EP3225322B1 - Method and bending machine for making a multi-dimensional curved bent component - Google Patents

Method and bending machine for making a multi-dimensional curved bent component Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3225322B1
EP3225322B1 EP17161088.4A EP17161088A EP3225322B1 EP 3225322 B1 EP3225322 B1 EP 3225322B1 EP 17161088 A EP17161088 A EP 17161088A EP 3225322 B1 EP3225322 B1 EP 3225322B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
workpiece
marking
rotational position
camera system
bending machine
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Application number
EP17161088.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3225322A3 (en
EP3225322A2 (en
Inventor
Volker Kalkau
Claus Denkinger
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Wafios AG
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Wafios AG
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Publication of EP3225322A3 publication Critical patent/EP3225322A3/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D7/00Bending rods, profiles, or tubes
    • B21D7/02Bending rods, profiles, or tubes over a stationary forming member; by use of a swinging forming member or abutment
    • B21D7/024Bending rods, profiles, or tubes over a stationary forming member; by use of a swinging forming member or abutment by a swinging forming member
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D43/00Feeding, positioning or storing devices combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, apparatus for working or processing sheet metal, metal tubes or metal profiles; Associations therewith of cutting devices
    • B21D43/003Positioning devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D7/00Bending rods, profiles, or tubes
    • B21D7/12Bending rods, profiles, or tubes with programme control

