EP3232432A1 - Procédé destiné a l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques du bois de résonance d'épicea - Google Patents

Procédé destiné a l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques du bois de résonance d'épicea Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3232432A1
EP3232432A1 EP16164755.7A EP16164755A EP3232432A1 EP 3232432 A1 EP3232432 A1 EP 3232432A1 EP 16164755 A EP16164755 A EP 16164755A EP 3232432 A1 EP3232432 A1 EP 3232432A1
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Prior art keywords
wood
sound
spruce
liquid medium
vitreus
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EP16164755.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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Erfindernennung liegt noch nicht vor Die
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Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
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Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
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Priority to EP16164755.7A priority Critical patent/EP3232432A1/fr
Priority to CN201680077145.9A priority patent/CN108604441A/zh
Priority to US16/065,819 priority patent/US10388260B2/en
Priority to PCT/EP2016/082761 priority patent/WO2017114856A1/fr
Priority to JP2018533895A priority patent/JP2019502165A/ja
Priority to EP16829090.6A priority patent/EP3398189B1/fr
Publication of EP3232432A1 publication Critical patent/EP3232432A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10C—PIANOS, HARPSICHORDS, SPINETS OR SIMILAR STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH ONE OR MORE KEYBOARDS
    • G10C3/00—Details or accessories
    • G10C3/06—Resonating means, e.g. soundboards or resonant strings; Fastenings thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10D3/00—Details of, or accessories for, stringed musical instruments, e.g. slide-bars
    • G10D3/22—Material for manufacturing stringed musical instruments; Treatment of the material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/02—Casings; Cabinets ; Supports therefor; Mountings therein
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R2201/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones covered by H04R1/00 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • H04R2201/02—Details casings, cabinets or mounting therein for transducers covered by H04R1/02 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • H04R2201/029—Manufacturing aspects of enclosures transducers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for improving the acoustic properties of spruce tonewood for musical instruments. Furthermore, the invention relates to an improved spruce-tonewood for musical instruments, and musical instruments, in particular stringed instruments whose resonance panels consist of such spruce-Klangholz.
  • Sound wood for musical instruments should be as light as possible, but at the same time have a high modulus of elasticity (modulus of elasticity or Y-oung's modulus) and a high speed of sound. It should also be free of knots and have narrow, homogeneous tree rings and a low proportion of latewood ( ⁇ 20%). Only a few, carefully selected wood assortments meet these strict quality criteria.
  • the (acoustic) material quality of sound wood is generally defined by the quotient c / p, where c is the speed of sound and p is the density of the sound wood (Ono & Norimoto, 1983; 1984; Spycher, 2008; Spycher et al., 2008; 4).
  • the speed of sound is the square root of the ratio of modulus of elasticity (for bending longitudinally to the fiber) to density.
  • the modulus of elasticity is a material-independent material value; the product of modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia gives the flexural rigidity of the workpiece (Ono & Norimoto, 1983, 1984, Spycher, 2008, Spycher et al., 2008).
  • the speed of sound eg of spruce wood
  • the speed of sound is 4800 to 6200 m / s, the average bulk density 320 to 420 kg / m 3 .
  • Both parameters are dependent on the moisture content of the wood, which increases the precision and infrastructure requirements for the experiments as well as the evaluation of the test results.
  • Of particular interest in all measures to improve material quality is the impact relative changes in modulus and bulk density have on the speed of sound.
  • the modulus of elasticity (in%) changes approximately in proportion to the change in the bulk density (in%)
  • the speed of sound remains approximately the same (the material quality then increases approximately inversely proportional to a reduction in the apparent density); such a ratio of relative changes in modulus of elasticity and bulk density is said to be "narrow" (Ono & Norimoto, 1983; 1984; Spycher, 2008; Spycher et al., 2008).
  • the modulus of elasticity (in%) decreases significantly less than the bulk density (in%), the speed of sound is increased (the quality of the material increases more than inversely proportional to a reduction in bulk density).
  • a disadvantage of the methods described so far is that a uniform colonization of the wood can not be guaranteed by the selected mushrooms.
  • An irregular settlement has the consequence that the acoustic material quality is improved only inconsistently or even not at all.
  • it entails the risk of undesirable strength losses, cracks and crevices in the wood.
  • Physisporinus vitreus has low levels of competition against other species of fungi and is therefore very susceptible to contamination by other species.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an improved method for the production of spruce sound wood for musical instruments, which ensures in particular an improvement in the acoustic properties, a shorter process time and a more homogeneous product.
