EP3259772B1 - Coupleur à mode de galerie de chuchotements de gyrotron pour le couplage direct de rf dans un guide d'ondes he11 - Google Patents

Coupleur à mode de galerie de chuchotements de gyrotron pour le couplage direct de rf dans un guide d'ondes he11 Download PDF

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EP3259772B1
EP3259772B1 EP15882841.8A EP15882841A EP3259772B1 EP 3259772 B1 EP3259772 B1 EP 3259772B1 EP 15882841 A EP15882841 A EP 15882841A EP 3259772 B1 EP3259772 B1 EP 3259772B1
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waveguide
mode
mirror
wgm
coupler
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EP3259772A1 (fr
EP3259772A4 (fr
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Jeffrey Neilson
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Calabazas Creek Research Inc
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Calabazas Creek Research Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/025—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators with an electron stream following a helical path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/36—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy
    • H01J23/40—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the interaction circuit

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an RF mode converter and coupler for a gyrotron.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for coupling the RF power generated in a gyrotron cavity and traveling as whispering gallery (WG) mode in a cylindrical waveguide to the HE11 mode.
  • WG mode is coupled from a circular waveguide to a first and second reflector for direct coupling to a corrugated waveguide.
  • Modern high power gyrotrons produce power in high-order TE modes (TE mn modes with m,n>1). These modes cannot be efficiently transported as RF (radio frequency) power in a low loss transmission system.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Both of these considerations are typically addressed using an internal mode converter and step-cut launcher, which is commonly referred to as a quasi-optical (QO) launcher.
  • the mode converter has small deformations in the waveguide surface to transform the high-order cavity mode into a set of modes whose combined fields have a Gaussian-like profile.
  • the Gaussian-like beam can then be efficiently launched, focused, and guided by mirrors inside the vacuum envelope of the gyrotron. In this way, the RF power is converted to a mode more suitable for low loss transmission, and the RF beam is separated from the electron beam. This allows implementation of a depressed collector with large surfaces for thermal dissipation without affecting the quality of the RF beam.
  • This method has been the primary technique for RF-electron beam separation in high power gyrotrons since the early 1990s.
  • the development of this technique was one of the key technologies enabling the development of mega-watt (MW) level gyrotrons.
  • MW mega-watt
  • One drawback of this approach is the internal mirrors must be adjustable for optimum performance to prevent device overheating from internal losses at the high power levels. Additionally, since these large mirrors are external to the gyrotron cavity, the RF power must be coupled out of the gyrotron through a large aperture, which is typically fabricated from expensive materials such as diamond which have the desired low RF loss and high thermal conductivity required.
  • There are several deficiencies in this technique including internal diffraction losses, electron beam potential depression, and mirror alignment issues.
  • a first object of this invention is a launcher for a gyrotron having a whispering gallery mode (WGM) waveguide with dimpled surface features which increase in radial depth over an axial extent of the WGM waveguide, the WGM Waveguide carrying a primary mode and co-propagating high order modes, the WGM waveguide having a step cut launcher with a launch edge, and coupling RF energy to a first mode converting reflector which generates RF with an elliptical radiation pattern and coupling the RF into a second mode converting reflector generating free space RF radiation pattern with a minimum beam waist at the entrance to a corrugated waveguide, the minimum beam waist also having a near-Gaussian phase distribution at the entrance to the corrugated waveguide, thereby providing efficient coupling of the RF into the corrugated waveguide for propagation as HE11 mode RF in the corrugated waveguide.
  • WGM whispering gallery mode
  • a second object of this invention is a launcher for a gyrotron having a whispering gallery mode (WGM) waveguide with dimpled surface features which increase in radial depth over an axial extent of the WGM waveguide, the WGM waveguide carrying a primary mode and co-propagating high order modes, the WGM waveguide having a step cut launcher with a launch edge, and coupling RF energy to a single mode converting reflector which generates RF with a minimum beam waist at the entrance to a corrugated waveguide, the minimum beam waist also having a near-Gaussian phase distribution at the entrance to the corrugated waveguide, the near-Gaussian phase distribution provided by dimples of less than a wavelength in depth on the single mode converting reflector, thereby providing efficient coupling of the RF into the corrugated waveguide for propagation as HE11 mode RF in the corrugated waveguide, the WGM waveguide and mode converting reflector optionally fabricated as a single structure.
