and/or a corresponding nozzle may be provided for finely dividing the wet feedstock before being (further) dehydrated on its way to a product outlet 12.
  • the several (three) atomizers and/or nozzles can be arranged as it is schematically illustrated in Fig. 13 for one (shear) atomizer and nozzle.
  • the drying chamber 10 comprises a cylindrical portion 13 and a conical portion 14, wherein the product outlet 12 is provided at the bottom of the conical portion 14.
  • Each of the combustion chambers 11a, 11b and 11c can be provided with (pressurised) air and fuel so that a pulse or pulsed combustion can be achieved.
  • corresponding supply lines may be provided for each combustion chamber or one corresponding supply line may be provided which branches off, whereby branches lead to the combustion chambers.
  • Figs. 4 to 6 correspond with the embodiment of Figs. 1 to 3 with the exception of the arrangement of the several (three) combustion chambers.
  • the combustion chambers in Figs. 4 to 6 are arranged on a sidewall 15, in particular the cylindrical portion 13 of the drying chamber 10.
  • the combustion chambers 11a, 11b and 11c are arranged along a circumference of the drying chamber at an angular distance of (at least approximately) 120°.
  • the combustion chambers 11a-11c are arranged at and connected with the drying chamber so that a gas-product-mixture emerges in directions 16a, 16b, 16c, respectively (see Fig. 6 ) wherein an angle between these directions is (approximately) 120°.
  • an advantageous movement (rolling motion) of the product may be achieved.
  • Figs. 7 to 9 show a further embodiment of the combustor dryer of the invention.
  • the combustor dryer comprises a combustion chamber 10 with a cylindrical portion 13 and a conical portion 14.
  • a frusto-conical portion 17 is provided which has optionally an inclination which is less steep than the inclination of the conical portion 14.
  • the combustion chambers 11a, 11b and 11c are connected to the drying chamber 10.
  • the directions 16a, 16b and 16c have an angle of between (approximately) 20° to 45° (see Fig. 8 ).
  • the gas-product-mixture emerges (is fired or projected) in an upward direction which efficiently minimizes sticking of the product to the wall of the drying chamber 10.
  • FIGs. 10 to 12 show a further embodiment of the combustor dryer.
  • a combustion chamber 10 of the combustor dryer comprises a portion 18 with parallel walls (where two opposing pairs of walls are parallel with each other) and a portion with inclined walls 19.
  • the product outlet 12 is provided at a lower end of one or more of the inclined walls of portion 19.
  • the cross-section of the drying chamber 10 (from the top to the bottom) may be either square or rectangular, wherein a length of the rectangle may be at least 1.5 times as large as a width of the rectangle.
  • all combustion chambers 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d are arranged in a line (side-by-side).
  • a fluidised, in particular spouted bed granulator may be provided with one or more openings for providing (spouting) air. This further reduces the risk of product sticking to the walls of the drying chamber 10.
  • Fig. 13 shows a further embodiment of a combustor dryer according to the invention.
  • the apparatus comprises a pulsed combustor assembly A for generating a (continuous) stream of high-temperature sonic pulses.
  • Combustor assembly A is coupled to a shear atomizer B.
  • the shear atomizer B finely divides the wet feedstock before being dehydrated on its way to an (integrated) spouted bed granulator C.
  • Fig. 13 only one combustor assembly A and shear atomizer B is shown. However, it is preferred that at least two combustor assemblies A and corresponding shear atomizers B are provided (for one drying chamber or spouted bed granulator C, respectively).
  • the spouted bed granulator C produces and delivers the final product as, in particular powders, granules or melts.
  • the pulsed combustor assembly A and shear atomizer B may require less than 10 milliseconds for removing more than 90% of the product's moisture. The balance may be removed in the spouted bed granulator C.
  • the combustor assembly A is "externally" pulsed using two motorised air interrupters 113 and 114, which are both connected to a common compressed air supply 115 via a first and a second air supply line 126, 127.
  • the compressed air supply provides sufficient energy for generating a stream of (sharp) acoustic pulses (or shockwaves) when the air passes through the air interrupters 113 and 114 in the direction of a combustion chamber 116. In the combustion chamber 116, the air is utilised for combustion and optionally as excess air.
  • a fuel supply line 123 provides fuel to the combustion chamber 116.
