EP3289617A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3289617A1 EP3289617A1 EP16729006.3A EP16729006A EP3289617A1 EP 3289617 A1 EP3289617 A1 EP 3289617A1 EP 16729006 A EP16729006 A EP 16729006A EP 3289617 A1 EP3289617 A1 EP 3289617A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- dielectric layer
- annealing
- atoms
- semiconductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/121—The active layers comprising only Group IV materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/14—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/14—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/146—Back-junction photovoltaic cells, e.g. having interdigitated base-emitter regions on the back side
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/30—Coatings
- H10F77/306—Coatings for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/311—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic cell.
- a first known method of the state of the art comprises the steps: aO) providing a semiconductor substrate made of a n-type doped crystalline silicon material, the substrate having a first surface and a second opposite surface,
- the first and second surfaces of the substrate may be exposed to light radiation so as to obtain a bifacial type photovoltaic cell.
- Boron atoms have a temperature of thermal activation greater than that of phosphorus or arsenic atoms, of the order of 150 ° C.
- the temperature of the thermal annealing is therefore imposed by the thermal activation temperature of the boron atoms.
- step dO leads to an inadvertent diffusion of the phosphorus atoms through the substrate, because of the annealing temperature which is too great relative to their thermal activation temperature.
- the phosphorus atoms thus move away from the second surface of the substrate and the corresponding contact area for an electrode may become inoperative.
- step dO leads to an exo-diffusion of the arsenic atoms out of the substrate, resulting in a decrease in their surface concentration, and the corresponding contact area for an electrode may become inoperative.
- a second known method of the state of the art comprises the following steps:
- a01 providing a semiconductor substrate made of an n-type doped crystalline silicon material, the substrate having a first surface and a second opposing surface,
- the manufacture of a photovoltaic cell is progressively continued by the formation of a first and a second dielectric layer respectively on the first and second surfaces of the substrate in order to passivate them, the first and second dielectric layers being layers of thermal oxide.
- a1) forming a first semiconductor region intended to be in contact with an electrode, the first semiconductor region being formed by implantation of boron atoms into the substrate, the method being remarkable in that it comprises the steps :
- the second semiconductor zone being formed by a diffusion of the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the substrate from the dielectric layer to the second surface of the substrate,
- thermal oxide layer based on silicon dioxide
- such a method according to the invention makes it possible to avoid the formation of a dielectric layer, of thermal oxide type, that is too thick on the second surface of the substrate by forming the dielectric layer on the second surface of the substrate during step b) before forming the thermal oxide layer in step c).
- such a method according to the invention eliminates an unwanted diffusion of phosphorus atoms through the substrate or an exo-diffusion of arsenic atoms out of the substrate by step c).
- the thermal activation of the boron atoms is preferably carried out previously, during step a).
- such a method according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the costs and the operating time because step c), by itself, makes it possible both to form the second semiconductor zone and to passivate the first surface of the substrate.
- Crystal means the polycrystalline form or the monocrystalline form of silicon, thus excluding amorphous silicon.
- the n-type doping of silicon makes it possible to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell.
- step b) comprises a step b1) of forming an additional dielectric layer, preferably of hydrogenated silicon nitride, on the dielectric layer, and the thermal annealing is applied during the step c) the structure comprising the additional dielectric layer.
- such an additional dielectric layer forms a diffusion barrier to the phosphorus or arsenic atoms towards the external medium, and improves the passivation of the second surface of the substrate.
- the additional dielectric layer is advantageously free of phosphorus or arsenic atoms.
- Such a material makes it possible at the same time to improve the passivation of the second surface of the substrate and to form an optical layer called said antireflection layer of a suitable thickness.
- the optical anti-reflective layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate.
- annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere, and said annealing preferably has an annealing temperature value between 850 ° C and 950 ° C and a duration value of annealing between 5 minutes and 1 hour.
- the annealing temperature mainly conditions the surface concentration of the phosphorus or arsenic atoms while the annealing time mainly conditions the thermal diffusion length of said atoms.
