EP3211614A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren für einen sicherheitsensor - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und verfahren für einen sicherheitsensor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3211614A1
EP3211614A1 EP17275027.5A EP17275027A EP3211614A1 EP 3211614 A1 EP3211614 A1 EP 3211614A1 EP 17275027 A EP17275027 A EP 17275027A EP 3211614 A1 EP3211614 A1 EP 3211614A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sensor
analog signal
person
electromagnetic sensor
amplitude
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EP17275027.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3211614B1 (de
Inventor
Reuben KOREN
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Essence Security International Ltd
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Essence Security International Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/191—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems using pyroelectric sensor means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems

Definitions

  • an installed sensing device triggers an action following detecting a moving object. Examples of actions are sounding an alarm, activating a camera, and sending a message to a predefined recipient. In a typical system, the same action is triggered regardless of the object detected by the installed sensing device.
  • there is a need to differentiate between different detected objects For example, there may be a need to differentiate between detecting a person and detecting a pet.
  • Signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor are analog electrical signals having variable amplitudes over time. Transforming an electromagnetic sensor's output signal to produce a signal having a substantially constant amplitude enables using simple amplitude comparison to distinguish between detection of a person by the electromagnetic sensor and detection of a pet by the electromagnetic sensor.
  • a method for distinguishing between a person and a pet comprises: receiving a signal from an electromagnetic sensor; applying a transfer function to an analog signal received from the electromagnetic sensor to produce a resulting signal having a first substantially constant amplitude when the electromagnetic sensor intercepts radiation from a person and a second substantially constant amplitude when the electromagnetic sensor intercepts radiation from a pet animal; performing a determination of whether a movement of a person or a pet is detected according to a comparison between the resulting signal and a predetermined amplitude threshold; and delivering an output indicative of the determination.
  • movement of a pet is detected when the first substantially constant amplitude is less than the predetermined amplitude threshold.
  • the analog signal processor applies a transfer function to the analog signal by convoluting a transfer signal representing a predetermined transfer function with the analog signal.
  • An electrical circuit for convoluting two signals is typically cheap to manufacture, improving the economy of the solution offered by the present invention.
  • delivering an output comprises sounding an alarm.
  • delivering an output comprises sending a message to a predefined recipient.
  • the method may further comprise receiving a second analog signal from a second electromagnetic sensor at the same time of said receiving said signal from said electromagnetic sensor; identifying a correlation between said movement and a detection of a moving object in said second analog signal; and delivering an output when said correlation is identified.
  • the method may further comprise identifying a person at a predefined distance from said electromagnetic sensor; wherein said second analog signal is received only upon said identifying a person at said predefined distance from said electromagnetic sensor.
  • Delivering an output may comprise sounding an alarm and/or sending a message to a predefined recipient.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention relate to an electromagnetic sensor, and more specifically but not exclusively, to a motion sensor, for sensing motion in an outdoor environment.
  • An object moving in front of the sensor is detected by one or more of the plurality of sectors.
  • a sector detects more energy when the object is in front of the center of the sector than when the object is in front of an edge of the sector.
  • an object moving across the field of view of the sensor causes the sensor to generate an output signal having variable amplitude and a frequency reflective of the angular velocity of the object.
  • the sensor intercepts radiation from an object moving at a certain distance from the sensor at a lower frequency than when the sensor intercepts radiation from an object moving closer to the sensor than the certain distance.
  • an infra-red sensor sensitive to the temperature changes caused by movement of objects, outputs a signal with an amplitude and frequency dependent on the object's distance from the sensor, both amplitude and frequency increasing as the object moves closer to the sensor and decreasing as the object moves farther from the sensor.
  • One problem dealt with by the present invention is the need to differentiate between persons and pet animals, for example dogs and cats, or other animals, for example raccoons, approaching an area, for example an entrance to a home. For example, there may be a need to take an action, such as sound an alarm or activate a camera, when a person is detected approaching an entrance to a home, but there may be no need to take any action when a cat is detected approaching the entrance.
  • an action such as sound an alarm or activate a camera
  • a typical motion sensor adapted to detect any motion in a certain vicinity of the entrance, does not differentiate between persons and pets.
  • the amplitude and frequency of the output signal when intercepting radiation from a person at a certain distance from the sensor is similar to another amplitude and another frequency of the output signal when intercepting radiation from a pet at a different distance closer to the sensor than the certain distance.
  • a typical sensor does not distinguish between a pet and a person.
  • amplitudes of the resulting signal produced when the sensor intercepts radiation from pets are significantly different, and lower, than other amplitudes of the resulting signal produced when the sensor intercepts radiation from persons, regardless of distances and speeds of the persons and pets.
  • the resulting signal's amplitude when detecting a pet weighing 30 kilograms is about one third the resulting signal's amplitude when detecting a person weighing about 85 kilograms.
  • the resulting signal is compared to predefined amplitude threshold. The result of the comparison is used in these embodiments to differentiate between detection of a person and detection of a pet.
  • the resulting signal has amplitudes between 0.8 volts and 1.04 volts when detecting a dog, and amplitudes between 1.68 volts and 2.4 volts when detecting a person.