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a two- or three-dimensionally bent bent part from a cut-to-length tubular or rod-shaped workpiece by means of a numerically controlled bending machine according to the preamble of claim 1 and a bending machine suitable for carrying out the method according to the preamble of claim 9
  • Methods and such a device are for example from the DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 known.
  • the workpieces considered here are tubes or rods made of solid material, which are cut to a specified workpiece length before being inserted into the bending machine and are thus pre-assembled.
  • Such workpieces are usually bent using so-called pipe bending machines, which can usually not only bend pipes, but also workpieces made of cut solid material.
  • Such a bending machine has a clamping device for clamping an end section of the workpiece on the end face.
  • the clamping device can be rotated about an axis of rotation by means of a rotation unit and can be moved parallel to the axis of rotation by means of a feed unit.
  • a bending head is provided with devices for generating at least one flat bend on a workpiece held by the clamping device.
  • a class of workpieces is characterized in that, before the first bending operation, the workpiece on the bending machine should be brought into a specific desired rotational position with respect to its longitudinal central axis before the first bending operation is carried out on the bending machine.
  • one or more holes are generally made in sections which are later to be used for fastening a seat surface or a backrest. Fastening screws or the like can be screwed into the holes.
  • the holes are typically made in the workpieces during pre-assembly by drilling, laser processing or in some other way before the workpieces are introduced into the bending machine.
  • the workpiece In order for the holes in the finished bent part to be in the correct orientation, for example as perpendicular to the seat surface as possible, the workpiece must be fed to the bending head with the correct rotational orientation. There is therefore a desired target rotational position of the workpiece with respect to its longitudinal central axis before the start of the first bending operation.
  • Trained operators are usually able to align the workpiece relatively well by eye when inserting an end section into the clamping device, before the clamping device is closed and the bending process begins.
  • the operator can orientate himself on the hole to be correctly aligned or on another marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece.
  • the accuracies that can be achieved by an operator with regard to the rotational position are heavily dependent on the experience of the operator and also on the shape of the day, so that unusable reject parts can be produced.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing a method and a bending machine for producing two- or three-dimensionally bent bent parts which make it possible to produce workpieces which are critical to the rotational position with high precision, independently of the operator.
  • the invention provides a method with the features of claim 1. Furthermore, a bending machine with the features of claim 9 is provided. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims. The wording of all claims is incorporated by reference into the content of the description.
  • the method can be used for all workpieces which have at least one marking on the circumferential surface and can be brought into a desired rotational position with respect to their longitudinal central axis with the aid of the marking.
  • the marking is a hole in the peripheral surface.
  • the hole can serve, for example, to receive a fastening screw or the like.
  • an engraving that can be used as a marking is introduced on the workpiece by means of a laser or in some other way, for example a logo of a manufacturer and / or a part identification, e.g. this engraving should always be visible at the same place on the bent part when the bent part is bent.
  • weld seam which runs parallel to the longitudinal center axis and which can be used as a marking.
  • Other joints can also serve as a marking.
  • the correct target rotational position can be specified, for example, such that the area of the weld seam or the joint is stressed as little as possible by mechanical tensile or compressive forces in the bending process.
  • Other markings for example in the form of color markings or embossments on the peripheral surface, can also serve as aids in the correct rotation alignment of the workpiece within the scope of the claimed invention.
  • the method is characterized by an automatic alignment operation, which is carried out using a marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece.
  • the marking is optically recorded using a camera system.
  • rotational position information is determined, which contains information about the actual rotational position of the workpiece when the measurement image is recorded.
  • the rotation unit of the bending machine is controlled as a function of the determined rotational position information so that the clamped workpiece is rotated into the target rotational position by rotating the clamping device if the workpiece is not in the target rotational position after clamping.
  • the rotation can be omitted if the evaluation of the rotational position information shows that the workpiece is already in the desired rotational position with sufficient accuracy immediately after being clamped in the clamping device.
  • the bending machine has an automatic alignment system for rotating the clamped workpiece into a predefinable target rotational position before the start of a first bending operation on the bending machine following the clamping.
  • the alignment system has a camera system for optically detecting a marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece and an evaluation device for determining rotational position information from at least one measurement image of the camera system.
  • the control device of the bending machine is configured to control the rotation unit in an alignment mode as a function of the determined rotational position information.
  • the automatic alignment operation is therefore based on optically and thus contactlessly recorded information, which can be recorded on the circumferential surface of the workpiece using an already existing marking.
  • the desired target rotational position can be set with high precision before the start of the first bending operation, regardless of the skills of an operator, so that production of rejects due to misorientation of the workpiece during the original clamping can be practically ruled out .
  • This makes it possible to load the machine manually or to feed the workpieces to the bending machine in another way (e.g. using a robot or magazine) without prior alignment of the workpieces.
  • the camera-based automatic alignment operation can be completed within fractions of a second or within a few seconds, so that unproductive idle times for alignment can be reduced to a minimum. This means that both the productivity of the bending process and the quality of the bent parts can be increased.
  • the automatic alignment system can generally be adapted to different markings without changes to the hardware.
  • evaluation software can be provided which already contains routines for the optimal evaluation of differently designed markings, which can optionally be activated.
  • the workpiece can be a round material, i.e. a tube or a rod made of solid material with a circular cylindrical cross section.
  • the workpiece can also have a cross-sectional shape that deviates from the circular shape, for example a polygonal cross-sectional shape, in particular a triangular, square, pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape.
  • the workpiece is a workpiece that has not yet been pre-bent, in particular an essentially straight workpiece. Then the first bending operation on the bending machine is also the first bending operation performed on the workpiece.
  • the workpiece can also be an already pre-bent workpiece which consists of upstream processing stages (on the same bending machine or a different bending machine) already contains one or more permanent bends. Then the first bending operation on the bending machine following the clamping is not the first bending operation performed on the workpiece.
  • the axial section of the workpiece which contains the marking is located in the detection area of the camera system immediately after the end section of the workpiece has been clamped in such a way that a measurement image which contains at least part of the marking can be recorded.
  • the clamping device or the workpiece must first be positioned relative to the camera system so that a measurement is possible. For this purpose, a relative movement between the camera system and the workpiece or clamping device is carried out.
  • the positioning of a section of the workpiece containing the marking in the detection area of the camera system is preferably carried out exclusively by axial movement and / or rotation of the clamping device such that the camera system can record at least one measurement image that contains at least one evaluable part of the marking.
  • a permanently installed camera system which is implemented in preferred embodiments of the bending machine.
  • the tensioning device is initially only moved axially until the section containing the marking lies in the detection range of the camera system. Then a measurement image is recorded and evaluated. If this does not contain at least part of the marking, the clamping device is rotated in a "search run" until at least part of the marking reaches the detection area. In order to keep the "search time" required for this as short as possible, the absence of a mark in the measurement image rotates the clamping device by a predetermined angle, for example in the range between 45 ° and 90 °, before a next measurement image is taken. If this still shows no part of the marking, the search is rotated further by a predetermined angle until a marking or part of the marking is recognized.
  • a signal is preferably sent to the control unit if, after a predefined search run, which comprises, for example, at least one full rotation, at least part of a marking has not entered the detection area or if only a wrong or non-evaluable marking reaches the detection area during the search run.
  • the signal can be evaluated, for example, in the manner of an error signal, in particular in such a way that the control unit stops the bending machine and / or controls an acoustic and / or visual display which indicates the error state to the operator.
  • the workpiece is preferably rotated by predetermined angular amounts and stopped in the rotational position then reached, so that a measurement image can be recorded on the stationary workpiece.
  • Such a discontinuous rotation with measured value recording on the stationary workpiece has a positive influence on both the speed of the alignment process and the achievable accuracy.
  • the measurement image is evaluated.
  • the evaluation of the measurement image preferably includes the determination of an actual rotational position of the workpiece from the position of the marking within the measurement image and an alignment rotation angle by which the workpiece has to be rotated in order to set the desired rotational position.
  • the target rotational position of the workpiece is then set by rotating the workpiece by the alignment rotation angle.
  • the workpiece is rotated into the desired rotational position in a single step as soon as the marking has been recognized by the camera system. This enables particularly rapid alignment to be achieved. An iterative approach to the target rotational position is also possible.
  • the camera system is designed or arranged such that the detection area of the camera system contains an axial section of the workpiece with the workpiece edges visible through the camera system.
  • the visible workpiece edges can serve as reference structures for carrying out measurements within a measuring range of the measurement image, which improves the precision of the results and enables very precise alignment.
  • the camera system can then calibrate itself, so that setup by an expert and readjustment when changing between different workpiece diameters can be dispensed with.
  • the section of the workpiece that can be detected by the camera system is illuminated with the aid of an illumination system.
  • an illumination system preferably has at least one incident light illumination source which illuminates the section of interest from the side of the camera system.
  • two or more incident light illumination sources can be provided be that illuminate the section from different directions and / or at different angles during operation. In this way, the reliability of the detection of the marking and the accuracy of the image evaluation can be increased.
  • the lighting system has a backlight source, preferably in addition to at least one incident light source.
  • the backlight source is ideally located on the side of the workpiece section opposite the camera system and can cause the workpiece edges detected by the camera system to appear particularly rich in contrast. This can also increase the reliability of the measurement.
  • a bending machine 100 for producing two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally bent parts from straight, previously cut tubular or rod-shaped workpieces is shown.
  • the bending machine is also referred to as a tube bending machine, but can also bend rod-shaped workpieces made of solid material in addition to tubular workpieces.
  • the bending machine has a lower case letter x, y and z right-angled machine coordinate system MK with a vertical z-axis and horizontal x- and y-axes.
  • the x-axis runs parallel to the axis of rotation of a clamping device 110, which will be explained later.
  • the coordinate axes are to be distinguished from the controlled-driven machine axes mentioned later, each with capital letters (e.g. A-axis, C-axis). be designated.
  • the bending machine has a clamping device 110 for clamping an end section of a workpiece W to be bent on the face side (cf. Fig. 2 ).
  • the clamping device can be rotated about a horizontal axis of rotation 112 by means of a (not visible) rotation unit and can be moved parallel to the axis of rotation 112 by means of a likewise not visible feed unit.
  • the clamping device is designed as a so-called three-jaw pliers. It has a clamping head 114 on the end face which contains three clamping jaws which are movable radially to the axis of rotation and which enclose an insertion opening for inserting an end section of the workpiece. An interchangeable stop located inside limits the insertion depth for the workpiece.
  • a tube 116 Connected to the clamping head is a tube 116 which is coaxial with the axis of rotation 112 and which can be axially displaced parallel to the axis of rotation using a pneumatic cylinder.
  • the clamping head 114 is opened or closed by axial displacement of the tube.
  • the rotation unit (A axis of the bending machine) and the feed unit (C axis of the bending machine) are carried by the frame of the bending machine and are located inside the protective hood 120.
  • the three-jaw pliers are mounted with the rotation unit on the linearly displaceable feed unit. All machine axes are controlled via an invisible control device of the bending machine.
  • the workpieces are each individually picked up with the aid of the clamping device 110 or the three-jaw pliers, held and fed to a bending head 130 which is arranged at a distance in front of the clamping device.
  • the bending head 130 is a compact structural unit.
  • the bending movements of the bending head are controlled via several CNC axes via the control device. Since the structure of such bending heads is known per se, a detailed description is omitted here. Possible configurations are in the DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 or the DE 10 2011 006 101 B4 described.
  • the bending machine is equipped with an automatic alignment system, which makes it possible, without the intervention of an operator, to rotate a workpiece W clamped in the clamping device 110 before the start of a bending operation immediately following the clamping on the bending machine about its longitudinal central axis into a desired rotational position which can be predetermined by programming. This is always possible if the workpiece has a visible marking on its circumferential surface in a section A lying at a distance from the clamped end section M has.
  • the bending machine is shown with a clamped workpiece W.
  • the workpiece is a cylindrical steel tube, which is to be bent into a single or multiple curved chair leg using the bending machine.
  • the straight workpiece which has been pre-cut to the desired workpiece length, is inserted (or automatically) by an operator into the insertion opening of the opened clamping head 114 and the latter is then closed by moving the tube 116.
  • the workpiece is clamped at one end section, while the rest of the workpiece remains free up to the opposite end section.
  • the longitudinal central axis of the workpiece extends more or less coaxially to the axis of rotation 112 of the clamping device.
  • a seat element or backrest element of a chair is later to be screwed onto the curved chair leg.
  • a radial through hole M is already made in a specific section A of the tube in the workpiece wall, e.g. before the workpiece is bent, e.g. introduced by laser cutting.
  • the sharp-edged hole with a diameter in the millimeter range is clearly visible to the naked eye and is used here as a marking M, which is used as a tool for rotating orientation in the camera-based automatic alignment.
  • the automatic alignment system includes a camera system 160 with a camera 165 with a two-dimensional image field.
  • the camera 165 is designed as a CCD video camera, which in the example can deliver up to 100 frames per second (frames per second) via an interface to a connected image processing system at a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels (picture elements).
  • the image capture of the individual images is triggered by trigger signals from the controller. This determines the measurement times.
  • the software for the image processing is accommodated in a program module, which cooperates with the control device of the bending machine or is integrated into it.
  • the camera 165 is attached to a U-shaped support 162 above the line defined by the axis of rotation 112.
  • the optics of the camera are oriented downwards such that a rectangular detection area E of the camera extends in the y direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation over a length that is greater than the diameter of the largest workpiece that can be accommodated in the clamping device.
  • the carrier 162 also carries two continuously swiveling incident light illumination sources 172-1, 172-2, which are oriented in such a way that they cover the section A of the workpiece, which is in the detection range of the camera, from two different directions at an angle from above and at an angle to Illuminate the optical axis of the camera with white light.
  • To the lighting system also includes a large-area rectangular backlight source 175 attached to the side of the workpiece opposite the camera 165 at the top of the machine frame. This illuminates the clamped workpiece W from its rear so that the workpiece edges K1, K2 of the workpiece W appear in the recorded measurement image with a strong contrast to the bright background lighting (cf. Fig. 3 ).
  • the rotation unit for rotating the clamping device 110 about the axis of rotation 112 and the feed unit, which can push the clamping device back and forth axially parallel to the axis of rotation 112, are used by the automatic alignment system as functional components, e.g. in order to position the workpiece relative to the fixedly mounted camera system such that the section A of the workpiece of interest with the marking M lies in the detection range of the camera 165.
  • a bending process using the bending machine 100 can take place as follows, for example. First, an operator grips a workpiece that has not yet been bent and manually introduces it into the open clamping device or clamping head 114 from the front until the inserted end face strikes an inner stop. The section A with the mark M formed by a hole should lie on the free end region of the workpiece. Then the clamping device is closed pneumatically. Depending on the length of the workpiece to be inserted, the clamping device for this clamping operation can be pushed more or less far in the axial direction (parallel to the axis of rotation 112) in the direction of the bending head 130, possibly to the extent that the clamping head 114 is located in the area of the components of the camera system (cf. Fig. 1 ). The operator does not have to pay attention to how the inserted workpiece is oriented with respect to its rotational position, so that the inserted workpiece usually does not yet assume the desired rotational position required for the first bending operation.
  • the automatic alignment operation is either initiated automatically (eg triggered by closing the clamping device) or via a separate operator action. If the section A of the workpiece provided with the marking is not yet in the detection area E of the camera 165, the workpiece is positioned by axially moving the clamping device in the axial direction (parallel to the axis of rotation 112) such that the section A provided with the marking is in the detection area reached.
  • the travel path required for this can be preprogrammed, since in the case of a series of identical parts, the distance between the end face at the clamping section and the axial position of the marking M (for example hole) is known and can be entered in advance.
  • the further course of the method depends on whether or not the camera can recognize the marking or at least one evaluable part of the marking after the end of this axial positioning movement.
  • rotational position information which represents the current actual rotational position of the workpiece is determined from the measurement image.
  • the control calculates a so-called alignment rotation angle AW, for example on the basis of simple angular relationships, ie an angle by which the workpiece W has to be rotated in order to reach the desired rotational position (cf. Fig. 4 ). If this angle of rotation is within the tolerances, the alignment operation is completed. An additional final measurement can be carried out as a check to ensure that the position of the marking is within the permitted tolerances. If the correct rotational position is confirmed, the workpiece is advanced by a linear feed movement of the clamping device in the direction of the bending head 130 until the first section to be bent lies in the engagement area of the bending head. Then the first bending operation is carried out.
  • a corresponding signal (“without measurement value”) is transmitted to the control.
  • This is now programmed so that the clamping device rotates the workpiece relatively quickly in a search run by a predetermined angle of rotation, for example in the range between 60 ° and 80 °, and then stops. If after this first rotation there is still no evaluable part of a marking in the measurement image of the camera, the workpiece is rotated again by a predetermined angle of rotation, for example between 60 ° and 80 °.
  • the search quickly leads to a rotational position in which the marking (or an evaluable part of the marking) lies in the detection area E of the camera of the camera system.
  • the evaluation and the rotation of the workpiece based on it can then be initiated in the desired rotational position as described. If, even after several partial rotations of the workpiece, no measurement image is shown that shows at least one evaluable part of a marking, this indicates that the workpiece contains no marking. In this case, a corresponding signal is emitted.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows the rectangular detection area E of the camera system, in which the axial section A of the workpiece W, which contains the marking M, appears.
  • the marking M is formed here by a circular radial through hole in the tube. Is the tube turned so that the hole on the for the camera is not visible rear side, the correction rotation described above is carried out in the search until the marking is partially or completely within the detection range of the camera. As a rule, the correction rotation will not result in the correction rotation moving the workpiece directly into the desired rotational position. Rather, in the example case situation I is reached in which the hole (marking M) which appears to be distorted in perspective appears near the edge K2.
  • a distance measure is determined from the distance D between the geometric center of gravity S of the hole calculated by means of image processing and the edge K2, which distance is converted into the associated actual rotation position using known angular relationships.
  • the desired target rotational position is achieved in the example when the marking is exactly on the top of the workpiece facing the camera, in the middle between the side edges K1, K2, i.e. in the dashed position II.
  • the image processing system calculates the associated alignment rotation angle AW, which is necessary to bring the workpiece into the desired rotational position (cf. Fig. 4 ).
  • the rotary drive is controlled by the control unit in such a way that the workpiece is rotated by the alignment rotational angle AW. This completes the automatic alignment operation and a release signal is issued to initiate the next machine operation, which consists in advancing the aligned workpiece in the direction of the bending head.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)

Description

ANWENDUNGSGEBIET UND STAND DER TECHNIKAPPLICATION AREA AND PRIOR ART

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines zwei- oder dreidimensional gebogenen Biegeteils aus einem abgelängten rohr- oder stabförmigen Werkstück mittels einer numerisch gesteuerten Biegemaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 sowie eine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens geeignete Biegemaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 9. Ein derartiges Verfahren und eine derartige Vorrichtung sind z.B. aus der DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 bekannt.The invention relates to a method for producing a two- or three-dimensionally bent bent part from a cut-to-length tubular or rod-shaped workpiece by means of a numerically controlled bending machine according to the preamble of claim 1 and a bending machine suitable for carrying out the method according to the preamble of claim 9 Methods and such a device are for example from the DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 known.

