EP3300456B1 - Enhanced microwave heating process - Google Patents

Enhanced microwave heating process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3300456B1
EP3300456B1 EP17158472.5A EP17158472A EP3300456B1 EP 3300456 B1 EP3300456 B1 EP 3300456B1 EP 17158472 A EP17158472 A EP 17158472A EP 3300456 B1 EP3300456 B1 EP 3300456B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
microwave
articles
zone
launchers
microwave heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP17158472.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3300456A1 (en
Inventor
Harold Dail Kimrey Jr.
Gregory Eugene CUNNINGHAM
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Microwave Materials Technologies Inc
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Microwave Materials Technologies Inc
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Publication of EP3300456A1 publication Critical patent/EP3300456A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/70—Feed lines
    • H05B6/701—Feed lines using microwave applicators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/78—Arrangements for continuous movement of material
    • H05B6/782—Arrangements for continuous movement of material wherein the material moved is food

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a continuous process for heating a plurality of articles in a microwave heating system.
  • Electromagnetic radiation such as microwave radiation
  • microwave radiation is a known mechanism for delivering energy to an object.
  • the ability of electromagnetic radiation to penetrate and heat an object in a rapid and effective manner has proven advantageous in many chemical and industrial processes.
  • microwave energy has been employed in heating processes wherein the rapid achievement of a prescribed minimum temperature is desired, such as, for example, pasteurization and/or sterilization processes.
  • microwave energy is generally non-invasive, microwave heating may be particularly useful for heating 'sensitive' dielectric materials, such as food and pharmaceuticals.
  • the complexities and nuances of safely and effectively applying microwave energy, especially on a commercial scale have severely limited its application in several types of industrial processes.
  • WO 2005/023013 A2 (UNIV WASHINGTON; TANG JUMING; LIU FANG; PATHAK SURYA KU) discloses an apparatus for pasteurizing and/or sterilizing foodstuffs in accordance with the state of the art.
  • the present invention concerns a continuous process for heating a plurality of articles in a microwave heating system according to claim 1.
  • Dependent claims deal with particular embodiments covered by the invention.
  • microwave processes according to various embodiments of the present invention and systems for heating a plurality of articles according to embodiments not covered by the present invention are described below.
  • suitable articles to be heated in systems and processes can include, but are not limited to, foodstuffs, medical fluids, and medical instruments.
  • microwave systems described herein can be used for the pasteurization and/or sterilization of the articles being heated.
  • pasteurization involves rapid heating of an article or articles to a minimum temperature between 80Ā°C and 100Ā°C
  • sterilization involves heating one or more articles to a minimum temperature between 100Ā°C to 140Ā°C.
  • pasteurization and sterilization may take place simultaneously or nearly simultaneously and many processes and systems can be configured to both pasteurize and sterilize one or more articles.
  • Various microwave systems and processes configured to heat one or more types of articles will now be discussed in detail, with reference to the Figures.
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b a schematic representation of the major steps in a microwave heating process is depicted in FIG. 1a
  • FIG. 1b depicts a microwave system 10 operable to heat a plurality of articles according to the process outlined in FIG. 1a
  • one or more articles can initially be introduced into a thermalization zone 12, wherein the articles can be thermalized to a substantially uniform temperature. Once thermalized, the articles can then be optionally passed through a pressure adjustment zone 14a before being introduced into a microwave heating zone 16.
  • the articles can be rapidly heated using microwave energy discharged into at least a portion of the heating zone by one or more microwave launchers, generally illustrated as launchers 18 in FIG.
  • the heated articles can then optionally be passed through a holding zone 20, wherein the articles can be maintained at a constant temperature for a specified amount of time. Subsequently, the articles can then be passed to a quench zone 22, wherein the temperature of the articles can be quickly reduced to a suitable handling temperature. Thereafter, the cooled articles can optionally be passed through a second pressure adjustment zone 14b before being removed from system 10 and further utilized.
  • Microwave system 10 can be configured to heat many different types of articles.
  • the articles heated in microwave system 10 can comprise foodstuffs, such as, for example, fruits, vegetables, meats, pastas, pre-made meals, and even beverages.
  • the articles heated in microwave system 10 can comprise packaged medical fluids or medical and/or dental instruments.
  • the articles processed within microwave heating system 10 can be of any suitable size and shape.
  • Each article can have a length (longest dimension) of at least about 5.08 cm (2 inches) at least about 10.16 cm (4 inches), at least about 15.24 cm (6 inches) and/or not more than about 45.72 cm (18 inches), not more than about 30.48 cm (12 inches), or not more than about 25.4 cm (10 inches); a width (second longest dimension) of at least about 2.54 cm (1 inch), at least about 5.08 cm (2 inches), at least about 10.16 cm (4 inches) and/or not more than about 30.48 cm (12 inches), not more than about 25.5 cm (10 inches), or not more than about 20.32 cm (8 inches); and/or a depth (shortest dimension) of at least about 1.27 cm (0.5 inches) at least 2.54 cm (1 inch), at least about 5.08 cm (2 inches) and/or not more than about 20.32 cm (8 inches), not more than about 15.24 cm (6 inches), or not more than about 10.16 cm (4 inches).
  • the articles can comprise individual items or packages having a generally rectangular or prism-like shape or can comprise a continuous web of connected items or packages passed through microwave system 10.
  • the items or packages may be constructed of any material, including plastics, cellulosics, and other microwave-transparent materials, and can be passed through microwave system 10 via one or more conveyance.
  • Each of the above-described thermalization, microwave heating, holding, and/or quench zones 12, 16,20, and 22 can be defined within a single vessel, as generally depicted in FIG. 1b , while, at least one of the above-described stages can be defined within one or more separate vessels. At least one of the above-described steps can be carried out in a vessel that is at least partially filled with a fluid medium in which the articles being processed can be at least partially submerged.
  • the fluid medium can be a gas or a liquid having a dielectric constant greater than the dielectric constant of air and can be a liquid medium having a dielectric constant similar to the dielectric constant of the articles being processed.
  • Water or liquid media comprising water
  • Additives, such as, for example, oils, alcohols, glycols, and salts may optionally be added to the liquid medium to alter or enhance its physical properties (e.g., boiling point) during processing, if needed.
  • Microwave system 10 can include at least one conveyance system (not shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b ) for transporting the articles through one or more of the processing zones described above.
  • suitable conveyance systems can include, but are not limited to, plastic or rubber belt conveyors, chain conveyors, roller conveyors, flexible or multiflexing conveyors, wire mesh conveyors, bucket conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, screw conveyors, trough or vibrating conveyors, and combinations thereof.
  • the conveyance system can include any number of individual convey lines and can be arranged in any suitable manner within the process vessels.
  • the conveyance system utilized by microwave system 10 can be configured in a generally fixed position within the vessel or at least a portion of the system can be adjustable in a lateral or vertical direction.
  • conveyance system 110 includes a pair of laterally spaced, substantially parallel convey lines 112, 114 positioned in a generally side-by-side configuration within vessel 120.
  • convey lines 112 and 114 may be laterally spaced from each other and may be positioned on both sides of a convey axis 122, which extends along the length of vessel 120 in the direction of conveyance of the articles passing therethrough.
  • convey lines 112, 114 may also be positioned at different vertical elevations.
  • conveyance system 110 depicted in FIGS. 2a and 2b may also include multiple pairs of laterally spaced convey lines (embodiment not shown), such that the pairs of laterally spaced convey lines are vertically spaced from each other along the vertical dimension of vessel 120.
  • FIGS. 2c and 2d Another embodiment of a conveyance system 110 that includes a pair of vertically-spaced, substantially parallel convey lines 116, 118 positioned in a stacked arrangement within the interior of vessel 120, is shown in FIGS. 2c and 2d .
  • Convey lines 116 and 118 maybe configured above and below convey axis 122, which may generally extend along the length of vessel 120, as shown in the cutaway side view of vessel 120 provided in FIG. 2d .
  • vessel 120 shown in FIGS. 2c and 2d may also include multiple pairs of convey lines, laterally spaced from one another within the vessel. Further, each convey line of the pair may or may not be offset from the other in a lateral direction.
  • vessel 120 may include a single convey line, positioned in the middle one-third of the internal volume of vessel 120, or positioned at or near the centerline of the vessel. Additional details of conveyance systems according to several embodiments not covered by the present invention will be discussed in detail below.
  • carrier 210 When a conveyance system is used to transport articles through a liquid-filled process vessel, one or more carriers or other securing mechanisms can be used to control the position of the articles during passage through the liquid medium.
  • carrier 210 comprises a lower securing surface 212a and an upper securing surface 212b configured to secure any suitable number of articles 216 therebetween.
  • upper and/or lower surfaces 212b,a can have a meshed, grid, or grated structure, as generally depicted in FIG. 3 , while, in another embodiment, one or both surfaces 212a,b can be a substantially continuous surface.
  • Carrier 210 can be constructed of plastic, fiberglass, or any other dielectric material and, in one embodiment, may be made of one or more microwave-compatible and/or microwave-transparent materials. In some embodiments, the material may be a lossy material. In some embodiments, carrier 210 can comprise substantially no metal.
  • Lower and upper securing surfaces 212a, 212b may be attached to one another by a securing device, shown as a fastener 219 in FIG. 3 , and, as assembled, carrier 210 may be attached or secured to the conveyance system (not shown in FIG. 3 ) according to any suitable attachment mechanism.
  • at least one side (or edge) of carrier 210 can include one or more attachment mechanisms, such as, for example, upper and lower hooks 218a, 218b shown in FIG. 3 , for securing carrier 210 to a portion (e.g., a bar, a rail, a belt, or a chain) of the conveyance system (not shown).