  • WGM whispering gallery mode
  • a third object of this invention is a gyrotron having a Whispering Gallery (WG) mode waveguide with a step-cut launcher, the step-cut launcher having a launch edge and coupling into one or more mode converting reflectors, a first mode converting reflector positioned on the order of a wavelength from the step-cut launcher and launch edge, the one or more mode converting reflectors generating RF with a minimum RF beam waist and also near-Gaussian phase at the entrance to a corrugated waveguide carrying the RF as HE11 mode.
  • WG Whispering Gallery
  • the present invention consists in a whispering gallery mode, WGM, coupler.
  • This WGM coupler comprises a corrugated waveguide having an entrance, a cylindrical waveguide for propagation of RF energy, the cylindrical waveguide having a plurality of deformations on an inner surface, each said deformation causing a focusing and guiding of incident RF energy to a subsequent deformation which also performs a focusing and guiding of incident RF energy to a subsequent deformation.
  • Said cylindrical waveguide has a launch edge for directing RF energy in a quasi-optical mode to a mirror; said mirror has a first order surface profile for forming said quasi-optical mode RF energy into a circularly symmetric beam having a minimum diameter at the entrance of said corrugated waveguide.
  • An enclosure with evacuated chamber contains the cylindrical waveguide and the mirror, the entrance of the corrugated waveguide being located inside said evacuated chamber (302).
  • Said mirror also has a second order surface profile for providing a substantially uniform phase front of said circularly symmetric beam at said entrance of said corrugated waveguide.
  • Said corrugated waveguide supports propagation of HE11 mode RF energy.
  • FIG. 1A shows a prior art Gyrotron 100.
  • An electron gun assembly 102-1 produces an annular electron beam that propagates about axis 102 through input beam tunnel 104 into a cylindrical cavity 105 where electron beam energy is converted to an RF mode with the RF energy propagating helically along the waveguide.
  • High power gyrotrons use transverse electric modes with high radial and azimuthal mode numbers.
  • a typical mode example is TE24,6, with this high order mode RF propagating helically along the inner surface of the waveguide in a surface wave mode referred to as a whispering gallery (WG) mode.
  • the RF propagates from the cavity 105 into a waveguide of increasing diameter 106 and into cylindrical waveguide 1C7 having entrance 127.
  • the whispering gallery mode is typically converted to a quasi-optical mode inside the gyrotron. This is accomplished by radiating the RF power from a step cut launch edge 123 in cylindrical waveguide 107.
  • the radiated wave energy propagates through free space to focusing mirrors 108a and 108b.
  • Mirrors 108a and 108b modify the phase and amplitude distribution of the RF wave such that the beam passing through vacuum window 112 of window support 111 is a Gaussian-shaped, quasi-optical, free space wave.
  • waveguide 107 inner surface is modified to shape the waveguide whispering gallery mode such that the RF beam radiated from spiral cut 123 has reduced side lobes with increased power in the central lobe of the RF beam directed toward reflectors 108a and 108b.
  • Such shaping is accomplished using surface field integral analysis and coupled with advanced optimization routines.
  • a disadvantage of the device 100 is that additional modifications of the free space output beam 109 are required to couple the RF power into a waveguide for transport to downstream devices, such as an antenna. This is accomplished with a device commonly referred to as a Mirror Optical Unit (MOU) 170, which is coupled to the output beam 109 of the gyrotron 100.
  • MOU Mirror Optical Unit
  • the output beam 109 may travel through one or more diamond vacuum-sealing apertures 112 and to phase shaping mirrors 174 and 176, fabricated from high thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity metals such as copper, which are profiled to shape the large cross section beam diameter (also known as beam waist in the art of free space wave propagation) of the free space Gaussian beam profile 172 to minimize reflections as the free space Gaussian wave transitions to HE11 mode at the waveguide entrance, and one of the objectives of the mirrors is to reduce the free space beam waist before delivery to the entrance of waveguide 186 where the RF beam 178 continues to propagate.