Bei der automatisierten Herstellung von zwei- oder dreidimensional gebogenen Biegeteilen mithilfe numerisch gesteuerter Biegemaschinen werden die Bewegungen von Maschinenachsen der Biegemaschine mithilfe einer Steuereinrichtung koordiniert angesteuert, um an dem Werkstück durch plastisches Umformen eine oder mehrere bleibende Biegungen zu erzeugen. Bei den hier betrachteten Werkstücken handelt es sich um Rohre oder Stäbe aus Vollmaterial, die bereits vor Einsetzen in die Biegemaschine auf eine vorgegebene Werkstücklänge abgelängt und damit vorkonfektioniert sind. Solche Werkstücke werden üblicherweise mithilfe sogenannter Rohrbiegemaschinen gebogen, die in der Regel nicht nur Rohre, sondern auch Werkstücke aus abgelängtem Vollmaterial biegen können.In the automated production of two- or three-dimensional bent parts using numerically controlled bending machines, the movements of the machine axes of the bending machine are controlled in a coordinated manner with the aid of a control device, in order to produce one or more permanent bends on the workpiece by plastic forming. The workpieces considered here are tubes or rods made of solid material, which are cut to a specified workpiece length before being inserted into the bending machine and are thus pre-assembled. Such workpieces are usually bent using so-called pipe bending machines, which can usually not only bend pipes, but also workpieces made of cut solid material.

Eine solche Biegemaschine hat eine Spannvorrichtung zum stirnseitigen Einspannen eines Endabschnitts des Werkstücks. Die Spannvorrichtung ist mittels einer Rotationseinheit um eine Drehachse drehbar und mittels einer Vorschubeinheit parallel zur Drehachse verfahrbar. Weiterhin ist ein Biegekopf mit Einrichtungen zum Erzeugen mindestens einer ebenen Biegung an einem durch die Spannvorrichtung gehaltenen Werkstück vorgesehen. Vor Beginn einer ersten Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine wird ein zuerst umzuformender Abschnitt des Werkstücks durch lineares Verfahren und/oder Drehen der Spannvorrichtung in den Eingriffsbereich des Biegekopfs gebracht, der dann durch koordinierte Bewegungen seiner Komponenten und Untereinheiten eine erste Biegung am Werkstück erzeugt. Häufig werden nach einer ersten Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine eine oder mehrere weitere Biegungen erzeugt, wozu dann das Werkstück wiederum mithilfe der linear verfahrbaren und drehbaren Spannvorrichtung in Bezug auf den Biegekopf neu positioniert wird.Such a bending machine has a clamping device for clamping an end section of the workpiece on the end face. The clamping device can be rotated about an axis of rotation by means of a rotation unit and can be moved parallel to the axis of rotation by means of a feed unit. Furthermore, a bending head is provided with devices for generating at least one flat bend on a workpiece held by the clamping device. Before the start of a first bending operation on the bending machine, a section of the workpiece to be formed first is brought into the engagement area of the bending head by linear movement and / or rotation of the clamping device, which then generates a first bending on the workpiece by coordinated movements of its components and subunits. Frequently, after a first bending operation, one or more further bends are generated on the bending machine, for which purpose the workpiece is then repositioned with respect to the bending head using the linearly movable and rotatable clamping device.

Es gibt viele Anwendungsfälle, bei denen es prinzipiell nicht darauf ankommt, wie das Werkstück in die Spannvorrichtung eingespannt wird, solange nur die Längsmittelachse des eingespannten Werkstücks im Wesentlichen koaxial zur Drehachse der Spannvorrichtung liegt. Die koaxiale Lage kann durch eine oder mehrere Abstützungen entfernt vom Einspannabschnitt sichergestellt werden.There are many applications in which it is not important in principle how the workpiece is clamped in the clamping device, as long as only the longitudinal central axis of the clamped workpiece is essentially coaxial with the axis of rotation of the clamping device. The Coaxial position can be ensured by one or more supports away from the clamping section.

Eine Klasse von Werkstücken zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass vor der ersten Biegeoperation das Werkstück auf der Biegemaschine in eine bestimmte Soll-Drehlage bezüglich seiner Längsmittelachse gebracht werden sollte, bevor die erste Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine ausgeführt wird. So sind beispielsweise bei rohrförmigen Werkstücken, die zu einfach oder mehrfach gebogenen Stuhlbeinen umgeformt werden sollen, in der Regel ein oder mehrere Löcher in solchen Abschnitten angebracht, die später zur Befestigung einer Sitzfläche oder einer Lehne dienen sollen. In die Löcher können Befestigungsschrauben oder dergleichen eingeschraubt werden. Die Löcher werden typischerweise beim Vorkonfektionieren in die Werkstücke durch Bohren, Laserbearbeitung oder auf andere Weise eingebracht, bevor die Werkstücke in die Biegemaschine eingebracht werden. Damit die Löcher beim fertigen Biegeteil in der richtigen Orientierung, beispielsweise möglichst senkrecht zur Sitzfläche, stehen, muss das Werkstück dem Biegekopf mit der richtigen Drehorientierung zugeführt werden. Es gibt also eine anzustrebende Soll-Drehlage des Werkstücks bezüglich seiner Längsmittelachse vor Beginn der ersten Biegeoperation.A class of workpieces is characterized in that, before the first bending operation, the workpiece on the bending machine should be brought into a specific desired rotational position with respect to its longitudinal central axis before the first bending operation is carried out on the bending machine. For example, in the case of tubular workpieces which are to be formed into single or multiple curved chair legs, one or more holes are generally made in sections which are later to be used for fastening a seat surface or a backrest. Fastening screws or the like can be screwed into the holes. The holes are typically made in the workpieces during pre-assembly by drilling, laser processing or in some other way before the workpieces are introduced into the bending machine. In order for the holes in the finished bent part to be in the correct orientation, for example as perpendicular to the seat surface as possible, the workpiece must be fed to the bending head with the correct rotational orientation. There is therefore a desired target rotational position of the workpiece with respect to its longitudinal central axis before the start of the first bending operation.

Geschulte Bediener sind meist in der Lage, das Werkstück beim Einführen eines Endabschnitts in die Spannvorrichtung bezüglich seiner Drehlage relativ gut nach Augenmaß auszurichten, bevor die Spannvorrichtung geschlossen wird und der Biegeprozess beginnt. Der Bediener kann sich dabei an dem richtig auszurichtenden Loch oder einer anderen Markierung an der Umfangsfläche des Werkstücks orientieren. Die durch einen Bediener erzielbaren Genauigkeiten bezüglich der Drehlage sind stark von der Erfahrung des Bedieners und auch von der Tagesform abhängig, so dass es zur Produktion von nicht brauchbaren Ausschussteilen kommen kann.Trained operators are usually able to align the workpiece relatively well by eye when inserting an end section into the clamping device, before the clamping device is closed and the bending process begins. The operator can orientate himself on the hole to be correctly aligned or on another marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece. The accuracies that can be achieved by an operator with regard to the rotational position are heavily dependent on the experience of the operator and also on the shape of the day, so that unusable reject parts can be produced.

AUFGABE UND LÖSUNGTASK AND SOLUTION

Vor diesem Hintergrund liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Biegemaschine zur Herstellung von zwei- oder dreidimensional gebogenen Biegeteilen bereitzustellen, die es ermöglichen, drehlagekritische Werkstücke bedienerunabhängig mit hoher Präzision herzustellen.Against this background, the invention is based on the object of providing a method and a bending machine for producing two- or three-dimensionally bent bent parts which make it possible to produce workpieces which are critical to the rotational position with high precision, independently of the operator.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe stellt die Erfindung ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 1 bereit. Weiterhin wird eine Biegemaschine mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 9 bereitgestellt. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben. Der Wortlaut sämtlicher Ansprüche wird durch Bezugnahme zum Inhalt der Beschreibung gemacht.To achieve this object, the invention provides a method with the features of claim 1. Furthermore, a bending machine with the features of claim 9 is provided. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims. The wording of all claims is incorporated by reference into the content of the description.

Das Verfahren ist bei allen Werkstücken anwendbar, welche wenigstens eine Markierung an der Umfangsfläche aufweisen und mithilfe der Markierung in eine Soll-Drehlage bezüglich ihrer Längsmittelachse gebracht werden können. In vielen Fällen handelt es sich bei der Markierung um ein Loch in der Umfangsfläche. Bei rohrförmigen Werkstücken kann das Loch beispielsweise zur Aufnahme einer Befestigungsschraube oder dergleichen dienen. In manchen Fällen ist am Werkstück mittels Laser oder auf andere Weise eine als Markierung nutzbare Gravur an der Umfangsfläche eingebracht, beispielsweise ein Logo eines Herstellers und/oder eine Teileidentifikation, wobei z.B. diese Gravur beim fertig gebogenen Biegeteil möglichst immer an der gleichen Stelle des Biegeteils sichtbar sein soll. Bei Werkstücken in Form von geschweißten Rohren gibt es eine in der Regel parallel zur Längsmittelachse verlaufende Schweißnaht, die als Markierung verwendet werden kann. Auch andere Fügestellen können als Markierung dienen. Im Falle verschweißter oder auf andere Weise gefügter Rohre kann die richtige Soll-Drehlage beispielsweise so vorgegeben sein, dass im Biegeprozess der Bereich der Schweißnaht bzw. der Fügestelle möglichst wenig durch mechanische Zug- oder Druckkräfte beansprucht wird. Auch andere Markierungen, beispielsweise in Form von Farbmarkierungen oder Prägungen an der Umfangsfläche, können im Rahmen der beanspruchten Erfindung als Hilfsmittel bei der richtigen Drehausrichtung des Werkstücks dienen.The method can be used for all workpieces which have at least one marking on the circumferential surface and can be brought into a desired rotational position with respect to their longitudinal central axis with the aid of the marking. In many cases, the marking is a hole in the peripheral surface. In the case of tubular workpieces, the hole can serve, for example, to receive a fastening screw or the like. In some cases, an engraving that can be used as a marking is introduced on the workpiece by means of a laser or in some other way, for example a logo of a manufacturer and / or a part identification, e.g. this engraving should always be visible at the same place on the bent part when the bent part is bent. In the case of workpieces in the form of welded pipes, there is usually a weld seam which runs parallel to the longitudinal center axis and which can be used as a marking. Other joints can also serve as a marking. In the case of welded or otherwise joined pipes, the correct target rotational position can be specified, for example, such that the area of the weld seam or the joint is stressed as little as possible by mechanical tensile or compressive forces in the bending process. Other markings, for example in the form of color markings or embossments on the peripheral surface, can also serve as aids in the correct rotation alignment of the workpiece within the scope of the claimed invention.

