EP3278371A1 - Dispositif et procédé de régénération des performances d'un module photovoltaïque - Google Patents
Dispositif et procédé de régénération des performances d'un module photovoltaïqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3278371A1 EP3278371A1 EP16713467.5A EP16713467A EP3278371A1 EP 3278371 A1 EP3278371 A1 EP 3278371A1 EP 16713467 A EP16713467 A EP 16713467A EP 3278371 A1 EP3278371 A1 EP 3278371A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- module
- photovoltaic
- photovoltaic cells
- solar radiation
- switch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1864—Annealing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device and a method for regenerating the performance of a photovoltaic module, for example after degradation under illumination of the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells.
- Photovoltaic cells which contain boron and oxygen atoms can suffer from degradation of the efficiency under illumination. This phenomenon, called “LID” (for "Light Induced Degradation” in English), occurs during the first times of exposure of cells to solar radiation. It is linked to the formation, during this exhibition, of complexes that associate a boron atom (B) and an oxygen atom (O).
- B boron atom
- O oxygen atom
- the boron-oxygen complexes act as recombination centers of the free charge carriers, and therefore decrease the lifetime of the carriers and the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cells (ratio of the electrical power output to the received light power).
- the degradation can reach 7 to 8% of the conversion efficiency before exposure.
- the document WO2007 / 107351 aims to solve this problem of decreasing the yield of a photovoltaic cell, by adding a so-called stabilization step to the manufacturing process of the cell.
- This step consists in generating excess minority charge carriers in the silicon substrate, while heating the substrate at a temperature between 50 ° C and 230 ° C.
- the charge carriers are generated either by illuminating the substrate, for example by means of a halogen lamp, or by polarizing it by means of an external voltage source.
- the performance of the photovoltaic cell degrade initially and then regenerate at their initial level.
- the cell then has stable performance under normal operating conditions.
- the cell is called "regenerated” since it has undergone, first, a degradation of its performance and then a regeneration.
- the stabilization step can also take place at the module scale after it has been finalized, ie after the photovoltaic cells have been encapsulated and electrically interconnected, but before the module is delivered to the final consumer.
- the module is energized to generate excess minority charge carriers and stored in a chamber heated at 140 ° C for approximately one hour.
- the stabilization step of the document WO2007 / 107351 constitutes an additional step in the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module. This therefore requires the provision of means, human and material, specifically for this manufacturing step, for example a halogen lamp, an oven or a room for storing and heating the photovoltaic modules. In addition, the manipulation of the modules to store them in the heated room leads to a risk of breakage of the modules. It follows that the solution proposed by the document WO2007 / 107351 for combating the reduction of the conversion efficiency of the cells is not economically viable.
- a heating element configured to heat photovoltaic cells belonging to the module, when the photovoltaic cells are exposed to solar radiation, using the energy coming from the solar radiation;
- a switch capable of switching between a first position, in which the heating element is activated, and a second position, in which the heating element is deactivated;
- a switch control circuit configured to measure a quantity of solar radiation received by at least one reference photovoltaic cell and to switch the switch to the second position when the quantity of solar radiation received reaches a threshold value.
- the performance of the module can be regenerated rapidly, not during its manufacture, but during its use. This avoids providing a full step in the manufacturing process of the module, and thus generate significant additional costs. There is no need to move and store the modules in a heated room specially designed for this purpose. The risk of breakage of the modules is therefore limited.
- the switch and its control circuit make it possible to control the energy charge produced by the module for this purpose of regeneration, this charge being directly proportional to the number of photons absorbed and converted.
- control circuit deactivates the heating element when the amount of solar radiation received by at least one reference cell reaches a threshold value.
- This threshold value corresponds to a maximum amount of radiation allowing regeneration of the reference cell, that is to say an improvement of the yield up to an expected yield.
- the expected yield is preferably the initial yield of the cell at the end of its manufacture.
- the threshold value is determined beforehand by experimentation for each production line of photovoltaic cells, depending on the level of regeneration expected.
- the performance regeneration takes place on the installation site of the modules, for example on the roof or in a photovoltaic solar power station, and autonomously.
- the exposure to solar radiation of a photovoltaic module equipped with the regeneration device makes it possible to create excess minority charge carriers in the cells, in addition to heating the cells.
- the regeneration device can therefore remedy the degradation under illumination photovoltaic conversion efficiency (phenomenon "LID”) in photovoltaic cells containing boron and oxygen.