  • An amplitude threshold may be set at 1.3 volts.
  • the present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product.
  • the computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
  • the computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device.
  • the computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
  • Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network.
  • a network for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network.
  • the computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server.
  • the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • Internet Service Provider for example, AT&T, MCI, Sprint, EarthLink, MSN, GTE, etc.
  • electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
  • FPGA field-programmable gate arrays
  • PLA programmable logic arrays
  • each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s).
  • the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures.
  • two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
  • a sensing device 300 comprises at least one sensor having a plurality of sectors adapted to intercept radiation from objects in a plurality of detection areas 303 in front of the at least one sensor. Some of the sectors are arranged in multiple rows, one row above the other, resulting in the detection areas being arranged in multiple areas, one area above the other. When an object moves in front of the sensing device, the object may cover, fully or partially, one or more of the detection areas.
  • a height threshold for example 1 meter
  • the person is present in one or more of the detection areas simultaneously, for example detection areas associated with sectors from two different rows.
  • some of the plurality of sectors intercept radiation from the person from one or more of the detection areas simultaneously, such that the some of the plurality of sectors intercept a certain amount of energy and the at least one sensor's output signal has a certain amplitude.
  • a pet 302 for example a dog, may be present in only one detection area at a time; however, when moving close to the sensing device, the pet may cover a large part of the detection area from which the at least one sensor intercepts radiation from the pet.
  • the at least one sensor's output signal when the pet covers a large part of the detection area, the at least one sensor's output signal has substantially the same certain amplitude when the pet is detected as when the person is detected.
  • the amplitude of the at least one sensor's output signal is substantially the same when detecting a remote person and a nearby pet, thus an amplitude of the at least one sensor's output signal cannot be used to distinguish between a person and a pet.
  • amplitude comparison is simple to implement.
  • the present invention in some embodiments thereof, applies a transfer function to the sensor's output signal to create a signal having significantly constant amplitude that can be used to differentiate between detection of a person and detection of a pet.
  • the sensor's output signal When a sensor detects an object at a certain distance from the sensor, for example 6 meters, the sensor's output signal has a certain frequency, for example 1 Hertz. When the sensor detects the same object at another certain distance greater than the certain distance, for example 10 meters, the sensor's output signal has another frequency lower than the certain frequency, for example 0.1-0.3 Hertz.
  • FIG. 2A showing a schematic graph representing an amplitude output by a sensor in response to a frequency of the energy intercepted from a detected object, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • X-axis 108 represents the frequency of the signal output by the sensor, starting at zero (no signal output) and increasing.
  • Y-axis 107 represents the amplitude of the signal output by the sensor.
  • Graph 109 represents a typical relationship between the amplitude of the signal output by the sensor, in response to the output signal's frequency. In such embodiments, frequencies below a point 114 and above a point 115 are considered noise and the amplitude in these frequencies is not considered when differentiating between movement of persons and movement of pets.
  • point 114 may represent 0.2 Hertz, which in turn may correspond with energy intercepted from an object at a distance of 12 meters from the sensor.
  • Point 115 may represent 6 Hertz, which in turn may correspond with energy intercepted from an object at a distance of 4 meters from the sensor.
  • the graph indicates that between 114 and 115, the output signal's amplitude increases as the frequency increases, reflecting that the output signal's amplitude increases as the object is nearer the sensor.
  • An output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a human and an output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a pet typically both have the same shape as graph 103.
  • a sensor electrically amplifies the sensor's raw output signal to produce the sensor's output signal.
  • the maximal amplitude of the sensor's output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a human is typically greater, for example 2.4 volts after gain, than the maximal amplitude of the sensor's output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a pet, for example 0.8 volts after gain.
  • the amplitude of the sensor's output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a human is typically greater than the amplitude of the sensor's output signal generated by the sensor in response to detecting a pet at the same given frequency.
  • an amplitude when detecting a person is 3 times another amplitude when detecting a pet.
  • the present invention uses this similarity in output signal shape but difference in amplitudes related to the same frequency to create an amplitude comparison for differentiating between detection of a human and detection of a pet by applying a transfer function to the output signal to produce a resulting signal that can be used in the amplitude comparison.
  • a target output signal has a first amplitude when detecting a person at any distance, and a second amplitude, lower than the first amplitude, when detecting a pet at any distance.
  • comparing the amplitude of the output signal to an amplitude threshold may be used to differentiate between detection of a person, when the output signal's amplitude exceeds the amplitude threshold, and detection of a pet, when the output signal's amplitude is less than the amplitude threshold.
  • FIG. 2B showing a schematic graph representing a target amplitude output by a sensor in response to a frequency of the energy intercepted from a detected object, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • X-axis 105 represents the frequency of the signal output by the sensor, starting at zero (no signal output) and increasing.
  • Y-axis 104 represents the amplitude of the signal output by the sensor.
  • Graph 106 represents the target amplitude of the sensor's output signal, in response to the distance. Between a certain frequency 112 and another certain frequency 113 the output signal has a substantially constant certain target amplitude, regardless of the object's distance from the sensor.