  • carrier 210 may only include one of hooks 218a, 218b for securing carrier 210 onto the conveyance system.
  • the conveyance system used to transport articles 216 may be configured to transport multiple carriers along one or more conveyance lines and the carriers may be arranged in a side-by-side, laterally-spaced configuration and/or in a vertically-spaced, stacked configuration as described previously.
  • each convey line may include a single carrier for holding a plurality of articles 216, or each convey line may hold multiple carriers stacked or laterally spaced from each other.
  • the articles introduced into microwave system 10 are initially introduced into thermalization zone 12, wherein the articles are thermalized to achieve a substantially uniform temperature.
  • at least about 85 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, at least about 97 percent, or at least about 99 percent of all the articles withdrawn from thermalization zone 12 have a temperature within about 5Ā°C, within about 2Ā°C, or within 1Ā°C of one another.
  • thermalize and ā€œthermalizationā€ generally refer to a step of temperature equilibration or equalization.
  • thermalization step can be carried out under ambient temperature and/or pressure, while, in another embodiment, thermalization can be carried out in a pressurized and/or liquid-filled thermalization vessel at a pressure of not more than about 68.9476 kpa (10 psig), not more than about 34.4738 kpa (5 psig), or not more than about 13.7895 kpa (2 psig).
  • Articles undergoing thermalization can have an average residence time in thermalization zone 12 of at least about 30 seconds, at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, at least about 4 minutes and/or not more than about 20 minutes, not more than about 15 minutes, or not more than about 10 minutes.
  • the articles withdrawn from thermalization zone 12 can have a temperature of at least about 20Ā°C, at least about 25Ā°C, at least about 30Ā°C, at least about 35Ā°C and/or not more than about 70Ā°C, not more than about 65Ā°C, not more than about 60Ā°C, or not more than about 55Ā°C.
  • thermalization zone 12 and microwave heating zone 16 are operated at substantially different pressures
  • the articles removed from thermalization zone 12 can first be passed through a pressure adjustment zone 14a before entering microwave heating zone 16, as generally depicted in FIGS. 1a and 1b .
  • Pressure adjustment zone 14a can be any zone or system configured to transition the articles being heated between an area of lower pressure and an area of higher pressure.
  • pressure adjustment zone 14a can be configured to transition the articles between two zones having a pressure difference of at least about 6.89476 kpa (1 psi), at least about 34.4738 kpa (5 psi), at least about 68.9476 kpa (10 psi) and/or not more than about 344.738kpa (50 psi), not more than about 310.264 kpa (45 psi), not more than about 275.79 kpa (40 psi), or not more than about 241.317 (35 psi).
  • microwave system 10 can include at least two pressure adjustment zones 14a,b to transition the articles from an atmospheric pressure thermalization zone to a heating zone operated at an elevated pressure before returning the articles back to atmospheric pressure, as described in detail below.
  • FIG. 4a One embodiment of a pressure adjustment zone 314a disposed between a thermalization zone 312 and a microwave heating zone 316 of a microwave heating system 310 is illustrated in FIG. 4a .
  • Pressure adjustment zone 314a is configured to transition a plurality of articles 350, which may be secured within at least one carrier, from lower-pressure thermalization zone 312 to higher-pressure microwave heating zone 316.
  • FIG. 4a shows that pressure adjustment zone 314a may be configured to receive more than one carriers.
  • the carriers may be received simultaneously, such that pressure adjustment zone 314a contains multiple carriers at one time.
  • multiple carriers may be lined up and ready, for example within thermalization zone 312, for being transitioned through pressure adjustment zone 314a, details of which will now be discussed below.
  • one or more carriers 352a can be transitioned from thermalization zone 312 to microwave heating zone 316 by first opening an equilibration valve 330 and allowing the pressure between thermalization zone 312 and pressure adjustment zone 314a to equalize.
  • a gate device 332 can be opened to allow carrier 352a to be moved from a convey line 340a disposed within thermalization zone 312 onto a platform 334 within pressure adjustment zone 314a, as generally shown by the dashed-line carrier 352b in FIG. 4a .
  • gate device 332 and equilibrium valve 330 can be closed in sequence, re-isolating pressure adjustment zone 314a from thermalization zone 312.
  • another equilibration valve 336 can be opened to allow the pressure between pressure adjustment zone 314a and microwave heating zone 316 to equalize.
  • another gate device 338 can be opened to permit carrier 352b to be moved onto another conveyance system 340b disposed within microwave heating zone 316, as generally shown by dashed-line carrier 352c in FIG. 4a .
  • gate device 338 and equalization valve 336 may be closed in sequence, re-isolating microwave heating zone 316 from pressure adjustment zone 314a. The process may then be repeated to transport additional carriers from thermalization zone 312 to microwave heating zone 316 as needed.
  • each of microwave heating zone 316 and thermalization zone 312 can be filled with a non-compressible fluid or liquid, such as, for example, water or solutions including water.
  • a non-compressible fluid or liquid such as, for example, water or solutions including water.
  • filled denotes a configuration where at least 50 percent of the specified volume is filled with the filling medium.
  • the "filling mediumā€ can be a liquid, typically an incompressible liquid, and may be or include, for example, water.
  • "filled" volumes can be at least about 75 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, or 100 percent full of the filling medium.
  • gate devices 332, 338 and/or pressure adjustment zone 314a may also include two or more one-way flaps or valves, shown as valves or flaps 342, 344 in FIG. 4a , for preventing substantial fluid leakage between thermalization zone 312 and microwave heating zone 316 when gate devices 332 and 338 are open and carrier 352 is passed therethrough.
  • automatic transfer system 380 can include one or more transfer devices, disposed within thermalization zone 312, pressure adjustment zone 314a, and/or microwave heating zone 316 for moving carrier 352 into and/or out of pressure adjustment zone 314a. In one embodiment shown in FIG.
  • transfer system 380 includes two gear transfer devices 381, 382 configured to engage teeth 353 disposed along the lower edge of carrier 352 and rotate, as indicated by the arrows 392a,b, to pull carrier 352 into out of thermalization zone 312 and/or push carrier 352 into microwave heating zone 316.
  • first and second gear transfer devices 381, 382 remain substantially stationary (in terms of lateral motion) during the transportation of carrier 352 and are nearly entirely, or entirely, disposed within pressure adjustment zone 314a.
  • automatic transfer system 380 can include one or more transfer devices that are laterally shiftable (i.e., movable in the direction of transport) during transport of carrier 352 into and/or out of pressurize adjustment zone 314a.
  • a portion of the automatic transfer system 380 may be disposed in thermalization zone 312 and/or microwave heating zone 316 and can be configured for extension into and retraction out of pressure adjustment zone 314a.
  • the transfer devices include a pusher arm 381 configured to push carrier 352 into pressure adjustment zone 314a and a puller arm 382 for pulling carrier 352 into microwave heating zone 316.
  • pusher arm 381 nor puller arm 382 are disposed within pressure adjustment zone 314a, but instead, each is configured to extend into and retract out of pressure adjustment zone 314a, as generally shown by arrows 394a,b in FIG. 4c .
  • automatic transport system 380 includes a platform 334 having a movable portion 384, which is configured to be extended into and retracted out of thermalization 312 and/or microwave heating zone 316 to thereby transport carrier 352 into and out of thermalization and microwave heating zones 312, 316, as generally shown by arrows 396a and 396b.
  • automatic transfer system 380 depicted in FIG. 4d is primarily disposed within pressure adjustment zone 314a and is configured to extend out of and retract back into pressure adjustment zone 314a.
  • the transfer system can be automated, or controlled, by an automatic control system 390, as illustrated in FIGS. 4a and 4b .
  • an automatic control system 390 can be used to control the motion and/or timing of at least one of first and second equilibration valves 330, 336, first and second gate valves 332, 338, and first and second transfer devices 381, 382 of the automatic article transfer system 380.
  • control system 390 can adjust the position, speed, and/or timing of these devices or elements in order to ensure that the carriers within the system move in an uninterrupted and consistent manner.
  • Locking gate valve device 420 is illustrated in FIGS. 5a-d as generally comprising a pair of spaced apart fixed members 410, 412 that present opposing sealing surfaces 414a,b and that define a gate-receiving space 416 therebetween.
  • the spaced apart fixed members 410, 412 can each define a flow-through opening 418a,b, which are circumscribed by one of sealing surfaces 414a,b.
  • Each of flow-through openings 418a,b are substantially aligned with one another such that the articles can pass through the cumulative opening when gate valve device 420 is open.
  • Locking gate device 420 further comprises a gate assembly 422, which is configured to be received within gate-receiving space 416 and is shiftable therein between a closed position (as shown in FIGS. 5b and 5c ), wherein gate assembly 422 substantially blocks flow-through openings 418a,b, and an open position (as shown in FIG. 5a ), wherein gate assembly 422 does not substantially block flow-through openings 418a,b.
  • gate assembly 422 comprises a pair of spaced apart sealing plates 424, 426 and a drive member 428 disposed between sealing plates 424, 426.
  • gate assembly 422 When gate assembly 422 is configured in the closed position, drive member 428 is shiftable, relative to sealing plates 424, 426, between a retracted position (as shown in FIG. 5b ) and an extended position (as shown in FIG. 5c ).
  • gate assembly 422 comprises at least one pair of bearings 430 disposed within the space defined between opposing sealing plates 424, 426, which is positioned in gate receiving space 416 when gate assembly 422 is in a closed position, as particularly shown in FIGS. 5b and 5c .
  • at least one bearing of pair 430 can force at least one of sealing plates 424, 426 outwardly, away from one another and into a sealed position, as shown in FIGS. 5c .
  • one or more of the bearings of pair 430 can be secured, attached, or at least partially housed within at least one of sealing plates 424, 426 and/or drive member 428.