- phenomenon "LID" phenomenon "LID”
- Natural light from the sun advantageously replaces the halogen lamp used in the method of restoring WO2007 / 107351.
- the regeneration device described above finds other applications than the regeneration of the yield under illumination. It also makes it possible to fight against potential-induced degradation ("Potential Induced Degradation" in English, PID), a phenomenon related to the ionic migration of recombinant elements (for example sodium) through the encapsulation material of the cells. especially from the glass front to the cell surface. This migration is favored in the presence of moisture in the encapsulating material.
- the regeneration device is effective against the PID phenomenon because it reduces the humidity level in the module by heating it, in other words by "drying" it.
- the heating element comprises an electrical resistance.
- the switch is then configured to connect the photovoltaic cells of the module to the electrical resistance in the first position, so that the electrical resistance is supplied by the photovoltaic cells when exposed to solar radiation, and to connect the photovoltaic cells of the module. to an external electrical circuit in the second position.
- the heating element further comprises a thermal insulation box provided with at least one ventilation flap.
- the switch is then configured to close the venting flap in the first position and open the venting flap in the second position.
- the so-called reference photovoltaic cell by which the amount of solar radiation received can be measured, can be one of the cells of the photovoltaic module, or an additional photovoltaic cell forming part of the regeneration device and subjected to the same solar radiation as the cells. of the module. It is also possible to use several photovoltaic cells of the module as reference cells, or even all the photovoltaic cells of the module.
- the device according to the invention may also have one or more of the following characteristics, considered individually or in any technically possible combination:
- control circuit comprises:
- a sensor configured to measure the current supplied by said at least one photovoltaic cell exposed to solar radiation
- a current-frequency converter configured to convert the current supplied by said at least one photovoltaic cell into a pulse train of variable frequency
- a pulse counter receiving as input the pulse train coming from the converter and configured to switch the switch in the second position when the number of pulses counted reaches a number of reference pulses corresponding to the threshold value of the amount of solar radiation;
- the pulse counter of the control circuit is provided with a reset input
- the regeneration device comprises a device for limiting the temperature of the photovoltaic cells.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a photovoltaic module comprising photovoltaic cells and a regeneration device according to the invention.
- the electrical resistance can be coated with the encapsulating material and arranged next to photovoltaic cells, advantageously between the photovoltaic cells and the rear protection plate.
- the electrical resistance can be contained in the rear protection plate or cover the rear face of the module.
- the rear face of the module is opposite to the front face, which is exposed to solar radiation.
- FIG. 1 is an abacus giving the amount of energy required to regenerate the performance of a photovoltaic cell operating at its maximum operating point, depending on the temperature and irradiance of the cell;
- FIG. 2 is an abacus giving the amount of energy required to regenerate the performance of a photovoltaic cell in open circuit, depending on the temperature and irradiance of the cell;
- FIG. 3 diagrammatically represents a first embodiment of a regeneration device according to the invention, coupled to a photovoltaic module;
- FIG. 4 schematically represents a second embodiment of a regeneration device according to the invention, coupled to a photovoltaic module;
- - Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in which is integrated a heating element;
- FIG. 6 represents current-voltage characteristics of a commercial photovoltaic module, for several irradiance values.
- FIG. 7 shows a passive heating element coupled to a photovoltaic module, according to a third embodiment of the regeneration device according to the invention.
- Irradiance also called energy irradiance, refers to the amount of power, or energy flux, received per unit area. It is expressed in W / m 2 .
- FIG. 1 is an example of an abacus representing the energy E necessary for a complete regeneration of the performances of a photovoltaic cell, as a function of the operating temperature and the average irradiance of this cell.
- this abacus can be obtained by experimentation, on the one hand by measuring the electrical power generated by the cell, when it is subjected to given levels of irradiance and temperature, and on the other hand following the evolution of the conversion efficiency of the cell.
- the energy value E for this irradiance / temperature pair is the energy absorbed by the cell until the efficiency returns to its initial value (ie immediately after manufacture).
- 1 is a monocrystalline silicon cell with a homojunction whose surface is equal to 1 cm 2 . It comprises a monocrystalline siliconized silicon substrate (with a resistivity of between 0.5 and 100 ⁇ .cm), a passivation layer (eg SiN) on the front face of the substrate, and a aluminum plate producing a repulsive field on the back of the substrate (BSF, "Back Surface Field”).