  • the fuel is ignited by an ignition source 124.
  • An inlet 21 is provided for supplying feedstock to the apparatus. Via an outlet 122, humid air and gas emerges from the drying chamber 117.
  • Inlet 121 provides the spouting air source.
  • the granulated product may emerge from an outlet 120.
  • the interrupters 113 and 114 may comprise a (motorised) rotating disk, lobe or valve assembly where a ported or shaped element rotates in (close) proximity to a stationary element. Ports may periodically interact or align with one another, thereby releasing a burst of pulsed air into the combustion chamber 116.
  • Rotating the (motorised) interrupters 113 and 114 at a high speed generates two distinct (high-pitch, siren-like) tones at frequencies f10 and f20 respectively, where frequencies f10 and f20 are directly proportional to the motor speeds of the interrupters 113 and 114.
  • Combining the two frequencies f10 and f20 in the combustion chamber 116 produces a distinct third, low beat frequency at a beat frequency f30 corresponding to (or at least closely approximating) the difference between the frequencies f10 and f20.
  • a band of frequencies may be generated, defined by f10 and f20 without affecting the beat frequency f30.
  • This high band of frequencies may contain both odd and even harmonic components of frequencies f10 and f20, while the low (fundamental) frequency f30 remains effectively unchanged.
  • the high-frequency band (between 300 and 500 Hz), as defined by f10 and f20, is adjusted to resonate with the (small volume) combustion chamber 116 while the low-frequency component f30 (at least approximately 30 Hz) passes through the combustion chamber 116 to resonate with a (larger volume) drying chamber 117.
  • Continuous pulsed combustion in the combustion chamber 116 generates a stream of high-temperature exhaust gases which exit from chamber 116 at high velocity (above 100 m/s) via a nozzle 118.
  • the mass and inertia of the high-temperature, oscillating exhaust gases form a conduit or waveguide on which both high and low-frequency acoustic shockwaves are super-imposed.
  • This conduit may channel a broadband of harmonic frequencies generated inside the combustion chamber (as well as acoustic energy at screech frequencies), towards an impingement zone 119.
  • the (acoustic) pulses at the beat frequency f30, generated in the pulsed combustor assembly A are generally too low to excite low acoustic resonance in the cavities of the (small-volume) combustion chamber 116 and pass through both the combustion chamber 116 and the shear atomizer B to find resonance in the (larger volume) drying chamber 117 forming a free board area of the spouted bed granulator C. Therefore, combustion chamber 116 behaves like a low pass filter for the beat frequency f30.
  • the beat frequency f30 is 20 Hz.
  • the combustion chamber may be tuned to the odd and even half wavelength integers corresponding to the average frequency of 440 Hz falling midway between 430 Hz and 450 Hz.
  • the beat frequency of 20 Hz falls outside this resonance band due to its long acoustic wavelength.
  • the harmonics of the average frequency originating from the two high-frequency (shortwave length) shockwaves are used to atomize liquid feedstock while the high temperature component driven by the combustion gases is used to dehydrate the feedstock droplets formed during atomisation.
  • the (low-frequency, long wavelength) beat frequency f30 (derived from f10 and f20) is used to enhance dehydration in the downstream drying chamber 117.
  • the apparatus allows the generation of both high temperatures (600 to 800°C) and high frequency (100 to 500 Hz) acoustic shockwaves for atomizing and partly dehydrating liquid feedstock.
  • the atomization and partial dehydration may require less than 0.1 seconds depending on the thermal efficiency of the pulse combustor.
  • High viscosity slurries typically require higher acoustic energy and longer atomization times.
  • usually a "post-atomization" thermal energy and comparatively long retention times are required for total dehydration.
  • thermal drying is partly replaced by acoustic drying which greatly reduces energy and product retention times and improves product quality and taste.
  • the apparatus creates improved sonic conditions inside the drying chamber in order to enhance the removal of residual moisture from the atomized droplets (aerosols) at lower temperatures and shorter product retention times.
  • the thermal and sonic energy is spent, after product atomization and partial dehydration leaving little or no acoustic energy for further dehydration inside the downstream drying chamber.
  • the present apparatus allows subjecting the aerosols in the drying chamber to (longitudinal and/or transverse) sonic waves, which may be tuned to resonate with the drying chamber cavity.