- the oxidizing atmosphere allows the formation of the thermal oxide layer at the first surface of the substrate.
- Step c) proceeds continuously; the formation of the second semiconductor zone and the formation of the thermal oxide layer are concomitant.
- thermal budget is meant the choice of an annealing temperature value and the choice of a value of annealing time.
- step c) comprises the steps:
- the first thermal budget preferably having an annealing temperature value of between 850 ° C. C and 950 ° C and a value of annealing time of between 5 minutes and 1 hour,
- the second thermal budget preferably having an annealing temperature value between 700 ° C and 800 ° C and a value annealing time between 5 minutes and 1 hour.
- Step d) is advantageously performed before step c2).
- Such a first thermal budget makes it possible to diffuse the phosphorus or arsenic atoms to the second surface of the substrate.
- the annealing temperature mainly conditions the surface concentration of the phosphorus or arsenic atoms while the annealing time mainly conditions the thermal diffusion length of said atoms.
- the dielectric layer formed during step b) is based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfying 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y, preferably hydrogenated.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y makes it possible to passivate the second surface of the substrate, the substrate being made of a material based on crystalline silicon.
- the silicon oxynitride is a silicon nitride.
- the hydrogenated silicon oxynitride is particularly advantageous thanks to the presence of hydrogen which improves the quality of the passivation. It is therefore not necessary to etch the dielectric layer after step c), then to deposit a dedicated passivation layer. In other words, the dielectric layer can be preserved after step c) in the method according to the invention.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0 ⁇ x 0,0 0.05 in step b) and after step c).
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0.30 ⁇ y 0,5 0.55 in step b) and after step c).
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is based on silicon carbide.
- the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the dielectric layer formed during step b) have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%
- the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the dielectric layer after step c) have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%, and preferably between 1% and 5%.
- the atomic proportion of the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the dielectric layer after step c) is less than the atomic proportion in step b).
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y, preferably hydrogenated, such an atomic proportion of phosphorus or arsenic allows the time of: - forming a second semiconductor region and thereby an electrical contact area of good quality, that is to say with a surface atomic concentration greater than 10 20 at./cm 3, preferably between 3x10 20 at./cm 3 and 5x 10 20 at./cm 3 ,
- the thermal annealing applied during step c) is adapted to thermally activate the boron atoms of the first semiconductor zone implanted during step a1).
- step a) comprises a step a2) of applying thermal annealing to the substrate according to a thermal budget adapted to thermally activate the boron atoms of the first semiconductor zone, step a2 ) being performed before step b), the thermal annealing applied in step a2) preferably having an annealing temperature value of between 1000 ° C and 1100 ° C and an annealing time value greater than 1 minute.
- the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic cell, comprising the steps:
- the second semiconductor zone being formed by a diffusion of the boron atoms in the substrate from the dielectric layer to the second surface of the substrate,
- thermal oxide layer based on silicon dioxide
- the substrate is made of a p-type doped crystalline silicon material
- annealing at high temperature that is to say higher than 950 ° C, degrades the volume quality of the substrate and hence the duration of life of the charge carriers. It is therefore not recommended to implant boron atoms in such a substrate, followed by their thermal activation at a temperature above 950 ° C.
- step b) and the annealing applied during step c) adapted to diffuse the boron atoms from the dielectric layer to the second surface of the substrate.
- the diffusion of boron atoms can be carried out at a temperature between 900 ° C and 950 ° C, and therefore does not cause degradation of the volume quality of the substrate.
- the annealing applied during step c) makes it possible simultaneously to thermally activate the phosphorus or arsenic atoms of the first semiconductor zone implanted during step a1), since the thermal activation temperature of the Phosphorus or arsenic atoms is less than the diffusion temperature of boron atoms.
- the method comprises a step b1) of forming an additional dielectric layer, preferably of hydrogenated silicon nitride, on the dielectric layer, and step b1) is preferably performed after the step vs).