- a monocrystalline siliconized silicon substrate with a resistivity of between 0.5 and 100 ⁇ .cm
- a passivation layer eg SiN
- BSF Back Surface Field
- the cell operates at its maximum power, commonly called “MPP” (for "Maximum Power Point”). It is found that the energy E is significant, but decreases as the operating temperature of the cell increases. Performance regeneration is therefore a thermally activated process, i.e. that occurs faster at high temperatures. The influence of irradiance on energy E is low, compared to that of temperature.
- MPP Maximum Power Point
- the energy E decreases much faster by increasing the temperature, compared to the case where the module is at its maximum power (Fig.1). It is therefore preferable, to regenerate the performance of a photovoltaic module, to bias this module to a voltage close to the open circuit voltage, hereinafter noted Uoc.
- the inventors have developed a regeneration device operating with solar energy, for heating the photovoltaic cells of a module to a target temperature and to stop the heating when the amount of radiation received by one or more cells reference photovoltaics reaches a threshold value corresponding to the target temperature.
- This threshold value is preferably a solar energy value received per unit of active surface (ie area of the reference cells) and is therefore expressed in Wh / m 2 .
- an abacus of the energy E (the energy required to obtain a complete regeneration of the performances of a cell) to the operating voltage of the reference cell: for example that of FIG. voltage is equal to the open circuit voltage or another abacus of the same type when the voltage is lower than the open circuit voltage.
- This other abacus can also be derived from that of Figures 1 and 2 (for example by assuming that the variation between the two operating points is linear).
- the threshold value is equal to the energy value E obtained on the chart for a point of ordinate equal to the target temperature and of abscissa equal to the irradiance (solar) average which is subjected to the reference cell, divided by the surface of the cell used to build the abacus (here 1 cm 2 ).
- the cell used to construct the abacus is preferably identical to the reference cell. Average irradiance depends on weather conditions during regeneration of performance.
- the target temperature is preferably greater than 70 ° C.
- FIG. 3 represents a first embodiment of this regeneration device, coupled to a photovoltaic module 100.
- module is meant a set of photovoltaic cells interconnected electrically and encapsulated in order to protect them from the environment, in particular from the oxygen and moisture.
- the photovoltaic module 100 is itself coupled to an external electrical circuit 200, for example that of a photovoltaic installation.
- Other photovoltaic modules can be connected to the electrical circuit 200, thus forming a chain of photovoltaic modules.
- an inverter capable of transforming the direct current of the photovoltaic modules into an alternating current.
- the regeneration device 300 comprises a heating element 310 for heating the photovoltaic cells of the module 100, a switch 320 for activating and deactivating the heating element 310, and a circuit for 330 command of the switch 320.
- the heating element 310 comprises, in this embodiment, a heating electric heating element powered by the photovoltaic cells of the module 100, when the switch 320 electrically connects the module to the resistor.
- the switch 320 can switch, on the order of the control circuit 330, between a first position (see Fig.3; position (1)) in which the module 100 is connected to the heating resistor, and a second position ( see Fig.3; position (2)), in which the module is disconnected from the heating resistor and connected to the electrical circuit 200.
- the heating element 310 is active when the switch 320 is in the first position and inactive when the switch is in the second position.
- the photovoltaic module 100 supplies power to the electrical circuit 200 of the photovoltaic installation, which of course corresponds to a conventional use of the module.
- the control circuit 330 decides from when the heating resistor 310 can be disconnected from the photovoltaic module 100, by switching the switch 320 from the first position to the second position, that is to say when to terminate the process regeneration of module performance.
- control circuit 330 preferably comprises a current sensor 332 making it possible to measure the electric current I produced by the module 100 when it is exposed to solar radiation and that it supplies power to the power supply.
- heating resistor 310 switch 320 in position (1).
- the current sensor 332 is for example formed of a measurement shunt connected in series with the heating resistor 310.
- the circuit 330 further comprises a current-frequency converter 333 connected to the terminals of the current sensor 332 and a pulse counter 334, one of whose inputs is connected to the output of the converter 333.
- the converter 333 captures the voltage V at the terminals of the sensor of current 332 and output a pulse train 335 of variable frequency F.
- This pulse train 335 constitutes a periodic signal whose frequency (or the period, noted 1 / F in Figure 3) depends on the voltage V.