  • phase shaping mirrors 174 and 176 fabricated from high thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity metals such as copper, which are profiled to shape the large cross section beam diameter (also known as beam waist in the art of free space wave propagation) of the free space Gaussian beam profile 172 to minimize reflections as the free space Gaussian wave transitions to HE11 mode at the waveguide entrance, and one of the objectives of
  • the gyrotron 100 produces an RF beam with an output beam axis which relies on the angle relationship of many reflective surfaces including launch edge 123, first reflector 108b and second reflector 108a
  • the axis of the beam output 109 may vary from device to device.
  • MOU first reflector 174 and MOU second reflector 176 are usually separately adjustable about each mirror's orthogonal mirror axis, which allows adjustment of the beam angle delivered to waveguide 186, and waveguide 186 additionally has a 2-axis translation so that the beam may be centered in the waveguide.
  • the various mirror 174 and 176 angle adjustments (184 and 182, respectively) and output waveguide 186 translation adjustment results in significant setup time and cost, and the adjustment settings may change because of the long beam path and wide mirror spacing as a result of factors such as thermal expansion of structures along this path.
  • a further disadvantage of the gyrotron 100 is that the output window 112 which couples energy out of the gyrotron 100 must be relatively large in diameter due to the radial extend of the Gaussian quasi-optical free wave mode which travels through window 112, which is fabricated using a chemically vapor deposited (CVD) diamond, which has a low RF absorption and high thermal conductivity, which are required for high power (1MW and above) gyrotrons to prevent damage to the window from thermal energy absorbed from the high power beam.
  • the large diameter Gaussian quasi-optical mode which propagates through window 112 results in a large diameter aperture compared to the reduced diameter output waveguide 186 diameter after conversion to HE11.
  • FIG. 1A has cross section views A-A and B-B, shown in figures 1B and 1C respectively, which shows section views of the structures previously described, including cylindrical waveguide 107, for additional clarity.
  • Figure 2A shows an example of a gyrotron launch coupler 200 which may be used to replace the cylindrical waveguide 107, upper mirror 108a and lower mirror 108b over axial extent 156 of figure 1A , and also the mirror optical unit 170 of figure 1A , such that HE11 waves may be directly coupled into a corrugated waveguide such as 186 of figure 1A without the use of MOU 170 of figure 1A .
  • Corrugated waveguides are well known in the art for transmission of HE11 wave energy, and an example corrugated waveguide 260 with axis 254 is shown in figure 2I , corresponding to the structures of figure 2A .
  • Gyrotron enclosure 256 supports internal structures enclosed in vacuum chamber 201 isolated from external pressure by diamond window 270.
  • the gyrotron launch coupler 200 shown in figure 2A receives helically propagating WG mode guided RF in waveguide 220, which is launched via launch edge 230 into adjacent first mode conversion mirror 240, which produces an elongated or elliptical Gaussian beam 264 propagating in free space (with extents shown as beam plot 280 of figure 2E viewed perpendicular to the local beam axis 281), which is reflected by second mode changing mirror 250, where the free space Gaussian mode wave reduces in beam diameter shown as beam 266 and with a beam extent perpendicular to beam axis 254 shown in figure 2F and having a beam diameter or beam waist 282, and becomes circularly symmetric about the propagation axis (281 of figure 2F and 254 of figure 2A ) of the beam 266.
  • This free space Gaussian beam is then suitable for direct coupling to corrugated waveguide 260 and RF mirror 212, which results in a greatly reduced beam diameter (beam waist energy extent) and associated diamond window 270 diameter compared to the beam waist energy extent and associated window 112 diameter of figure 1A .
  • Spent electron extent 214 remains as shown in figure 1A .
  • Figures 2D and 2D-1 show section D-D through figure 2A for two respective embodiments of the edge launcher. In the launch coupler of figure 2A , RF energy conveyed in an electron beam (not shown) is propagated helically as higher order transverse electric (TE whispering gallery) RF mode in cylindrical waveguide 220.
  • TE whispering gallery transverse electric
  • Cross section C-C of figure 2A shows cylindrical waveguide 220 in figure 2B including a single "ray tracing" 218 which indicates the individual surface reflections of the quasi-optical helical RF beam 219, as is known in the art of WGM RF propagation.
  • a "split line" 228 is shown in waveguide 220 of figure 2B , and if the cylindrical waveguide 220 were split on this line 228 and laid flat, the traveling whispering gallery mode (WGM) waves which propagate across this surface would travel through launch region 204 of figure 2A as shown in figure 2C , where the continuous helical wave propagation appears as individual linear propagation paths 221, 223, 225, 227 about split line 228.
