EP3275067B1 - Method for connecting an energy generation installation to a medium voltage network and energy generation installation - Google Patents

Method for connecting an energy generation installation to a medium voltage network and energy generation installation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3275067B1
EP3275067B1 EP16706872.5A EP16706872A EP3275067B1 EP 3275067 B1 EP3275067 B1 EP 3275067B1 EP 16706872 A EP16706872 A EP 16706872A EP 3275067 B1 EP3275067 B1 EP 3275067B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
voltage
medium
voltage values
values
transformer
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EP16706872.5A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3275067A1 (en
Inventor
Andreas Falk
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/54—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by dynamic converters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/40—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
    • H02J3/42—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator with automatic parallel connection when synchronisation is achieved
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for connecting a power generation plant to a medium-voltage network, in which at least two voltage values from different voltage detections are used, and a corresponding power generation plant, which includes at least two different voltage detections for network and system protection. These voltage detections detect AC voltages.
  • the power generation plant may be a plant that feeds from renewable sources, more preferably, it may be a photovoltaic system. The trend is currently towards ever larger photovoltaic systems, which then usually feed directly into a medium-voltage grid. Between the photovoltaic system and the medium-voltage network then usually a medium-voltage transformer is connected, since the photovoltaic system itself is operated at low voltage level.
  • the switch on the medium-voltage side can remain closed and the switch on the medium-voltage network then serves to connect the photovoltaic system Low voltage side.
  • This switch on the low voltage side can be controlled by the control of the photovoltaic system, as a rule, these are expensive motor-operated switches, because flow over them large currents.
  • voltage detection is provided in this case on both sides of the switch, since even with the switch open, for example, the voltage level of the mains voltage must be determined in order to determine whether a connection to the grid is possible.
  • Connection standards also specify the accuracy with which a check of, for example, the mains voltage must take place. For safety reasons, usually a further voltage detection is provided on the medium-voltage side, often a voltage detection with a capacitive voltage divider. Such a voltage detection with a capacitive voltage divider is normally subject to less stringent accuracy requirements, but should at least indicate for safety reasons, for example, whether 50% of the mains voltage is applied.
  • From the DE 10 2013 202 868 A1 is voltage measuring arrangement with a reference voltage measuring device which is designed for a higher measurement accuracy than a capacitive voltage measuring device previously known.
  • the measuring point of the reference voltage measuring device is in any other field or on the busbar in each case but in galvanic connection with the measuring point at which the capacitive voltage measurement is made.
  • DD 2 05 257 A1 describes a high-voltage measuring device with a capacitive voltage divider, wherein the voltage values are then amplified by means of an amplifier circuit for an analog data transmission.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for connecting a power plant with a medium-voltage network, which overcomes the disadvantages mentioned. Furthermore, a power generation plant is to be specified that manages with a few low-cost switches and voltage sensing and still meets all requirements with regard to the network and system protection.
  • a method for connecting a power generation plant to a medium voltage network comprising the following steps:
  • a calibration factor is determined by a controller of the power generation plant that tunes first voltage values to second voltage values during an idle state of a medium voltage transformer.
  • the first voltage values are detected at a capacitive voltage divider arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer.
  • the second voltage values are detected at a voltage detection located on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer.
  • the control of the power plant includes a circuit breaker for connecting a power plant to a medium voltage network when voltage readings at the capacitive voltage divider exceed a first threshold after application of the calibration factor.
  • the circuit breaker is arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer.
  • Voltage sensing located on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer, is usually a three phase measurement that determines the voltages with a tolerance of less than 1% deviation. This measurement is necessary to provide for the control of the power generation plant voltage values that allow the assessment of the grid connection conditions before connecting a power plant with a medium voltage network (network and system protection), in particular, the voltage to be applied must be within a predetermined value range.
  • the first voltage values detected at the capacitive voltage divider located on the medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer; are subject to higher measurement tolerances. In the case of a three-phase network, this is generally also a three-phase measurement, ie there is a capacitive voltage divider for each phase of the network.
  • the first voltage values are calibrated by means of the second voltage values, whereby the first voltage values are present with a higher accuracy and can be used as reference values for connecting a power generation plant to a medium voltage network.
  • the control of the power generation plant may compare the calibrated first voltage values with the second voltage values prior to connecting the power plant to the medium voltage grid. From a minimum voltage in the medium-voltage network, the controller can realize a connection of the power generation plant to the medium-voltage network by means of a preferably motor-driven disconnector.
  • the calibration of the first voltage values by means of the second voltage values takes place during an idling state of the medium-voltage transformer. In the idle state of the medium-voltage transformer, no energy flow between the power generation plant and the network takes place. In this case, the voltage drop across the stray inductances of the transformer is virtually zero and the voltages on both sides of the transformer match in phase and amplitude (adjusted according to the gear ratio).
  • this controller can also determine the idle state of the medium-voltage transformer and thus set the timing of the calibration of the first voltage values.
  • the first voltage values are amplified by means of an amplifier, in order to enable interference-free transmission of the first voltage values.
  • the amplified first voltage values are transmitted to the control of the power generation plant by means of an analog data transmission.
  • a photovoltaic system comprises a photovoltaic inverter which is connected on the input side to a photovoltaic generator, wherein the photovoltaic inverter is connected with its output switchless to a low-voltage side of a medium-voltage transformer.
  • the photovoltaic system further comprises a capacitive voltage divider arranged on a medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer for detecting first voltage values, a voltage detector disposed on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer for detecting second voltage values and a circuit breaker disposed on the medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer suitable therefor to connect the output of the PV inverter to a medium voltage network.
  • the photovoltaic system comprises a calibration unit for tuning the first voltage values to the second voltage values during an idling state of the medium-voltage transformer and a controller for activating the circuit breaker if voltage values determined on the capacitive voltage divider and matched by means of the calibration unit exceed a first threshold value.
  • the photovoltaic system according to the invention comprises an amplifier for amplifying the first voltage values.
  • the medium voltage switching station in which the circuit breaker and the capacitive voltage divider can be arranged, and the control of the photovoltaic system are usually large geographical distances, so that a gain for noise-insensitive transmission of the first voltage values may be necessary.
  • the photovoltaic system according to the invention comprises an analog data transmission for transmitting the amplified first voltage values to the controller of the photovoltaic system.
  • control of the photovoltaic system according to the invention also includes the calibration unit.
  • control and calibration unit can be integrated in the photovoltaic inverter.
  • FIG. 1 shows as an exemplary embodiment a photovoltaic generator 1 connected to a DC input of a photovoltaic inverter 2.
  • the photovoltaic generator 1 may consist of a plurality of serially and in parallel interconnected individual modules, also in addition to or instead of the photovoltaic Generator 1 another source of DC voltage, a battery or the like may be connected to the DC input of a photovoltaic inverter 2.
  • the photovoltaic inverter 2 converts the DC power of the photovoltaic generator 1 into AC power at its AC output, which can be fed to a medium-voltage network 4. As a rule, this is a three-phase network.
  • the AC output of the photovoltaic inverter 2 is connected to the low-voltage side of a medium-voltage transformer 5 without the interposition of other switching devices.
  • a circuit breaker 13 is disposed between the medium-voltage transformer 5 and the medium-voltage network 4. This can be a circuit breaker that can also cut short-circuit currents, or a switch-disconnector that can carry only normal load currents. Due to the absence of a low-voltage side circuit breaker, the entire power generation system can only be separated from the network by the circuit breaker 13.
  • the circuit breaker may also have two series-connected and independently operated part switches.
  • the photovoltaic system 3 has a low voltage side arranged voltage detection 6, which can measure the voltage conditions at the AC output of the photovoltaic inverter 2 with high accuracy.
  • the measured values of the voltage detection 6 are transmitted digitally or analogously to the controller 10, which controls the photovoltaic inverter 2.
  • a medium-voltage side often existing capacitive voltage divider 8 is usually used to inform the maintenance personnel and is usually available for all network phases and often has only the purpose to indicate to the operator of the medium-voltage switchgear, if voltage is present at the system, it consists of only one optical display with a small LCD display. This type of voltage measurement on a capacitive voltage divider 8 is inexpensive, but with a large fault tolerance.
  • first voltage values are determined according to the invention with a voltage detection 7 on the capacitive voltage divider 8 and detected with the aid of second voltage values recorded at the voltage detection 6 be calibrated.
  • the values detected by the voltage detection 7 are transmitted to the controller 10, for example as an analog voltage value.
  • the controller 10 regulates the closed circuit breaker 13, the operation of the photovoltaic inverter 2 so that the amplitude and phase of the voltage generated by the photovoltaic inverter 2 exactly match the amplitude and phase of the medium voltage network 4 and thus no power flows into the medium voltage network 4.
  • the current fed into the network can be regulated to zero.
  • This is also referred to as idling operation of photovoltaic inverter 2 and medium-voltage transformer 5. Since no current flows, no voltage drop takes place on the windings of the medium-voltage transformer 5, and the same voltage is applied to both sides of the medium-voltage transformer 5 (taking into account the transformation ratio of the medium-voltage transformer). Therefore, in this configuration, a calibration of the two voltage measurements can be made.
  • One from the capacitive voltage divider 8 recorded value of 20 V then corresponds to a voltage amplitude in the medium-voltage network of 20,000 V.
  • the calibration can also be performed by a separate calibration unit 11, which can also be designed as part of the controller 10.
  • Amplifier 9 may be an operational amplifier that amplifies the voltage signal on the capacitor without burdening it.
  • the operational amplifier can be designed as an impedance converter.
  • the operational amplifier circuit must be supplied with an independent supply voltage, for example 24 V from the photovoltaic inverter 2.
  • the circuit breaker 13 is closed when it can be seen that the medium-voltage network 4 is not disturbed, this can for example be done manually by the operator.
  • the photovoltaic inverter 2 sets at its AC output a voltage that corresponds to the rated operating voltage of the medium-voltage network 4 after being translated by the medium-voltage transformer 5.
  • the voltage and frequency values measured by the voltage detection 6 can be compared with the allowable ranges specified in the grid connection conditions. If the values do not meet the normative specifications, the circuit breaker 13 is opened again. After connection, calibration is performed as described above.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz, bei der auf mindestens zwei Spannungswerte aus unterschiedlichen Spannungserfassungen zurückgegriffen wird, sowie eine entsprechende Energieerzeugungsanlage, die zum Netz- und Anlagenschutz mindestens zwei unterschiedliche Spannungserfassungen umfasst. Diese Spannungserfassungen erfassen Wechselspannungen. Bevorzugt kann die Energieerzeugungsanlage eine Anlage sein, die sich aus regenerativen Quellen speist, besonders bevorzugt kann es sich um eine Photovoltaikanlage handeln. Der Trend geht gegenwärtig zu immer größeren Photovoltaikanlagen, die dann in der Regel direkt in ein Mittelspannungsnetz einspeisen. Zwischen die Photovoltaikanlage und das Mittelspannungsnetz ist dann meist ein Mittelspannungstransformator geschaltet, da die Photovoltaikanlage selbst auf Niederspannungsniveau betrieben wird.The invention relates to a method for connecting a power generation plant to a medium-voltage network, in which at least two voltage values from different voltage detections are used, and a corresponding power generation plant, which includes at least two different voltage detections for network and system protection. These voltage detections detect AC voltages. Preferably, the power generation plant may be a plant that feeds from renewable sources, more preferably, it may be a photovoltaic system. The trend is currently towards ever larger photovoltaic systems, which then usually feed directly into a medium-voltage grid. Between the photovoltaic system and the medium-voltage network then usually a medium-voltage transformer is connected, since the photovoltaic system itself is operated at low voltage level.