- the pulses are for example of rectangular shape.
- the frequency F of the pulses is representative of the level of irradiance of the module at this time.
- the active surface is the surface of the reference cells used to measure the level of solar irradiance, ie the surface of all the cells of the module in this embodiment.
- the number N of pulses recorded by the counter 334 is equivalent to a value of solar energy per unit area, or amount of solar radiation, received by the photovoltaic module 100.
- the pulse counter 334 is further configured to compare the number of pulses N to a number of reference pulses NREF.
- the number of reference pulses NREF corresponds to the threshold value of solar energy (per unit area) required to regenerate (at least in part) the performance of the module.
- the threshold value of solar energy has previously been described in connection with FIG. 2, in the case of a complete regeneration of the performances (for example, energy E divided by the surface of the cell).
- control circuit it is possible to consider only one cell of the module to measure the amount of solar radiation received, rather than using all of its cells.
- another reference value NREF can be chosen or, if the same reference value is retained, the value of the measurement shunt is adapted.
- the solar radiation threshold value depends in fact on the current generated by the reference cell (s). With a single reference cell, it is adjusted according to the characteristics of this cell, and in particular its photon efficiency (the photon yield allows, from the irradiance, to go back to the generated current).
- the characteristics of the cell that generates the least current to determine the threshold value will be taken into account.
- the currents add up.
- the threshold value can be adapted to the number of cells connected in parallel (or to the number of parallel connected cell chains), for example by multiplying the threshold value determined for a cell by the number of cells connected in parallel. It is therefore the characteristics of all these cells that will be taken into account. More generally, in order to set the threshold value, all the cells which will contribute to the current used to measure the quantity of radiation received will be pre-characterized.
- the pulse counter 334 is preferably equipped with a reset input RST allowing the number of N pulses to be reset. This reset can be controlled manually, for example during the maintenance of the module. , or automatically, for example after a certain period of exposure to solar radiation. Resetting the pulse counter 334 makes it possible to carry out several regeneration processes during the lifetime of the photovoltaic module. This is particularly advantageous for combating LID and PID phenomena, since these phenomena may reappear after healing of the module.
- FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment 400 of the regeneration device, and in particular another configuration of the control circuit of the switch. The control circuit 430 of FIG. 4 differs from the control circuit 330 of FIG.
- the regeneration device 400 is identical to the regeneration device 300 of FIG. 3.
- the heating resistor and the switch have the same references (respectively 310 and 320) as in FIG.
- the reference photovoltaic cell 431 is disposed near the cells of the module 100, so that it is subjected to the same solar radiation, and therefore the same level of irradiance as the module.
- a current sensor 432 similar or identical to the current sensor 332 of FIG. 3, measures the electric current produced by the reference cell 431.
- the current sensor 432 is a measurement shunt connected in series with the reference cell 431. The voltage V across the shunt is then proportional to the current of the cell 431.
- the control circuit 430 of FIG. 4 comprises a current-frequency converter 433 and a pulse counter 434.
- the converter 433 and the pulse counter 434 operate in the same way as the converter 332 and the counter 333 of FIG.
- the reference cell 431 shows the same level of irradiance as the photovoltaic module 100, the received energy per unit area of the cell 431 is equal the energy received per unit area of the module. The reference cell 431 can therefore be validly used to estimate the amount of radiation received by the module.
- This embodiment of the regeneration device is particularly advantageous because it makes it easier to deport the control electronics of the switch 320.
- the circuit for control 430 can be shared between several photovoltaic modules 100, each being equipped with a heating resistor 310 and a switch 320. The switches 320 are then controlled simultaneously by this single control circuit 430.
- the temperature of the photovoltaic cells increases gradually. Starting from the ambient temperature, that is to say the temperature outside the module (for example 25 ° C), it increases until reaching an equilibrium temperature, which depends on the meteorological conditions, in particular the temperature. level of sunshine and wind speed. If this equilibrium temperature is lower than the target temperature at which it is desired to regenerate the performance of the module, it means that the electrical energy supplied by the module to the heating resistor 310 is not sufficient to heat the cells to the temperature. target. This scenario is likely to arise for photovoltaic modules of small surface area (and therefore low power), where the thermal dissipation by edge effects is preponderant (due to a higher ratio perimeter / area). Rather than reconsidering the target temperature value, the heating resistor 310 of the regeneration device equipping this module may be powered by other photovoltaic modules, an external electrical generator or the electrical network to which the photovoltaic installation is connected.