  • WGM traveling whispering gallery mode
  • a helically propagating wave inside waveguide 220 propagates with a fixed axial velocity, and accordingly, if waveguide 220 were longitudinally cut and unwrapped as shown in figure 2C , the single path of helical propagation becomes the continuous path shown as segments 221, 223, 225, 227.
  • each of the propagation paths has associated whispering gallery mode radiation intensity contour patterns along the continuous line of propagation of path 221, path 223, path 224, and path 227, with the RF field along path 223 shown as contour 222 extending to contour 224, thereafter continuing along path 225 with contour 226, for a succession of wave features representing the surface RF energy intensity of adjacent RF nodes at an instant of time as the propagation paths 221, 223, 225, 227 lead to helical launch edge 230.
  • a first mode-changing reflector 240 is positioned adjacent to helical launch edge 230, and, as shown in figure 2A , a second mode-changing reflector 250 is positioned in the propagation path centerline 252 axis as the second reflector 250 reflects energy to corrugated waveguide 260 as HE11 energy along propagation path centerline 254.
  • first mode-changing reflector 240 in the range 0.25 wavelengths and 4 wavelengths from helical launch edge 230 is typical, as RF radiated from helical launch edge 230 immediately interacts with first mode changing reflector 240, after which it is directed to second mode changing reflector 250, usually with an elliptical or elongated radiation pattern with the radiation pattern long axis (shown as the x' axis in figure 2E ) substantially parallel to the propagation paths 221, 223, 225, and 227 and the radiation pattern short axis (shown as y' in figure 2E ) which is substantially parallel to the helical launch edge 230.
  • the radiation pattern long axis shown as the x' axis in figure 2E
  • the radiation pattern short axis shown as y' in figure 2E
  • Second mode changing reflector 250 has a surface profile selected to reshape the aspect ratio of the incident RF beam from an elliptical or elongated radiation pattern to precisely match the circular electromagnetic field pattern of HE11 supported by corrugated waveguide 260 and having a beam waist which optimally couples into the entrance of corrugated waveguide 260.
  • the RF beam can be efficiently propagated through waveguide 260 and redirected as required by one or more miter bends 212 and through RF vacuum window 270, as shown in figure 2A .
  • Figure 2E shows an RF beam profile 280 in an x',y' plane perpendicular to the local beam axis 281 and in the region 264, as shown in figure 2A , between the first mode converting reflector 240 and second mode converting reflector 250, the beam profile 264 of figure 2A shown closer to the second mode converting reflector 250.
  • the beam profile 280 tends to be elongated or elliptical, and with an aspect ratio on the order of 5:1.
  • Figure 2G-1 shows the amplitude profile 284 of the RF beam 280 across the y' axis
  • Figure 2G-2 shows the amplitude profile 285 of the RF beam 280 (shown in figure 2E ) across the x' axis, each of which tend to be a quasi-Gaussian function across their respective axis.
  • the dependent axis of each of figures 2G-1, 2G-2 and 2H are labeled
  • Figure 2F shows the RF beam profile in the plane x",y" perpendicular to the RF beam axis at the output of the second mode converting reflector.
  • the second beam reflector 250 corrects for the incoming elliptical beam profile shown in figure 2E , and generates a substantially circularly symmetric radiation pattern 282 with a beam profile 286 as shown in figure 2H .
  • the RF beam profile which exits second mode converting reflector 250 tends to have a beam profile 282, or beam waist W, which has a minimum waist diameter, and the location of the beam waist minimum is the preferred location for the entry of the beam into corrugated waveguide 260.
  • RF window 270 shown in figure 2A can have a significantly smaller diameter than would be required for a free space quasi-optical Gaussian mode beam 109 of figure 1A .
  • Moving the RF window to a region near the HE11 waveguide allows the diameter of the RF window to reduce to the diameter of the MOU output waveguide 186.
  • the gyrotron of figure 2A has greatly reduced path lengths between reflective surfaces and the structures are closely associated compared to the gyrotron of figure 1A , it is not necessary to perform the beam alignment associated with adjustable mirrors, as the HE11 beam can be directly coupled into output corrugated waveguide 260.