- an additional dielectric layer improves the passivation of the second surface of the substrate.
- the additional dielectric layer is advantageously free of boron atoms.
- Step b1) is preferably performed after step c) so that the dielectric layer can be oxidized when the annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxidation of the dielectric layer makes it possible to improve the passivation of the second surface of the substrate.
- Such a material makes it possible at the same time to improve the passivation of the second surface of the substrate and to form an optical layer called said antireflection layer of a suitable thickness.
- the optical anti-reflective layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate.
- the annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere, and said annealing preferably has an annealing temperature value between 900 ° C and 950 ° C and a duration value of annealing between 5 minutes and 1 hour.
- the annealing temperature mainly conditions the surface concentration of the boron atoms while the annealing time mainly conditions the thermal diffusion length of said atoms.
- Step c) proceeds continuously; the formation of the second semiconductor zone and the formation of the thermal oxide layer are concomitant.
- thermal budget is meant the choice of an annealing temperature value and the choice of a value of annealing time.
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfying 0 ⁇ y ⁇ x, preferably hydrogenated.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , 0 ⁇ y ⁇ x makes it possible to passivate the second surface of the substrate, the substrate being made of a material based on crystalline silicon.
- the silicon oxynitride is a silicon oxide.
- the hydrogenated silicon oxynitride is particularly advantageous thanks to the presence of hydrogen which improves the quality of the passivation.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies x ⁇ 0.50, preferably 0.50 ⁇ x 0 0.66, after step c).
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies x ⁇ 0.50 in step b).
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0 ⁇ y 0, 0.10, preferably ⁇ y 0,0 0.05, during step b) and after step c).
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is based on silicon carbide.
- the boron atoms in the dielectric layer formed during step b) have an atomic proportion of between 10% and 50%, preferably between 10% and 30%, and the boron atoms. in the dielectric layer after step c) have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%, preferably between 3% and 8%.
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , O ⁇ y ⁇ x, preferably hydrogenated, such an atomic proportion of boron allows both:
- the first semiconductor zone is formed at the first surface of the substrate during step a).
- the manufactured photovoltaic cell has a bifacial architecture, that is to say that the first and second surfaces of the substrate are intended to be exposed to light radiation.
- the first semiconductor zone forms an emitter.
- the second semiconductor zone is of BSF type (acronym for "Back Surface Field” in English), highly doped with the same type of doping as the substrate in order to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell.
- the first semiconductor zone is formed at the second surface of the substrate during step a) so as to form a first box
- the dielectric layer formed in step b) is arranged to so that the second semiconductor zone formed by the scattered atoms in step c) forms a second box spaced relative to the first box.
- the manufactured photovoltaic cell has a monofacial type architecture with interdigitated rear face contacts (known by the acronym IBC for "Interdigitated Back Contact” in English).
- the first surface of the substrate is intended to be exposed to light radiation.
- the first and second boxes are intended to be each in contact with an electrode.
- the first surface of the substrate advantageously comprises a highly doped semiconductor zone of the same type of doping as the substrate in order to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell, said semiconductor zone being of FSF type (acronym for "Front Surface Field” in English).
- the present invention also relates to a photovoltaic cell that can be obtained by a method according to the invention.
- such a photovoltaic cell is distinguished from the state of the art by the presence of a dielectric layer formed at the second surface of the substrate, said dielectric layer comprising boron atoms (respectively phosphorus or arsenic atoms). which have not diffused to the second surface of the substrate when the substrate is n-doped (respectively p-doped).
- the quantity of boron atoms (respectively of phosphorus or arsenic atoms) which have not diffused remains sufficient to detect their presence in the dielectric layer so that such a photovoltaic cell can be easily detected by reverse engineering.