Das Verfahren ist gekennzeichnet durch eine automatische Ausrichtoperation, welche mithilfe einer Markierung an der Umfangsfläche des Werkstücks ausgeführt wird. Bei der automatischen Ausrichtoperation wird die Markierung mittels eines Kamerasystems optisch erfasst. Aus mindestens einem Messbild des Kamerasystems wird eine Drehlageninformation ermittelt, die Informationen über die Ist-Drehlage des Werkstücks bei Aufnahme des Messbilds enthält. Die Rotationseinheit der Biegemaschine wird in Abhängigkeit von der ermittelten Drehlageninformation so gesteuert, dass das eingespannte Werkstück durch Drehung der Spannvorrichtung in die Soll-Drehlage gedreht wird, wenn sich das Werkstück nach dem Einspannen nicht in der Soll-Drehlage befindet. Die Drehung kann entfallen, wenn sich aus der Auswertung der Drehlageninformation ergibt, dass sich das Werkstück unmittelbar nach dem Einspannen in die Spannvorrichtung bereits mit ausreichender Genauigkeit in der Soll-Drehlage befindet.The method is characterized by an automatic alignment operation, which is carried out using a marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece. In the automatic alignment operation, the marking is optically recorded using a camera system. From at least one measurement image of the camera system, rotational position information is determined, which contains information about the actual rotational position of the workpiece when the measurement image is recorded. The rotation unit of the bending machine is controlled as a function of the determined rotational position information so that the clamped workpiece is rotated into the target rotational position by rotating the clamping device if the workpiece is not in the target rotational position after clamping. The rotation can be omitted if the evaluation of the rotational position information shows that the workpiece is already in the desired rotational position with sufficient accuracy immediately after being clamped in the clamping device.

Die Biegemaschine hat ein automatisches Ausrichtsystem zum Drehen des eingespannten Werkstücks in eine vorgebbare Soll-Drehlage vor Beginn einer dem Einspannen folgenden ersten Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine. Das Ausrichtsystem weist ein Kamerasystem zum optischen Erfassen einer Markierung an der Umfangsfläche des Werkstücks sowie eine Auswerteeinrichtung zum Ermitteln von Drehlageninformation aus mindestens einem Messbild des Kamerasystems auf. Die Steuereinrichtung der Biegemaschine ist dafür konfiguriert, in einem Ausrichtmodus die Rotationseinheit in Abhängigkeit von der ermittelten Drehlageninformation zu steuern.The bending machine has an automatic alignment system for rotating the clamped workpiece into a predefinable target rotational position before the start of a first bending operation on the bending machine following the clamping. The alignment system has a camera system for optically detecting a marking on the peripheral surface of the workpiece and an evaluation device for determining rotational position information from at least one measurement image of the camera system. The control device of the bending machine is configured to control the rotation unit in an alignment mode as a function of the determined rotational position information.

Die automatische Ausrichtoperation basiert somit auf optisch und somit berührungslos erfassten Informationen, die anhand einer ohnehin vorhandenen Markierung an der Umfangsfläche des Werkstücks erfasst werden können. Mithilfe der automatischen Ausrichtoperation bzw. des automatischen Ausrichtsystems kann unabhängig von den Fähigkeiten eines Bedieners die gewünschte Soll-Drehlage vor Beginn der ersten Biegeoperation mit hoher Präzision so eingestellt werden, dass eine Produktion von Ausschuss aufgrund von Fehlorientierung des Werkstücks beim ursprünglichen Einspannen praktisch ausgeschlossen werden kann. Somit wird es möglich, die Maschine von Hand zu beladen oder die Werkstücke auf andere Weise (z.B. mittels Roboter oder Magazin) ohne vorherige Ausrichtung der Werkstücke der Biegemaschine zuzuführen. Die Kamera-basierte automatische Ausrichtoperation kann innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen oder innerhalb weniger Sekunden abgeschlossen sein, so dass unproduktive Nebenzeiten für das Ausrichten auf ein Minimum reduziert werden können. Somit kann sowohl die Produktivität des Biegeprozesses als auch die Qualität der gefertigten Biegeteile erhöht werden.The automatic alignment operation is therefore based on optically and thus contactlessly recorded information, which can be recorded on the circumferential surface of the workpiece using an already existing marking. With the help of the automatic alignment operation or the automatic alignment system, the desired target rotational position can be set with high precision before the start of the first bending operation, regardless of the skills of an operator, so that production of rejects due to misorientation of the workpiece during the original clamping can be practically ruled out . This makes it possible to load the machine manually or to feed the workpieces to the bending machine in another way (e.g. using a robot or magazine) without prior alignment of the workpieces. The camera-based automatic alignment operation can be completed within fractions of a second or within a few seconds, so that unproductive idle times for alignment can be reduced to a minimum. This means that both the productivity of the bending process and the quality of the bent parts can be increased.

Da im Rahmen des automatischen Ausrichtsystems ein Kamerasystem zur optischen Erfassung von Markierungen genutzt wird, kann das automatische Ausrichtsystem in der Regel ohne Änderungen an der Hardware auf unterschiedliche Markierungen abgestimmt werden. Beispielsweise kann eine Auswertungssoftware bereitgestellt werden, welche bereits Routinen zur optimalen Auswertung unterschiedlich gestalteter Markierungen enthält, die wahlweise aktiviert werden können.Since a camera system for the optical detection of markings is used as part of the automatic alignment system, the automatic alignment system can generally be adapted to different markings without changes to the hardware. For example, evaluation software can be provided which already contains routines for the optimal evaluation of differently designed markings, which can optionally be activated.

Bei dem Werkstück kann es sich um ein Rundmaterial handeln, also um ein Rohr oder einen aus Vollmaterial bestehenden Stab mit kreiszylindrischem Querschnitt. Das Werkstück kann jedoch auch eine von der Kreisform abweichende Querschnittsform haben, beispielsweise eine polygonale Querschnittsform, insbesondere eine dreieckige, quadratische, fünfeckige oder sechseckige Querschnittsform.The workpiece can be a round material, i.e. a tube or a rod made of solid material with a circular cylindrical cross section. However, the workpiece can also have a cross-sectional shape that deviates from the circular shape, for example a polygonal cross-sectional shape, in particular a triangular, square, pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape.

In vielen Fällen handelt es sich bei dem Werkstück um ein noch nicht vorgebogenes Werkstück, insbesondere um ein im Wesentlichen geradliniges Werkstück. Dann ist die erste Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine auch die erste am Werkstück durchgeführte Biegeoperation. Das Werkstück kann aber auch ein bereits vorgebogenes Werkstück sein, welches aus vorgelagerten Bearbeitungsstufen (auf der gleichen Biegemaschine oder einer anderen Biegemaschine) schon eine oder mehrere bleibende Biegungen enthält. Dann ist die dem Einspannen folgende erste Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine nicht die erste am Werkstück ausgeübte Biegeoperation.In many cases, the workpiece is a workpiece that has not yet been pre-bent, in particular an essentially straight workpiece. Then the first bending operation on the bending machine is also the first bending operation performed on the workpiece. However, the workpiece can also be an already pre-bent workpiece which consists of upstream processing stages (on the same bending machine or a different bending machine) already contains one or more permanent bends. Then the first bending operation on the bending machine following the clamping is not the first bending operation performed on the workpiece.

Es ist möglich, dass sich der axiale Abschnitt des Werkstücks, welcher die Markierung enthält, unmittelbar nach Einspannen des Endabschnitts des Werkstücks so im Erfassungsbereich des Kamerasystems befindet, dass ein Messbild erfasst werden kann, welches wenigstens einen Teil der Markierung enthält. Abhängig von der Werkstückgeometrie und der Konstruktion der Biegemaschine wird es aber häufig so sein, dass nach dem Einspannen des Werkstücks in die Spannvorrichtung die Spannvorrichtung bzw. das Werkstück relativ zum Kamerasystem zunächst so positioniert werden muss, dass eine Messung möglich wird. Dazu wird eine Relativbewegung zwischen Kamerasystem und Werkstück respektive Spannvorrichtung durchgeführt. Vorzugsweise erfolgt das Positionieren eines die Markierung enthaltenden Abschnitts des Werkstücks in dem Erfassungsbereich des Kamerasystems ausschließlich durch axiales Verfahren und/oder Drehen der Spannvorrichtung derart, dass durch das Kamerasystem mindestens ein Messbild erfassbar ist, das wenigstens einen auswertbaren Teil der Markierung enthält. In diesem Fall kann mit einem fest installierten Kamerasystem gearbeitet werden, welches bei bevorzugten Ausführungsformen der Biegemaschine realisiert ist.It is possible that the axial section of the workpiece which contains the marking is located in the detection area of the camera system immediately after the end section of the workpiece has been clamped in such a way that a measurement image which contains at least part of the marking can be recorded. Depending on the workpiece geometry and the design of the bending machine, it will often be the case that after the workpiece has been clamped in the clamping device, the clamping device or the workpiece must first be positioned relative to the camera system so that a measurement is possible. For this purpose, a relative movement between the camera system and the workpiece or clamping device is carried out. The positioning of a section of the workpiece containing the marking in the detection area of the camera system is preferably carried out exclusively by axial movement and / or rotation of the clamping device such that the camera system can record at least one measurement image that contains at least one evaluable part of the marking. In this case, it is possible to work with a permanently installed camera system, which is implemented in preferred embodiments of the bending machine.