  • the cylindrical waveguide 220, launch edge 230, first mode converting reflector 240, and second mode converting reflector 250 of figure 2A are formed from a single heterogeneous material such as copper, so there are no mechanical interfaces or joints to change the alignment.
  • the device operates at a frequency of 110 GHz
  • waveguide 220 has a radius 232 (of figure 2D ) of 20.5mm
  • the first reflector 240 has a circular cross section with a radius 242 less than 20.5mm, and an axial extent approximately equal to the axial extent of the launch edge 230, which is computed from the wave number of the propagating RF in WG mode.
  • the included angle of the first reflector 240 about its center of radius is approximately 90 degrees, or one quarter of the circular waveguide 220, although this can range from 30 degrees to 120 degrees.
  • Second reflector 250 has an angle with respect to the axis 202 which is selected to re-direct the RF propagating on axis 254 to be parallel to the axis 202 of figure 2A , although this angle can be selected based on the preferred exit angle for RF coupling into the corrugated output waveguide 260.
  • the surface shape of waveguide surface 220, first mode changing reflector 240, and second mode changing reflector 250 are possible for the surface shape of waveguide surface 220, first mode changing reflector 240, and second mode changing reflector 250.
  • the cylindrical waveguide 220, first mode changing reflector 240, and second mode changing reflector 250 have surface shapes and profiles which are optimized by using surface integral field analysis, including finite element analysis software coupled with advanced electro-magnetic field optimization software.
  • the first reflector 240 is shown with respect to launch edge 230, and the first reflector 240 is integral with cylindrical waveguide (shown as dashed outline 241) and includes a discontinuous region 243 where first reflector 240 has a surface which is generally radial and perpendicular in region 243 and also adjacent to launch edge 230.
  • the first reflector 240 has a region 241-1 which is optionally tangent to the projected diameter of input waveguide 241 (shown as dashed line), and in one embodiment, the first reflector 240 includes active surfaces which are adjacent to launch edge 230 and which are within a quarter wavelength to 4 wavelengths of the WG RF propagating within input waveguide 241.
  • cylindrical waveguide 220 Internal to cylindrical waveguide 220 are a series of deformations that convert the mode incident from the gyrotron to a Gaussian like beam.
  • cylindrical waveguide 220 has surface deformations which generate enhanced currents which provide a semi-Gaussian beam which is not circularly symmetric in radiation pattern, but one which has an intensify profile with an elliptical intensity cross section as previously described, and with an initially long axis parallel to the arc formed by a radial line which is perpendicular to the center axis 202 and swept along helical path 221, 223, 224, 227, shaped principally by reflector 240 of figures 2A, 2C, and 2D .
  • the long axis x' (parallel to path 223, 225, 227 of figure 2C ) of the radiation pattern is focused by reflector 240 of figures 2A, 2C, 2D, and 2D-1 such that the long axis x' extent reduces along path 252 of figure 2A and reaches a minimum extent at the entrance to corrugated waveguide 260, optionally also shaped and focused for x' extent along the propagation path 252 by second reflector 250.
  • Second reflector 250 may also provide surface shaping to reduce the beam extent in the short axis y' of the radiation pattern (parallel to launch edge 230) until it similarly reaches a minimum extent at the entrance to corrugated waveguide, with the radiation at the entrance to corrugated waveguide 260 preferably achieving a substantially circular cross section radiation pattern.
  • the profiles of first reflector 240 of figures 2A, 2C, 2D, and 2D-1 and second reflector 250 of figure 2A are selected to provide maximum coupling efficiency for the free space quasi-Gaussian RF into the waveguide 160.
  • substantially circular may be defined to be a shape which has a short axis dimension which is within 20% of a long axis dimension. For example, if the long axis of radiation pattern 282 of figure 2F is 20mm and the short axis of this radiation pattern is in the range 16mm to 20mm, this radiation pattern may be considered “substantially circular”.
  • the first reflector and mode converter 240 are integrated into the circular waveguide 220 launcher 230 to directly generate a circular RF beam cross section from the launcher 230 onto propagation path 252.
  • Second mode converting reflector 250 may be placed within the inner circumference of the tube envelope 256 to match the beam waist radiated from the launcher to the HE11 mode in the corrugated guide. This reflector 250 can also be used to tilt the output beam angle to be parallel to the tube axis 202.
