EP3322937A1 - Verfahren zur einhaltung von emissionsgrenzwerten in einem brennprozess - Google Patents
Verfahren zur einhaltung von emissionsgrenzwerten in einem brennprozessInfo
- Publication number
- EP3322937A1 EP3322937A1 EP16741261.8A EP16741261A EP3322937A1 EP 3322937 A1 EP3322937 A1 EP 3322937A1 EP 16741261 A EP16741261 A EP 16741261A EP 3322937 A1 EP3322937 A1 EP 3322937A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- chemical analysis
- combustion zone
- analysis
- fuel mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 148
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002460 vibrational spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000513 principal component analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004497 NIR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012569 chemometric method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007621 cluster analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000870 ultraviolet spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;[oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O=BOB([O-])OB([O-])OB=O PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006148 magnetic separator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007723 transport mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019737 Animal fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005102 attenuated total reflection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012779 flatbread Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012067 mathematical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002915 spent fuel radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001328 terahertz time-domain spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010920 waste tyre Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
- F23G5/12—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating using gaseous or liquid fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/20—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having rotating or oscillating drums
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/001—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for sludges or waste products from water treatment installations
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
- F23G2201/70—Blending
- F23G2201/702—Blending with other waste
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2207/00—Control
- F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
- F23G2900/55—Controlling; Monitoring or measuring
- F23G2900/55011—Detecting the properties of waste to be incinerated, e.g. heating value, density
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2221/00—Pretreatment or prehandling
- F23N2221/10—Analysing fuel properties, e.g. density, calorific
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2237/00—Controlling
- F23N2237/08—Controlling two or more different types of fuel simultaneously
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for maintaining emission limit values in a combustion process, wherein at least one fuel or at least one fuel mixture is used, wherein the fuel or the fuel mixture is supplied via a feed path of at least one combustion zone.
- raw waste such as scrap tires, plastics, industrial and commercial waste, and animal meal and animal fat are suitable for secondary fuel treatment for use in the cement industry.
- waste oil, solvents and municipal waste are used for treatment, among other things.
- the available secondary fuels are often very inhomogeneous in their material quality.
- impurities such as sulfur, heavy metals and chlorine
- NIR near infrared spectroscopy
- RMA X-ray fluorescence analyzes
- the material composition, the moisture content and the pollutant contents can be analyzed.
- wet-chemical analyzes are also used, but they are very expensive due to the strongly fluctuating composition of the secondary fuels.
- the invention is therefore based on the object to improve the method for compliance with emission limits in a combustion process.
- this object is achieved by the features of claim 1 by subjecting the fuel or fuel mixture during its delivery to the combustion zone to at least a first chemical analysis and using the values determined during the first chemical analysis to control the firing process.
- the burning process can be influenced early and directly to comply with emission limit values.
- the regulation of the fuel may be to affect the amounts of fuel. If it is determined, for example, that the substitute fuel has too low calorific value, the fuel supply can be increased overall or a higher-value fuel can be supplied with a correspondingly larger proportion.
- the regulation of the combustion process can also consist, for example, in a change in the combustion air or in an adjustment of the flame shape on the burner used.
- the burning process takes place in the context of a cement production process, wherein the combustion zone is formed by a rotary kiln and / or a precalciner.
- the fuel or fuel mixture is also fed via at least one burner of the combustion zone.
- the first chemical analysis is designed such that in particular the calorific value and / or the moisture content and / or the carbon content and / or the chlorine content of the fuel or fuel mixture or the sulfur content and / or heavy metal content of the fuel or fuel mixture are determined.
- an X-ray fluorescence analysis and / or a molecular spectroscopic analysis infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV / VIS spectroscopy and in particular terahertz spectroscopy
- Molecular spectroscopic analysis methods are particularly suitable for checking the fuel during its delivery to the firing zone, especially since they take place without contact and no further treatment of the fuel is required.
- Terahertz spectroscopy is distinguished from near-infrared spectroscopy primarily by a higher penetration depth, so that overlapping fuel fractions can also be detected.