  • These high-energy pressure and partial vacuum pulses based on the low beat frequency f30 accelerate mass transfer (moisture evaporation), thereby allowing a reduction of both chamber temperature and product retention times.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Brennkammertrockner, insbesondere ein Puls- oder gepulster Brennkammertrockner, für Dehydrierung und/oder Granulierung eines nassen Rohmaterials, insbesondere eines viskosen Rohmaterials wie eines Rohmaterials, das Naturfasern, Zucker und/oder Pflanzenstärken enthält, umfassend mehrere, insbesondere mindestens eine erste (11a) und eine zweite (11b), Brennkammern (11a-11d) und eine Trockenkammer (10),
    wobei die Brennkammern (11a-11d) mit der Trockenkammer (10) verbunden sind; wobei der Brennkammertrockner konfiguriert ist, sodass sich eine Oszillation von Gas, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, von einer Oszillation von Gas, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, mindestens bezüglich einer Oszillationsfrequenz unterscheidet, oder gesteuert werden kann, um sich davon zu unterscheiden,
    wobei der Brennkammertrockner ferner konfiguriert ist, sodass eine erste Brennkammerfrequenz f1 der Oszillation des Gases, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt und/oder eine zweite Brennkammerfrequenz f2 einer Oszillation des Gases, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, angepasst oder gesteuert oder steuerbar sind, mindestens 100 Hz zu betragen, vorzugsweise mindestens 200 Hz und/oder nicht mehr als 1000 Hz, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 600 Hz,
    wobei der Brennkammertrockner ferner konfiguriert ist, sodass die Brennkammerfrequenzen f1 bzw. f2 der Oszillation des Gases, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, und der Oszillation des Gases, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, angepasst oder gesteuert oder steuerbar sind, sodass eine Taktfrequenz f3, die sich aus den Brennkammerfrequenzen f1 und f2 ergibt, in der Trockenkammer erzeugt wird, wobei die Taktfrequenz f3 der Absolutwert der Differenz der Brennkammerfrequenzen f1 bzw. f2 des oszillierenden Gases, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, und des oszillierenden Gases, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer austritt, ist,
    wobei die Taktfrequenz mindestens 10 Hz und weniger als 30 Hz beträgt,
    wobei die Taktfrequenz f3 angepasst oder gesteuert oder steuerbar ist, sodass sie mindestens 0,1 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 1 %, noch besser mindestens 2 % des Werts einer unteren Brennkammerfrequenz entspricht, und/oder sodass sie nicht mehr als 50 %, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 20 % des Werts der unteren Brennkammerfrequenz beträgt,
    und wobei der Brennkammertrockner Steuermittel umfasst, um die erste Brennkammerfrequenz f1 der Oszillation des Gases, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt und/oder der zweiten Brennkammerfrequenz f2 der Oszillation des Gases, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, und/oder die Taktfrequenz f3 der Frequenzen f1 und f2 und/oder eine Durchschnittsfrequenz f4 = (f1 + f2)/2 der Frequenzen f1 und f2 zu steuern.
  2. Brennkammertrockner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Brennkammertrockner konfiguriert ist, sodass sich eine Oszillation von Gas, das aus der ersten Brennkammer (11a) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, von einer Oszillation von Gas, das aus der zweiten Brennkammer (11b) in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, mindestens bezüglich einer Oszillationsphase unterscheidet, oder gesteuert werden kann, um sich davon zu unterscheiden.
  3. Brennkammertrockner nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mehrere Brennkammern (11a-11d) auf derselben Seite der Trockenkammer (10) angeordnet sind, z. B. auf einer oberen Seite oder einer unteren Seite, und/oder dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mehrere Brennkammern (11a-11d) an verschiedenen Seiten der Trockenkammer angeordnet sind, z. B. mindestens einer an der oberen Seite und mindestens einer an der unteren Seite.
  4. Brennkammertrockner nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens eine Brennkammer (11a-11d) und die Trockenkammer (10) verbunden sind, sodass Gas aus der Brennkammer (11a-11d) von einer Unterseite der Trockenkammer (10) austritt und/oder
    mindestens eine Brennkammer (11a-11d) und die Trockenkammer (10) verbunden sind, sodass Gas aus der Brennkammer von einer Oberseite der Trockenkammer (10) austritt und/oder
    mindestens eine Brennkammer (11a-11d) und die Trockenkammer (10) verbunden sind, sodass Gas aus der Brennkammer (11a-11d) von einer Verbindungsseite der Trockenkammer (10) austritt, die die Ober- und Unterseite verbindet.