  • Other objects of the invention are to provide an improved sound wood for musical instruments, as well as musical instruments made thereof.
  • a wood sound ingot is subjected to Physisporin vitreus treatment under controlled, sterile conditions.
  • the previously sterilized soundwood blank is dipped in a liquid medium enriched with fungus mycelium and kept therein with exclusion of light during a contact time and finally sterilized.
  • the liquid medium contains nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in a proportion of 200 to 300 g per liter.
  • NFC nanofibrillated cellulose
  • Controlled, sterile conditions in the present context means an environment in which at least the temperature and the relative humidity are kept within a predefined range and contamination with foreign fungal species is prevented. According to the invention, a temperature of 18 to 26 ° C and a relative humidity of about 60 to about 80% is set.
  • the measures according to the invention ensure a reproducible, uniform improvement of the acoustic properties of the sound wood that is free from local defects.
  • a sound wood blank is generally a plate-shaped portion of a suitable sound wood to understand, which is intended in particular for the production of the ceiling or the bottom of a string or plucked instrument. In the present context, it is without exception spruce wood.
  • a closable medium-tight container made of sterilizable materials, for example, from an autoclavable plastic is generally suitable. Furthermore, the container must be equipped so that inside a controlled atmosphere of predetermined humidity is adjustable. For the controlled supply of air at least one designed with a sterile microfilter valve is provided.
  • a liquid medium enriched with fungal mycelium is understood in a manner known per se to be a buffered aqueous solution with nutrients, which has been mixed with mycelium samples of a pure culture of Physisporinus vitreus and then grown for a suitable time.
  • the liquid medium contains a proportion of 200 to 300 g of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) per liter of liquid medium.
  • NFC nanofibrillated cellulose
  • the term "nanofibrillated cellulose”, also abbreviated “NFC” includes cellulose fibers having a diameter of about 3 nm to about 200 nm and a length of at least 500 nm and an aspect ratio (length: diameter) of at least 100 ⁇ m understand.
  • the NFC fibers have a diameter of 10 to 100 nm, an average of 50 nm and a length of at least a few microns, and the aspect ratio may also be 1,000 or more.
  • NFC is generally obtained by a mechanical comminution process of wood and other vegetable fibers; first descriptions go to Herrick et al. ( Herrick, FW; Casebier, RL; Hamilton, JK; Sandberg, KR Microfibrillated cellulose: Morphology and accessibility. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 1983, 37, 797-813 ) as well as Turback et al. ( Turbak, AF; Snyder, FW; Sandberg, KR Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: Properties, uses, and commercial potential. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 1983, 37, 815-827 ) in 1983.
  • MFC microfibrillated cellulose
  • CNF cellulose nanofibers
  • NFC nanofibrillated cellulose
  • cellulose nano- or microfibrils are commonly used.
  • cellulose nanofibers are long and flexible.
  • the NFC formed therefrom usually contains crystalline and amorphous domains and has a network structure due to strong hydrogen bonds (see eg Lu, J .; Askeland, P .; Drzal, LT Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications. Polymer 2008, 49, 1285-1298 ; Zimmermann, T .; Pöhler, E .; Geiger, T.
  • the method according to the invention can in principle be carried out with a single sound wood blank. As a rule, however, for the sake of efficiency alone, several chopped wood blanks are treated simultaneously.
  • the incubation container is expediently equipped with corresponding recesses and support elements.
  • the method can be carried out in particular with two sound wood blanks, which together form a cover for a violin.
  • a temperature of about 22 ° C, in particular in the range of 21 ° C to 23 ° C, and a relative humidity of about 70%, in particular in the range of 65 to about 75% set (claim 3).
  • the measures according to the invention make it possible to produce tonewood having outstanding properties using a comparatively short exposure time of 4 to 6 months (claim 5).
  • the liquid medium used for the process according to the invention is preferably obtained by incubation of an NFC-containing nutrient medium inoculated with Physisporinus vitreus under controlled pH conditions (claim 6).
  • an aqueous nutrient medium with spruce wood extract and nanofibrillated cellulose is initially introduced and inoculated with a mushroom-containing liquid medium culture or with mushroom-covered sawdust particles.
  • the sterilization of the sound wood blank to be carried out after the exposure time of several months can in principle be carried out in a known manner.
  • ethylene oxide is used for this purpose (claim 7).
  • the color space (L *, a *, b *) defined color index E * increased by at least 14 (claim 8).
  • a change in color of the wood is advantageously effected, which is characterized by a defined in the color space (L *, a *, b *) color difference .DELTA.E * of at least 11 (claim 9).