- the calorific value the moisture, the carbon content and the chlorine content of the fuel or fuel mixture are determined.
- TDS Terahertz time domain spectroscopy
- Terahertz waves are electromagnetic waves in the frequency range between 100 GHz and 10 THz. Many molecules in this spectral region show characteristic signatures in their absorption spectra (chemical fingerprint). In addition, many are transparent to visible light or infrared (IR) impenetrable materials for terahertz waves.
- the terahertz (time domain) spectroscopy is based on the generation of broadband electromagnetic radiation by ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses and on the detection with the pump-probe principle.
- the advantages are a coherent detection of the terahertz waves and thus a high-resolution amplitude and phase recording of the electric terahertz field in the time domain.
- This measurement technique suppresses incoherent radiation, i. H. there is no interference from room temperature and ambient light.
- terahertz spectroscopy provides insight into intermolecular motion.
- the terahertz technique is faster, requires minimal preparation of the object to be examined and can in principle be used for online control.
- the chemical fingerprint of substances gases, liquids, solids
- Measurements are possible both in transmission and in reflection.
- an ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) arrangement can also be used.
- the evaluation of the spectroscopy measured values is preferably carried out automatically by means of chemometry.
- the terahertz spectrometer can also be used to determine the moisture distribution.
- the fuel or the fuel mixture can be formed for example by sewage sludge or preferably by an airworthy fraction (so-called fluff), wherein the flyable fraction expediently has a particle size of 1 to 5 mm.
- fluff airworthy fraction
- the fuel or the fuel mixture used is relatively inhomogeneous, it is advisable to comminute and / or homogenize the fuel or the fuel mixture on the feed line to the combustion zone in at least one mill.
- an intermediate eddy current mill is suitable.
- the discharged fuel or the fuel mixture is first processed as follows for the subsequent second analysis: a. the discharged fuel is provided in comminuted and homogenised form, b. the supplied fuel is then ground together with a mineral and / or an inorganic salt and c. Finally, an analysis-ready sample is made from the milled mixture, which is then subjected to the second chemical analysis.
- the values determined during the second chemical analysis are preferably used to control the firing process.
- This spent fuel reprocessing process provides representative samples that allow for reproducible analyzes.
- the fuel should preferably be processed with a size of less than 10 mm. If the fuel is not already present in the desired grain during discharge, a comminution and homogenization is carried out in process step a) in a mill.
- the first comminution and homogenization can take place, for example, with a rotary shear.
- pre-comminution and homogenization in a first mill and final comminution and homogenization take place in at least one second mill, with the first mill used being for example a rotary shear and final comminution and homogenization being carried out, for example, in FIG a granulator or an eddy current mill.
- the thus treated, discharged fuel is ground together with a mineral and / or an inorganic salt, which preferably has a grain size of 0.1 mm to 8 mm.
- a mineral and / or an inorganic salt serves the mineral and / or inorganic salt as comminution aid and / or grinding aid and / or pressing aid. Furthermore, it can also serve as a binding aid, triggering assistance and / or separation aid.
- the inorganic salt is a compound which has little or no effect on the subsequent analysis technique. If, for example, an X-ray fluorescence analysis is used, lithium tetraborate can be used as a treatment aid.
- Coarse-grained Lithiumtetraborat hereby supports the pulverization.
- the mineral is, for example, corundum, silicon carbide, quartz (quartz sand) and glass.
- the mineral should suitably have a Mohs hardness of at least 5 in order to ensure further, efficient comminution or grinding of the substitute fuel.
- the fuel in process step b) is ground in the form of a flyable fraction together with the mineral and inorganic substance.
- the mixture of fuel and the mineral and / or the inorganic salt is preferably ground in process step b) to a size of less than 100 ⁇ m.
- the ground mixture is brought in process step c) preferably by a pressing process, in a specific form, for example a tablet or a flat cake.
- a pressing process in a specific form, for example a tablet or a flat cake.