Im Stand der Technik bekannt sind Verfahren bei denen mehrere in Reihe geschaltete Schalter geschlossen werden müssen, um eine Photovoltaikanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz zu verbinden. Dies ist ergibt sich beispielsweise aus unterschiedlichen Vorschriften oder Zuständigkeiten bezüglich der Schalter auf der Niederspannungsseite im Vergleich zu denen auf der Mittelspannungsseite. Die Schalter auf der Mittelspannungsseite können in der Regel seitens einer Steuerung der Photovoltaikanlage nicht betätigt werden, oft handelt es sich um rein manuell schaltbare Schaltanlagen. Diese bleiben im Normalbetrieb geschlossen und werden nur bei Fehlern und für Wartungsarbeiten geöffnet. In vielen Fällen ist das Wartungspersonal nicht zum Schalten der Mittelspannungsschaltanlage berechtigt.Known in the art are methods in which a plurality of switches connected in series must be closed in order to connect a photovoltaic system with a medium-voltage network. This is, for example, due to different regulations or responsibilities regarding the switches on the low voltage side compared to those on the medium voltage side. The switches on the medium voltage side can usually not be operated by a control of the photovoltaic system, it is often purely manually switchable switchgear. These remain closed during normal operation and are only opened in case of errors and maintenance. In many cases, the maintenance personnel are not authorized to switch the medium-voltage switchgear.