- the present invention also relates to a photovoltaic cell comprising:
- a substrate of a n-type doped crystalline silicon semiconductor material having a first surface and a second opposite surface
- first and second semiconductor zones respectively extending under the first surface and under the second surface of the substrate, the first semiconductor zone comprising boron atoms, the second semiconducting zone comprising phosphorus atoms or arsenic;
- a first layer of a dielectric material formed at the second surface of the substrate the dielectric material being based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfying 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y, the dielectric material comprising phosphorus atoms or arsenic and preferably hydrogen;
- thermal oxide layer based on silicon dioxide, formed on the first surface of the substrate.
- the first semiconductor zone is intended to be in contact with an electrode.
- the second semiconductor zone is intended to be in contact with an electrode.
- the first surface or the second surface of the substrate is intended to be exposed to light radiation.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.55.
- the phosphorus or arsenic atoms have an atomic proportion in the dielectric material of between 1% and 10%, preferably between 1% and 5%.
- the present invention also relates to a photovoltaic cell comprising:
- a substrate of a p-type doped crystalline silicon semiconductor material having a first surface and a second opposite surface
- first and second semiconductor zones respectively extending under the first surface and under the second surface of the substrate, the first semiconductor zone comprising phosphorus or arsenic atoms, the second semiconductor zone comprising atoms; boron;
- a first layer of a dielectric material formed on the second surface of the substrate the dielectric material being based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfying 0 ⁇ y ⁇ x, the dielectric material comprising boron atoms and preferably hydrogen;
- thermal oxide layer based on silicon dioxide, formed on the first surface of the substrate.
- the first semiconductor zone is intended to be in contact with an electrode.
- the second semiconductor zone is intended to be in contact with an electrode.
- the first surface or the second surface of the substrate is intended to be exposed to light radiation.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies x ⁇ 0.50, preferably 0.50 ⁇ x 0 0.66.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y satisfies 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, preferably 0 ⁇ y 0,0 0.05.
- the boron atoms have an atomic proportion in the dielectric material of between 1% and 10%, preferably between 3% and 8%.
- the cell comprises a second layer of a dielectric material formed on the first layer and, preferably, on the thermal oxide layer, the dielectric material of the second layer being based on an oxynitride of silicon SiO x N y satisfying 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y, said dielectric material preferably comprising hydrogen.
- the first layer has a thickness of between 3 nm and 100 nm.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of photovoltaic cells of a first architecture, obtained from a method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of photovoltaic cells of a second architecture, obtained from a method according to the invention
- FIGS. 3a to 3e are diagrammatic sectional views illustrating various steps of a method according to the invention for producing photovoltaic cells illustrated in FIG.
- FIGS. 4a to 4e are schematic sectional views illustrating various steps of a method according to the invention for manufacturing photovoltaic cells illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the same references will be used for identical elements or ensuring the same function, for the sake of simplification of the description.
- the technical characteristics described below for different modes of implementation are to be considered in isolation or in any technically possible combination.
- FIGS. 3a to 3e is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic cell, comprising the steps:
- a second semiconductor zone 1 10 intended to be in contact with an electrode E, the second semiconductor zone 1 being formed by a diffusion of the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the substrate 1 from the dielectric layer 2 to the second surface 1 1 of the substrate 1, - forming a thermal oxide layer 3, based on silicon dioxide, the first surface 10 of the substrate 1, step c) being illustrated in Figure 3c.
- the substrate 1 has a thickness of the order of 150 ⁇ .
- the first semiconductor zone 100 is formed at the first surface 10 of the substrate 1 during step a).
- Step a1) is advantageously an ion implantation performed by ion beam, ion shower or plasma immersion.
- the generation of ions can be carried out using precursor gases such as BF 3 or B 2 H 6 .
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) is advantageously based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , satisfying 0 ⁇ x ⁇ y, preferably hydrogenated.
- the silicon oxynitride is a silicon nitride.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y advantageously satisfies 0 ⁇ x 0,0 0.05 during step b) and after step c).
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y advantageously satisfies 0.30 y y 0,5 0.55 in step b) and after step c).
- the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) advantageously have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%.
- the phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the dielectric layer 2 after step c) advantageously have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%, and preferably between 1% and 5%. Such atomic proportion allows to obtain an electrical contact area of good quality, i.e.