  • the spruce tonewood for musical instruments produced by the method according to the invention is distinguished in that the sound radiation in the longitudinal direction is increased by at least 20%, preferably by at least 24%, compared to untreated sound wood, and the attenuation in the longitudinal direction to at least 25%, preferably increased by at least 29%.
  • the longitudinal direction corresponds to the direction of tree growth, while the radial and tangential directions refer to the approximately circular tree rings.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a musical instrument, in particular a stringed instrument, with at least one resonating plate made of tonewood improved according to the invention.
  • musical instrument is to be understood in the widest sense;
  • resonant plates can also be used for wooden membranes in loudspeakers.
  • a clone-specific primer was designed and synthesized. As a result, a sensitivity of 10 -5 can be achieved in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, real-time PCR).
  • real-time PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction
  • the detection of P. vitreus by the use of species-specific primers in combination with fungal DNA extraction techniques directly from wood is greatly simplified, since in the implementation of the identification a normal standard PCR followed by gel electrophoresis is sufficient.
  • the time required for this process lasts a few hours and is therefore significantly faster and more effective compared with the conventional method, because it can be dispensed with the production of pure cultures.
  • the risk of foreign contamination during the sampling is significantly minimized by the use of the specific primer pair.
  • strain-specific primers were constructed for the clear detection of the fungus P. vitreus .
  • Table 1 lists the types of fungi used in these studies. DNA extraction for the molecular biological studies was carried out using the Extract-N-Amp TM Plant PCR Kit from Sigma Aldrich according to the manufacturer's instructions. Table 1: Fungus species used mushrooms Isolate no.
  • RAPD Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
  • ITS 1 / ITS 4 primer combination of White et al. (1990) amplified the ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 region of the fungal species used with a thermocycler from the company Biometra.
  • Target region of the primers used was the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). It consists, inter alia, of coding gene segments 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA (in fungi and other eukaryotes) that are conservative (Schmidt and Moreth, 2006). These three coding gene segments are separated by highly variable introns, the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2).
  • the resulting PCR products were then commercially purified and sequenced (Synergene, Zurich).
  • the sequence of the ITS region of P. vitreus 642 has been deposited in the international database EMBL (Accession No. FM202494). Due to the nature of the specificity of the ITS domain, the sequence of P. vitreus 642 was used to study using the Clustal X program and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Primer-BLAST) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, http: // www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/) to isolate short DNA sequences (20 bases), which occur exclusively in the fungus P. vitreus.
  • Primary-BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • P. vitreus-specific primer pair Two short DNA sequences were synthesized (Microsynth) and used as a P. vitreus-specific primer pair.
  • P. vitreus is no longer distinguished solely by a band pattern, but by a species-specific PCR, in which only DNA from P. vitreus, for which the Primer pair that allows generation of a 426 base pair PCR product.
  • the evaluation or differentiation is unambiguous since it only gives either a positive or a negative result (Schmidt and Moreth, 2000, Schmidt and Moreth, 2006).
  • Physisporinus vitreus (EMPA strain No. 642 or 643) was pre-cultivated on a suitable, sterile malt agar medium in Petri dishes ( ⁇ 9 cm). As soon as the culture medium was completely overgrown by the fungus mycelium of P. vitreus (after approx. 12-16 days), approx. 2g of sterile spruce sawdust (particle size ⁇ 2mm) was placed in the middle of the medium in each Petri dish under sterile conditions. After a further 4 to 6 weeks, the sawdust substrate, completely mixed by P. vitreus, was used to inoculate the liquid medium.
  • a nanofibrillated cellulosic nutrient medium has proved to be a particularly suitable liquid medium for the cultivation of P. vitreus on the basis of preliminary experiments.
  • the nanofibrillated cellulose-containing liquid medium was incubated under sterile conditions with P. vitreus in a bioreactor under controlled pH conditions (pH adjusted to 6.8 - 7.2 or optionally under controlled oxygen supply). The speed of the agitator was set low.
  • the nutrient medium can also be used as a standing or shaking culture in suitable Erlenmeyer flasks with cotton plugs on a horizontal shaker (50 rpm). during 4 to 8 weeks in a climatic chamber in the dark at 22 ° C. and 70 ⁇ 5% rel. Humidity can be produced.
  • the introduction of the mushroom-containing liquid medium and the actual exposure time or fungus treatment of the spruce was carried out under sterile conditions in a specially prepared incubator.
  • the incubator consists of a heat-resistant plastic container (PPC) with internal dimensions of 554 mm x 354 mm x 141 mm (source: WEZ Kunststoffwerk AG, CH-5036 Oberentfelden, item no. 6413.007) and a matching, modified lid with sight glass.