- the regeneration of the performances can take place on each module, one after the other, by using the photovoltaic energy produced by the whole of the module. chain.
- a single switch is then in the first position at each instant of the process of regeneration of the photovoltaic module chain.
- the equilibrium temperature may exceed the target temperature.
- the regeneration device advantageously comprises a device for limiting the temperature. This limitation device is preferably set to the target temperature.
- this component opens the electrical circuit of the heating resistor 310 when it reaches a predefined temperature threshold, for example 120 ° C (temperature from which ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), usual used as encapsulation material, begins to degrade) and closes the circuit again after that the temperature has decreased below the threshold.
- a predefined temperature threshold for example 120 ° C (temperature from which ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), usual used as encapsulation material, begins to degrade) and closes the circuit again after that the temperature has decreased below the threshold.
- EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate
- the heating resistor and the temperature control device may form a single component, for example a self-regulating cable, i.e. a cable whose electrical resistance increases with temperature.
- This type of cable comprises an insulating matrix in which electrically conductive particles are dispersed. At low temperatures, the particles are sufficiently close to each other to form conducting paths, which produce heat by the Joule effect. As the temperature of the cable increases, the particles disperse, thus reducing the number of conductive paths. In other words, the cable self-regulates in temperature.
- a self-regulating polymer sheet operates on the same principle as a self-regulating cable and can therefore be used to simultaneously form the heating resistor and the regulating device.
- the heating resistor 310 of the regeneration device of FIGS. 3 and 4 may consist of a metal foil (for example of aluminum), a fabric comprising textile and metal fibers (for example the fabrics marketed under the trademark "Devifoil” by the company “Danfoss Electric Heating Systems") or a heating blanket (for example that marketed by the company "INSULFLEX"). It is then pressed against the rear face of the module.
- the heating resistor 310 may also be formed of a conductive polymeric coating (for example polyethylene dioxythiofen, PEDT) deposited on the rear face of the module, for example by immersing the module in an aqueous dispersion. It covers, preferably, the entire back of the module.
- PEDT polyethylene dioxythiofen
- FIG. 5 schematically represents a photovoltaic module 500 comprising a batch of interconnected photovoltaic cells 510 and a heating element 310, each being encapsulated with encapsulation material 520.
- the encapsulation material 520 is transparent to solar radiation and aims at protecting the cells 510 photovoltaic oxygen and moisture.
- the photovoltaic cells 510 (surrounded by the encapsulating material 520) are arranged facing the heating element 310 between a front plate 530 made of a transparent material, for example glass, and a back plate 540 (or "backsheet" in English). ).
- the front plate 530 subjected to solar radiation, protects the photovoltaic cells from bad weather (rain, hail ...), while the back plate plays the role of mechanical support.
- the backplate 540 contributes to the protection of the cells against oxygen and moisture, as well as the encapsulation material 520 and the front plate 530. It can be made of glass or formed of a laminate of several layers, in particular polymers, for example of TPT type (PVF / PET / PVF, PVDF / PET / PVDF) or TPE (PVF / PET / EVA).
- TPT type PVDF / PET / PVF
- PVDF / PET / PVDF PVDF / PET / PVDF
- TPE PVF / PET / EVA
- the heating element 310 can be placed between the photovoltaic cells 510 and the rear plate 540.
- the heating element 310 is arranged parallel to the photovoltaic cells 510 and its dimensions are substantially identical to those of the set of photovoltaic cells 510, so that the heating effect on the cells is homogeneous.
- the heating element 310 is preferably formed of an electrically resistive ribbon comprising a multitude of metal wires, intermingled, woven or otherwise arranged parallel to each other.
- the photovoltaic module 500 advantageously comprises an insulation sheet electrical 550, for example polyethylene terephthalate (PET), disposed between the photovoltaic cells 510 and the heating element 310.
- This sheet 550 reinforces the electrical insulation produced by the encapsulation material 520, for example ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), between the photovoltaic cells 510 and the heating element 310. It is particularly useful when the thickness of the encapsulation material 520 between the cells 510 and the heating element 310 (thickness D2 on Figure 5) is weak.
- the heating element can be inserted within the back plate 540 of the module 500, when it consists of a laminate of several layers.