  • the cylindrical waveguide 220 has internal depressions on the inner waveguide surface which maximize the generation of quasi-Gaussian mode free space waves.
  • the internal depressions on the inner waveguide cause the generation of "high order TE modes", which is defined in the present invention as any TE mode with an azimuthal mode greater than 15, such that for TE mn , m>15.
  • the first reflector such as 240 provides a surface with an azimuthal radius of curvature which is less than the radius of curvature of the central waveguide 220 to reduce the transverse extent of the coupled RF energy from launcher 230.
  • Figure 3A which may be viewed in combination with section D-D shown in figure 3B and section E-E shown in figure 3C , shows an embodiment 300 of the invention having a single reflector 316 where the cylindrical waveguide 306 and launch edge 314 provide RF energy to a reflector 316 which is similarly spaced (as in the structure of figure 2A ) between a quarter wavelength and four wavelengths from launch edge 314, and which provides beam focusing and mode conversion to generate a circularly symmetric radiation pattern 320 on the RF beam propagation, axis 318 and at the entrance to the corrugated waveguide 310.
  • Figure 3A also shows the spent electron beam 322 which, as in figure 2A , is minimally interacting with the free space RF (in contrast with figure 1A where the RF traverses through the spent RF beam 158 multiple times), enclosure 308 with evacuated chamber 302, central axis 304, launch region 312, and aperture window 324 for preserving the vacuum of the gyrotron 300.
  • Figure 3A section C-C is identical to the previously described section C-C of figure 2B , and figure 3A section D-D is shown in figure 3B , where the waveguide 306 is formed into a launch edge 314 which surfaces are separated by gap 344 to nearby single dual-purpose reflector 316, which performs the corrections described for reflectors 240 and 250 of figure 2A , which results in a symmetric minimum waist beam of the free space RF which is provided at the entrance corrugated waveguide 310, which efficiently accepts the free space RF energy and transports HE11 mode through the corrugated waveguides and through RF transparent vacuum seal window 324.
  • radius 342 and reference circle 340 of figure 3B identify analogous respective elements as figure2D-1 radius 232 and with reference circle 241 which indicates in dashed line reference the extent of input waveguide 220.
  • the coupling efficiencies of the free space guasi-gaussian RF coupling into the entrance of the corrugated waveguide, as shown in figures 2A and 3A provides for very efficient coupling and minimal reflection loss.
  • the coupling efficiency into the corrugated waveguide for the devices of figure 2A and 3A exceeds 95%, and is typically 98% or more.
  • any of the structures of figure 3A may be formed as a single unit, including any subset or set of: waveguide 306, launch edge 314, reflector 316, and a support (not shown) for the corrugated waveguide 310.
  • the fabrication of these components from a homogeneous slab of material such as copper can eliminate the need for mechanical adjustments of the prior art, and can also include corrective structures which minimize or eliminate mechanical deformations caused by thermal gradients in the gyrotron coupling structures.
  • Two important figures of merit for the gyrotron launcher of figures 2A and 3A are coupling efficiency, measured by the fraction of RF energy injected into waveguide section 220 which is coupled into the HE11 waveguide 260 of figure 2A and 310 of figure 3A , and mode purity, which is the fraction of desired mode power compared to sum of the power in all modes being propagated.
  • typical mode purity is less than 90% and the coupling efficiency is less than 90% at the output waveguide section 178.
  • the coupling efficiency approaches 97-98% and the mode purity also approaches 97-98%.
  • a change in coupling efficiency from 90% to 98% corresponds to a change from 100KW power dissipation to 20KW power dissipation, respectively, or a factor of 5 reduction in dissipated power.
  • a series of dimples and/or grooves are provided which provide preferential coupling for selected particular modes. This is done by taking advantage of the "beat wavelength" which results from one high order mode mixing with another.
  • the beat wavelength is determined by the pattern of constructive and destructive interference, which are many wavelengths long in the direction of propagation.
  • the beat wavelengths are the result of the constituent RF waves which form the beat wavelength of the conveyed mode each propagating with a different phase velocity.
  • the table of figure 5 identifies the particular modes which are the subject of the surface features of the WG waveguide 220, first mirror 240, and second mirror 250 of figure 2A (or alternatively the single dual-purpose mirror 316 of figure 3A ) .