  • PPC heat-resistant plastic container
  • In this incubator were two in their dimensions and shape of the treated sound wood blanks (violet corners) adapted stainless steel treatment tanks and fitting recessed holders (Avemlagervorraumen), each with a corresponding filler pipe with 3 to 4 outlet openings, which within the incubator with a hose system ( made of heat-resistant material) and an inlet valve are connected.
  • the mushroom-containing liquid medium can be filled into the incubator under sterile conditions.
  • the two tonewood blanks to be treated (for a violin corner) are placed in the appropriate support devices in stainless steel treatment tanks.
  • the total amount of the mushroom-containing liquid medium required later for filling can be reduced by optionally filling a few glass beads as placeholders (volume displacer) in the lower area of the treatment tank.
  • the filling hoses were connected to the filling valves within the incubator container.
  • the incubator was tightly closed with the lids (with sight glass) and the entire container including the sound wood blanks placed therein under low heat, e.g. Sterilized with ionizing radiation.
  • the incubator previously sterilized and equipped with the sound wood blanks (violin corners) to be treated was exposed under sterile conditions to a 10% negative pressure (about 100 mbar). Due to the negative pressure in the incubator, the mushroom-containing liquid medium can be supplied via the filling tube into the treatment container with the sound wood blanks under sterile conditions via the previously likewise sterilized plastic tubes and valves, which are connected directly to the bioreactor or a shaking culture.
  • the supply line was stopped and the supply hoses emptied.
  • the incubator was then vented to normal pressure with a sterile microfiltered valve and incubated as a whole for the intended fungal treatment (exposure time) in a suitable air conditioning cabin.
  • old wood samples were taken from a cello (built in 1700, violin maker Catenes) and a beam from a historic house in Rougemont (dated 1756, Switzerland), which was used for the construction of a cello.
  • the bulk density of the wood samples from Testore and Rougemont was 410 and 456 kg / m 3 .
  • twin samples of small and wide-ringed wood were examined before and after fungal treatment.
  • samples of wide and narrow wood were made.
  • specimens with a cutting thickness of 0.06 mm, 15 mm long and 1.5 mm wide were prepared with a rotation microscope before and after the treatment.
  • the incubator with the wood samples surrounded therein by the fungus-containing, nanofibrillated cellulose-containing liquid medium was incubated for the required exposure time (fungus treatment) in a suitable air conditioning cabin at 22 ° C. (and 70 ⁇ 5% relative humidity) for 12 months.
  • fresh, oxygen-rich air was supplied under sterile conditions through the valve with the sterile microfilter. After a 12-month incubation period, the wood samples were cleaned and then sterilized with ethylene oxide.
  • the incubator is opened.
  • the fungus-treated wood samples lying in the treatment tank were removed from the nanofibrillated cellulosic liquid medium completely grown by the fungus mycelium and carefully (with a metal spatula) carefully cleaned of superficially adherent mycelium.
  • the freshly picked, mushroom-modified wood chippings have a relatively high water content of z.T. more than 150 to 250% and then have to be dried gently to avoid cracking (ring peeling).
  • the spruce boards store only in a climatic chamber (20 ° C) and 80% rel. Moisture (possibly previously in a container with a xylene-containing atmosphere to prevent mold growth) and are then over a period of several weeks successively in a climatic chamber at 65% and later at 50% rel. Damp dried down.
  • these may optionally be replaced by e.g. be sterilized with ionizing radiation (under low heat).
  • the bulk density ⁇ R of the different wood samples before and after the fungal treatment is in Fig. 2 seen.
  • the average mass loss ⁇ m of the fungus-treated wood samples was 3.3% ⁇ 0.9%. From the Fig. 2 It can be seen that with decreasing bulk density of the wood lower mass losses were recorded. In the high-quality sound wood (low bulk density) the highest, in the inferior wood (high bulk density), the lowest mass losses were recorded.
  • the most important acoustic properties that are used for the selection of sound wood for musical instruments are the damping (tan ⁇ ) and the sound radiation (R).
  • High-quality sound wood has a high sound radiation (R).
  • R describes how strongly the vibrations of a body are damped due to the sound radiation.
  • the attenuation of sound refers to any kind of reduction of the sound intensity that does not necessarily have to do with a reduction of the sound energy, for example by divergence, ie by distributing the sound energy over a larger area. Both properties were examined on untreated controls and on fungal treated wood. The vibration characteristics of wood samples were measured before and after fungal treatment (as described under 5.4) at a relative moisture content of 65%. The results show that both the sound radiation and the attenuation in the fungus-treated wood increase significantly ( Fig. 5-6 ).