- step b) is advantageously carried out by a chemical vapor deposition (PECVD for Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition in English) from gas reactants comprising SiH 4 silane and NH 3 ammonia.
- PECVD Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition in English
- step b) is advantageously carried out by a PECVD deposit from reactive gases comprising silane SiH 4 and nitrous oxide N 2 O
- the dielectric layer 2 comprises phosphorus atoms
- the said atoms are advantageously incorporated with the hydrogenated silicon nitride or the hydrogenated silicon oxynitride by an injection of phosphine PH 3 with the corresponding reactive gases.
- the dielectric layer 2 comprises arsenic atoms
- the said atoms are advantageously incorporated into the nitride of hydrogenated silicon or hydrogenated silicon oxynitride by injection of arsine AsH 3 with the corresponding reactive gases.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) is based on silicon carbide.
- Step b) is advantageously carried out by a PECVD deposit from reactive gases comprising silane SiH 4 and methane CH 4 .
- the dielectric layer 2 comprises phosphorus atoms
- said atoms are advantageously incorporated into the silicon carbide by an injection of phosphine PH 3 with the reactive gases.
- the dielectric layer 2 comprises arsenic atoms
- said atoms are advantageously incorporated in the silicon carbide by an injection of arsine AsH 3 with the reactive gases.
- the method advantageously comprises a step b1) of forming an additional dielectric layer 4 on the dielectric layer 2, the thermal annealing being applied in step c) to the structure 1, 2, 4 having the additional dielectric layer 4.
- the additional dielectric layer 4 formed during step b1) is advantageously made of hydrogenated silicon nitride.
- the additional dielectric layer 4 advantageously has a thickness greater than 30 nm.
- the thickness of the additional dielectric layer 4 is adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer.
- Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1.
- the annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxidizing atmosphere can comprise a mixture of gases N 2 and O 2 with a ratio N 2 / O 2 preferably between 0.2 and 1. This atmosphere will be called “dry”.
- the oxidizing atmosphere may comprise a mixture of N 2 and water vapor. This atmosphere will be called “wet”.
- the oxidizing atmosphere is advantageously constituted by a mixture of oxygen and a neutral gas selected from argon, nitrogen, or a mixture of argon and nitrogen.
- the oxidizing atmosphere is advantageously devoid of doping agent such as phosphine.
- Said annealing advantageously an annealing temperature value of between 850 ° C. and 950 ° C. and an annealing time value of between 5 minutes and 1 hour.
- step c) comprises the steps of: c1) applying the thermal annealing according to a first thermal budget adapted to diffuse the phosphorus or arsenic atoms so as to form the second semiconductor zone 1 10, the first thermal budget preferably having an annealing temperature value of between 850 ° C and 950 ° C and an annealing time value of between 5 minutes and 1 hour,
- Step c2) is advantageously carried out under a "wet" oxidizing atmosphere so that the second thermal budget has an annealing temperature value of between 700 ° C. and 800 ° C. and an annealing time value of between 5 minutes and 1 hour.
- a "wet" oxidizing atmosphere enables the annealing temperature value to be lowered substantially relative to a “dry” oxidizing atmosphere.
- step a1) is performed so that the boron atoms are implanted into the substrate 1 with a dose strictly less than 10 15 at./cm 2 and with an energy between 5 keV and 15 keV.
- the thermal annealing applied during step c) is adapted to thermally activate the boron atoms of the first semiconductor zone 100.
- the silicon dioxide-based thermal oxide layer 3 formed during the step c) advantageously has a thickness of between 5 nm and 20 nm. Such a thickness makes it possible to have few optical losses related to the reflections of the light radiation while maintaining a good quality of passivation.
- step a1) is performed so that the boron atoms are implanted in the substrate 1 with a dose greater than 10 15 at./cm 2 , preferably between 10 15 at./cm 2 and 10 16 at./cm 2 , and with an energy of between 5 keV and 15 keV.