  • the selection of surface waveguide features for these structures is done in combination to optimize for a Gaussian-like phase front TEM 00 mode at the entrance of the HE11 waveguide 260 of figure 2A or 310 of figure 3 . This Gaussian-like beam couples efficiently to the HE11 mode in the waveguide 260.
  • Figure 5 lists the co-propagating modes and power levels for a particular (m,n) primary mode.
  • the beat wavelengths listed in Figure 5 would be TE 21,7 , TE 27,5 , TE 25,6 , TE 23,6 , TE 22,7 , TE 20,7 , TE 28,5 , and TE 26,5 .
  • the inner surface profile of waveguide 220 changes over the axial extent of the waveguide to provide a boundary condition which encourages the formation of particular modes based on the beat wavelengths for a particular primary mode, as shown in figure 5 which shows the modes which co-propagate with a particular (m,n) primary mode, where m is the azimuthal mode and n is the axial mode.
  • the whispering gallery mode waveguide 220 inner surface is initially substantially cylindrical as shown in figure 4A .
  • Figure 4B also shows the dimple features 404a, 404b, 404c of the whispering gallery mode waveguide 220 providing a focusing and guiding function.
  • the beam is propagating helically in a clockwise direction in the view of figure 4B , two reflected segments are shown with the preceding and successive segments not shown for clarity.
  • RF beam segments 410, and 416, and associated dimple features 404a, 404b, and 404c are at different axial positions, but are shown in the simplified projection view of figure 4B for clarity.
  • Each interaction of the RF beam with features 404a, 404b, and 404c serves to focus and guide the beam to the elongate radiation pattern previously described for figure 2E .
  • the surface dimple shapes and positions are selected to provide a repeated focusing of the beam, as is see with beam 410 reducing to a narrow diameter 412 and subsequently expanding as shown in region 414. This successive focusing and guiding occurs at beam 416 after reflection at dimple 404b, and in the beam reflected by dimple 404c. This focus progression continues until the RF is launched as quasi-optical RF energy at launch edge 230 of figure 2A .
  • the mirrors after launch (240 and 250 of figure 2A and 316 of figure 3A ) have a first order focusing which reshapes the beam profile as was described for figures 2E, 2F, 2G-1, 2G-2 and 2H .
  • This first order correction provides a minimum beam waist diameter at the entrance 266 of corrugated waveguide 260 of figure 2A or entrance 320 of corrugated waveguide 310 of figure 3A .
  • the surface of the mirrors after launch also have a second order phase correction through the use of minor surface deformations (which are less than a wavelength in depth) which provides a second order phase correction to provide a modified quasi-Gaussian phase front TEM 00 at the corrugated waveguide entrance to maximize coupling to the HE11 mode in the waveguide 260.
  • the first criteria is selection of a primary mode and a particular set of high order co-propagating modes (such as from figure 5 ) for propagation through the whispering gallery mode waveguide 220, which is provided by the surface dimples and features of the waveguide 220.
  • the surface dimples have a beat period separation which is greater than a wavelength in the direction of RF propagation.
  • the second criteria is the generation of a minimum RF beam diameter with a Gaussian-like profile at the entrance of the corrugated waveguide, which is provided by the geometric shape of the focusing mirrors the free space quasi-optical RF beam encounters after the launch edge of the WG waveguide.
  • the third criteria is generation of substantially uniform phase at the Gaussian beam phase front occurring at substantially the same extent in the beam axis as the minimum beam diameter at the corrugated waveguide entrance of the second criteria, and this third criteria is met through the minor surface deformations on the focusing mirrors (240 and 250 of figure 2A , or 316 of figure 3A ) which perform these phase corrections, the minor surface deformations being less than a wavelength of the propagating RF.
  • the novel result of coupling directly into a corrugated waveguide inside the gyrotron cavity 201 or 302 is based on the application of the above three criteria.
  • the gyrotron launcher thereby comprising a whispering gallery mode waveguide with a step-cut launcher and one or more mirrors, where the whispering gallery mode waveguide provides the formation of a primary (m,n) mode and the co-propagating modes of figure 5 are used to form beat wavelengths which are used to select the waveguide inner surface profile, the beat wavelength relationships between the primary (m,n) mode and co-propagating modes of figure 5 determining the inner surface profile on the whispering gallery mode waveguide, the one or more mirrors having minor phase corrections of less than a wavelength in depth to provide a Gaussian-like beam with minimum waist diameter at the entrance of the corrugated waveguide, which entrance is preferably located inside the gyrotron evacuated chamber 201 or 302.