Gemäß einer Weiterbildung wird zunächst die Spannvorrichtung nur axial verfahren, bis der die Markierung enthaltende Abschnitt im Erfassungsbereich des Kamerasystems liegt. Dann wird ein Messbild aufgenommen und ausgewertet. Wenn dieses nicht wenigstens einen Teil der Markierung enthält, wird die Spannvorrichtung in einem "Suchlauf" so lange gedreht, bis wenigstens ein Teil der Markierung in den Erfassungsbereich gelangt. Um die hierfür erforderliche "Suchzeit" möglichst kurz zu halten, wird bei Abwesenheit einer Markierung im Messbild die Spannvorrichtung um ein vorbestimmtes Winkelmaß, beispielsweise im Bereich zwischen 45° und 90° gedreht, bevor ein nächstes Messbild aufgenommen wird. Wenn dieses noch immer keinen Teil der Markierung zeigt, erfolgt eine weitere Drehung des Suchlaufs um ein vorbestimmtes Winkelmaß so lange, bis eine Markierung bzw. ein Teil der Markierung erkannt wird. Vorzugsweise wird ein Signal an die Steuereinheit gesendet, wenn nach einem vordefinierten Suchlauf, der z.B. mindestens eine volle Drehung umfasst, nicht wenigstens ein Teil einer Markierung in den Erfassungsbereich gelangt ist oder wenn beim Suchlauf nur eine falsche oder nicht auswertbare Markierung in den Erfassungsbereich gelangt. Das Signal kann z.B. nach Art eines Fehlersignals bewertet werden, insbesondere in der Weise, dass die Steuereinheit die Biegemaschine anhält und/oder eine akustische und/oder optische Anzeige ansteuert, die dem Bediener den Fehlerzustand anzeigt.According to a development, the tensioning device is initially only moved axially until the section containing the marking lies in the detection range of the camera system. Then a measurement image is recorded and evaluated. If this does not contain at least part of the marking, the clamping device is rotated in a "search run" until at least part of the marking reaches the detection area. In order to keep the "search time" required for this as short as possible, the absence of a mark in the measurement image rotates the clamping device by a predetermined angle, for example in the range between 45 ° and 90 °, before a next measurement image is taken. If this still shows no part of the marking, the search is rotated further by a predetermined angle until a marking or part of the marking is recognized. A signal is preferably sent to the control unit if, after a predefined search run, which comprises, for example, at least one full rotation, at least part of a marking has not entered the detection area or if only a wrong or non-evaluable marking reaches the detection area during the search run. The signal can be evaluated, for example, in the manner of an error signal, in particular in such a way that the control unit stops the bending machine and / or controls an acoustic and / or visual display which indicates the error state to the operator.

Obwohl beim Drehen im Suchlauf eine kontinuierliche Rotation vorgesehen sein kann, wird das Werkstück vorzugsweise um vorbestimmte Winkelbeträge gedreht und in der dann erreichten Drehlage angehalten, so dass ein Messbild am ruhenden Werkstück aufgenommen werden kann. Durch eine derartige diskontinuierliche Drehung mit Messwertaufnahme am ruhenden Werkstück werden sowohl die Geschwindigkeit des Ausrichtprozesses als auch die erzielbare Genauigkeit positiv beeinflusst.Although continuous rotation can be provided when rotating in the search run, the workpiece is preferably rotated by predetermined angular amounts and stopped in the rotational position then reached, so that a measurement image can be recorded on the stationary workpiece. Such a discontinuous rotation with measured value recording on the stationary workpiece has a positive influence on both the speed of the alignment process and the achievable accuracy.

Wenn ein Messbild vorliegt, welches wenigstens einen Teil der Markierung enthält, erfolgt die Auswertung des Messbilds. Die Auswertung des Messbilds umfasst vorzugsweise die Bestimmung einer Ist-Drehlage des Werkstücks aus der Position der Markierung innerhalb des Messbilds sowie eines Ausricht-Drehwinkels, um den das Werkstück zur Einstellung der Soll-Drehlage gedreht werden muss. Danach wird durch Drehen des Werkstücks um den Ausricht-Drehwinkel die Soll-Drehlage des Werkstücks eingestellt. Mit Abschluss dieser "Zieldrehung" ist das Werkstück hinsichtlich seiner Drehlage ausgerichtet und die erste Biegeoperation kann durchgeführt werden.If there is a measurement image that contains at least part of the marking, the measurement image is evaluated. The evaluation of the measurement image preferably includes the determination of an actual rotational position of the workpiece from the position of the marking within the measurement image and an alignment rotation angle by which the workpiece has to be rotated in order to set the desired rotational position. The target rotational position of the workpiece is then set by rotating the workpiece by the alignment rotation angle. When this "target rotation" is complete, the workpiece is aligned with respect to its rotational position and the first bending operation can be carried out.

Bei bevorzugten Ausführungsformen wird das Werkstück in nur einem einzigen Schritt in die Soll-Drehlage gedreht, sobald die Markierung durch das Kamerasystem erkannt wurde. Hierdurch ist eine besonders schnelle Ausrichtung erzielbar. Auch ein iteratives Annähern an die Soll-Drehlage ist möglich.In preferred embodiments, the workpiece is rotated into the desired rotational position in a single step as soon as the marking has been recognized by the camera system. This enables particularly rapid alignment to be achieved. An iterative approach to the target rotational position is also possible.

Gemäß einer Weiterbildung ist das Kamerasystem so ausgelegt bzw. angeordnet, dass der Erfassungsbereich des Kamerasystems einen axialen Abschnitt des Werkstücks mit den durch das Kamerasystem sichtbaren Werkstückkanten enthält. Die sichtbaren Werkstückkanten können als Referenzstrukturen für die Durchführung von Messungen innerhalb eines Messbereichs des Messbildes dienen, wodurch die Präzision der Ergebnisse verbessert und eine sehr genaue Ausrichtung möglich wird. Zudem kann sich das Kamerasystem dann selbst kalibrieren, so dass eine Einrichtung durch einen Experten und ein Nachstellen beim Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen Werkstückdurchmessern entfallen kann.According to a further development, the camera system is designed or arranged such that the detection area of the camera system contains an axial section of the workpiece with the workpiece edges visible through the camera system. The visible workpiece edges can serve as reference structures for carrying out measurements within a measuring range of the measurement image, which improves the precision of the results and enables very precise alignment. In addition, the camera system can then calibrate itself, so that setup by an expert and readjustment when changing between different workpiece diameters can be dispensed with.

Gemäß einer Weiterbildung wird der durch das Kamerasystem erfassbare Abschnitt des Werkstücks mithilfe eines Beleuchtungssystems beleuchtet. Dadurch wird die Qualität der Messung weniger abhängig von Umgebungslichtbedingungen, wodurch gleichbleibende Genauigkeit sichergestellt werden kann. Zur Beleuchtung kann z.B. Weißlicht oder Laserlicht verwendet werden. Vorzugsweise weist das Beleuchtungssystem mindestens eine Auflicht-Beleuchtungsquelle auf, die den interessierenden Abschnitt von Seiten des Kamerasystems beleuchtet. Insbesondere können zwei oder mehr Auflicht-Beleuchtungsquellen vorgesehen sein, die im Betrieb den Abschnitt aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen und/oder unter unterschiedlichen Winkeln beleuchten. Hierdurch können die Zuverlässigkeit der Detektion der Markierung sowie die Genauigkeit der Bildauswertung gesteigert werden.According to a further development, the section of the workpiece that can be detected by the camera system is illuminated with the aid of an illumination system. This makes the quality of the measurement less dependent on ambient light conditions, which ensures constant accuracy. For example, white light or laser light can be used for lighting. The illumination system preferably has at least one incident light illumination source which illuminates the section of interest from the side of the camera system. In particular, two or more incident light illumination sources can be provided be that illuminate the section from different directions and / or at different angles during operation. In this way, the reliability of the detection of the marking and the accuracy of the image evaluation can be increased.

Bei einer Weiterbildung ist vorgesehen, dass das Beleuchtungssystem eine Hintergrundbeleuchtungsquelle aufweist, vorzugsweise zusätzlich zu mindestens einer Auflicht-Beleuchtungsquelle. Die Hintergrundbeleuchtungsquelle befindet sich idealerweise an der dem Kamerasystem gegenüberliegenden Seite des Werkstückabschnitts und kann bewirken, dass die vom Kamerasystem erfassten Werkstückkanten besonders kontrastreich erscheinen. Auch hierdurch kann die Zuverlässigkeit der Messung gesteigert werden.One development provides that the lighting system has a backlight source, preferably in addition to at least one incident light source. The backlight source is ideally located on the side of the workpiece section opposite the camera system and can cause the workpiece edges detected by the camera system to appear particularly rich in contrast. This can also increase the reliability of the measurement.

KURZBESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGENBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Weitere Vorteile und Aspekte der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Ansprüchen und aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung, die nachfolgend anhand der Figuren erläutert sind.

  • Fig. 1 zeigt in schräger Perspektive ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer mit einem automatischen Ausrichtsystem ausgestatteten Biegemaschine zur Herstellung von zweidimensional oder dreidimensional gebogenen Biegeteilen;
  • Fig. 2 zeigt einen schrägperspektivischen Ausschnitt der Biegemaschine aus Fig. 1 mit einem eingespannten Werkstück;
  • Fig. 3 zeigt schematisch einen rechteckförmigen Erfassungsbereich des Kamerasystems, in welchem ein axialer Ausschnitt des Werkstücks erscheint, der eine Markierung enthält; und
  • Fig. 4 zeigt schematisch eine axiale Ansicht eines Rohrs in zwei Drehlagen vor und nach der Ausrichtung.
Further advantages and aspects of the invention result from the claims and from the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, which are explained below with reference to the figures.
  • Fig. 1 shows an oblique perspective an embodiment of a bending machine equipped with an automatic alignment system for producing two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally bent parts;
  • Fig. 2 shows an oblique perspective section of the bending machine Fig. 1 with a clamped workpiece;
  • Fig. 3 schematically shows a rectangular detection area of the camera system, in which an axial section of the workpiece appears, which contains a marking; and
  • Fig. 4 shows schematically an axial view of a tube in two rotational positions before and after the alignment.