- a defined shape simplifies the handling during the subsequent analysis and also represents a defined size for reproducible analyzes.
- the defined sample surface of a pressed sample improves the accuracy and the accuracy of the subsequent analysis. For example, if the samples are pressed into steel rings, they can be archived more securely with RFID transponders or a code to avoid confusion (RFID transponder integrated in steel ring).
- the second chemical analysis may in particular be a molecular spectroscopic analysis.
- an X-ray fluorescence analysis a terahertz spectroscopy, but also an infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy or UV-VIS spectroscopy into consideration.
- Terahertz spectroscopy makes it possible in particular to determine the calorific value, humidity, carbon and chlorine content.
- chemical information is extracted from the data by means of chemometric methods, which information is determined during the analysis of the samples ready for analysis.
- the chemical information obtained is expediently summarized and classified in a database using self-learning algorithms. For structuring the data or data sets, a cluster analysis can be used in particular.
- Chemometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical methods to reliably extract information from experimental data.
- chemometrics as a basis for automation in a first phase of training or learning phase, mostly known substances are repeatedly measured under many different conditions. Based on this data, expert systems or databases are subsequently set up.
- the test phase further measurements are taken and tested against the database.
- the goal should be to build up the database as far as possible to include only substance-specific information.
- the non-substance-specific information component from the measured spectra must be removed. These include, among others, the effects of steam lines and particle scattering.
- the influence of nonsubstance-specific information components can be minimized by a clever sequence of spectral filters. After all measured data have passed through the information-sharpening filter sequence, a property reduction is carried out.
- PCA Principal Component Analysis
- the PCA describes the high-dimensional features in an alternative, orthogonal space: the first major axis is in the direction of maximum variance, the second major axis is perpendicular thereto Often, only a few principal axes suffice to characterize a large part of the information, and then the proportions of the higher major axes are not taken into account, since the representation of the original measurements in the PCA-transformed space often already shows a visible separation of the data Ideally, individual clusters are formed for each substance.
- Fig. 2 is a block diagram for processing the discharged fuel and Fig. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of the method for treating the discharged fuel in conjunction with the subsequent, second chemical analysis of the fuel.
- fuel 1 is fed via a feed line 2 to at least one combustion zone 5, which is, for example, a rotary kiln and / or a precalciner with a burner.
- the fuel 1 used may, for example, also be a fuel mixture, preferably a secondary fuel being used.
- the fuel 1 is then further comminuted and / or homogenized on the feed line 2 to the combustion zone 5 in at least one mill 3, for example an eddy-current mill.
- the fuel 1 should be present for the task in the combustion zone 5 preferably in an airworthy fraction and have a size of preferably 1 to 5 mm.
- the flyable fraction is, for example, fluff wool, flour-shaped fluff or fluff
- a first analysis device 4 for a first chemical analysis is further arranged, which may consist, for example, in an X-ray fluorescence analysis or a molecular spectroscopic analysis (infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV / VIS spectroscopy).
- a terahertz spectroscopy is used here.
- the fuel 1 is automatically detected in fixed time grids by the first analysis device 4, wherein the detected data are evaluated accordingly.
- Terahertz spectroscopy makes it possible in particular to determine the calorific value, humidity, carbon and chlorine content.
- Terahertz spectroscopy provides a reliable method for non-contact and non-destructive testing of materials, which is particularly suitable for the substitute fuel of interest here.
- the electromagnetic waves used in terahertz spectroscopy are in the frequency range between 100 GHz and lOThz. Many molecules in this spectral region show characteristic signatures in their absorption spectra, which form a chemical fingerprint. In addition, many are transparent to visible light or infrared impenetrable substances for terahertz waves.
- the terahertz (time domain) spectroscopy is based on the generation of broadband electromagnetic radiation by ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses and on the detection with the pump-probe principle.
- the advantages are a coherent detection of the terahertz waves and thus a high-resolution amplitude and phase recording of the electric terahertz field in the time domain.
- This measurement technology suppresses incoherent radiation, ie there are no disturbances due to room temperature and ambient light.