  • the color measurements were made on wood samples with a tristimulus colorimeter (Konica Minolta) at wavelengths between 360-740 nm.
  • the device allows the non-contact measurement of brightness and color at a measuring angle of 1 °.
  • L * defines the brightness from 0 (black) to 100 (white) while a * defines the ratio of red (+60) to green (-60) and b * the ratio of yellow (+60) to blue (-60) specify.
  • the color index E * ab and the brightness L * for freshly felled and mushroom treated tone wood (a) and lumber (b) can be taken after 4 to 12 months.
  • the duration of the fungal treatment increases, the color index increases while the brightness decreases.
  • an E * index of 29.9 ( ⁇ 0.8) was found for freshly sounded wood (a) and lumber (b) ( Fig. 7a-b ).
  • E * which by definition is the length of a vector in the color space spanned by L *, a * and b * Change vector ⁇ E *, which connects the color point (L 0 *, a 0 *, b 0 *) before color change with the color point (L 1 *, a 1 *, b 1 *) after color change:
  • AE * L 1 * - L 0 * 2 + a 1 * - a 0 * 2 + b 1 * - b 0 * 2
  • the size ⁇ E * is also called the color difference.
  • Fig. 8 the time course of the color difference ⁇ E * of sound wood (open circles) and lumber (filled circles) after different duration (4-12 months) of the fungus treatment compared to the untreated state is shown.
  • the dashed line shows the color difference of an old wood sample (Rougemont) compared to a freshly cut sample of the same wood species.
  • FTIR analyzes revealed significant changes in the ratio of lignin / polysaccharides in fungal and old wood (Lehringer et al., 2011; Sedighi Giliani et al., 2014a; Sedighi Gilani et al., 2014b). A significant difference was the lower proportion of hemicellulose in old wood. Qualitative studies confirm that both lignin and hemicellulose degrade at different levels during wood delignification (Lehringer et al., 2011). Although the Degradation processes of lignin and hemicellulose are not identical after selective delignification and natural aging, it can be assumed that their composition differs significantly from freshly cut wood.
  • the different composition of freshly cut wood has an influence on the interaction with moisture, eg sorption dynamics, moisture capacity and dimensional stability of the material.
  • moisture eg sorption dynamics, moisture capacity and dimensional stability of the material.
  • These changes will also have an impact on the wood anatomy and supermolecular structure of the cell walls, which in turn have a significant impact on the vibromechanical properties of the wood.
  • the method of fungal wood modification described herein results in a temporal reduction in the stress relaxation of the material under various mechanical (e.g., tuning) and physical (e.g., humid air fluctuation) boundary conditions, which is of critical importance to the stability and sound quality of wood-made musical instruments.
  • mechanical e.g., tuning
  • physical e.g., humid air fluctuation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
EP16164755.7A 2015-12-30 2016-04-11 Procédé destiné a l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques du bois de résonance d'épicea Ceased EP3232432A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16164755.7A EP3232432A1 (fr) 2016-04-11 2016-04-11 Procédé destiné a l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques du bois de résonance d'épicea
CN201680077145.9A CN108604441A (zh) 2015-12-30 2016-12-28 改善云杉共振木材的声学特性的方法
US16/065,819 US10388260B2 (en) 2015-12-30 2016-12-28 Method for improving the acoustic properties of spruce resonance wood
PCT/EP2016/082761 WO2017114856A1 (fr) 2015-12-30 2016-12-28 Procédé d'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques d'un bois d'épicéa à instruments
JP2018533895A JP2019502165A (ja) 2015-12-30 2016-12-28 スプルース共鳴木材の音響特性を改善する方法
EP16829090.6A EP3398189B1 (fr) 2015-12-30 2016-12-28 Procédé destiné à l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques du bois de résonance d'épicea

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1734504A1 (fr) 2005-06-14 2006-12-20 Martin Schleske Procédé destiné à l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques de bois de résonance pour instruments de musique
WO2012056109A2 (fr) * 2010-10-27 2012-05-03 Upm-Kymmene Corporation Matière de culture cellulaire d'origine végétale

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1734504A1 (fr) 2005-06-14 2006-12-20 Martin Schleske Procédé destiné à l'amélioration des propriétés acoustiques de bois de résonance pour instruments de musique
WO2012056109A2 (fr) * 2010-10-27 2012-05-03 Upm-Kymmene Corporation Matière de culture cellulaire d'origine végétale

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