  • at least one of the bearings 430 a can be fixedly attached to drive member 428, as depicted in the enlarged partial view of gate assembly 422 provided in FIG. 5d .
  • drive member 428 shifts downwardly into gate receiving space 416, one of the bearings 430a from the pair can contact one of sealing plates 424, 426 (shown as plate 426 in FIG. 5d ) and can move along a ramp (or slot) 427 therein.
  • each of sealing plates 424, 426 comprises a resilient seal 423, 425 for engaging sealing surfaces 414a,b when sealing plates 424, 426 are in the sealed position.
  • drive member 428 is shifted from the extended position, as shown in FIG. 5c , back to the retracted position, as shown in FIG. 5b , sealing plates 424, 426 retract towards one another into the unsealed position, as shown in FIG. 5b .
  • sealing plates 424, 426 are disengaged from opposing sealing surfaces 414a,b, but may remain disposed within gate receiving space 416.
  • sealing plates 424, 426 can be biased towards the unsealed position and can include at least one biasing device 429 (e.g., a spring or springs) for biasing sealing plates 424, 426 toward the unsealed position.
  • microwave heating zone 16 the articles exiting thermalization zone 12, and optionally passed through pressure adjustment zone 14a, as described above, can then be introduced into microwave heating zone 16.
  • microwave heating zone 16 the articles can be rapidly heated with a heating source that uses microwave energy.
  • microwave energy refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency between 300MHz and 30 GHz.
  • various configurations of microwave heating zone 16 can utilize microwave energy having a frequency of about 915 MHz or a frequency of about 2.45 GHz, both of which have been generally designated as industrial microwave frequencies.
  • microwave heating zone 16 may optionally utilize one or more other heat sources such as, for example, conductive or convective heating or other conventional heating methods or devices.
  • at least about 85 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, or substantially all of the energy used to heat the articles within microwave heating zone 16 can be microwave energy from a microwave source.
  • microwave heating zone 16 can be configured to increase the temperature of the articles above a minimum threshold temperature.
  • the minimum threshold temperature (and operating temperature of microwave heating zone 16) can be at least about 120Ā°C, at least about 121Ā°C, at least about 122Ā°C and/or not more than about 130Ā°C, not more than about 128Ā°C, or not more than about 126Ā°C.
  • Microwave heating zone 16 can be operated at approximately ambient pressure, or it can include one or more pressurized microwave chambers operated at a pressure of at least about 34.4738 kpa (5 psig), at least about 68.9476 kpa (10 psig), at least about 34.4738 kpa (15 psig) and/or not more than about 551.581 kpa (80 psig), not more than about 413.685 kpa (60 psig), or not more than about 275.79 kpa (40 psig).
  • the pressurized microwave chamber can be a liquid-filled chamber having an operating pressure such that the articles being heated can reach a temperature above the normal boiling point of the liquid medium employed therein.
  • the articles passing through microwave heating zone 16 can be heated to the desired temperature in a relatively short period of time, which, in some cases, may minimize damage or degradation of the articles.
  • the articles passed through microwave heating zone 16 can have an average residence time of at least about 5 seconds, at least about 20 seconds, at least about 60 seconds and/or not more than about 10 minutes, not more than about 8 minutes, or not more than about 5 minutes.
  • microwave heating zone 16 can be configured to increase the average temperature of the articles being heated by at least about 20Ā°C, at least about 30Ā°C, at least about 40Ā°C, at least about 50Ā°C, at least about 75Ā°C and/or not more than about 150Ā°C, not more than about 125Ā°C, or not more than about 100Ā°C, at a heating rate of at least about 15Ā°C per minute (Ā°C/min), at least about 25 Ā°C/min, at least about 35Ā°C/min and/or not more than about 75Ā°C/min, not more than about 50Ā°C/min, or not more than about 40Ā°C/min.
  • a microwave heating zone 516 is illustrated as generally comprising a microwave heating chamber 520, at least one microwave generator 512 for generating microwave energy and a microwave distribution system 514 for directing at least a portion of the microwave energy from generator 512 to microwave chamber 520.
  • Microwave distribution system 514 comprises a plurality of waveguide segments 518 and one or more microwave launchers, shown as launchers 522a-f in FIG. 6a , for discharging microwave energy into the interior of microwave chamber 520.
  • microwave heating zone 516 can further comprise a conveyance system 540 for transporting articles 550 to be heated through microwave chamber 520.
  • Microwave generator 512 can be any suitable device for generating microwave energy of a desired wavelength ( ā‡ ). Examples of suitable types of microwave generators can include, but are not limited to, magnetrons, klystrons, traveling wave tubes, and gyrotrons. Although illustrated in FIG. 6a as including a single generator 512, it should be understood that microwave heating system 516 can include any number of generators arranged in any suitable configuration. For example, in one embodiment, microwave heating zone 516 can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3 and/or not more than 5, not more than 4, or not more than 3 microwave generators, depending on the size and arrangement of microwave distribution system 514. Specific embodiments of a microwave heating zone including multiple generators will be discussed in detail below.
  • Microwave chamber 520 can be any chamber or vessel configured to receive a plurality of articles.
  • Microwave chamber 520 can be of any size and may have one of a variety of different cross-sectional shapes.
  • chamber 520 can have a generally circular or elliptical cross-section, while, in other embodiments, can have a generally square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-sectional shape.
  • microwave chamber 520 can be a pressurized chamber and, in the same or other embodiments, can be configured to be at least partially filled with a liquid medium (a liquid-filled chamber).
  • Microwave chamber 520 can also be configured to receive at least a portion of the microwave energy discharged from one or more microwave launchers 522 and, in one embodiment, can be configured to permit the creation of a stable (or standing) wave pattern therein.
  • at least one dimension of microwave chamber 520 can be at least about 0.30 ā‡ , at least about 0.40 ā‡ , or at least about 0.50 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the microwave energy discharged therein.
  • Microwave distribution system 514 comprises a plurality of waveguides or waveguide segments 518 for directing at least a portion of the microwave energy from generator 512 to microwave chamber 520.
  • Waveguides 518 can be designed and constructed to propagate microwave energy in a specific predominant mode, which may be the same as or different than the mode of the microwave energy generated by generator 512.
  • the term "modeā€ refers to a generally fixed cross-sectional field pattern of microwave energy.
  • waveguides 518 can be configured to propagate microwave energy in a TE xy mode, wherein x and y are integers in the range of from 0 to 5.
  • waveguides 518 can be configured to propagate microwave energy in a TM ab mode, wherein a and b are integers in the range of from 0 to 5. It should be understood that, as used herein, the above-defined ranges of a, b, x, and y values as used to describe a mode of microwave propagation are applicable throughout this description.
  • the predominant mode of microwave energy propagated through waveguides 518 and/or discharged via launchers 522a-f can be selected from the group consisting of TE 10 , TM 01 , and TE 11 .
  • microwave distribution system 514 further comprises one or more microwave launchers 522a-f, each defining at least one launch opening 524a-f for discharging microwave energy into microwave chamber 520.
  • microwave distribution system 514 can include any suitable number of launchers arranged in any desirable configuration.
  • microwave distribution system 514 can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 and/or not more than 50, not more than 30, or not more than 20 microwave launchers.
  • Launchers 522a-f can be the same or different types of launchers and, in one embodiment, at least one of launchers 522a-f can be replaced with a reflective surface (not shown) for reflecting at least a portion of the microwave energy discharged from the other launchers 522 into microwave heating chamber 520.
  • microwave distribution system 514 includes two or more launchers
  • at least some of the launchers may be disposed on generally the same side of microwave chamber 520.
  • the term ā€œsame-side launchersā€ refers to two or more launchers positioned on generally the same side of a microwave chamber. Two or more of the same-side launchers may also be axially spaced from one another. As used herein, the term ā€œaxially spacedā€ denotes spacing in the direction of conveyance of the articles through the microwave system (i.e., spacing in the direction of extension of the convey axis). Additionally, one or more launchers 522 may also be laterally spaced from one or more other launchers 522 of the system.
  • the term "laterally spacedā€ shall denote spacing in the direction perpendicular to the direction of conveyance of the articles through the microwave system (i.e., spacing perpendicular to the direction of extension of the convey axis).
  • launchers 522a-c and 522d-f are disposed on respective first and second sides 521a,b of microwave chamber 520 and launcher 522a is axially spaced from launcher 522b and 522c, just as launcher 522e is axially spaced from launchers 522f and 522d.
  • microwave distribution system 514 can comprise at least two (e.g., two or more) pairs of oppositely disposed or opposed launchers.
  • the term "opposed launchersā€ refers to two or more launchers positioned on generally opposite sides of a microwave chamber. In one embodiment, the opposed launchers may be oppositely facing.
  • the term "oppositely facingā€ shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are substantially aligned with one another. For simplicity, central launch axis 523c of launcher 522c and central launch axis 523d of launcher 522d are the only central launch axes illustrated in FIG. 6a . However, it should be understood that each of launchers 522a-f include a similar launch axes.
  • Opposed launchers may be generally aligned with one another, or may be staggered from one or more other launchers disposed on the opposite side of microwave chamber 520.
  • a pair of opposed launchers may be a staggered pair of launchers, such that the discharge openings 524 of the launchers 522 are not in substantial alignment with one another.
  • Launchers 522a and 522e constitute one exemplary pair of opposed launchers arranged in a staggered configuration.
  • Staggered opposed launchers may be axially or laterally staggered from one another.
  • the term "axially staggeredā€ shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are axially spaced from one another.
  • laterally staggered shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are laterally spaced from one another.
  • a pair of opposed launchers may be directly opposite launchers, such that the discharge openings of the launcher pair are substantially aligned.