Sind auf der Mittelspannungsseite und auf der auf der Niederspannungsseite jeweils mindestens ein Schalter vorhanden, so kann der Schalter auf der Mittelspannungsseite geschlossen bleiben, und zur Verbindung der Photovoltaikanlage mit dem Mittelspannungsnetz dient dann der Schalter auf der Niederspannungsseite. Dieser Schalter auf der Niederspannungsseite kann von der Steuerung der Photovoltaikanlage angesteuert werden, in der Regel sind dies teure motorisch betriebene Schalter, da über diese große Ströme fließen. Meist sind in diesem Fall auf beiden Seiten des Schalters Spannungserfassung vorgesehen, da auch bei geöffnetem Schalter beispielsweise die Spannungshöhe der Netzspannung ermittelt werden muss, um festzustellen, ob eine Zuschaltung zum Netz möglich ist.If at least one switch is present on the medium-voltage side and on the low-voltage side, then the switch on the medium-voltage side can remain closed and the switch on the medium-voltage network then serves to connect the photovoltaic system Low voltage side. This switch on the low voltage side can be controlled by the control of the photovoltaic system, as a rule, these are expensive motor-operated switches, because flow over them large currents. In most cases, voltage detection is provided in this case on both sides of the switch, since even with the switch open, for example, the voltage level of the mains voltage must be determined in order to determine whether a connection to the grid is possible.

Speziell darf nur bei Vorliegen der normativ vorgegebenen Netzanschluss- und Synchronisationsbedingungen (Amplituden- und Phasengleichheit von Netz und einzuspeisender Spannung) zugeschaltet werden.Special may only be switched on if the normative grid connection and synchronization conditions (amplitude and phase equality of the grid and the voltage to be fed in) are met.

Anschlussnormen geben auch vor, mit welcher Genauigkeit eine Überprüfung beispielsweise der Netzspannung erfolgen muss. Auf der Mittelspannungsseite ist aus Sicherheitsgründen meist eine weitere Spannungserfassung vorgesehen, oft handelt es hier um eine Spannungserfassung mit einem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler. Eine solche Spannungserfassung mit einem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler unterliegt normalerweise weniger hohen Genauigkeitsanforderungen, sollte aber aus Sicherheitsgründen zumindest anzeigen, ob beispielsweise 50% der Netzspannung anliegt.Connection standards also specify the accuracy with which a check of, for example, the mains voltage must take place. For safety reasons, usually a further voltage detection is provided on the medium-voltage side, often a voltage detection with a capacitive voltage divider. Such a voltage detection with a capacitive voltage divider is normally subject to less stringent accuracy requirements, but should at least indicate for safety reasons, for example, whether 50% of the mains voltage is applied.

Nachteilig an diesem Aufbau ist die Vielzahl an Spannungserfassungen, die Stromwärmeverluste im Niederspannungsschalter, sowie die Kosten des Schalters auf der Niederspannungsseite.A disadvantage of this structure, the variety of voltage sensing, the current heat losses in the low-voltage switch, and the cost of the switch on the low-voltage side.

Aus der DE 10 2013 202 868 A1 ist Spannungsmessanordnung mit einer Referenz-Spannungsmessvorrichtung die auf eine höhere Messgenauigkeit ausgelegt ist als eine kapazitive Spannungsmessvorrichtung vorbekannt. Die Messstelle der Referenz-Spannungsmessvorrichtung befindet sich in einem anderen Feld oder an der Sammelschiene in jedem Fall aber in galvanischer Verbindung mit der Messstelle an dem die kapazitive Spannungsmessung vorgenommen wird.From the DE 10 2013 202 868 A1 is voltage measuring arrangement with a reference voltage measuring device which is designed for a higher measurement accuracy than a capacitive voltage measuring device previously known. The measuring point of the reference voltage measuring device is in any other field or on the busbar in each case but in galvanic connection with the measuring point at which the capacitive voltage measurement is made.

DE 10 2012 105 721 A1 derselben Anmelderin offenbart ein Verfahren zum Steuern einer Mehrzahl von eingangsseitig an jeweils eine Stromquelle und ausgangsseitig an einen gemeinsamen Netzübergabepunkt angeschlossenen Wechselrichtern, bei dem elektrische Größen an dem Netzübergabepunkt gemessen und zeitgleich mit den an den einzelnen Wechselrichtern gemessenen elektrischen Größen in Beziehung gesetzt werden. DE 10 2012 105 721 A1 The same applicant discloses a method for controlling a plurality of on the input side to a respective current source and the output side to a common grid transfer point connected inverters, measured in the electrical parameters at the grid transfer point and at the same time the electrical quantities measured at the individual inverters are related.

DD 2 05 257 A1 beschreibt eine Hochspannungsmesseinrichtung mit einem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler, wobei die Spannungswerte anschließend mittels einer Verstärkerschaltung für eine analoge Datenübertragung verstärkt werden. DD 2 05 257 A1 describes a high-voltage measuring device with a capacitive voltage divider, wherein the voltage values are then amplified by means of an amplifier circuit for an analog data transmission.