- the heating element may be in the form of a ribbon of electrical wires, as previously described, or consist of a metal foil, for example aluminum (Al).
- Al aluminum
- V e is the volume of the encapsulation material 520, p e its density and C p its specific heat capacity.
- L is the length of the module, / is its width
- D1, D2 and D3 are the thicknesses of the encapsulating material 520, respectively between the backplate 540 and the electrical insulation sheet 550, between the sheet of electrical insulation 550 and the photovoltaic cells 510, and between the photovoltaic cells 510 and the front plate 530.
- the heating element 310 must release a thermal energy Q equal to:
- the rise in temperature will be more or less quickly.
- the power supplied by the module is the same as that dissipated by the heating resistor, because the heating resistor 310 is connected in parallel with the module 100 (see Figs.3-4 - the possible measurement shunt 332 connected in series with heating resistor 310 being of negligible value).
- the power of the module is 120 W, more than half an hour will be needed to go from an ambient temperature of 25 ° C to the target temperature of 75 ° C.
- the energy supplied by the module is counted (via the pulse counter) as energy useful for the regeneration process, after expiration of this heating time.
- the electrical power developed by a photovoltaic module depends on its intrinsic characteristics and the level of irradiance, but also on the way it is polarized.
- the module it is preferable for the module to be biased to a voltage as close as possible to the open circuit voltage Uoc, so that the energy required for the regeneration is contained.
- the polarization of the photovoltaic module 100 is effected by means of the heating resistor 310 in the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4.
- FIG. 6 represents, by way of example, current-voltage characteristics (IV) of a commercial photovoltaic module (module marketed by the company “Canadian Solar” under the reference “Quartech CS6P-255P”), for different values of Irradiance:
- the polarization of the module by the heating resistor therefore results from a compromise between the voltage (the highest possible to minimize the energy required for regeneration) and the current (strong enough to reduce the heating time and / or maintain the temperature ).
- the point of intersection between the line of the heating resistor 310 (R1 or R2) and the selected characteristic IV (here C1) of the module corresponds to the following equations:
- a resistance of about 12 ⁇ at 25 ° C (R2 right) responds to the different equations and is therefore the best compromise between voltage and current (given the targeted heating gradient).
- ribbon refers to a continuous, monoblock conductive strip (whose cross section is rectangular) or a sheet composed of several wires (whose section is a disc) that can be isolated from each other.
- Two examples of 12 ⁇ electrical heating resistance formed of a ribbon are given below.
- the wires each have a length of 150 cm (ie a total length of wire 150 m), a disc section of approximately 0.0019 cm 2 and are spaced from each other by a distance equal to 0.9 cm.
- the wires are distributed over the entire surface of the module - which measures 164.5 cm long by 98.6 cm wide (measures taken at the glass backplate) - and oriented lengthwise.
- R 7SOC R 2 SO * (i + ⁇ )
- U75 ° C, 175 ° C and R75 ° C are respectively the values of voltage, current and resistance at 75 ° C
- U25 ° C and R25 ° C are respectively the values of voltage and resistance at 25 ° C
- ⁇ is the temperature gradient (here, 50 ° C).
- the wires each have a length of 90 cm (one total length of wire 27 m), a section of approximately 0.0061 cm 2 and spaced from each other by a distance of 5 cm
- the wires are distributed over the entire surface of the module and oriented in the direction
- the regeneration device has heretofore been described in connection with an active heating element, ie which needs to be supplied with energy (in this case photovoltaic) to produce heat, and more particularly a resistive type heating element.
- energy in this case photovoltaic
- resistive type heating element for example infrared radiative heating which also requires being powered by a source of electrical energy.
- the rear face of the module a reservoir comprising chemicals which, by reacting between them, give off heat.
- the "Crosse &Blackwell" food warming system is based on the reaction of magnesium and salt water.
- FIG. 7 represents a third embodiment 700 of a device for regenerating the performance of a module 100, in which the heating element 710 is of the confinement type. The electrical resistance is replaced by a thermal insulation box pressed against the back of the module.
- This heating element can be qualified as passive in the sense that it prevents the heat generated by the photovoltaic module from escaping from the module by natural convection (without ventilation) or forced (with ventilation) on the rear face of the module.
- an "active” heating element such as electrical resistance generates additional heat, but does not act on the heat dissipation of the module.