  • launchers 522c and 522d shown in FIG. 6a are configured as a pair of opposite launchers.
  • microwave heating zone 516 can include two or more convey lines operating simultaneously with one another.
  • An exemplary multi-line conveyance system 540 is shown in FIGS. 6b and 6c .
  • conveyance system 540 can be configured to transport a plurality of articles 550 in a convey direction generally represented by arrow 560 in FIG. 6b .
  • conveyance system 540 can include at least two laterally spaced, substantially parallel convey lines, such as, for example, first, second, and third convey lines 542a-c shown in FIG. 6b .
  • Convey lines 542a-c can, in one embodiment, comprise individual conveyance systems, while, in another embodiment, each of convey lines 542a-c can be portions of an overall conveyance system.
  • Conveyance system 540 and/or convey lines 542a-c can be any suitable type of conveyor or conveyance system, including those discussed in detail previously.
  • Microwave heating system 516 depicted in FIGS. 6b and 6c includes a plurality of microwave launchers 522 that can be divided or organized into at least two groups of two or more microwave launchers.
  • Each of first, second, and third convey lines 542a-c can be configured to receive microwave energy from respective first, second, and third groups of microwave launchers.
  • a "group" of launchers can refer to two or more axially spaced launchers, generally position along the convey direction (e.g., launcher group 522a-d, launcher group 522eh, and/or launcher group 522i-1 shown in FIG.
  • a "group" of launchers can include one or more pairs of opposed launchers positioned on different sides of a microwave chamber (e.g., groups that include pair of launchers 522a and 522m, the group that includes pair of launchers 522b and 522n, group that includes pair of launchers 522c and 522o, and group that includes pair of launchers 522d and 522p, as shown in FIG. 6c ).
  • the group of launchers comprises one or more pairs of opposed launchers
  • the launchers can be arranged in a staggered configuration (not shown) or can be directly opposite one another (e.g. oppositely facing), as illustrated in FIG. 6c .
  • at least one generator shown as generator 512a in FIG. 6b , can be configured to provide microwave energy to at least one group of microwave launchers.
  • individual microwave launchers 522 of adjacent convey lines 542 can be arranged in a staggered configuration relative to one another in the convey direction.
  • one or more same-side microwave launchers 522a-1 may be axially staggered from one another.
  • launchers 522a-d associated with first convey line 542a are arranged in a staggered configuration relative to each of respective launchers 522e-h associated with second convey line 542b with respect to and/or along the convey direction 560.
  • the term ā€œaxially staggeredā€ shall denote launchers that are axially spaced from one another by distance greater that 1 ā‡ 2 the maximum axial dimension of the launch openings of the launchers.
  • the term ā€œlaterally staggeredā€ shall denote launchers that are laterally spaced from one another by a distance greater that 1 ā‡ 2 the maximum lateral dimension of the launch openings of the launchers.
  • the microwave launchers associated with the non-adjacent convey lines can be arranged in a substantially aligned configuration relative to one another, as illustrated by the arrangement of launchers 522a-d relative to launchers 522i-1 shown in FIG. 6b .
  • the launchers 522i-1 associated with third convey line 542c may be staggered with respect to launchers 522a-d of first convey line 542a and/or second convey line 542b (embodiment not shown).
  • individual launchers 522 can have any suitable design or configuration and, in one embodiment, can include at least one feature from one or more embodiments not covered by the present invention which will be described in detail herein.
  • Microwave heating zone 616 includes at least one microwave launcher 622 that defines a launch opening 624 for discharging energy into a microwave chamber 620.
  • microwave launcher 622 is configured to discharge microwave energy along a central launch axis 660 toward a conveyance system 640 configured to transport a plurality of articles 650 within microwave chamber 620 along a convey axis 642.
  • central launch axis 660 can be tilted such that a launch tilt angle, ā‡ , is defined between central launch axis 660 and a plane normal to convey axis 642, illustrated as plane 662 in FIG. 7a .
  • launch tilt angle ā‡ can be at least about 2Ā°, at least about 4Ā°, at least about 5Ā° and/or not more than about 15Ā°, not more than about 10Ā°, or not more than about 8Ā°.
  • FIG. 7b another embodiment of a microwave heating system 616 is shown as including two or more launchers 622a-c, each configured to discharge energy into microwave chamber 620 along respective tilted central launch axes 660a-c.
  • the central launch axes of the launchers can be substantially parallel to one another, as generally illustrated by central launch axes 660a,b of launchers 622a,b shown in FIG. 7b .
  • substantially parallel means within 5Ā° of being parallel.
  • the central launch axes of two or more launchers, especially opposed launchers, within microwave heating zone 616 can be substantially parallel or substantially aligned, as illustrated by launch axes 660a,c of microwave launchers 622a,c in FIG. 7b .
  • each launcher can define a respective launch tilt angle, ā‡ n , within the ranges discussed previously.
  • each of the launch tilt angles ā‡ n of each launcher may be substantially the same, while, in another embodiment, at least one of the launch tilt angles ā‡ n can be substantially different than one or more other launch tilt angles.
  • At least one of launch openings 524a-f of launchers 522a-f of microwave system 516 can be at least partially covered by a substantially microwave-transparent window 526a-f disposed between each launch opening 524a-f and microwave chamber 520.
  • Microwave-transparent windows 526a-f can be operable to prevent fluid flow between microwave chamber 520 and microwave launchers 522a-f while still permitting a substantial portion of the microwave energy from launchers 522a-f to pass therethrough.
  • Windows 526a-f can be made of any suitable material, including, but not limited to one or more thermoplastic or glass material such as glass-filled Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyetherimide (PEI), aluminum oxide, glass, and combinations thereof.
  • thermoplastic or glass material such as glass-filled Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyetherimide (PEI), aluminum oxide, glass, and combinations thereof.
  • windows 526a-f can have an average thickness of at least about 4 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 8 mm and/or not more than about 20 mm, not more than about 16 mm, or not more than about 12 mm and can withstand a pressure difference of at least 275.79 kpa (40 psi), at least about 344.738 kpa (50 psi), at least about 517.107 kpa (75 psi) and/or not more than about 1378.95 kpa (200 psi), not more than about 1034.21 kpa (150 psi), or not more than about 827.371 kpa (120 psi) without breaking, cracking, or otherwise failing.
  • a pressure difference of at least 275.79 kpa (40 psi), at least about 344.738 kpa (50 psi), at least about 517.107 kpa (75 psi) and/or not
  • each of microwave windows 726 define a chamber-side surface 725 that can optionally define at least a portion of the sidewall 721 of microwave chamber 720.
  • chamber-side surface 725 of window 726 can be configured such that at least about 50 percent, at least about 65 percent, at least about 75 percent, at least about 85 percent, or at least about 95 percent of the total surface area of chamber-side surface 725 is oriented at a tilt angle, ā‡ , from the horizontal.
  • Tilt angle ā‡ can be at least about 2Ā°, at least about 4Ā°, at least about 8Ā°, at least about 10Ā° and/or not more than about 45Ā°, not more than about 30Ā°, or not more than about 15Ā° from the horizontal, illustrated as dashed line 762.
  • the tilt angle, ā‡ may also be defined between the axis of elongation 762 of microwave chamber 720 and/or an axis of convey (not shown in FIGS. 8a-c ) when, for example, these axes are parallel to the horizontal.
  • Chamber-side surface 725 of window 726 can be oriented from the horizontal regardless of whether or not launcher 722 is oriented with a launch tilt angle as described above.
  • window 726 can be substantially planar and sloped from the horizontal (as shown in FIG. 8a ), while, in the same or another embodiment, chamber-side surface 725 of window 726 can include one or more convexities (as shown in FIG. 8b ) or concavities (as shown in FIG. 8c ).
  • one or more (or n ) total tilt angles may be formed as described above. Depending on the exact configuration of chamber-side surface 725, the multiple tilt angles formed thereby may be the same as or different than other tilt angles formed by the same surface 725.
  • microwave launcher 822 is illustrated as comprising a set of opposing sidewalls 832a,b and a set of opposing end walls 834a,b, which collectively define a substantially rectangular launch opening 838.
  • launch opening 838 comprises a rectangular-shaped opening, it can have a width (W 1 ) and a depth (D 1 ) defined, at least in part, by the terminal edges of sidewalls 832a,b and 834a,b, respectively.
  • sidewalls 832a,b can be broader than end walls 834a,b such that the length of the lower terminal edge of side walls 832a,b, shown as W 1 in FIG. 9a , can be greater than the length of the lower terminal edge of end walls 834a,b, depicted in FIG. 9a with the identifier D 1 .
  • the elongated portion of side walls 832a,b and end walls 834a,b can also collectively define a pathway 837 through which microwave energy can propagate as it passes from the microwave inlet 836 to the at least one launch opening 838 defined by launcher 822.
  • launch opening 838 When used to discharge microwave energy into a microwave chamber, launch opening 838 can be can be elongated in the direction of extension of the microwave chamber (not shown) or in the direction of convey of the articles therein.
  • side walls 832a,b and end walls 834a,b of launcher 822 can be configured such that the maximum dimension of launch opening 838 (shown in FIG. 9a as W 1 ) can be aligned substantially parallel to the direction of extension of the microwave chamber and/or to the direction of convey of articles passing therethrough.
  • terminal edges of side walls 832a,b can be oriented parallel to the direction of extension (or the direction of convey), while the terminal edges of end walls 834a,b may be aligned substantially perpendicular to the direction of extension or convey within the microwave chamber (not shown in FIG. 9 ).