Um den teuren motorisch betriebenen Schalter auf der Niederspannungsseite einzusparen, ist es bekannt, einen motorisch betriebenen Mittelspannungsleistungsschalter vorzusehen und diesen zur Verbindung der Photovoltaikanlage mit dem Mittelspannungsnetz zu nutzen. Da auf der Mittelspannungsseite wegen des höheren Spannungsniveaus bei gleicher Leistung geringere Ströme benötigt werden, bietet der motorisch betriebene Mittelspannungsleistungsschalter Kostenvorteile. In diesem Fall muss die Spannungserfassung auf der Mittelspannungsseite höheren Genauigkeitsanforderungen genügen. Vor Zuschaltung der Photovoltaikanlage, also bei geöffnetem Mittelspannungsleistungsschalter, müssen die Netzanschlussnormen mit ausreichender Genauigkeit überprüfbar sein. Zu diesem Zweck werden Spannungserfassungen eingesetzt, die einen Trenntransformator enthalten. Sie setzen die Mittelspannung so weit herab, dass sie mittels gängiger Methoden mit hoher Genauigkeit gemessen werden kann. Solche Spannungserfassungen mit Trenntransformatoren sind aber wegen der hohen Isolierspannung groß und teuer.In order to save the expensive motor-operated switch on the low-voltage side, it is known to provide a motor-operated medium-voltage circuit breaker and to use this for connecting the photovoltaic system with the medium-voltage network. Since lower currents are required on the medium-voltage side because of the higher voltage level with the same power, the motor-operated medium-voltage circuit breaker offers cost advantages. In this case, voltage detection on the medium-voltage side must meet higher accuracy requirements. Before switching on the photovoltaic system, ie with the medium-voltage circuit breaker open, the grid connection standards must be verifiable with sufficient accuracy. For this purpose, voltage detectors are used which contain an isolating transformer. They lower the mean voltage so that it can be measured with high accuracy using standard methods. Such voltage detectors with isolation transformers are large and expensive because of the high isolation voltage.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz aufzuzeigen, das die erwähnten Nachteile überwindet. Des Weiteren soll eine Energieerzeugungsanlage angegeben werden, die mit wenigen kostengünstigen Schaltern und Spannungserfassungen auskommt und trotzdem allen Vorgaben hinsichtlich des Netz- und Anlagenschutzes gerecht wird.The invention has for its object to provide a method for connecting a power plant with a medium-voltage network, which overcomes the disadvantages mentioned. Furthermore, a power generation plant is to be specified that manages with a few low-cost switches and voltage sensing and still meets all requirements with regard to the network and system protection.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, sowie einer Photovoltaikanlage nach Anspruch 4. Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens und der erfindungsgemäßen Photovoltaikanlage sind in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen definiert.This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1, and a photovoltaic system according to claim 4. Preferred embodiments of the method and the photovoltaic system according to the invention are defined in the dependent claims.

Ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren zum Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz umfassend folgende Schritte: Es wird ein Kalibrierfaktor durch eine Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage bestimmt, der während eines Leerlaufzustandes eines Mittelspannungstransformators erste Spannungswerte auf zweite Spannungswerte abstimmt. Dabei werden die ersten Spannungswerte an einem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler, angeordnet auf der Mittelspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, erfasst. Die zweiten Spannungswerte werden an einer Spannungserfassung, angeordnet auf der Niederspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, erfasst. Die die Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage schließt einen Trennschalter zum Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz, wenn an dem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler ermittelte Spannungswerte nach Anwendung des Kalibrierfaktors einen ersten Schwellwert überschreiten. Dabei ist der Trennschalter auf der Mittelspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators angeordnet.A method according to the invention for connecting a power generation plant to a medium voltage network, comprising the following steps: A calibration factor is determined by a controller of the power generation plant that tunes first voltage values to second voltage values during an idle state of a medium voltage transformer. In this case, the first voltage values are detected at a capacitive voltage divider arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer. The second voltage values are detected at a voltage detection located on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer. The control of the power plant includes a circuit breaker for connecting a power plant to a medium voltage network when voltage readings at the capacitive voltage divider exceed a first threshold after application of the calibration factor. In this case, the circuit breaker is arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer.

Die Spannungserfassung, angeordnet auf der Niederspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, ist üblicherweise eine dreiphasige Messung, die die Spannungen mit einer Toleranz von weniger als 1% Abweichung bestimmt. Diese Messung ist notwendig, um für die Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage Spannungswerte zur Verfügung zu stellen, die vor dem Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz die Beurteilung der Netzanschlussbedingungen zulassen (Netz-und Anlagenschutz), insbesondere muss die einzuspeisende Spannung innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Wertebereiches liegen.Voltage sensing, located on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer, is usually a three phase measurement that determines the voltages with a tolerance of less than 1% deviation. This measurement is necessary to provide for the control of the power generation plant voltage values that allow the assessment of the grid connection conditions before connecting a power plant with a medium voltage network (network and system protection), in particular, the voltage to be applied must be within a predetermined value range.

Anschließend kann es erforderlich sein, die von der Energieerzeugungsanlage bereitgestellte Wechselspannung auf die entsprechenden Werte des Mittelspannungsnetzes zu synchronisieren. Bei einer solchen synchronen Zuschaltung fließen keine bzw. nur sehr kleine Ausgleichströme, so dass die Betriebsmittel und das Netz nur wenig oder gar nicht belastet werden. Die Messwerte dieser Spannungserfassung, angeordnet auf der Niederspannungsseite, müssen mit hoher Genauigkeit vorliegen, damit die Einspeisung von netzkonformer Energie in das Mittelspannungsnetz gewährleistet werden kann.Subsequently, it may be necessary to synchronize the AC voltage provided by the power generation plant to the corresponding values of the medium-voltage network. In such a synchronous connection no or only very small balancing currents flow, so that the resources and the network are loaded only slightly or not at all. The measured values of this voltage detection, arranged on the low-voltage side, must be present with high accuracy so that the supply of grid-conforming energy to the medium-voltage network can be ensured.