- implantation parameters make it possible to obtain an electrical contact zone of good quality, that is to say with a surface atomic concentration greater than 10 19 at./cm 3 , preferably between 10 19 at./ cm 3 and 5x 10 19 at./cm 3 .
- step a) comprises a step a2) of applying thermal annealing to the substrate 1 according to a thermal budget adapted to thermally activate the boron atoms of the first semiconductor zone 100, step a2) being performed before step b).
- the thermal budget of the thermal annealing applied in step a2) advantageously has an annealing temperature value of between 1000 ° C. and 1100 ° C. and an annealing time value greater than 1 minute.
- Step a2) is advantageously carried out under an atmosphere comprising nitrogen and in the absence of oxygen.
- Step a2) is advantageously followed by a step of chemical cleaning of the substrate 1.
- the silicon dioxide-based thermal oxide layer 3 formed in step c) advantageously has a thickness of between 5 nm and 20 nm.
- the process advantageously comprises a step d) forming a dielectric layer 5 on the thermal oxide layer 3.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed during step d) is preferably made of a material based on silicon nitride.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed in step d) has a thickness adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed during step d) advantageously has a thickness of between 50 nm and 75 nm.
- Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1.
- the method advantageously comprises a step e) bringing each of the first and second semiconductor regions 100, 1 10 into contact with an electrode E.
- Step e) comprises a metallization step, preferably carried out by screen printing.
- the method differs from the mode illustrated in FIGS. 3a to 3e in that the first semiconductor zone 100 is formed at the second surface 1 1 of the substrate 1 during the step a), preferably by a first set of masks, so as to form a first box.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed in step b) is arranged, preferably by a second set of masks, so that the second semiconductor zone 1 10 formed by the phosphorus or arsenic atoms diffused during the step c) forms a second box spaced relative to the first box.
- the method advantageously comprises a step of forming a semiconductor zone 120 at the first surface 10 of the substrate 1.
- the semiconductor zone 120 comprises phosphorus or arsenic atoms.
- Semiconductor zone 120 is advantageously formed by ion implantation of phosphorus or arsenic atoms. Said atoms are thermally activated during step c).
- the method advantageously comprises a step of forming a dielectric layer (not shown in Figure 2) on the thermal oxide layer 3, said formed dielectric layer being preferably made of a material based on silicon nitride. Said dielectric layer formed has a thickness adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer. Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1.
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a photovoltaic cell, illustrated in FIGS. 4a to 4e, the method comprising the steps of:
- a1) forming a first semiconductor zone 100 intended to be in contact with an electrode E, the first conductive zone 100 being formed by an implantation of phosphorus or arsenic atoms in the substrate 1, the steps a) and a1 ) being illustrated in Figure 3a,
- step b) forming a dielectric layer 2 at the second surface 1 1 of the substrate 1, the dielectric layer 2 comprising boron atoms, the dielectric layer 2 and the substrate 1 forming a structure 1, 2, step b) being illustrated in FIG. FIG. 3b, c) applying thermal annealing to the structure 1, 2 adapted to: forming a second semiconductor zone 1 10 intended to be in contact with an electrode E, the second semiconductor zone 1 being formed by a diffusion of the boron atoms in the substrate 1 from the dielectric layer 2 to the second surface 1 1 of the substrate 1,
- thermal oxide layer 3 based on silicon dioxide, at the first surface 10 of the substrate 1, step c) being illustrated in FIG. 3c.
- the substrate 1 has a thickness of the order of 150 ⁇ .
- the first semiconductor zone 100 is formed at the first surface 10 of the substrate 1 during step a).
- Step a1) is advantageously an ion implantation performed by ion beam, ion shower or plasma immersion.
- Step a1) is advantageously carried out so that the phosphorus or arsenic atoms are implanted in the substrate 1 with a dose of:
- the phosphorus atoms are advantageously implanted during step a1) with an energy of between 5 keV and 15 keV.