  • FIGS. 9b and 9c respectively provide views of a sidewall 832 and end wall 834 of microwave launcher 822 illustrated in FIG. 9a . It should be understood that, while only one of the side or end walls 832, 834 are shown in FIGS. 9b and 9c , the other of the pair could have a similar configuration. In one embodiment, at least one of side wall 832 and end wall 834 can be flared such that the inlet dimension (width W 0 or depth D 0 ) is smaller than the outlet dimension (width W 1 or depth D 1 ), as respectively illustrated in FIGS. 9b and 9c .
  • each of side and end walls 832, 834 define respective width and depth flare angles, ā‡ w and ā‡ d , as shown in FIGS. 9b and 9c .
  • width and/or depth flare angles ā‡ w and/or ā‡ d can be at least about 2Ā°, at least about 5Ā°, at least about 10Ā°, or at least about 15Ā° and/or not more than about 45Ā°, not more than about 30Ā°, or not more than about 15Ā°.
  • the width and depth flare angles ā‡ w and ā‡ d can be the same, while, in another embodiment, the values for ā‡ w and ā‡ d may be different.
  • depth flare angle ā‡ d can be smaller than width flare angle ā‡ w .
  • depth flare angle ā‡ d can be not more than about 0Ā°, such that the inlet depth D 0 and the outlet dimension D 1 of microwave launcher 822 are substantially the same, as illustrated in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 9d .
  • the depth flare angle ā‡ d may be less than 0Ā°, such that D 1 is smaller than Do, as shown in FIG. 9e .
  • microwave launcher 822 comprises a depth flare angle less than 0Ā° and/or the depth D 1 of launch opening 838 is smaller than the depth D 0 of microwave inlet 836
  • microwave launcher 822 can be a tapered launcher having a generally inverse profile.
  • microwave launcher 822 comprises n launch openings
  • between 1 and n of the openings can have a depth and/or width less than or equal to the depth and/or width of the inlet of the launcher. Further embodiments of multi-opening launchers will be discussed in detail below.
  • the depth D 1 of launch opening 838 can be no more than about 0.625 ā‡ , not more than about 0.5 ā‡ , not more than about 0.4 ā‡ , not more than about 0.35 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.25 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the predominant mode of microwave energy discharged from launch opening 838.
  • ā‡ is the wavelength of the predominant mode of microwave energy discharged from launch opening 838.
  • microwave launcher 822 comprises n launch openings
  • the depth of each launch opening, d n can be not more than about 0.625 ā‡ , not more than about 0.5 ā‡ , not more than about 0.4 ā‡ , not more than about 0.35 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.25 ā‡ .
  • each opening can have a depth that is the same or different than one or more of the other launch openings of the same launcher.
  • FIGS. 10a-c another embodiment of a microwave launcher 922 suitable for use in the microwave heating systems described herein is illustrated as comprising a single microwave inlet 936 and two or more launch openings, shown as launch or discharge openings 938a-c, for discharging microwave energy therefrom.
  • Microwave launcher 922 illustrated in FIGS. 10a-c includes first, second, and third spaced apart launch openings 938a-c, which are laterally spaced from one another. Although described herein as defining three launch openings, it should be understood that launcher 922 can include any suitable number of launch openings including at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 and/or not more than 10, not more than 8, or not more than 6.
  • the spacing between each of first, second, and third launch openings 938a-c can be at least about 0.05 ā‡ , at least about 0.075 ā‡ , or at least about 0.10 ā‡ and/or not more than about 0.25 ā‡ , not more than about 0.15 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.1 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the predominant mode of microwave energy discharged from launcher 922.
  • each of first, second, and third launch openings are separated by one or more dividing septum (or septa) 940a,b disposed within the interior of launcher 922, as shown in FIGS. 10a-c .
  • Septa 940a,b typically have a thickness equal to the desired spacing between the discharge openings 938a-c.
  • microwave launcher 922 defines ( n +1) separated launch openings and ( n +1) separate microwave pathways 937a-c defined between microwave inlet 836 and each of launch openings 938a-c, as particularly shown in FIG. 10c .
  • FIG. 10c As shown in FIG.
  • each of microwave pathways 937a-c has a length, L 1 -L 3 , which extends from inlet 936 to a point perpendicular with respective launch opening 938a-c.
  • L 1 -L 3 can be substantially the same, or at least one of L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 can be substantially different.
  • one or more pathways 937a-c can be longer than one or more other pathways 937a-c.
  • the dimensions (L 1 , L 2 , and/or L 3 ) of pathways 937a-c may be adjusted such that the phase velocity of the microwave energy propagating therethrough accelerates at a more rapid pace within the longer microwave pathways (e.g., L 1 and L 3 in FIG. 10c ) than through the shorter pathways (e.g., L 2 in FIG. 10c ).
  • the longer microwave pathways e.g., L 1 and L 3 in FIG. 10c
  • shorter pathways e.g., L 2 in FIG. 10c
  • microwave launcher 922 includes a single septum, only two microwave pathways are created (embodiment not shown) and the length of each pathway is substantially the same. Consequently, little or no control of the phase velocity of microwave energy passing through the equal length pathways may be needed.
  • each of launch openings 938a-c can define a depth, d 1 - 3 , as generally depicted in FIG. 10b .
  • each of depths d 1 through d 3 can be substantially the same, while, in another embodiment, at least one of the depths d 1 -d 3 can be different.
  • one or more of d 1 -d 3 can be not more than about 0.625 ā‡ , not more than about 0.5 ā‡ , not more than about 0.4 ā‡ , not more than about 0.35 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.25 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the predominant mode of microwave energy discharged from launch opening 938a-c.
  • At least one of d 1 -d 3 can be less than or equal to the depth do of inlet 936 as discussed in detail previously. As shown in FIG. 10b , the depths, d 1 - 3 , of each of launch openings 938a-c do not include the thickness of septa 940a,b, when present.
  • the microwave distribution system 514 of microwave heating zone 516 can include at least one microwave distribution manifold 525a,b for allocating or distributing microwave energy into chamber 520 via a plurality of launchers 522a-c and 522d-f.
  • microwave distribution manifold 525a,b can include at least three microwave allocation devices configured to divide the microwave energy from generator 512 into two or more separate portions prior to being discharged from at least some of microwave launchers 522a-f.
  • microwave allocation device refers to any device or item operable to divide microwave energy into two or more separate portions, according to a predetermined ratio.
  • predetermined power ratio refers to the ratio of the amount of power of each resultant separate portion exiting a specific microwave allocation device.
  • a microwave allocation device configured to divide the power passing therethrough at a 1:1 power ratio would be configured to divide the power introduced therein into two substantially equal portions.
  • At least one of the microwave allocation devices shown as inductive irises 570a-h and "T-shaped" or two-way splitter 572 in FIG. 6a , of microwave distribution system 514 can be configured to have a predetermined power ratio that is not 1:1.
  • one or more of the microwave allocation devices 570a-h or 572 can be configured to divide the microwave energy passing therethrough according to a predetermined power ratio of at least about 1:1.5, at least about 1:2, at least about 1:3 and/or not more than about 1:10, not more than about 1:8, or not more than about 1:6.
  • Each of the allocation devices 570a2-h and/or 5 employed by microwave distribution system 514 may be configured to discharge energy according to the same ratio, or one or more of allocation devices 570a-h can be configured at a different power ratio.
  • Allocation devices 570a-h and 572 can be configured such that substantially the same amount of power is discharged from each of launchers 522a-f, while, in another embodiment, the allocation devices 570a-h and 572 can be collectively designed such that more power is diverted to and discharged from one or more launchers 522a-f, with less power being discharged through the remainder of the launchers 522a-f.
  • microwave allocation devices 570a-h and 572 can depend on a variety of factors including, for example, the type of articles being heated, the desired operating conditions of the microwave heating zone 516, and other similar factors.
  • an initial quantity of microwave power can be introduced into microwave distribution system 514 and can be divided into two portions as it passes through splitter 572.
  • the two portions of microwave energy exiting splitter 572 can be approximately of approximately the same power, while, in another embodiment, one of the two portions may have more power than the other.
  • each portion may pass to a respective manifold 525a,b, optionally passing through a phase shifting device 530 prior to entering manifold 525a,b. Described now with respect to microwave distribution manifold 525a, it should be understood that analogous operation is applicable to the lower manifold 525b shown in FIG. 6a .
  • the microwave power exiting splitter 572 and optionally phase shifting device 530 may then pass through a microwave allocation device, shown as iris 570a, whereupon the power can be divided into a first launch microwave fraction and a first distribution microwave fraction.
  • the first launch microwave fraction can be directed toward launcher 522a and can be discharged via outlet 524a
  • the first distribution microwave fraction can be propagated down waveguide 518 toward the additional microwave launchers 522b,c.
  • the power ratio of the first launch microwave fraction to the first distribution microwave fraction exiting iris 570a can be not more than about 1:1, not more than about 0.95:1, not more than about 0.90:1, not more than 0,80:1, not more than about 0.70:1 or not more than 0.60:1. In one embodiment, the power ratio of the first launch microwave fraction to the first distribution microwave fraction is not 1:1.
  • the first distribution microwave fraction propagates toward launchers 522b,c, it can subsequently be divided into a second launch microwave fraction directed toward launcher 522b to be discharged via launch outlet 524b, and a second distribution microwave fraction that propagates down waveguide 518 toward launcher 522c.
  • the ratio of second launch microwave fraction to second distribution microwave fraction can be at least about 0.80:1, at least about 0.90:1, at least about 0.95:1 and/or not more than about 1.2:1, not more than about 1.1:1, not more than about 1.05:1, or can be approximately 1:1.
  • the remainder of the microwave energy e.g., the entirety of the second distribution microwave fraction
  • the remainder of the microwave energy can then be directed to the final microwave launcher 522c and discharged from launch outlet 524c.
  • microwave distribution system 514 can include a microwave distribution manifold 525a,b having more than three launchers.