Die ersten Spannungswerte, die an dem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler, angeordnet auf der Mittelspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, erfasst werden, sind mit höheren Messtoleranzen behaftet. In Fall eines dreiphasigen Netzes handelt es sich auch hier in der Regel um eine dreiphasige Messung, das heißt es ist für jede Phase des Netzes ein kapazitiver Spannungsteiler vorhanden.The first voltage values detected at the capacitive voltage divider located on the medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer; are subject to higher measurement tolerances. In the case of a three-phase network, this is generally also a three-phase measurement, ie there is a capacitive voltage divider for each phase of the network.

Erfindungsgemäß werden die ersten Spannungswerte mittels der zweiten Spannungswerte kalibriert, wodurch die ersten Spannungswerte mit einer höheren Genauigkeit vorliegen und als Referenzwerte zum Verbinden einer Energieerzeugungsanlage mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz verwendbar werden. Die Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage kann die kalibrierten ersten Spannungswerte mit den zweiten Spannungswerten vor der Zuschaltung der Energieerzeugungsanlage zum Mittelspannungsnetz vergleichen. Ab einer Mindestspannung im Mittelspannungsnetz kann die Steuerung eine Zuschaltung der Energieerzeugungsanlage zum Mittelspannungsnetz mittels eines bevorzugt motorisch angetriebenen Trennschalters realisieren. Die Kalibrierung der ersten Spannungswerte mittels der zweiten Spannungswerte erfolgt während eines Leerlaufzustandes des Mittelspannungstransformators. Im Leerlaufzustand des Mittelspannungstransformators findet kein Energiefluss zwischen der Energieerzeugungsanlage und dem Netz statt. In diesem Fall ist der Spannungsabfall über den Streuinduktivitäten des Transformators praktisch Null und die Spannungen auf beiden Seiten des Transformators stimmen in Phase und Amplitude (entsprechend des Übersetzungsverhältnisses angepasst) überein.According to the invention, the first voltage values are calibrated by means of the second voltage values, whereby the first voltage values are present with a higher accuracy and can be used as reference values for connecting a power generation plant to a medium voltage network. The control of the power generation plant may compare the calibrated first voltage values with the second voltage values prior to connecting the power plant to the medium voltage grid. From a minimum voltage in the medium-voltage network, the controller can realize a connection of the power generation plant to the medium-voltage network by means of a preferably motor-driven disconnector. The calibration of the first voltage values by means of the second voltage values takes place during an idling state of the medium-voltage transformer. In the idle state of the medium-voltage transformer, no energy flow between the power generation plant and the network takes place. In this case, the voltage drop across the stray inductances of the transformer is virtually zero and the voltages on both sides of the transformer match in phase and amplitude (adjusted according to the gear ratio).

Da die Energieeinspeisung von der Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage gesteuert wird, kann diese Steuerung auch den Leerlaufzustand des Mittelspannungstransformators feststellen und damit den Zeitpunkt der Kalibration der ersten Spannungswerte festlegen.Since the power supply is controlled by the controller of the power plant, this controller can also determine the idle state of the medium-voltage transformer and thus set the timing of the calibration of the first voltage values.

In einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden die ersten Spannungswerte mittels eines Verstärkers verstärkt, um eine störunempfindliche Übertragung der ersten Spannungswerte zu ermöglichen.In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the first voltage values are amplified by means of an amplifier, in order to enable interference-free transmission of the first voltage values.

In einer weiteren Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden die verstärkten ersten Spannungswerte mittels einer analogen Datenübertragung an die Steuerung der Energieerzeugungsanlage übertragen.In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, the amplified first voltage values are transmitted to the control of the power generation plant by means of an analog data transmission.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Photovoltaikanlage umfasst einen Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter der eingangsseitig an einen Photovoltaik-Generator angeschlossen ist, wobei der Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter mit seinem Ausgang schalterlos an eine Niederspannungsseite eines Mittelspannungstransformators angeschlossen ist. Weiter umfasst die Photovoltaikanlage einen kapazitiven Spannungsteiler, angeordnet auf einer Mittelspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, zur Erfassung von ersten Spannungswerten, eine Spannungserfassung, angeordnet auf der Niederspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, zur Erfassung von zweiten Spannungswerten und einen Trennschalter angeordnet auf der Mittelspannungsseite des Mittelspannungstransformators, der dazu geeignet ist, den Ausgang des PV-Wechselrichters mit einem Mittelspannungsnetz zu verbinden. Weiter umfasst die Photovoltaikanlage eine Kalibriereinheit zur Abstimmung der ersten Spannungswerte auf die zweiten Spannungswerte während eines Leerlaufzustandes des Mittelspannungstransformators und eine Steuerung zum Ansteuern des Trennschalters, wenn an dem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler ermittelte, und mittels der Kalibriereinheit abgestimmte Spannungswerte einen ersten Schwellwert überschreiten.A photovoltaic system according to the invention comprises a photovoltaic inverter which is connected on the input side to a photovoltaic generator, wherein the photovoltaic inverter is connected with its output switchless to a low-voltage side of a medium-voltage transformer. The photovoltaic system further comprises a capacitive voltage divider arranged on a medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer for detecting first voltage values, a voltage detector disposed on the low voltage side of the medium voltage transformer for detecting second voltage values and a circuit breaker disposed on the medium voltage side of the medium voltage transformer suitable therefor to connect the output of the PV inverter to a medium voltage network. Furthermore, the photovoltaic system comprises a calibration unit for tuning the first voltage values to the second voltage values during an idling state of the medium-voltage transformer and a controller for activating the circuit breaker if voltage values determined on the capacitive voltage divider and matched by means of the calibration unit exceed a first threshold value.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform umfasst die erfindungsgemäße Photovoltaikanlage einen Verstärker zur Verstärkung der ersten Spannungswerte.In an advantageous embodiment, the photovoltaic system according to the invention comprises an amplifier for amplifying the first voltage values.