- the arsenic atoms are advantageously implanted during step a1) with an energy of between 15 keV and 30 keV.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) is advantageously based on a silicon oxynitride SiO x N y , satisfying 0 ⁇ y ⁇ x, preferably hydrogenated.
- the silicon oxynitride is a silicon oxide.
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y advantageously satisfies x ⁇ 0.50, preferably 0.50 ⁇ x 0 0.66, after step c).
- the silicon oxynitride SiO x N y advantageously satisfies 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10, preferably ⁇ y ⁇ 0.05, during step b) and after step c).
- the boron atoms in the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) advantageously have an atomic proportion of between 10% and 50%, preferably between 10% and 30%.
- Boron atoms in the dielectric layer 2 after step c) advantageously have an atomic proportion of between 1% and 10%, preferably between 3% and 8%.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) advantageously has a nitrogen content greater than 5%, preferably between 5 and 15%.
- the dielectric layer 2 advantageously has a thickness of between 3 nm and 100 nm, preferably between 20 and 35 nm. Such thicknesses make it possible to have few optical losses related to the reflections of the light radiation while maintaining a good quality of passivation. Steps a1) and b) are permutable.
- step b) is advantageously carried out by a chemical vapor deposition (PECVD for Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition in English) from reactive gases comprising silane SiH 4 and nitrous oxide N 2 O.
- PECVD Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition in English
- the boron atoms are advantageously incorporated into the hydrogenated silicon oxynitride by injection of diborane B 2 H 6 with the reactive gases.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) is based on silicon carbide.
- Step b) is advantageously carried out by a PECVD deposit from reactive gases comprising silane SiH 4 and methane CH 4 .
- the boron atoms are advantageously incorporated into the silicon carbide by an injection of diborane B 2 H 6 with the reactive gases.
- the method advantageously comprises a step b1) of forming an additional dielectric layer 4 on the dielectric layer 2.
- Step b1) is illustrated in Figure 3c.
- Step b1) is advantageously performed after step c) so that the dielectric layer 2 can be oxidized when the annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxidation of the dielectric layer 2 makes it possible to improve the passivation of the second surface 11 of the substrate 1.
- the additional dielectric layer 4 is advantageously made of hydrogenated silicon nitride.
- the additional dielectric layer 4 advantageously has a thickness greater than 30 nm.
- the thickness of the additional dielectric layer 4 is adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer. Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce optical losses related to the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1.
- the annealing is applied in step c) under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxidizing atmosphere can comprise a mixture of gases N 2 and O 2 with a ratio N 2 / O 2 preferably between 0.2 and 1. This atmosphere will be called “dry”.
- the oxidizing atmosphere may comprise a mixture of N 2 and water vapor. This atmosphere will be called "wet”.
- the annealing applied in step c) advantageously has an annealing temperature value of between 900 ° C. and 950 ° C. and an annealing time value of between 5 minutes and 1 hour under a dry atmosphere.
- the silicon dioxide-based thermal oxide layer 3 formed during step c) advantageously has a non-zero thickness and advantageously less than 30 nm. Such a thickness makes it possible to have few optical losses related to the reflections of the light radiation while maintaining a good quality of passivation.
- the process advantageously comprises a step d) forming a dielectric layer 5 on the thermal oxide layer 3.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed during step d) is preferably made of a material based on silicon nitride.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed in step d) has a thickness adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer.
- the dielectric layer 5 formed during step d) advantageously has a thickness of between 50 nm and 75 nm.
- Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1. As illustrated in FIG.
- the process advantageously comprises a step e) bringing each of the first and second semiconductor regions 100, 1 10 into contact with an electrode E.
- Step e) comprises a metallization step, preferably carried out by screen printing.
- the method differs from the mode illustrated in FIGS. 4a to 4e in that the first semiconductor zone 100 is formed at the second surface 1 1 of the substrate 1 during the step a), preferably by a first set of masks, so as to form a first box.