  • microwave distribution manifold 525 includes n launchers, all but the ( n -1)th step of dividing can be carried out such that the ratio of the launch microwave fraction to the distribution microwave fraction is not 1:1.
  • the power ratio can be not more than about 1:1, not more than about 0.95:1, not more than about 0.90:1, not more than 0,80:1, not more than about 0.70:1 or not more than 0.60:1, while the (n-1)th dividing step can be carried out such that the ratio of the launch microwave fraction to second distribution microwave fraction can be at least about 0.80:1, at least about 0.90:1, at least about 0.95:1 and/or not more than about 1.2:1, not more than about 1.1:1, not more than about 1.05:1, or can be approximately 1:1.
  • the ( n -1)th distribution microwave fraction can then be sent, in its majority or entirety, as an n th launch microwave fraction to be discharged to the microwave chamber via the nth microwave launcher.
  • one or more of launchers 522 can also include at least one inductive iris disposed within the launcher, as shown in one embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b .
  • one or more of irises 570b and/or 570d may be disposed within launchers 522a and/or 522b, respectively, rather than be disposed within a waveguide as shown in FIG. 6a .
  • FIG. 11a One embodiment of a microwave launcher 1022 including an inductive iris disposed therein is shown in FIG. 11a .
  • Launcher 1022 may include at least one inductive iris 1070 located between its microwave inlet 1036 and one or more launch openings 1038, as generally illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b .
  • iris 1070 may be defined by a pair of inductive iris panels 1072a,b disposed on opposite sides of launcher 1022. Although illustrated as being coupled to narrower opposing end walls 1034a,b of launcher 1022, it should be understood that first and second iris panels 1072a,b could also be coupled to broader opposing side walls 1032a,b of launcher 1022. As shown in FIGS.
  • first and second iris panels 1072a,b extend inwardly into the microwave pathway 1037 defined between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 in a direction that is generally transverse to the direction of microwave propagation through pathway 1037.
  • iris panels obstruct at least about 25 percent, at least about 40 percent, or at least about 50 percent and/or not more than about 75 percent, not more than about 60 percent, or not more than about 55 percent of the total area of microwave pathway 1037 at the location at which they are disposed.
  • first and second iris panels 1072a,b can be configured to obstruct at least a portion of each of the launch openings 1038a-c of the launcher 1022.
  • first and second iris panels 1072a,b can be substantially coplanar and can be oriented substantially normal to the central launch axis of microwave launcher 1022.
  • the iris panels 1072a,b may be spaced from both the microwave inlet 1036 and the launch opening 1038 of microwave launcher 1022.
  • the iris panels 1072a,b can be spaced from microwave inlet 1036 of launcher 1022 by at least about 10 percent, at least about 25 percent, or at least about 35 percent of the minimum distance between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022.
  • iris panels 1072a,b can be spaced from launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022 by at least about 10 percent, 25 percent, or 35 percent of the maximum distance (L) measured between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022.
  • microwave distribution system 514 is illustrated as further comprise one or more devices or for increasing the uniformity and/or strength of the microwave field created within microwave heating chamber 520.
  • microwave distribution system 514 can include one or more devices designed to modify and/or control the location and strength of the constructive interference bands of the microwave field created within each of individual heating zones 580a-c, which are respectively defined between pairs of launchers 522a and 522f, 522b and 522e, and 522c and 522d.
  • a device can be a phase shifting device, schematically represented in FIG. 6a as device 530, operable to cyclically shift the phase of the microwave energy passing therethrough.
  • each article 550 can have an average residence time, within each individual heating zone 580a-c, of at least about 2 seconds, at least about 10 seconds, at least about 15 seconds and/or not more than about 1 minute, not more than about 45 seconds, or not more than about 30 seconds.
  • the average residence time for articles 550 can be greater than the phase shifting rate (t) for which phase shifting device 530 is configured.
  • the ratio of the average residence time of the articles passing through one of individual heating zones 580a-c to the phase shifting rate of device 530 can be at least about 2:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 4:1, at least about 5:1 and/or not more than about 12:1, not more than about 10:1, or not more than about 8:1.
  • Phase shifting device 530 can be any suitable device for rapidly and cyclically shifting the phase of microwave energy passing through microwave distribution system 514. According to one embodiment, phase shifting device 530 can be configured to shift the microwave energy passing therethrough at a phase shifting rate (t) of at least about 1.5 cycles per second, at least about 1.75 cycles per second, or at least about 2.0 cycles per second and/or not more than about 10 cycles per second, not more than about 8 cycles per second, and/or not more than about 6 cycles per second. As used herein, the term ā€œphase shifting rateā€ refers to the number of complete phase shift cycles completed per second. A "complete phase shift cycle" refers to a phase shift from 0Ā° to 180Ā° and back to 0Ā°. Although shown as including a single phase shifting device 530, it should be understood that any suitable number of phase shifting devices can be utilized within microwave distribution system 514.
  • phase shifting device 530 can comprise a plunger-type tuning device operable to be moved in a generally linear (e.g., up-and-down motion) within a cylinder to thereby cause the phase of the microwave energy passing therethrough to be cyclically shifted.
  • FIGS. 12a and 12b illustrate two embodiments of a plunger-type tuning device 1130a,b suitable for use in microwave distribution system 514.
  • FIG. 12a depicts a single-plunger phase shifting device 1130a that includes one plunger 1132 operable to move within a single cylinder 1134 via an automatic driver 1136.
  • FIG. 12b illustrates another embodiment of a phase shifting device that comprises a multi-plunger phase shifting device that includes a plurality of plungers 1132a-d disposed and operable to moved within several corresponding cylinders 1134a-d.
  • Plungers 1132a-d can be driven by a single automatic driver 1136, which can be connected to each of plungers 1132a-d via a rotatable cam shaft 1138.
  • Either of plunger-type tuning devices 1130a,b can be connected to a coupler, such as, for example, a short slot hybrid coupler (not shown in FIGS. 12a and 12b ) and can be employed in microwave distribution system 514 as a phase shifting device 530 as described above.
  • FIGS. 13a-e Another embodiment of a suitable phase shifting device is depicted in FIGS. 13a-e .
  • the phase shifting devices illustrated in FIGS. 13a-e are rotatable phase shifting devices.
  • a rotatable phase shifting device 1230 also referred to as a variable phase short circuit, can comprise a fixed section 1210 defining a first substantially rectangular opening 1212 and a rotatable section 1240 positioned proximate said first opening 1212.
  • FIG. 13a rotatable phase shifting device 1230 also referred to as a variable phase short circuit
  • a gap 1213 can be defined between rotatable section 1240 and fixed section 1210 and, in one embodiment, a microwave choke (not shown) can be at least partially disposed within gap 1213 for preventing the leakage of microwave energy from fixed and rotatable sections 1210 and 1240.
  • Rotatable section 1240 comprises a housing 1242 and a plurality of spaced apart, substantially parallel plates 1244a-d received within housing 1242. As shown in FIG. 13a , housing 1242 comprises a first end 1243a and a second end 1243b and first end 1243a defines a second opening 1246 adjacent to first rectangular opening 1212 of fixed section 1210. As indicated by arrows 1290, 1292 in FIG. 13a , rotatable section 1240 can be configured to be rotated relative to fixed section 1210 about an axis of rotation 1211 extending through first and second openings 1212, 1246, as generally shown in FIGS. 13a-c .
  • housing 1242 has a length (L H ), a width (W H ), and a depth (D H ).
  • L H , W H , and D H are at least about 0.5 ā‡ , at least about 0.65 ā‡ , at least about 0.75 ā‡ and/or not more than about 1 ā‡ , not more than about 0.9 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.75 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the microwave energy which variable phase short circuit 1230 is configured to pass between first and second openings 1212 and 1246.
  • at least one of W H and D H are at least about 0.5 ā‡ and both are not more than about ā‡ .
  • the cross-sectional shape of housing 1242 is substantially square, such that the ratio of W H :D H is not more than about 1.5:1, not more than about 1.25:1, or not more than about 1.1:1.
  • Fixed section 1210 can be any suitable shape or size and may comprise a circular or a rectangular waveguide.
  • first substantially rectangular opening 1212 can have a width (W R ) and a depth (D R ) such that the ratio of W R :D R is at least about 1.1:1, at least about 1.25:1, or at least about 1.5:1.
  • the width of first openings 1212 of fixed section 1210 and the width of second opening 1246 of rotatable section 1240 are substantially the same, such that the ratio W H :W R is at least about 0.85:1, at least about 0.95:1, or at least about 0.98:1 and/or not more than about 1.15:1, not more than about 1.05:1, or not more than about 1.01:1.
  • each of plates 1244a-d can be coupled to second end 1243b of housing 1242 and can extend generally toward first end 1243a of housing 1242 in a direction toward first and second openings 1212 and 1244.
  • Each of plates 1244a-d can have an extension distance or length, shown as L e in FIG. 13b , of at least about 0.1 ā‡ , at least about 0.2 ā‡ , at least about 0.25 ā‡ and/or not more than about 0.5 ā‡ , not more than about 0.35 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.30 ā‡ . Additionally, as particularly shown in FIG.
  • one or more of plates 1244a-d can have a thickness, k, of at least about 0.01 ā‡ , at least about 0.05 ā‡ and/or not more than about 0.10 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.075 ā‡ , wherein ā‡ is the wavelength of the microwave energy introduced into housing 1242 via first opening 1212.
  • Adjacent plates 1244a-d can be spaced apart by a spacing distance, j , which can be greater than, approximately the same as, or less than the thickness of each plate.
  • j can be at least about 0.01 ā‡ , at least about 0.05 ā‡ and/or not more than about 0.10 ā‡ , or not more than about 0.075 ā‡ .