Zwischen der Mittelspannungsschaltstation, in der der Trennschalter sowie der kapazitiven Spannungsteiler angeordnet sein können, und der Steuerung der Photovoltaikanlage liegen in der Regel große geographische Distanzen, so dass eine Verstärkung zur störunempfindliche Übertragung der ersten Spannungswerte nötig sein kann.Between the medium voltage switching station, in which the circuit breaker and the capacitive voltage divider can be arranged, and the control of the photovoltaic system are usually large geographical distances, so that a gain for noise-insensitive transmission of the first voltage values may be necessary.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform umfasst die erfindungsgemäße Photovoltaikanlage eine analoge Datenübertragung zur Übertragung der verstärkten ersten Spannungswerte an die Steuerung der Photovoltaikanlage.In a further advantageous embodiment, the photovoltaic system according to the invention comprises an analog data transmission for transmitting the amplified first voltage values to the controller of the photovoltaic system.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform umfasst die Steuerung der erfindungsgemäßen Photovoltaikanlage auch die Kalibriereinheit. Auch können Steuerung und Kalibriereinheit in den Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter integriert sein.In a further advantageous embodiment, the control of the photovoltaic system according to the invention also includes the calibration unit. Also, control and calibration unit can be integrated in the photovoltaic inverter.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels mit Hilfe einer Figur näher erläutert.

Figur 1
zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Photovoltaikanlage.
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment with the aid of a figure.
FIG. 1
shows a schematic representation of a photovoltaic system according to the invention.

Figur 1 zeigt als Ausführungsbeispiel einen Photovoltaik-Generator 1 verbunden mit einem DC-Eingang eines Photovoltaik-Wechselrichters 2. In einer realen Umsetzung kann der Photovoltaik-Generator 1 aus einer Vielzahl von seriell- und parallel verschalteten Einzelmodulen bestehen, auch kann zusätzlich oder anstelle des Photovoltaik-Generators 1 eine andere Quelle von Gleichspannung, eine Batterie oder ähnliches an den DC-Eingang eines Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 angeschlossen sein. Der Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 wandelt die DC-Leistung des Photovoltaik-Generators 1 in eine AC-Leistung an seinem AC-Ausgang um, die in ein Mittelspannungsnetz 4 eingespeist werden kann. In der Regel handelt es sich hierbei um ein dreiphasiges Netz. Der AC-Ausgang des Photovoltaik-Wechselrichters 2 ist ohne Zwischenschaltung von weiteren Schaltorganen an die Niederspannungsseite eines Mittelspannungstransformators 5 angeschlossen. Mittelspannungsseitig ist zwischen den Mittelspannungstransformator 5 und das Mittelspannungsnetz 4 ein Trennschalter 13 angeordnet. Hierbei kann es sich um einen Leistungsschalter handeln, der auch Kurzschlussströme zu trennen vermag, oder einen Lasttrennschalter, der lediglich normale Lastströme tragen kann. Durch das Fehlen eines niederspannungsseitigen Trennschalters kann die gesamte Energieerzeugungsanlage nur durch den Trennschalter 13 vom Netz getrennt werden. Der Trennschalter kann auch zwei in Serie angeordnete und unabhängig betätigte Teilschalter aufweisen. FIG. 1 shows as an exemplary embodiment a photovoltaic generator 1 connected to a DC input of a photovoltaic inverter 2. In a real implementation of the photovoltaic generator 1 may consist of a plurality of serially and in parallel interconnected individual modules, also in addition to or instead of the photovoltaic Generator 1 another source of DC voltage, a battery or the like may be connected to the DC input of a photovoltaic inverter 2. The photovoltaic inverter 2 converts the DC power of the photovoltaic generator 1 into AC power at its AC output, which can be fed to a medium-voltage network 4. As a rule, this is a three-phase network. The AC output of the photovoltaic inverter 2 is connected to the low-voltage side of a medium-voltage transformer 5 without the interposition of other switching devices. Medium voltage side, a circuit breaker 13 is disposed between the medium-voltage transformer 5 and the medium-voltage network 4. This can be a circuit breaker that can also cut short-circuit currents, or a switch-disconnector that can carry only normal load currents. Due to the absence of a low-voltage side circuit breaker, the entire power generation system can only be separated from the network by the circuit breaker 13. The circuit breaker may also have two series-connected and independently operated part switches.

Zur Regelung der von der Photovoltaikanlage 3 erzeugten Spannung und zur Abstimmung dieser auf die Spannung im Mittelspannungsnetz 4 verfügt die Photovoltaikanlage 3 über eine niederspannungsseitig angeordnete Spannungserfassung 6, die mit hoher Genauigkeit die Spannungsverhältnisse am AC-Ausgang des Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 messen kann. Die von der Spannungserfassung 6 gemessenen Werte werden digital oder analog an die Steuerung 10 übermittelt, die den Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 regelt.To control the voltage generated by the photovoltaic system 3 and this vote on the voltage in the medium-voltage network 4, the photovoltaic system 3 has a low voltage side arranged voltage detection 6, which can measure the voltage conditions at the AC output of the photovoltaic inverter 2 with high accuracy. The measured values of the voltage detection 6 are transmitted digitally or analogously to the controller 10, which controls the photovoltaic inverter 2.