DETAILLIERTE BESCHREIBUNG DER AUSFÜHRUNGSBEISPIELEDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In Fig. 1 ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer Biegemaschine 100 zur Herstellung von zweidimensional oder dreidimensional gebogenen Biegeteilen aus geraden, vorher abgelängten rohrförmigen oder stabförmigen Werkstücken gezeigt. Die Biegemaschine wird auch als Rohrbiegemaschine bezeichnet, kann jedoch neben rohrförmigen Werkstücken auch stabförmige Werkstücke aus Vollmaterial biegen. Die Biegemaschine hat ein mit Kleinbuchstaben x, y und z gekennzeichnetes, rechtwinkliges Maschinenkoordinatensystem MK mit einer vertikalen z-Achse und horizontalen x- und y-Achsen. Im dargestellten Beispiel verläuft die x-Achse parallel zur Drehachse einer später noch erläuterten Spannvorrichtung 110. Von den Koordinatenachsen sind die später noch erwähnten, geregelt angetriebenen Maschinenachsen zu unterscheiden, die jeweils mit Großbuchstaben (z. B. A-Achse, C-Achse) bezeichnet werden.In Fig. 1 An embodiment of a bending machine 100 for producing two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally bent parts from straight, previously cut tubular or rod-shaped workpieces is shown. The bending machine is also referred to as a tube bending machine, but can also bend rod-shaped workpieces made of solid material in addition to tubular workpieces. The bending machine has a lower case letter x, y and z right-angled machine coordinate system MK with a vertical z-axis and horizontal x- and y-axes. In the example shown, the x-axis runs parallel to the axis of rotation of a clamping device 110, which will be explained later. The coordinate axes are to be distinguished from the controlled-driven machine axes mentioned later, each with capital letters (e.g. A-axis, C-axis). be designated.

Die Biegemaschine hat eine Spannvorrichtung 110 zum stirnseitigen Einspannen eines Endabschnitts eines zu biegenden Werkstücks W (vgl. Fig. 2). Die Spannvorrichtung ist mittels einer (nicht sichtbaren) Rotationseinheit um eine horizontale Drehachse 112 drehbar und mittels einer ebenfalls nicht sichtbaren Vorschubeinheit parallel zur Drehachse 112 verfahrbar. Die Spannvorrichtung ist als sogenannte Dreibackenzange ausgebildet. Sie hat stirnseitig einen Spannkopf 114, der drei radial zur Drehachse bewegliche Spannbacken enthält, die eine Einführöffnung zum Einführen eines Endabschnitts des Werkstücks umschließen. Ein im Inneren angeordneter auswechselbarer Anschlag begrenzt die Einstecktiefe für das Werkstück. Anschließend an den Spannkopf ist ein zur Drehachse 112 koaxiales Rohr 116 vorgesehen, welches mithilfe eines Pneumatikzylinders parallel zur Drehachse axial verschoben werden kann. Durch axiale Verschiebung des Rohrs wird der Spannkopf 114 geöffnet oder geschlossen. Die Rotationseinheit (A-Achse der Biegemaschine) sowie die Vorschubeinheit (C-Achse der Biegemaschine) werden vom Gestell der Biegemaschine getragen und befinden sich innerhalb der Schutzhaube 120. Die Dreibackenzange ist mit der Rotationseinheit an der linear verschiebbaren Vorschubeinheit montiert. Alle Maschinenachsen werden über eine nicht sichtbare Steuereinrichtung der Biegemaschine gesteuert.The bending machine has a clamping device 110 for clamping an end section of a workpiece W to be bent on the face side (cf. Fig. 2 ). The clamping device can be rotated about a horizontal axis of rotation 112 by means of a (not visible) rotation unit and can be moved parallel to the axis of rotation 112 by means of a likewise not visible feed unit. The clamping device is designed as a so-called three-jaw pliers. It has a clamping head 114 on the end face which contains three clamping jaws which are movable radially to the axis of rotation and which enclose an insertion opening for inserting an end section of the workpiece. An interchangeable stop located inside limits the insertion depth for the workpiece. Connected to the clamping head is a tube 116 which is coaxial with the axis of rotation 112 and which can be axially displaced parallel to the axis of rotation using a pneumatic cylinder. The clamping head 114 is opened or closed by axial displacement of the tube. The rotation unit (A axis of the bending machine) and the feed unit (C axis of the bending machine) are carried by the frame of the bending machine and are located inside the protective hood 120. The three-jaw pliers are mounted with the rotation unit on the linearly displaceable feed unit. All machine axes are controlled via an invisible control device of the bending machine.

Die Werkstücke werden jeweils einzeln mithilfe der Spannvorrichtung 110 bzw. der Dreibackenzange aufgenommen, festgehalten und einem Biegekopf 130 zugeführt, welcher mit Abstand vor der Spannvorrichtung angeordnet ist. Der Biegekopf 130 ist eine kompakte Baueinheit. Die Biegebewegungen des Biegekopfs werden über mehrere CNC-Achsen über die Steuereinrichtung gesteuert. Da der Aufbau derartiger Biegeköpfe an sich bekannt ist, wird auf eine detaillierte Beschreibung hier verzichtet. Mögliche Ausgestaltungen sind in der DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 oder der DE 10 2011 006 101 B4 beschrieben.The workpieces are each individually picked up with the aid of the clamping device 110 or the three-jaw pliers, held and fed to a bending head 130 which is arranged at a distance in front of the clamping device. The bending head 130 is a compact structural unit. The bending movements of the bending head are controlled via several CNC axes via the control device. Since the structure of such bending heads is known per se, a detailed description is omitted here. Possible configurations are in the DE 10 2010 013 688 A1 or the DE 10 2011 006 101 B4 described.

Die Biegemaschine ist mit einem automatischen Ausrichtsystem ausgestattet, das es ermöglicht, ohne Eingriff eines Bedieners ein in die Spannvorrichtung 110 eingespanntes Werkstück W vor Beginn einer dem Einspannen unmittelbar folgenden Biegeoperation auf der Biegemaschine um seine Längsmittelachse in eine durch Programmierung vorgebbare Soll-Drehlage zu drehen. Dies ist immer dann möglich, wenn das Werkstück in einem mit Abstand vom eingespannten Endabschnitt liegenden Abschnitt A an seiner Umfangsfläche eine sichtbare Markierung M aufweist. In der schrägperspektivischen Darstellung von Fig. 2 ist die Biegemaschine mit einem eingespannten Werkstück W gezeigt. Bei dem Werkstück handelt es sich um ein zylindrisches Stahlrohr, welches mithilfe der Biegemaschine zu einem einfach oder mehrfach gekrümmten Stuhlbein gebogen werden soll. Das vorab auf die gewünschte Werkstücklänge abgelängte, gerade Werkstück wird von einem Bediener (oder automatisch) in die Einführöffnung des geöffneten Spannkopfs 114 eingeführt und dieser dann durch Verschieben des Rohrs 116 geschlossen. Dadurch wird das Werkstück an einem Endabschnitt eingespannt, während der Rest des Werkstücks bis zum gegenüberliegende Endabschnitt frei bleibt. Im eingespannten Zustand erstreckt sich die Längsmittelachse des Werkstücks mehr oder weniger koaxial zur Drehachse 112 der Spannvorrichtung.The bending machine is equipped with an automatic alignment system, which makes it possible, without the intervention of an operator, to rotate a workpiece W clamped in the clamping device 110 before the start of a bending operation immediately following the clamping on the bending machine about its longitudinal central axis into a desired rotational position which can be predetermined by programming. This is always possible if the workpiece has a visible marking on its circumferential surface in a section A lying at a distance from the clamped end section M has. In the oblique perspective representation of Fig. 2 the bending machine is shown with a clamped workpiece W. The workpiece is a cylindrical steel tube, which is to be bent into a single or multiple curved chair leg using the bending machine. The straight workpiece, which has been pre-cut to the desired workpiece length, is inserted (or automatically) by an operator into the insertion opening of the opened clamping head 114 and the latter is then closed by moving the tube 116. As a result, the workpiece is clamped at one end section, while the rest of the workpiece remains free up to the opposite end section. In the clamped state, the longitudinal central axis of the workpiece extends more or less coaxially to the axis of rotation 112 of the clamping device.

An das gebogene Stuhlbein soll später ein Sitzelement oder Lehnenelement eines Stuhls angeschraubt werden. Hierzu wird bereits vor dem Verbiegen des Werkstücks ein radiales Durchgangsloch M in einem bestimmten Abschnitt A des Rohrs in die Werkstückwand z.B. mittels Laserschneiden eingebracht. Das scharfkantig begrenzte Loch mit einem Durchmesser im Millimeterbereich ist mit bloßem Auge gut sichtbar und dient hier als Markierung M, die bei der Kamera-basierten automatischen Ausrichtung als Hilfsmittel zur Drehorientierung genutzt wird.A seat element or backrest element of a chair is later to be screwed onto the curved chair leg. For this purpose, a radial through hole M is already made in a specific section A of the tube in the workpiece wall, e.g. before the workpiece is bent, e.g. introduced by laser cutting. The sharp-edged hole with a diameter in the millimeter range is clearly visible to the naked eye and is used here as a marking M, which is used as a tool for rotating orientation in the camera-based automatic alignment.

Zu dem automatischen Ausrichtsystem gehört ein Kamerasystem 160 mit einer Kamera 165 mit einem zweidimensionalen Bildfeld. Die Kamera 165 ist als CCD-Videokamera ausgelegt, die im Beispielsfall bei einer Auflösung von 1024 x 768 Pixeln (Bildelementen) bis zu 100 Bilder pro Sekunde (Frames per Second) über eine Schnittstelle an ein angeschlossenes Bildverarbeitungssystem liefern kann. Die Bilderfassung der Einzelbilder wird jeweils über Auslösesignale (Trigger) der Steuerung ausgelöst. Dadurch werden die Messzeitpunkte festgelegt. Die Software für die Bildverarbeitung ist in einem Programmmodul untergebracht, welches mit der Steuereinrichtung der Biegemaschine zusammenarbeitet bzw. in diese integriert ist.The automatic alignment system includes a camera system 160 with a camera 165 with a two-dimensional image field. The camera 165 is designed as a CCD video camera, which in the example can deliver up to 100 frames per second (frames per second) via an interface to a connected image processing system at a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels (picture elements). The image capture of the individual images is triggered by trigger signals from the controller. This determines the measurement times. The software for the image processing is accommodated in a program module, which cooperates with the control device of the bending machine or is integrated into it.

Die Kamera 165 ist oberhalb der durch die Drehachse 112 definierten Linie an einem U-förmigen Träger 162 befestigt. Die Optik der Kamera ist nach unten derart ausgerichtet, dass sich ein rechteckförmiger Erfassungsbereich E der Kamera in y-Richtung senkrecht zur Drehachse über eine Länge erstreckt, die größer ist als der Durchmesser des größten in die Spannvorrichtung aufnehmbaren Werkstücks.The camera 165 is attached to a U-shaped support 162 above the line defined by the axis of rotation 112. The optics of the camera are oriented downwards such that a rectangular detection area E of the camera extends in the y direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation over a length that is greater than the diameter of the largest workpiece that can be accommodated in the clamping device.