  • the ratio of the cumulative surface area of the distal ends of plates 1244a-d, generally illustrated as the shaded regions in FIG. 13c , to the total internal exposed surface area of second end 1243b of housing 1242, generally illustrated as the unshaded regions in FIG. 13c can be at least about 0.85:1, at least about 0.95:1, or at least about 0.98:1 and/or not more than about 1.15:1, not more than about 1.10:1, or not more than about 1.05:1.
  • Variable phase short circuit 1230 can be configured to rotate at a speed of at least about 50 revolutions per minute (rpm), at least about 100 rpm, at least about 150 rpm and/or not more than about 1000 rpm, not more than about 900 rpm, or not more than about 800 rpm about axis of rotation 1211, as illustrated in FIG. 13a .
  • at least a portion of the movement of rotatable variable phase short circuit 1230 can be carried out via an actuator 1270 coupled to an automatic driver and/or automatic control system (not shown).
  • at least a portion of the movement can be carried out manually and may optionally include periods of non-rotation.
  • rotating phase shifting device 1233 can include a rotating crank member 1237 coupled via a securing rod 1239 to a plunger 1241 disposed within a waveguide 1243.
  • rod 1239 facilitates a general up-and-down movement of piston or plunger 1241 within waveguide 1243, as indicated by arrow 1263 in FIG. 13e .
  • FIG. 13e Another embodiment of a rotating phase shifting device 1235 is depicted in FIG.
  • rotating phase shifting device 1235 can further comprise one or more biasing devices 1249 (e.g., one or more springs) for facilitating movement of plunger 1241 within waveguide 1243 in an upward direction.
  • biasing devices 1249 e.g., one or more springs
  • variable phase short circuit 1230 (or, optionally, rotating phase shifting devices 1233, 1235) can also be configured for use as a tuning device, such as, for example, as an impedance tuner for tuning out or canceling unwanted reflections and/or as a frequency tuner for matching the frequency of the generator to that of the cavity.
  • variable phase short circuits 1330a,b can be connected to adjacent outlets of a coupler 1340, which can be a short slot hybrid coupler.
  • each of variable phase short circuits 1330a,b can be individually adjusted to a desired position such that impedance tuner tunes out energy reflected from microwave launcher 1322 back toward generator 1312.
  • one or both of variable phase short circuits 1330a,b can be further adjusted as needed during the microwave process in order to accommodate changes in the reflection coefficient of the articles being heated.
  • the further adjustments can be at least partially carried out using an automatic control system (not shown).
  • variable phase short circuits as described herein can also be utilized as frequency tuners for matching the frequency of the cavity to the frequency of the generator.
  • one or more variable phase short circuits shown as variable phase short circuit 1330c in FIG. 14b , can be directly coupled to individual ports spaced along a resonant microwave chamber 1320.
  • variable phase short circuit 1330c can be continuously or sporadically rotated and its position can be manually or automatically adjusted depending on changes within microwave chamber 1320 and/or the articles being processed therein (not shown). As a result of this adjustment of variable phase short circuit 1330c, the frequency of microwave energy within the cavity can be more closely matched to the frequency of the generator (not shown).
  • microwave heating system 510 shown in FIG. 6a
  • more thorough and/or more efficient heating of articles 550 passed through microwave chamber 520 may be carried out by, for example, increasing the heat transfer coefficient between the articles and the surrounding fluid medium.
  • a microwave chamber 1420 configured to facilitate quicker and more efficient heating of articles 1450 through changes in the heat transfer coefficient within microwave heating chamber 1420 is illustrated in FIG. 15a .
  • the heat transfer coefficient within microwave chamber 1420 can be increased, at least in part, by agitating the gaseous or liquid medium within chamber 1420 using one or more agitation devices, such as, for example, one or more fluid jet agitators 1430a-d configured to turbulently discharge one or more fluid jets into the interior of microwave chamber 1420.
  • the fluid jets discharged into microwave chamber 1420 can be a liquid or a vapor jet and can have a Reynolds number of at least about 4500, at least about 8000, or at least about 10,000.
  • fluid jet agitators 1430a-d can be any device configured to discharge a plurality of jets toward articles 1450 at multiple locations within microwave chamber 1420.
  • fluid jet agitators 1430 can be axially spaced along the central axis of elongation 1417 of microwave chamber 1420 such that at least a portion of the jets are configured to discharge in a direction generally perpendicular to central axis of elongation 1417.
  • one or more fluid jet agitators 1430a-d can be circumferentially positioned within microwave chamber 1420 such that at least a portion of the jets are directed radially inwardly toward the central axis of elongation 1417 of chamber 1420.
  • fluid jet agitator 1430a may also include a plurality of distinct jets, radially spaced from one another along at least a portion of the circumference of chamber 1420, each positioned to discharge a fluid jet toward central axis of elongation 1417 of chamber 1420.
  • fluid jet agitators 1430a-d can be positioned along one or more sides of microwave chamber 1420 and can be disposed between (alternately) with one or more microwave launchers 1422.
  • Use of one or more agitators 1430a-d can increase the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid medium within microwave chamber 1420 and articles 1450 by at least about 1 percent, at least about 5 percent, at least about 10 percent, or at least about 15 percent, as compared to the heat transfer coefficient of a quiescent chamber, ceteris paribus.
  • one or more jets configured and/or operated in a similar manner can be included within one or more other zones of microwave system 10 including thermalization and/or holding zones 12 and/or 20, illustrated previously in FIGS. 1a and 1b .
  • the heated articles after being withdrawn from microwave heating zone 16, the heated articles can then optionally be routed to a temperature holding zone 20, wherein the temperature of the articles can be maintained at or above a certain minimum threshold temperature for a specified residence time.
  • the articles removed from holding zone 20 can have a more consistent heating profile and fewer cold spots.
  • the minimum threshold temperature within holding zone 20 can be the same as the minimum temperature required within microwave heating zone 16 and can be at least about 120Ā°C, at least about 121Ā°C, at least about 122Ā°C and/or not more than about 130Ā°C, not more than about 128Ā°C, or not more than about 126Ā°C.
  • the average residence time of articles passing through holding zone 20 can be at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, or at least about 4 minutes and/or not more than about 20 minutes, not more than about 16 minutes, or not more than about 10 minutes.
  • Holding zone 20 can be operated at the same pressure as microwave heating zone 16 and can, in one embodiment, be at least partially defined within a pressurized and/or liquid-filled chamber or vessel.
  • quench zone 22 can be configured to cool the articles by at least about 30Ā°C, at least about 40Ā°C, at least about 50Ā°C and/or not more than about 100Ā°C, not more than about 75Ā°C, or not more than about 50Ā°C in a time period of at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, at least about 3 minutes and/or not more than about 10 minutes, not more than about 8 minutes, or not more than about 6 minutes.
  • Any suitable type of fluid can be used as a cooling fluid in quench zone 22, including, for example, a liquid medium such as those described previously with respect to microwave heating zone 16 and/or a gaseous medium.
  • microwave heating system 10 may also include a second pressure adjustment zone 14b disposed downstream of microwave heating zone 16 and/or holding zone 20, when present.
  • Second pressure adjustment zone 14b may be configured and operated in a manner similar to that previously described with respect to first pressure adjustment zone 14a.
  • second pressure adjustment zone 14b can be located downstream of quench zone 22, such that a substantial portion or nearly all of quench zone 22 is operated at an elevated (super atmospheric) pressure similar to the pressure under which microwave heating zone 16 and/or holding zone 20 are operated.
  • second pressure adjustment zone 14b can be disposed within quench zone 22, such that a portion of quench zone 22 can be operated at a super-atmospheric pressure similar to the pressure of microwave heating zone 16 and/or holding zone 20, while another portion of quench zone 22 can be operated at approximately atmospheric pressure.
  • the cooled articles can have a temperature of at least about 20Ā°C, at least about 25Ā°C, at least about 30Ā°C and/or not more than about 70Ā°C, not more than about 60Ā°C, or not more than about 50Ā°C.
  • the cooled, treated articles can then be removed from microwave heating zone 10 for subsequent storage or use.
  • one or more methods for controlling the operation of microwave heating system 10 are provided, for example, to ensure a consistent and continuous exposure to microwave energy for each article or package passing through microwave heating system 10.
  • the major steps of one embodiment of a method 1500 suitable for controlling the operation of microwave system 10 are depicted by individual blocks 1510-1530 in FIG. 16 .
  • the first step of control method 1500 is to determine a value for one or more microwave system parameters related to microwave heating zone 16, as represented by block 1510.
  • microwave system parameters can include, but are not limited to, net power discharged, speed of conveyance system, and temperature and/or flow rate of the water within the microwave heating chamber.
  • the resulting determined value for the specific parameter can then be compared to a corresponding target value for the same parameter in order to determine a difference. Based on the difference, one or more actions can be taken to adjust the operation of microwave system 10, as represented by block 1530 in FIG. 16 .
  • the adjustment of microwave heating system 10 can be undertaken when, for example, the magnitude of the difference is at least about 5 percent, at least about 10 percent, or at least about 20 percent of the value of the target value and/or determined value for the specific microwave system parameter. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the above-described method can be carried out using an automatic control system.
  • the basic steps of the above-described control method 1500 can be utilized by microwave heating system 10 to ensure safety and/or regulatory compliance of the articles (e.g., food and/or medical fluids or equipment) being heated therein.
  • the one or more microwave system parameters may be selected from the group consisting of minimum net power discharged, maximum speed of conveyance system, and minimum temperature and/or minimum flow rate of the water within the microwave heating chamber.