- the increase in temperature is therefore solely due to the fact that at least a portion of the energy of the photons absorbed by the semiconductor material is converted into thermal energy (referred to as "thermalization of photons The other part being converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic effect.
- thermal energy referred to as "thermalization of photons The other part being converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic effect.
- the isolation box 710 comprises at least one ventilation flap 71 1, and advantageously several ventilation flaps 71 1 to create a stream of air at the back of the module.
- the shutters 71 1 are for example 3 in number in Figure 7. In the closed position, the flaps 71 1 occupy openings in the wall of the box 710.
- Each flap 71 1 is controlled opening or closing by an actuator 720 for example a rotating electromagnet.
- the flaps 71 1 are closed, the air can no longer circulate on the back of the module 100 and the temperature of the module increases until it reaches or exceeds the target temperature. Because performance regeneration is thermally activated, it occurs much faster at high temperatures.
- the flaps 71 1 are open, the module 100 is ventilated. Its temperature reaches a much lower equilibrium threshold than that reached when the shutters 71 1 are closed. In these conditions, the photovoltaic module can be used effectively for power generation (the electrical power of the module tends to decrease with temperature).
- the actuators 720 are equivalent to the switches 320 of Figures 3 and 4, because in a first position (called “closed”), the heating element 710 is activated (it heats the photovoltaic cells), and in a second position (“open” ), the heating element 710 is deactivated (the rear face of the module is ventilated).
- the actuators 720 can be controlled by one of the control circuits 330 and 430 described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. In other words, the flaps 71 1 open as soon as the module 100 (FIG. or the additional photovoltaic cell 331 (FIG. 4) has received sufficient solar energy.
- the heating element can be combined with that of FIGS. 3 and 4 to reach the target temperature more quickly or to reach a higher target temperature.
- the heating element then comprises an electrical resistance, preferably integrated in the module (for example in the encapsulant or in the back plate), and a thermal insulation box.
- the regeneration device then comprises two switches, one for the opening / closing of the electrical circuit connecting the resistance to the module, the other for the opening / closing of the thermal insulation box.
- the photovoltaic cells of the module do not need to be polarized at a voltage strictly lower than the open circuit voltage. Indeed, since here the current generated by the cells is not used for their heating, we can polarize the cells at their open circuit voltage, thus minimizing the solar energy necessary for their regeneration. We will then rely on the chart in Figure 2 to determine the threshold value of solar radiation.
- the device of FIGS. 3, 4 and 7 is particularly applicable to all types of modules and to all types of cells.
- photovoltaic based on silicon (monocrystalline, multicrystalline, amorphous), based on copper, indium, gallium and selenium (CIGS), organic cells ...
- the regeneration device can respond to other issues that the Under-illumination degradation (LID), which affects only silicon-based cells containing boron and oxygen.
- LID Under-illumination degradation
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1552801A FR3034591B1 (fr) | 2015-04-01 | 2015-04-01 | Dispositif et procede de regeneration des performances d’un module photovoltaique |
PCT/EP2016/057265 WO2016156592A1 (fr) | 2015-04-01 | 2016-04-01 | Dispositif et procédé de régénération des performances d'un module photovoltaïque |
Publications (1)
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EP3278371A1 true EP3278371A1 (fr) | 2018-02-07 |
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EP16713467.5A Withdrawn EP3278371A1 (fr) | 2015-04-01 | 2016-04-01 | Dispositif et procédé de régénération des performances d'un module photovoltaïque |
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EP (1) | EP3278371A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3034591B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2016156592A1 (fr) |
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CN111146308B (zh) * | 2019-12-16 | 2022-09-30 | 浙江爱旭太阳能科技有限公司 | 一种用于降低perc双面电池效率衰减的光源再生炉及方法 |
FR3134654B1 (fr) * | 2022-04-15 | 2024-03-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Système de traitement d'un module photovoltaïque pour augmenter son rendement |
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US9634165B2 (en) * | 2009-11-02 | 2017-04-25 | International Business Machines Corporation | Regeneration method for restoring photovoltaic cell efficiency |
EP2482626B1 (fr) * | 2011-01-31 | 2014-06-11 | ABB Oy | Procédé et arrangement en relation avec un système d'énergie solaire |
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2015
- 2015-04-01 FR FR1552801A patent/FR3034591B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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FR3034591A1 (fr) | 2016-10-07 |
WO2016156592A1 (fr) | 2016-10-06 |
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