- terahertz (time domain) spectroscopy can be used to detect and identify chemical substances. Thanks to the high selectivity, pure substances or substance mixtures are specifically detected. In contrast to IR and Raman spectroscopy, which are sensitive to intramolecular vibrational and rotational motions, terahertz spectroscopy provides insight into intramolecular motions. Thus, in addition to the detection of macromolecules, statements about the state of aggregation, polymorphic structures as well as the crystallinity of the substances can be made. The terahertz spectroscopy can therefore advantageously be used in addition or as a replacement for X-ray diffraction, since it is faster, requires minimal sample preparation and, in principle, can be used for online control. Measurements are possible both in transmission and in reflection.
- the values determined in the first chemical analysis are used to control the combustion process in the combustion zone 5.
- the combustion zone 5 in addition to the fuel 1, a second fuel 6 to Application, the regulation of the fuel due to the first chemical analysis, for example, in a change in the ratio of the two fuels 1 and 6 consist.
- the regulation of the combustion process may include a change of the combustion air 7, which is supplied to the combustion zone 5.
- the combustion zone 5 is part of a cement production plant and the regulation of the combustion process can consist in particular of a change in the distribution of the primary, secondary and tertiary air occurring there.
- a subset of the fuel or fuel mixture can be sorted out.
- a part 1 ⁇ of the fuel already analyzed in the first analysis device 4 is discharged and fed to a second chemical analysis becomes.
- the discharged fuel is first processed in a processing device 8 ready for analysis samples 9 and then subjected in a second analysis device 10 of the second chemical analysis, for example, one or more of the following analytical methods may be used: X-ray fluorescence analysis, terahertz spectroscopy, elemental analysis, calorific value determination ...
- the determined data of the second analysis device 10 are further processed, in particular, chemometric methods are used to extract chemical information from the data.
- the acquired chemical information can then be used in particular with self-learning algorithms in one or more databases can be summarized and classified, with the cluster analysis can be used to structure the data or data sets.
- the values determined in the second chemical analysis are then also used to control the combustion process in the combustion zone 5.
- the discharged fuel 1 is provided in comminuted and homogenized form. This provision may include further comminution and homogenization in one or more stages, as will become apparent from FIG.
- the discharged fuel should suitably have a size of less than 10 mm.
- the discharged fuel is then ground together with a mineral 12, for example quartz or corundum and / or an inorganic salt 13, in particular lithium tetraborate, in a mill 14.
- the mill 14 is, for example, a disk vibrating mill, wherein the mixture of fuel and the mineral 12 and / or the inorganic salt 13 is ground to a size of ⁇ 100 ⁇ m.
- the ready-to-analyze sample 9 is produced from the ground mixture 15.
- a press 16 which presses the milled mixture 15 in a specific form, for example a flat bread or a tablet.
- Material is e.g. pressed into a steel ring, wherein the steel ring may have on its inside a circumferential groove to ensure a better adhesion of the pressed sample material.
- FIG. 3 shows in particular the process steps a) in a more detailed variant and, moreover, combined with a subsequent second chemical analysis of the fuel.
- the provision of the discharged fuel ⁇ in comminuted and homogenized form according to process step a) comprises, according to FIG. 3, a preliminary comminution and homogenization in a first mill 18, a magnetic separator 19 and a final comminution and homogenization in a second mill 20.
- the still to be comminuted and homogenizing, discharged fuel is withdrawn, for example, from a storage space or bunker, but can also be branched off directly as a sample during the supply of the fuel 1 to the combustion zone 5 (see Fig. 1).
- the discharged fuel ⁇ is first supplied to the first mill 18 for preliminary comminution and homogenization, which comminutes the substitute fuel, for example by means of rotary shears, a cutting mill or an eddy current mill, then passes fuel into the magnetic separator 19, before it in the second mill 20 a final comminution and homogenization is subjected.
- the second mill may also be formed by a granulator or an eddy current mill.
- the transport between the units takes place for example by means of gravity, chutes or suitable transport mechanisms, such as conveyor belts, scratches or by suction, etc.