  5. Brennkammertrockner nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens eine erste Brennkammer (11a) und eine zweite Brennkammer (11b) angeordnet und mit einer Trockenkammer verbunden sind, sodass ein erster Verbrennungsgasfluss mit Produktpartikeln, der aus der ersten Brennkammer in die Trockenkammer (10) austritt, und ein zweiter Verbrennungsgasfluss mit Produktpartikeln, der aus der zweiten Brennkammer in die Trockenkammer austritt, aufeinander zu gerichtet sind, wobei ein Winkel zwischen den Austrittsrichtungen mindestens 30° beträgt, vorzugsweise mindestens 60°, noch besser mindestens 90° oder mindestens im Wesentlichen 180°.
  6. Brennkammertrockner nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch mindestens eine Brennstoffzuleitung (123), mindestens eine Luftzuleitung (126) und mindestens einen pulsierten Luftgenerator, wobei der pulsierte Luftgenerator mit der Luftzuleitung (126) verbunden ist, um mindestens einen ersten pulsierten Luftfluss mit einer Pulsfrequenz f10 zu erzeugen, der in die Brennkammer (116) eintritt,
    vorzugsweise ferner gekennzeichnet durch eine zweite Luftzuleitung (127) und einen zweiten pulsierten Luftgenerator, der mit der zweiten Luftzuleitung (127) verbunden ist und konfiguriert ist, einen zweiten pulsierten Luftfluss mit einer Pulsfrequenz f20 zu erzeugen, der in die Brennkammer eintritt, wobei f20 vorzugsweise höher oder niedriger als f10 ist.
  7. Brennkammertrockner nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Brennkammern (11a-11d) mit der Trockenkammer (10) verbunden sind, sodass Gas von der Brennkammer in horizontaler Richtung oder aufwärts austritt.
  8. Verfahren zur Dehydrierung und/oder Granulierung eines nassen Rohmaterials, insbesondere eines viskosen Rohmaterials wie etwa eines Rohmaterials, das Naturfasern, Zucker und/oder Pflanzenstärken enthält, unter Verwendung des Brennkammertrockners eines der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, umfassend die Zufuhr eines ersten Verbrennungsgasflusses, vorzugsweise aus einer ersten Brennkammer (11a), und eines zweiten Verbrennungsgasflusses, vorzugsweise aus einer zweiten Brennkammer (11b), an die Trockenkammer (10),
    wobei sich eine Oszillation des ersten Verbrennungsgasflusses und eine Oszillation des zweiten Verbrennungsgasflusses voneinander bezüglich einer Frequenz unterscheiden.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich eine Oszillation des ersten Verbrennungsgasflusses und eine Oszillation des zweiten Verbrennungsgasflusses voneinander insbesondere bezüglich einer Phase unterscheiden.
  10. Verwendung des Brennkammertrockners nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 zur Dehydrierung und/oder Granulierung eines nassen Rohmaterials, insbesondere eines viskosen Rohmaterials, wie etwa eines Rohmaterials, das Naturfasern enthält.
EP16206823.3A 2016-12-23 2016-12-23 Brennkammertrockner Active EP3339787B1 (de)

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RU2710154C1 (ru) * 2019-06-13 2019-12-24 Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Образования "Нижегородская Государственная Сельскохозяйственная Академия" (ФГБОУ ВО НГСХА) Сверхвысокочастотная установка с коническим резонатором для обезвоживания и термообработки мясных отходов

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US4183145A (en) * 1978-03-02 1980-01-15 Frolikov Ivan I Method of spray-drying liquid and pastelike materials and installation for carrying same into effect
JPS60211210A (ja) * 1984-04-03 1985-10-23 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd パルス燃焼装置
US5015171A (en) * 1986-03-06 1991-05-14 Sonotech, Inc. Tunable pulse combustor
CN1180343A (zh) * 1996-02-29 1998-04-29 大阪富士工业株式会社 脉冲燃烧干燥式无排水屎尿处理方法

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