- the dielectric layer 2 formed during step b) is preferably arranged by a second set of masks, so that the second semiconductor zone 1 10 formed by the boron atoms diffused during step c) forms a second box spaced relative to the first box.
- the method advantageously comprises a step of forming a semiconductor zone 120 at the first surface 10 of the substrate 1.
- the semiconductor zone 120 comprises phosphorus or arsenic atoms.
- the method advantageously comprises a step of forming a dielectric layer (not shown in Figure 2) on the thermal oxide layer 3, said formed dielectric layer being preferably made of a material based on silicon nitride. Said dielectric layer formed has a thickness adjusted to form an optical antireflection layer. Such an antireflection optical layer makes it possible to reduce the optical losses associated with the reflections of the light radiation, and thus to optimize the absorption of the light radiation by the substrate 1.
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1553833A FR3035741B1 (fr) | 2015-04-28 | 2015-04-28 | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaique. |
| PCT/FR2016/050990 WO2016174352A1 (fr) | 2015-04-28 | 2016-04-27 | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3289617A1 true EP3289617A1 (fr) | 2018-03-07 |
Family
ID=53366203
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16729006.3A Withdrawn EP3289617A1 (fr) | 2015-04-28 | 2016-04-27 | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3289617A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3035741B1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TW201701491A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016174352A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3059463B1 (fr) * | 2016-11-30 | 2018-12-07 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Structure et procede de passivation. |
| CN116137299B (zh) * | 2023-01-31 | 2024-08-20 | 通威太阳能(眉山)有限公司 | 一种太阳电池及其制备方法 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013211746A1 (de) * | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Solarzelle |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4152824A (en) * | 1977-12-30 | 1979-05-08 | Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corporation | Manufacture of solar cells |
| JP3578539B2 (ja) * | 1996-02-08 | 2004-10-20 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 太陽電池の製造方法および太陽電池構造 |
| US6998288B1 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2006-02-14 | Sunpower Corporation | Use of doped silicon dioxide in the fabrication of solar cells |
| DE102006041424A1 (de) * | 2006-09-04 | 2008-03-20 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur simultanen Dotierung und Oxidation von Halbleitersubstraten und dessen Verwendung |
| CN102332495A (zh) * | 2011-09-26 | 2012-01-25 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种晶体硅太阳能电池的制作方法 |
-
2015
- 2015-04-28 FR FR1553833A patent/FR3035741B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-04-27 EP EP16729006.3A patent/EP3289617A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-04-27 WO PCT/FR2016/050990 patent/WO2016174352A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2016-04-28 TW TW105113251A patent/TW201701491A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013211746A1 (de) * | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Solarzelle |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW201701491A (zh) | 2017-01-01 |
| WO2016174352A1 (fr) | 2016-11-03 |
| FR3035741A1 (fr) | 2016-11-04 |
| FR3035741B1 (fr) | 2018-03-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105144396B (zh) | 具有氮氧化硅电介质层的太阳能电池 | |
| EP3331031B1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaique et cellule photovoltaique | |
| EP3289616B1 (fr) | Cellule photovoltaïque et son procédé de fabrication | |
| EP3316319B1 (fr) | Cellules photovoltaïques a contacts arriere et leur procede de fabrication | |
| EP3682485B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque à homojonction | |
| EP3331030B1 (fr) | Structure et procede de passivation | |
| EP3289617A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque | |
| FR3040529A1 (fr) | ||
| EP3671864B1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une jonction a effet tunnel inter-bandes | |
| FR3042646B1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une heterojontion pour cellule photovoltaique | |
| EP4022688A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque | |
| EP4214760B1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque a contacts passives | |
| TWI612682B (zh) | 具氮氧化矽介電層之太陽能電池 | |
| EP3242335A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule photovoltaïque à hétérojonction | |
| EP4022687A1 (fr) | Procédé de réalisation d'une jonction tunnel d'une cellule photovoltaïque | |
| FR2971627A1 (fr) | Procédé de réalisation d'une structure a émetteur sélectif |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20171113 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20210423 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20230620 |