Vor dem Zuschalten der Photovoltaikanlage 3, also bei geöffnetem Trennschalter 13 kann aber an der Spannungserfassung 6 keine Messung der Spannungsverhältnisse im Mittelspannungsnetz 4 vorgenommen werden. Ein mittelspannungsseitig oft vorhandener kapazitiver Spannungsteiler 8 dient in der Regel zur Information des Wartungspersonals und ist in der Regel für alle Netzphasen vorhanden und hat häufig nur den Zweck, dem Bedienpersonal der Mittelspannungsschaltanlage anzuzeigen, ob Spannung an der Anlage vorhanden ist, sie besteht nur aus einer optischen Anzeige mit einem kleinen LCD-Display. Diese Art der Spannungsmessung an einem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler 8 ist kostengünstig, aber mit einer großen Fehlertoleranz behaftet. Um nun vor dem Zuschalten der Photovoltaikanlage 3 zum Mittelspannungsnetz 4 eine verlässliche Aussage über die Spannungsverhältnisse im Mittelspannungsnetz 4 zu erhalten, werden erfindungsgemäß mit einer Spannungserfassung 7 an dem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler 8 erste Spannungswerte ermittelt und mit Hilfe von zweiten Spannungswerten, die an der Spannungserfassung 6 erfasst werden, kalibriert. Dazu werden die von der Spannungserfassung 7 erfassten Werte beispielsweise als analoger Spannungswert an die Steuerung 10 übermittelt. Die Steuerung 10 regelt dazu bei geschlossenem Trennschalter 13 den Betrieb des Photovoltaik-Wechselrichters 2 so, dass Amplitude und Phase der vom Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 erzeugten Spannung genau mit Amplitude und Phase des Mittelspannungsnetzes 4 übereinstimmen und somit keine Leistung ins Mittelspannungsnetz 4 fließt. Alternativ kann bei einem stromgeregelten Wechselrichter der ins Netz eingespeiste Strom zu Null geregelt werden. Dies wird auch als Leerlaufbetrieb von Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 und Mittelspannungstransformators 5 bezeichnet. Da kein Strom fließt, findet an den Wicklungen des Mittelspannungstransformators 5 kein Spannungsabfall statt und auf beiden Seiten des Mittelspannungstransformators 5 liegt dieselbe Spannung an (unter Berücksichtigung des Übersetzungsverhältnisses des Mittelspannungstransformators). Daher kann in dieser Konfiguration eine Kalibrierung der beiden Spannungsmessungen erfolgen. Empfängt die Steuerung 10 in dieser Konfiguration von dem kapazitiven Spannungsteiler 8 beispielsweise einen Messwert von 20 V und wird an Spannungserfassung 6 ein Spannungswert von 500 V gemessen und das Übersetzungsverhältnis des Mittelspannungstransformators 5 beträgt 1:40, so wird ein Kalibrierfaktor von (500/20) x 40 = 1000 ermittelt. Ein vom kapazitiven Spannungsteiler 8 erfasster Wert von 20 V entspricht dann einer Spannungsamplitude im Mittelspannungsnetz von 20.000 V.Before switching on the photovoltaic system 3, ie with the disconnector 13 open, however, no measurement of the voltage conditions in the medium-voltage network 4 can be made at the voltage detection 6. A medium-voltage side often existing capacitive voltage divider 8 is usually used to inform the maintenance personnel and is usually available for all network phases and often has only the purpose to indicate to the operator of the medium-voltage switchgear, if voltage is present at the system, it consists of only one optical display with a small LCD display. This type of voltage measurement on a capacitive voltage divider 8 is inexpensive, but with a large fault tolerance. In order to obtain a reliable statement about the voltage conditions in the medium-voltage network 4 before connecting the photovoltaic system 3 to the medium-voltage network 4, first voltage values are determined according to the invention with a voltage detection 7 on the capacitive voltage divider 8 and detected with the aid of second voltage values recorded at the voltage detection 6 be calibrated. For this purpose, the values detected by the voltage detection 7 are transmitted to the controller 10, for example as an analog voltage value. The controller 10 regulates the closed circuit breaker 13, the operation of the photovoltaic inverter 2 so that the amplitude and phase of the voltage generated by the photovoltaic inverter 2 exactly match the amplitude and phase of the medium voltage network 4 and thus no power flows into the medium voltage network 4. Alternatively, in the case of a current-controlled inverter, the current fed into the network can be regulated to zero. This is also referred to as idling operation of photovoltaic inverter 2 and medium-voltage transformer 5. Since no current flows, no voltage drop takes place on the windings of the medium-voltage transformer 5, and the same voltage is applied to both sides of the medium-voltage transformer 5 (taking into account the transformation ratio of the medium-voltage transformer). Therefore, in this configuration, a calibration of the two voltage measurements can be made. For example, in this configuration, the controller 10 receives from the capacitive voltage divider 8 a reading of 20V and voltage reading 6 measures a voltage value of 500V and the gear ratio of the medium voltage transformer 5 is 1:40, then a calibration factor of (500/20) x 40 = 1000 determined. One from the capacitive voltage divider 8 recorded value of 20 V then corresponds to a voltage amplitude in the medium-voltage network of 20,000 V.

Die Kalibrierung kann auch von einer separaten Kalibriereinheit 11 vorgenommen werden, die aber auch als Teil der Steuerung 10 ausgeführt sein kann.The calibration can also be performed by a separate calibration unit 11, which can also be designed as part of the controller 10.

Zwischen dem Ort der Spannungserfassung 7, also beispielsweise der Mittelspannungsschaltstation, und dem Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 liegen in der Regel größere Distanzen. Um eine für Störsignale unempfindliche Übertragung der Messwerte des kapazitiven Spannungsteilers 8 zu gewährleisten wird es meist nötig sein, das Messsignal, das an dem einen Kondensator des kapazitiven Spannungsteilers 8 durch die Spannungserfassung 7 gewonnen wird, zu verstärken. Verstärker 9 kann ein Operationsverstärker sein, der das Spannungssignal an dem Kondensator verstärkt, ohne diesen zu belasten. Vorteilhaft kann deshalb der Operationsverstärker als Impedanzwandler ausgeführt sein. Dazu muss die Operationsverstärkerschaltung mit einer unabhängigen Versorgungsspannung, beispielsweise mit 24 V aus dem Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2, versorgt werden.Between the location of the voltage detection 7, so for example, the medium-voltage switching station, and the photovoltaic inverter 2 are usually longer distances. In order to ensure transmission of the measured values of the capacitive voltage divider 8 insensitive to interference signals, it will usually be necessary to amplify the measurement signal which is obtained at the one capacitor of the capacitive voltage divider 8 by the voltage detection 7. Amplifier 9 may be an operational amplifier that amplifies the voltage signal on the capacitor without burdening it. Advantageously, therefore, the operational amplifier can be designed as an impedance converter. For this purpose, the operational amplifier circuit must be supplied with an independent supply voltage, for example 24 V from the photovoltaic inverter 2.