Der Träger 162 trägt weiterhin zwei stufenlos schwenkbare Auflicht-Beleuchtungsquellen 172-1, 172-2, die so ausgerichtet sind, dass sie den Abschnitt A des Werkstücks, welcher im Erfassungsbereich der Kamera liegt, aus zwei unterschiedlichen Richtungen jeweils schräg von oben und schräg zur optischen Achse der Kamera mit Weißlicht beleuchten. Zu dem Beleuchtungssystem gehört weiterhin eine großflächige rechteckförmige Hintergrundbeleuchtungsquelle 175, die an der der Kamera 165 gegenüberliegenden Seite des Werkstücks an der Oberseite des Maschinengestells angebracht ist. Diese beleuchtet das eingespannte Werkstück W von seiner Rückseite so, dass die Werkstückkanten K1, K2 des Werkstücks W im aufgenommenen Messbild mit starkem Kontrast gegenüber der hellen Hintergrundbeleuchtung erscheinen (vgl. Fig. 3).The carrier 162 also carries two continuously swiveling incident light illumination sources 172-1, 172-2, which are oriented in such a way that they cover the section A of the workpiece, which is in the detection range of the camera, from two different directions at an angle from above and at an angle to Illuminate the optical axis of the camera with white light. To the lighting system also includes a large-area rectangular backlight source 175 attached to the side of the workpiece opposite the camera 165 at the top of the machine frame. This illuminates the clamped workpiece W from its rear so that the workpiece edges K1, K2 of the workpiece W appear in the recorded measurement image with a strong contrast to the bright background lighting (cf. Fig. 3 ).

Die Rotationseinheit zur Drehung der Spannvorrichtung 110 um die Drehachse 112 sowie die Vorschubeinheit, welche die Spannvorrichtung axial parallel zur Drehachse 112 vor- und zurückschieben kann, werden vom automatischen Ausrichtsystem als funktionale Bestandteile genutzt, z.B. um das Werkstück relativ zu dem ortsfest montierten Kamerasystem so zu positionieren, dass der interessierende Abschnitt A des Werkstücks mit der Markierung M im Erfassungsbereich der Kamera 165 liegt.The rotation unit for rotating the clamping device 110 about the axis of rotation 112 and the feed unit, which can push the clamping device back and forth axially parallel to the axis of rotation 112, are used by the automatic alignment system as functional components, e.g. in order to position the workpiece relative to the fixedly mounted camera system such that the section A of the workpiece of interest with the marking M lies in the detection range of the camera 165.

Ein Biegeprozess mithilfe der Biegemaschine 100 kann beispielsweise wie folgt ablaufen. Zunächst greift ein Bediener ein noch nicht gebogenes Werkstück und führt dieses per Hand in die geöffnete Spannvorrichtung bzw. den Spannkopf 114 von vorne ein, bis die eingeführte Stirnseite an einem inneren Anschlag anschlägt. Der Abschnitt A mit der durch ein Loch gebildeten Markierung M sollte dabei am freien Endbereich des Werkstücks liegen. Dann wird die Spannvorrichtung pneumatisch geschlossen. Je nach Länge des einzuführenden Werkstücks kann die Spannvorrichtung für diese Einspannoperation mehr oder weniger weit in Axialrichtung (parallel zur Drehachse 112) in Richtung Biegekopf 130 vorgeschoben sein, gegebenenfalls so weit, dass der Spannkopf 114 sich im Bereich der Komponenten des Kamerasystems befindet (vgl. Fig. 1). Der Bediener muss dabei nicht darauf achten, wie das eingeführte Werkstück bezüglich seiner Drehlage orientiert ist, so dass in der Regel das eingeführte Werkstück noch nicht die für die erste Biegeoperation erforderliche Soll-Drehlage einnimmt.A bending process using the bending machine 100 can take place as follows, for example. First, an operator grips a workpiece that has not yet been bent and manually introduces it into the open clamping device or clamping head 114 from the front until the inserted end face strikes an inner stop. The section A with the mark M formed by a hole should lie on the free end region of the workpiece. Then the clamping device is closed pneumatically. Depending on the length of the workpiece to be inserted, the clamping device for this clamping operation can be pushed more or less far in the axial direction (parallel to the axis of rotation 112) in the direction of the bending head 130, possibly to the extent that the clamping head 114 is located in the area of the components of the camera system (cf. Fig. 1 ). The operator does not have to pay attention to how the inserted workpiece is oriented with respect to its rotational position, so that the inserted workpiece usually does not yet assume the desired rotational position required for the first bending operation.

Dann wird die automatische Ausrichtoperation entweder selbsttätig (z.B. ausgelöst durch Schließen der Spannvorrichtung) oder über eine gesonderte Bedieneraktion eingeleitet. Sofern sich der mit der Markierung versehene Abschnitt A des Werkstücks noch nicht im Erfassungsbereich E der Kamera 165 befindet, wird das Werkstück durch axiales Verfahren der Spannvorrichtung in Axialrichtung (parallel zur Drehachse 112) so positioniert, dass der mit Markierung versehene Abschnitt A in den Erfassungsbereich gelangt. Der hierzu erforderliche Verfahrweg kann vorprogrammiert sein, da bei einer Serie gleichartiger Teile der Abstand zwischen der Stirnseite am Einspannabschnitt und der axialen Position der Markierung M (beispielsweise Loch) bekannt ist und vorab eingegeben werden kann.Then the automatic alignment operation is either initiated automatically (eg triggered by closing the clamping device) or via a separate operator action. If the section A of the workpiece provided with the marking is not yet in the detection area E of the camera 165, the workpiece is positioned by axially moving the clamping device in the axial direction (parallel to the axis of rotation 112) such that the section A provided with the marking is in the detection area reached. The travel path required for this can be preprogrammed, since in the case of a series of identical parts, the distance between the end face at the clamping section and the axial position of the marking M (for example hole) is known and can be entered in advance.

Der weitere Verfahrensablauf ist davon abhängig, ob nach Ende dieser axialen Positionierbewegung die Kamera die Markierung bzw. wenigstens einen auswertbaren Teil der Markierung erkennen kann oder nicht.The further course of the method depends on whether or not the camera can recognize the marking or at least one evaluable part of the marking after the end of this axial positioning movement.

Sofern im Messbild ein auswertbarer Teil erkannt wird, wird aus dem Messbild eine Drehlageninformation ermittelt, die die aktuelle Ist-Drehlage des Werkstücks repräsentiert. Die Steuerung errechnet dann z.B. anhand einfacher Winkelbeziehungen einen sogenannten Ausricht-Drehwinkel AW, d.h. einen Drehwinkel, um den das Werkstück W gedreht werden muss, um in die Soll-Drehlage zu gelangen (vgl. Fig. 4). Liegt dieser Drehwinkel innerhalb der Toleranzen, so ist die Ausrichtoperation abgeschlossen. Zur Kontrolle kann eine zusätzliche abschließende Messung durchgeführt werden, um sicherzustellen, dass sich die Position der Markierung innerhalb der erlaubten Toleranzen befindet. Wir die richtige Drehlage bestätigt, wird das Werkstück durch eine lineare Vorschubbewegung der Spannvorrichtung so weit in Richtung Biegekopf 130 vorgeschoben, bis der erste zu biegende Abschnitt im Eingriffsbereich des Biegekopfs liegt. Dann wird die erste Biegeoperation ausgeführt.If an evaluable part is recognized in the measurement image, rotational position information which represents the current actual rotational position of the workpiece is determined from the measurement image. The control then calculates a so-called alignment rotation angle AW, for example on the basis of simple angular relationships, ie an angle by which the workpiece W has to be rotated in order to reach the desired rotational position (cf. Fig. 4 ). If this angle of rotation is within the tolerances, the alignment operation is completed. An additional final measurement can be carried out as a check to ensure that the position of the marking is within the permitted tolerances. If the correct rotational position is confirmed, the workpiece is advanced by a linear feed movement of the clamping device in the direction of the bending head 130 until the first section to be bent lies in the engagement area of the bending head. Then the first bending operation is carried out.

Wird beim Auswerten des Messbilds festgestellt, dass kein auswertbarer Teil der Markierung M im Messbild liegt, wenn also die Kamera beispielsweise kein Loch erkennen kann, so wird ein entsprechendes Signal ("ohne Messwert") an die Steuerung übermittelt. Diese ist nun so programmiert, dass die Spanneinrichtung das Werkstück in einem Suchlauf relativ schnell um einen vorgegebenen Drehwinkel, beispielsweise im Bereich zwischen 60° und 80°, dreht und dann anhält. Ist nach dieser ersten Drehung noch immer kein auswertbarer Teil einer Markierung im Messbild der Kamera, so wird das Werkstück erneut um einen vorgegebenen Drehwinkel, beispielsweise zwischen 60° und 80°, gedreht. Sofern sich in dem beobachteten axialen Abschnitt A des Werkstücks eine erkennbare Markierung befindet, führt der Suchlauf schnell zu einer Drehlage, in welcher die Markierung (bzw. ein auswertbarer Teil der Markierung) im Erfassungsbereich E der Kamera des Kamerasystems liegt. Dann kann die Auswertung und die darauf basierende Drehung des Werkstücks in die Soll-Drehlage wie beschrieben eingeleitet werden. Wird auch nach mehrfacher Teildrehung des Werkstücks kein Messbild erfasst, das wenigstens einen auswertbaren Teil einer Markierung zeigt, so zeigt dies an, dass das Werkstück keine Markierung enthält. In diesem Fall wird ein entsprechendes Signal abgegeben.If, when evaluating the measurement image, it is determined that there is no evaluable part of the marking M in the measurement image, for example if the camera cannot detect a hole, for example, a corresponding signal (“without measurement value”) is transmitted to the control. This is now programmed so that the clamping device rotates the workpiece relatively quickly in a search run by a predetermined angle of rotation, for example in the range between 60 ° and 80 °, and then stops. If after this first rotation there is still no evaluable part of a marking in the measurement image of the camera, the workpiece is rotated again by a predetermined angle of rotation, for example between 60 ° and 80 °. If there is a recognizable marking in the observed axial section A of the workpiece, the search quickly leads to a rotational position in which the marking (or an evaluable part of the marking) lies in the detection area E of the camera of the camera system. The evaluation and the rotation of the workpiece based on it can then be initiated in the desired rotational position as described. If, even after several partial rotations of the workpiece, no measurement image is shown that shows at least one evaluable part of a marking, this indicates that the workpiece contains no marking. In this case, a corresponding signal is emitted.