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Claims (14)

  1. Coupleur en mode galerie de chuchotement, WGM, comprenant :
    un guide d'ondes ondulé (310) ayant une entrée (320) ;
    un guide d'ondes cylindrique (306) pour la propagation d'énergie RF, le guide d'ondes cylindrique (306) ayant une pluralité de déformations (404a, 404b, 404c) sur une surface interne, chaque dite déformation provoquant une focalisation et un guidage d'énergie RF incidente jusqu'à une déformation suivante qui permet également une focalisation et un guidage d'énergie RF incidente jusqu'à une déformation suivante ;
    ledit guide d'ondes cylindrique (306) ayant un bord de lancement (314) pour l'acheminement d'énergie RF dans un mode quasi-optique jusqu'à un miroir (316) ;
    ledit miroir (316) ayant un profil de surface du premier ordre destiné à transformer ladite énergie RF en mode quasi-optique en un faisceau à symétrie circulaire ayant un diamètre minimal à l'entrée (320) dudit guide d'ondes ondulé (310) ;
    une enceinte (308) avec une chambre évacuée (302) contenant le guide d'ondes cylindrique (306) et le miroir (316), l'entrée (320) du guide d'ondes ondulé (310) étant située à l'intérieur de ladite chambre évacuée (302) ;
    ledit miroir (316) ayant également un profil de surface du deuxième ordre destiné à fournir un front de phase sensiblement uniforme dudit faisceau à symétrie circulaire à ladite entrée (320) dudit guide d'ondes ondulé (310) ;
    ledit guide d'ondes ondulé (310) étant agencé pour supporter une propagation d'énergie RF en mode HE11.
  2. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit miroir (316) comprend un premier miroir adjacent audit bord de lancement.
  3. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 2 dans lequel ledit lanceur et ledit miroir (316) constituent une structure commune.
  4. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit miroir (316) comprend un premier miroir agencé pour recevoir de l'énergie RF provenant dudit bord de lancement et pour former un faisceau RF avec une section transversale allongée, ledit faisceau RF étant ensuite couplé à un deuxième miroir qui forme un faisceau à symétrie circulaire à l'intérieur de ladite entrée de guide d'ondes ondulé (320), le deuxième miroir formant également une partie du coupleur WGM.
  5. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 4 dans lequel ledit deuxième miroir est agencé pour transformer ledit faisceau allongé en ledit faisceau à symétrie circulaire.
  6. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit premier miroir (316) et/ou ledit deuxième miroir comportent des déformations de surface destinées à fournir une phase sensiblement uniforme à ladite entrée de guide d'ondes ondulé (320).
  7. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit lanceur fournit une phase uniforme à ladite entrée de guide d'ondes ondulé pour au moins deux modes de propagation différents, fournissant ainsi une largeur de bande fractionnée d'au moins 40 %.
  8. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 7 dans lequel au moins un desdits modes de propagation comporte un mode TE24,6.
  9. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 8 dans lequel ledit mode de propagation comporte également au moins un des modes TE21,7, TE27,5, TE24,7, ou TE24,5.
  10. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit guide d'ondes ondulé comporte un miroir destiné à changer la direction d'énergie RF en mode HE11 se propageant dans ledit guide d'ondes ondulé.
  11. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit guide d'ondes, le bord de lancement et ledit réflecteur de conversion en mode miroir sont constitués de cuivre.
  12. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit guide d'ondes ondulé (310) comporte une fenêtre soudée sous vide.
  13. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 12 dans lequel ladite fenêtre soudée sous vide est en diamant.
  14. Coupleur WGM de la revendication 1 dans lequel lesdites déformations comprennent des creux internes agencés pour provoquer la génération de modes TE d'ordre supérieur, les modes d'ordre supérieur étant des modes TE avec un mode azimutal supérieur à 15.
EP15882841.8A 2015-02-19 2015-02-19 Coupleur à mode de galerie de chuchotements de gyrotron pour le couplage direct de rf dans un guide d'ondes he11 Active EP3259772B1 (fr)

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