- the replacement fuel 1 ' provided in this way is then subsequently further processed, as already described above, in accordance with process steps b) and c).
- a test by means of terahertz spectroscopy 17 can also be carried out before and / or after each intermediate step.
- the ready-to-analyze sample 9 is subsequently subjected to the second chemical analysis in the second analysis device 10, wherein, for example, one or more of the following analytical methods may be used: X-ray fluorescence analysis, terahertz spectroscopy, elemental analysis, calorific value determination, etc.
- the determined data of the second analysis device 10 and the possibly used terahertz Spectroscopy 17 further processed, in particular chemometric methods are used to extract chemical information from the data.
- the chemical information obtained can then be summarized and classified in particular with self-learning algorithms in one or more databases, which can also be used for structuring the data or data sets cluster analysis.
- the values determined in the second chemical analysis are then also used to control the combustion process in the combustion zone 5 (FIG. 1).
- the information obtained in the second chemical analysis can also be used to review and improve the initial chemical analysis.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
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DE102015111486.0A DE102015111486A1 (de) | 2015-07-15 | 2015-07-15 | Verfahren zur Einhaltung von Emissionsgrenzwerten in einem Brennprozess |
PCT/EP2016/066065 WO2017009156A1 (de) | 2015-07-15 | 2016-07-07 | Verfahren zur einhaltung von emissionsgrenzwerten in einem brennprozess |
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EP3322937A1 true EP3322937A1 (de) | 2018-05-23 |
EP3322937B1 EP3322937B1 (de) | 2019-11-06 |
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EP16741261.8A Active EP3322937B1 (de) | 2015-07-15 | 2016-07-07 | Verfahren zur einhaltung von emissionsgrenzwerten in einem brennprozess |
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EP (1) | EP3322937B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102015111486A1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK3322937T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2017009156A1 (de) |
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AT16342U1 (de) * | 2018-02-20 | 2019-07-15 | Evk Di Kerschhaggl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Qualität von Ersatzbrennstoffen |
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DE3615260C2 (de) * | 1986-05-06 | 1994-09-01 | Krieg Gunther | Verfahren und System zur Detektion von optisch absorbierenden Verbindungen in einem Medium durch optische Transmissionsmessung |
DE3904286A1 (de) * | 1988-02-18 | 1989-08-31 | Saarbergwerke Ag | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur verbrennung von abfallstoffen |
US5078593A (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1992-01-07 | Industrial Waste Management, Inc. | Method for recovery of energy values of oily refinery sludges |
DE10019194C1 (de) * | 2000-04-17 | 2001-08-09 | Dbt Autom Gmbh | Verfahren zur Online-Heizwertbestimmung an festen fossilen Brennstoffen |
DE10032764C2 (de) * | 2000-07-05 | 2002-12-12 | Rational Ag | Verfahren zur Leistungsanpassung eines Verbrennungssystems eines Gargerätes sowie ein dieses Verfahren verwendendes Verbrennungssystem |
WO2008097493A2 (en) * | 2007-02-02 | 2008-08-14 | Infilco Degremont Inc. | Apparatus and methods for incinerating sludge in a combustor |
DE102008028028A1 (de) * | 2008-06-12 | 2009-12-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Brennersteuerung |
EP2452125B1 (de) * | 2009-07-08 | 2018-09-05 | Cemex Research Group AG | Verfahren und einrichtung zur aufbereitung von flugaschepartikeln mittels flash-verbrennung |
CN102452802B (zh) * | 2010-10-21 | 2013-09-11 | 川崎重工业株式会社 | 包含污泥的废弃物的处理设备 |
US20140299028A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-10-09 | Nox Ii, Ltd. | Reducing environmental pollution and fouling when burning coal |
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WO2017009156A1 (de) | 2017-01-19 |
EP3322937B1 (de) | 2019-11-06 |
DE102015111486A1 (de) | 2017-01-19 |
DK3322937T3 (da) | 2020-02-17 |
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