Eine mögliche Auswertung der in dem Messbild enthaltenen Bildinformationen wird anhand von Fig. 3 und Fig. 4 erläutert. Fig. 3 zeigt schematisch den rechteckförmigen Erfassungsbereich E des Kamerasystems, in welchem der axiale Ausschnitt A des Werkstücks W erscheint, der die Markierung M enthält. Die Markierung M wird hier durch ein kreisrundes radiales Durchgangsloch im Rohr gebildet. Ist das Rohr so gedreht, dass sich das Loch an der für die Kamera nicht sichtbaren Rückseite befindet, so erfolgt im Suchlauf die oben beschriebene Korrekturdrehung, bis sich die Markierung teilweise oder vollständig im Erfassungsbereich der Kamera befindet. In der Regel wird dabei die Korrekturdrehung nicht dazu führen, dass die Korrekturdrehung das Werkstück direkt in die Soll-Drehlage überführt. Vielmehr ist im Beispielsfall dann die Situation I erreicht, in welcher das perspektivisch verzerrt erscheinende Loch (Markierung M) in der Nähe der Kante K2 erscheint. Um den zugehörigen Ist-Drehwinkel zu ermitteln, wird aus dem Abstand D zwischen dem mittels Bildverarbeitung berechneten geometrischen Schwerpunkt S des Lochs und der Kante K2 ein Abstandsmaß ermittelt, welches über bekannte Winkelbeziehungen in die dazugehörige Ist-Drehlage umgerechnet wird. Die gewünschte Soll-Drehlage sei im Beispielsfall dann erreicht, wenn die Markierung genau an der der Kamera zugewandten Oberseite des Werkstücks mittig zwischen den Seitenkanten K1, K2 liegt, also in der gestrichelten Position II. Das Bildverarbeitungssystem errechnet den zugehörigen Ausricht-Drehwinkel AW, der erforderlich ist, um das Werkstück in die gewünschte Drehposition zu bringen (vgl. Fig. 4). Auf Basis dieser Drehlageninformation wird der Rotationsantrieb mittels der Steuereinheit so angesteuert, dass das Werkstück um den Ausricht-Drehwinkel AW gedreht wird. Damit ist die automatische Ausrichtoperation abgeschlossen und es wird ein Freigabesignal zur Einleitung der nächsten Maschinenoperation abgegeben, die in einem Vorschieben des ausgerichteten Werkstücks in Richtung des Biegekopfs besteht.A possible evaluation of the image information contained in the measurement image is based on Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 explained. Fig. 3 schematically shows the rectangular detection area E of the camera system, in which the axial section A of the workpiece W, which contains the marking M, appears. The marking M is formed here by a circular radial through hole in the tube. Is the tube turned so that the hole on the for the camera is not visible rear side, the correction rotation described above is carried out in the search until the marking is partially or completely within the detection range of the camera. As a rule, the correction rotation will not result in the correction rotation moving the workpiece directly into the desired rotational position. Rather, in the example case situation I is reached in which the hole (marking M) which appears to be distorted in perspective appears near the edge K2. In order to determine the associated actual rotation angle, a distance measure is determined from the distance D between the geometric center of gravity S of the hole calculated by means of image processing and the edge K2, which distance is converted into the associated actual rotation position using known angular relationships. The desired target rotational position is achieved in the example when the marking is exactly on the top of the workpiece facing the camera, in the middle between the side edges K1, K2, i.e. in the dashed position II. The image processing system calculates the associated alignment rotation angle AW, which is necessary to bring the workpiece into the desired rotational position (cf. Fig. 4 ). On the basis of this rotational position information, the rotary drive is controlled by the control unit in such a way that the workpiece is rotated by the alignment rotational angle AW. This completes the automatic alignment operation and a release signal is issued to initiate the next machine operation, which consists in advancing the aligned workpiece in the direction of the bending head.

Claims (14)

  1. Method for producing a two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally curved bent component from a cut-to-length tubular or rod-shaped workpiece (W) by means of a numerically controlled bending machine (100), wherein the workpiece, prior to a bending operation, is transferred into a required rotational position in relation to its longitudinal central axis with the aid of a marking (M) on the peripheral surface and subsequently is bent, comprising:
    clamping an end portion of the workpiece in a clamping device (110) of the bending machine, wherein the clamping device is rotatable by means of a rotation unit about a rotational axis (112) and displaceable in parallel to the rotational axis;
    characterized by
    an automated orientation operation comprising the following steps:
    detecting the marking (M) using a camera system (160);
    obtaining rotational position information from at least one photographical image of the camera system (160); and
    controlling the rotation unit depending on the obtained rotational position information for rotating the clamped workpiece (W) by means of the clamping device (110) to the required rotational position if the workpiece after clamping is not located in the required rotational position.
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterized by positioning a portion (A) of the workpiece including the marking in a detection zone (E) of the camera system (160) exclusively by axial displacing and/or rotating the clamping device (110) such that at least one photographical image is detectable by the camera system, which image includes at least an evaluable part of the marking.
  3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in case that a photographical image does not include at least an evaluable part of the marking, the clamping device (110) is rotated in a search run for a period until at least an evaluable part of the marking comes into the detection zone (E), wherein preferably, in the absence of the marking in the photographical image, the clamping device is rotated through a predetermined angular dimension, in particular in a range between 45° and 90°, and then stopped, before a next photographical image is recorded.
  4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that a signal is sent to the control unit in case that, after a predefined search run, not at least a part of a marking has come into the detection zone (E), or in case that, during the search run, only an incorrect or not evaluable marking has come into the detection zone (E).
  5. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by the steps:
    recording a photographical image which includes at least an evaluable part of the marking;
    evaluating the photographical image by determining an actual rotational position of the workpiece from the position of the marking within the photographical image and an orientation rotation angle, through which angle the workpiece has to be rotated for setting the required rotational position;
    setting the required rotational position by rotating the workpiece through the orientation rotation angle;
    performing a first bending operation.
  6. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the camera system is arranged such that the detection zone (E) of the camera system includes an axial portion (A) of the workpiece (W) with the workpiece edges (K1, K2) visible through the camera system.
  7. Method according to any of the claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the portion (A) of the workpiece located in the detection zone (E) of the camera system is illuminated by an illumination system.
  8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the portion (A) is illuminated by means of front illumination, preferably by angular illumination and/or from at least two different directions, and/or in that the portion (A) is illuminated by means of backlight illumination.
  9. Bending machine (100) for producing a two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally curved bent component from a cut-to-length tubular or rod-shaped workpiece (W), comprising:
    a clamping device (110) for clamping an end portion of the workpiece on the face side, wherein the clamping device is rotatable by means of a rotation unit about a rotational axis (112) and displaceable in parallel to the rotational axis by means of a feeding unit;
    a bending head (130) having devices for producing at least one planar bending on a workpiece (W) held by the clamping device (110);
    characterized by
    an automated orientation system for rotating the clamped workpiece (W) to a predefinable required rotational position prior to a bending operation, wherein
    the orientation system includes a camera system (160) for optical detecting of a marking (M) on the peripheral surface of the workpiece (W) and an evaluation unit for obtaining rotational position information from photographical images of the camera system; and
    a control unit of the bending machine is configured, in an orientation mode, to control the rotation unit depending on the obtained rotational position information such that the workpiece (W) is rotated by means of the clamping device (110) to the required rotational position if the workpiece after clamping is not located in the required rotational position.
  10. Bending machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the camera system is installed fixedly on the bending machine.
  11. Bending machine according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the camera system is arranged such that the detection zone (E) of the camera system includes an axial portion (A) of the workpiece (W) with the workpiece edges (K1, K2) visible through the camera system.
  12. Bending machine according to any of the claims 9 to 11, characterized by an illumination system for illuminating the portion (A) of the workpiece (W) which is detectable by the camera system.
  13. Bending machine according to any of the claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the illumination system includes at least one front illumination source (172-1, 172-2), wherein preferably two front illumination sources (172-1, 172-2) are provided, which during operation illuminate the portion (A) from different directions and/or under different angles, and/or in that the illumination system includes a backlight illumination source (175).
  14. Bending machine according to any of the claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the machine is configured for performing the method according to any of the claims 1 to 8.
EP17161088.4A 2016-03-29 2017-03-15 Method and bending machine for making a multi-dimensional curved bent component Active EP3225322B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DE102016205137.7A DE102016205137B4 (en) 2016-03-29 2016-03-29 Method and bending machine for producing a multi-dimensionally bent bent part

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EP3225322A3 EP3225322A3 (en) 2017-10-18
EP3225322B1 true EP3225322B1 (en) 2020-05-13

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DE102017207612A1 (en) * 2017-05-05 2018-11-08 Wafios Aktiengesellschaft Method for producing a bent part and bending machine for carrying out the method
IT201800007479A1 (en) * 2018-07-24 2020-01-24 METHOD AND EQUIPMENT FOR POWERING METALLIC ELEMENTS OF ELONGATED FOGGIA
AT521619B1 (en) * 2018-08-28 2020-03-15 Trumpf Maschinen Austria Gmbh & Co Kg Method for operating a bending machine
AU2019222835A1 (en) * 2018-09-05 2020-03-19 Blm S.P.A. Machine for the working of tubes provided with an optical sensor for measuring the forward displacement of the tube being worked and/or the rotational displacement of the same about the longitudinal axis thereof
DE102020203394A1 (en) 2020-03-17 2021-09-23 Wafios Aktiengesellschaft Method for producing a bent part from a pipe
CN112916678B (en) * 2021-01-21 2022-08-19 青岛沃明汽车管制造有限公司 Steel pipe bending machine
CN114453467B (en) * 2021-12-28 2024-01-02 株洲兆源机电科技有限公司 Open-loop type expanding machine suitable for flat conducting bars

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EP3225322A2 (en) 2017-10-04
DE102016205137B4 (en) 2017-12-14
DE102016205137A1 (en) 2017-10-05

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