Vor Erstinbetriebnahme der Anlage, wenn also noch kein Kalibrierfaktor für die Photovoltaikanlage 3 ermittelt wurde, kann folgendermaßen vorgegangen werden:
Der Trennschalter 13 wird geschlossen, wenn erkennbar ist, dass das Mittelspannungsnetzes 4 nicht gestört ist, dies kann beispielsweise manuell durch das Bedienpersonal erfolgen. Der Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter 2 stellt an seinem AC-Ausgang eine Spannung ein, die nach Übersetzung durch den Mittelspannungstransformator 5 der Nennbetriebsspannung des Mittelspannungsnetzes 4 entspricht. Direkt nach dem Zuschalten können die von der Spannungserfassung 6 gemessenen Spannungs- und Frequenzwerte mit den zulässigen Bereichen verglichen werden, die in den Netzanschlussbedingungen festgelegt sind. Falls die Werte die normativen Vorgaben nicht erfüllen, wird der Trennschalter 13 wieder geöffnet. Nach dem Zuschalten wird eine Kalibrierung wie oben beschrieben durchgeführt.Before commissioning the system, ie if no calibration factor has yet been determined for the photovoltaic system 3, the following procedure can be adopted:
The circuit breaker 13 is closed when it can be seen that the medium-voltage network 4 is not disturbed, this can for example be done manually by the operator. The photovoltaic inverter 2 sets at its AC output a voltage that corresponds to the rated operating voltage of the medium-voltage network 4 after being translated by the medium-voltage transformer 5. Immediately after connection, the voltage and frequency values measured by the voltage detection 6 can be compared with the allowable ranges specified in the grid connection conditions. If the values do not meet the normative specifications, the circuit breaker 13 is opened again. After connection, calibration is performed as described above.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Photovoltaik-GeneratorPhotovoltaic Generator
22
Photovoltaik-WechselrichterPhotovoltaic Inverters
33
Photovoltaikanlagephotovoltaic system
44
MittelspannungsnetzMedium voltage grid
55
MittelspannungstransformatorMedium voltage transformer
66
Spannungserfassungvoltage detection
77
Spannungserfassungvoltage detection
88th
kapazitiver Spannungsteilercapacitive voltage divider
99
Verstärkeramplifier
1010
Steuerungcontrol
1111
Kalibriereinheitcalibration
1212
Datenübertragungdata transfer
1313
Trennschalterdisconnectors

Claims (7)

  1. A method for connecting an energy generation installation (3) to a medium-voltage grid (4), characterized by the following steps:
    - detecting, during an idle state of a medium-voltage transformer (5) arranged between the energy generation installation (3) and the medium-voltage grid (4), first voltage values at a capacitive voltage divider (8), arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5), and second voltage values at a voltage detection means (6) arranged on the low-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5),
    - determining a calibration factor for calibrating first voltage values using second voltage values based on the detected first and second voltage values by a controller (10) of the energy generation installation (3),
    - obtaining voltage values at the capacitive voltage divider (8) and determining calibrated voltage values from the obtained voltage values by applying the determined calibration factor, and
    - closing a circuit breaker (13) arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5) by the controller (10) of the energy generation installation (3) when the calibrated voltage values exceed a first threshold value.
  2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first voltage values are amplified by means of an amplifier (9).
  3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the amplified first voltage values are transmitted to the controller (10) of the energy generation installation (3) by means of an analog data transmission means (12).
  4. A photovoltaic installation (3), comprising:
    - a photovoltaic inverter (2) connected on the input side to a photovoltaic generator (1),
    - a capacitive voltage divider (8) arranged on a medium-voltage side of a medium-voltage transformer (5) for detecting first voltage values,
    - a voltage detection means (6) arranged on a low-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5) for detecting second voltage values,
    - a circuit breaker (13) arranged on the medium-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5) and suitable for connecting the output of the PV inverter (2) to a medium-voltage grid (4),
    characterized by:
    - a calibration unit (11) for determining a calibration factor for calibrating first voltage values using second voltage values, based on first and second voltage values obtained during an idle state of the medium-voltage transformer (5), and for determining calibrated voltage values from the obtained voltage values by applying the determined calibration factor, and
    - a controller (10) for actuating the circuit breaker (13) when voltage values detected at the capacitive voltage divider (8) and calibrated by means of the calibration unit (11) exceed a first threshold value,
    wherein the photovoltaic inverter (2) is connected by its output without a switch to the low-voltage side of the medium-voltage transformer (5).
  5. The photovoltaic installation (3) as claimed in claim 4, further comprising an amplifier (9) for amplifying the first voltage values.
  6. The photovoltaic installation (3) as claimed in claim 5, further comprising an analog data transmission means (12) for transmitting the amplified first voltage values to the controller (10) of the photovoltaic installation (3).
  7. The photovoltaic installation (3) as claimed in claim 4, wherein the controller (10) comprises the calibration unit (11).
EP16706872.5A 2015-03-27 2016-02-29 Method for connecting an energy generation installation to a medium voltage network and energy generation installation Active EP3275067B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102015104783.7A DE102015104783B4 (en) 2015-03-27 2015-03-27 Method for connecting a power generation plant to a medium voltage grid and power generation plant
PCT/EP2016/054219 WO2016155959A1 (en) 2015-03-27 2016-02-29 Method for connecting an energy generation installation to a medium voltage network and energy generation installation

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WO (1) WO2016155959A1 (en)

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DE102021204077A1 (en) * 2021-04-23 2022-10-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for determining the status of an electrical switching device, monitoring unit for an electrical switching device and electrical switchgear
US11817247B2 (en) * 2022-01-21 2023-11-14 G & W Electric Company Automatic calibration system and method for passive low-power voltage transformer

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CN107408817A (en) 2017-11-28
DE102015104783A1 (en) 2016-09-29
EP3275067A1 (en) 2018-01-31
JP2018509879A (en) 2018-04-05
DE102015104783B4 (en) 2017-02-09
JP6651541B2 (en) 2020-02-19
US10186872B2 (en) 2019-01-22
US20180026448A1 (en) 2018-01-25
WO2016155959A1 (en) 2016-10-06
CN107408817B (en) 2019-03-22

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