  • the minimum temperature of the water in the microwave chamber can be at least about 120Ā°C, at least about 121Ā°C, at least about 123Ā°C and/or not more than about 130Ā°C, not more than about 128Ā°C, or not more than about 126Ā°C, while the minimum flow rate can be at least 3.78541 l/min (1 gallon per minute, gpm), at least about 18.9271 1/min (5 gpm), or at least about 94.6353 l/min (25 gpm).
  • the maximum speed of the conveyance system in one embodiment, can be not more than about 16.4592 km/h (15 feet per second, fps), not more than about 13.1674 km/h (12 fps), or not more than about 10.9728 km/h (10 fps) and the minimum net power discharged can be at least about 50 kW, at least about 75 kW, or at least about 100 kW.
  • the one or more actions taken to adjust the operation of microwave heating system 10 can include, but are not limited to, stopping the conveyance system, turning off one or more generators, removing, isolating, and re-running or disposing of one or more articles exposed to undesirable conditions, and combinations thereof.
  • control method 1500 can also be utilized by microwave heating system 10 to ensure quality and consistency amongst the articles (e.g., food and/or medical fluids or equipment) being heated.
  • the microwave parameters can include net power discharged, speed of conveyance system, and temperature and/or flow rate of the water within the microwave heating chamber.
  • the temperature of the water in the microwave chamber can be at least about 121Ā°C, at least about 122Ā°C, at least about 123Ā°C and/or not more than about 130Ā°C, not more than about 128Ā°C, or not more than about 126Ā°C, while the flow rate can be at least about 68,1913 l/min (15 gallons per minute, gpm), at least about 136.383 1/min (30 gpm), or at least about 227.304 l/min (50 gpm).
  • the speed of the conveyance system in one embodiment, can be controlled to a speed of at least about 5.4864 km/h (5 feet per second, fps), at least about 7.68096 km/h (7 fps), or at least about 10.9728 km/h (10 fps), while the net power discharged can be at least about 75 kW, at least about 100 kW, or at least about 150 kW.
  • the one or more actions taken to adjust the operation of microwave heating system 10 can include, but are not limited to, stopping the conveyance system, turning off one or more generators, removing, isolating, and re-running or disposing of one or more articles exposed to undesirable conditions, and combinations thereof.
  • one or more of the target values for at least one of the microwave system parameters discussed above can be determined prior to heating the articles in microwave system 10. Determination of the magnitude of these target values may be accomplished by first creating a prescribed heating profile for the specific type of article to be heated using a small-scale microwave system. For example, in one embodiment, one or more articles of a specific type (e.g., particular foodstuffs, medical devices, or medical fluids) are first be loaded into a microwave chamber of a small-scale microwave heating system. In one embodiment, the articles loaded into the small-scale heating chamber can be of a single type such that the resultant prescribed heating determined can be specifically applied to that type of article in a larger-scale heating system.
  • a specific type e.g., particular foodstuffs, medical devices, or medical fluids
  • the article can be a specific type and/or size of packaged food (e.g., an 8-oz MRE package of meat) or can be a packaged medical fluid (e.g., saline) or specific types and/or packages of medical or dental equipment.
  • packaged food e.g., an 8-oz MRE package of meat
  • packaged medical fluid e.g., saline
  • the article can be heated by introducing microwave energy into the chamber via one or more microwave launchers. During this heating period, which can include multiple heating runs, a prescribed heating profile can be determined for the article being heated.
  • a prescribed heating profile refers to a set oftarget values of a variety ofparameters suggested or recommended for use when heating a specific type of article. In addition to including a target values, prescribed heating profiles can also be expressed, at least in part, as a function of time and/or position of the article.
  • the prescribed heating profile can include at least one target value for one or more microwave system parameters including, but not limited to, net power discharged, sequential distribution of microwave power (i.e., specifics regarding timing, location, and amount of microwave energy discharged), temperature and/or flow rate of the fluid (e.g., water) in the microwave chamber, and/or residence time of the article within the microwave chamber.
  • the prescribed heating profile can also include target or minimum values for one or more parameters (e.g ., temperature, flow rate of fluid, pressure, and article residence time) related to thermalization, holding, and/or quench zones 16, 20, 22 of microwave heating system 10.
  • the small-scale microwave heating system can be a batch or semi-batch system and/or can comprise a liquid-filled microwave chamber having a total internal volume of less than 2.83168 m 3 (100 cubic feet), less than 1.41584 m 3 (50 cubic feet), or less than 0.849505 m 3 (30 cubic feet).
  • the large-scale microwave system can be a continuous or semi-continuous process at least partially carried out in a pressurized or liquid filled microwave chamber having a total internal volume of at least about 2.83168 m 3 (100 cubic feet), at least about 7.079321 m 3 (250 cubic feet), or at least about 14.1584 m 3 (500 cubic feet).
  • the above-described steps can subsequently be repeated as many times as needed in order to create specific prescribed heating profiles for any number of different articles.
  • target values for one or more parameters described above can be determined and used in the comparison step 1520 of method 1500 shown in FIG. 16 . Thereafter and based on the difference, one or more of the actions listed above may be taken to ensure consistent heating of the final product.
  • net power discharged refers to the difference between the forward and reflected power within a waveguide or launcher.
  • forward power refers to power propagating in an intended direction from the generator to a load
  • reflected power refers to power propagating in a non-intended direction, usually from the load back into a waveguide or launcher and toward the generator.
  • a first and second value for net power discharged can be determined using two independent pairs of directional couplers.
  • Each pair of directional couplers can include one coupler for measuring forward power and another for measuring reflected power and one or more devices or systems for calculating the difference to thereby provide respective first and second values for net power discharged.
  • at least one of the net power values can be used to adjust or control the output of the microwave generator, while the other can be used as a backup or validation of the other.
  • the first and second values for net power can be compared to determine a difference, as illustrated by block 1630, and, based on the difference, an action can be taken to adjust the operation of the microwave heating system, as depicted by block 1640.
  • the action can be taken when the difference exceeds a predetermined value, such as, for example, a value that is at least about 1 percent, at least about 2 percent, or at least about 5 percent of the first and/or second net power values determined previously.
  • action can be taken when the difference is at least about 1 percent, at least about 2 percent, or at least about 3 percent of the lowest of first and second net power values.
  • action may also be taken if one of first or second net power values falls below a predetermined minimum and/or exceeds a predetermined maximum.
  • the action may include, but is not limited to, shutting down a generator or conveyance system, increasing or decreasing generator output, and/or removing, isolating, and disposing or rerunning one or more articles that were disposed within the microwave heating chamber when the difference exceeded the predetermined value.
  • Microwave heating systems not covered by the present invention can be commercial-scale heating systems capable of processing a large volume of articles in a relatively short time.
  • microwave heating systems as described herein can be configured to achieve an overall production rate of at least about 15 packages per minute per convey line, at least about 20 packages per minute per convey line, at least about 25 packages per minute per convey line, or at least about 30 packages per minute per convey line, which far exceeds rates achievable by other microwave systems.
  • packages per minute refers to the total number of whey gel-filled 8-oz MRE (meals ready to eat) packages able to be processed by a given microwave heating system, according to the following procedure:
  • An 8-oz MRE package filled with whey gel pudding commercially available from Ameriqual Group LLC (Evansville, IN, USA) is connected to a plurality of temperature probes positioned in the pudding at five equidistant locations spaced along each of the x-, y-, and z- axes, originating from the geometrical center of the package, as shown in FIG. 18 .
  • the package is then placed in a microwave heating system being evaluated and is heated until each of the probes registers a temperature above a specified minimum temperature (e.g., 120Ā°C for sterilization systems).
  • a specified minimum temperature e.g. 120Ā°C for sterilization systems.
  • the time required to achieve such a temperature profile, as well as physical and dimensional information about the heating system, can then be used to calculate an overall production rate in packages per minute.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Constitution Of High-Frequency Heating (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
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US201261610776P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
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US201261610830P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
US201261610708P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
US201261610821P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
US201261610745P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
US201261610739P 2012-03-14 2012-03-14
EP13760361.9A EP2826337B1 (en) 2012-03-14 2013-03-13 Enhanced microwave heating systems
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ES2623852T3 (es) 2017-07-12
WO2013138455A1 (en) 2013-09-19
CN109068430B (zh) 2022-05-24
AU2017201469A1 (en) 2017-03-23
EP2826337A4 (en) 2016-01-06
AU2013232141B2 (en) 2016-12-08
EP2826337B1 (en) 2017-04-19
EP3300456A1 (en) 2018-03-28
EP2866518B1 (en) 2017-04-19
AU2013232141A1 (en) 2014-10-30
CN104782226B (zh) 2018-06-19
EP2866517B1 (en) 2016-06-22
JP6215294B2 (ja) 2017-10-18
ES2623907T3 (es) 2017-07-12
CA2867301C (en) 2021-11-02
CA3130845A1 (en) 2013-09-19
CN104782226A (zh) 2015-07-15
AU2017201477A1 (en) 2017-03-23
KR20140141653A (ko) 2014-12-10
ES2592710T3 (es) 2016-12-01
KR102060424B1 (ko) 2020-02-17
JP6553141B2 (ja) 2019-07-31
BR112014022425A2 (pt) 2017-06-20
BR112014022425B1 (pt) 2021-12-14
EP2866518A1 (en) 2015-04-29
ES2812788T3 (es) 2021-03-18
CN109068430A (zh) 2018-12-21
IL234581B (en) 2020-06-30
JP2015529930A (ja) 2015-10-08
MX2014011079A (es) 2015-04-08
AU2017201469B2 (en) 2019-01-31
EP2866517A1 (en) 2015-04-29
CA2867301A1 (en) 2013-09-19
MX342586B (es) 2016-10-04
JP2018037411A (ja) 2018-03-08
CA3130845C (en) 2023-10-24
EP2826337A1 (en) 2015-01-21

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