  • values of a first plurality of target amplitudes of the sensor's output signal when detecting a plurality of persons are significantly similar.
  • values of a second plurality of target amplitudes of the sensor's output signal when detecting a plurality of pets are significantly similar.
  • the values of the first plurality of target amplitudes and the values of the second plurality of target amplitudes are significantly different, with the values of the first plurality of target amplitudes being significantly greater than the values of the second plurality of target amplitudes.
  • the sensor's output signal has a shape similar to graph 106, for identifying an object as a person or as a pet according to the amplitude of the target signal the sensor outputs when intercepting radiation from the object.
  • One possible way to achieve a transformed signal having a shape similar to the shape of the target output signal 106 is by convoluting an output signal from the sensor with a transfer signal.
  • an analog signal processor convolutes the sensor's output signal with a transfer signal, representing a transfer function, to produce a resulting signal having a substantially constant amplitude.
  • a possible transfer function increases gain at frequencies between 0.2 Hertz and 0.6 Hertz by about 20 decibels, increases gain at frequencies between 6 Hertz and 10 Hertz by about 8 decibels, and decreases gain at frequencies above 10Hertz.
  • the transfer function reflects the amplitudes in relation to frequency of the output signal in the substantially constant amplitude of the resulting signal.
  • An output signal having amplitudes in relation to frequency relatively higher than other amplitudes in relation to frequency of another output signal results in a resulting signal having substantially constant amplitude higher than another substantially constant amplitude of another result signal from the other output signal.
  • FIG. 3 showing a schematic block diagram of an exemplary sensing device 400 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a sensor 401 is electrically connected to an analog signal processor 408.
  • the sensor outputs an analog output signal 409 having an amplitude and frequency reflective of an amount of radiation intercepted by the sensor from the sensor's environment and from objects moving in front of the sensor and the frequency at which the radiation is intercepted.
  • the analog signal processor may comprise an electrical component 403, such as electrical circuits, for generating a transfer function.
  • the analog signal processor may comprise an electrical component 402, such as electrical circuits, for applying the transfer function to a signal received from the sensor.
  • the analog signal processor comprises an electrical component 404, such as electrical circuits, for comparing the resulting signal to an amplitude threshold 405. In some embodiments, when the resulting signal's amplitude is greater than the amplitude threshold, the analog signal processor determines that a person is detected. Optionally, when the resulting signal's amplitude is less than the amplitude threshold, the analog signal processor determines that a pet is detected. In some embodiments the analog signal processor outputs an indication 407 of the determination.
  • the amplitude threshold depends on a temperature of the environment of the sensor.
  • the analog signal processor has one amplitude threshold used when the environment temperature has a value approximately equal to the temperature of a human body, and another amplitude threshold used when the environment temperature has a value lower or higher than the temperature of a human body.
  • the amplitude threshold may be 1.3 volt and when the temperature has a value of 25 degrees centigrade or 40 degrees centigrade the amplitude threshold may be 1.4 volt.
  • the sensing device comprises a hardware processor.
  • thermal compensation may be implemented in software executed by the hardware processor.
  • the analog signal processor comprises at least one operational amplifier for applying at least part of the transfer function to the sensor's output signal.
  • an output of one of the more than one operational amplifier is connected to an input of another of the more than one operation amplifier to apply the transfer function to the sensor's output signal.
  • the indication of the determination comprises delivering an electrical current on an output of the analog signal processor.
  • the electrical current is delivered on the output of the analog signal processor only when a person is detected.
  • the indication of the determination comprises sounding an alarm.
  • the alarm is sounded only when a person is detected.
  • the indication of the determination comprises sending a message to a predefined recipient.
  • the sensing device may be electrically connected to a hardware processor adapted to send a message using a data network, for example a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network or a Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).
  • WiFi Wireless Fidelity
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communication
  • the message is sent only when a person is detected.
  • an analog signal processor receives 601 an output signal from a sensor.
  • the analog signal processor applies 602 a transfer function to the signal to produce a resulting signal having a substantially constant amplitude.
  • the transfer function may be an inverse Gaussian function.
  • the substantially constant amplitude of the resulting signal is greater when movement of a person is detected by the sensor than when movement of a pet is detected by the sensor.
  • the analog signal processor compares 603 the resulting signal to an amplitude threshold, and according to the comparison determines 604 whether movement of a person was detected or movement of a pet.
  • the analog signal processor outputs 605 an indication of the determination.
  • the indication may be, but is not limited to, activating a camera, sounding an alarm, and sending a message to a predefined recipient.
  • the analog signal processor is connected to another electrical component, for example a controller. In such embodiments a possible indication is driving an electrical current on an output of the analog signal processor connected to the other electrical component.
  • FIG. 5 showing a schematic illustration of an exemplary sensing device 200 comprising two sensors, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the sensing device comprises two sensors: a top sensor 204 and a bottom sensor 208.
  • FIG. 6 showing a schematic block diagram of an exemplary sensing device 500 having two sensors, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • sensor 401 is a top sensor on a vertical axis of the sensing device, electrically connected to the analog signal processor to differentiate between detecting a person and detecting a pet.
  • the sensing device may comprise a bottom sensor 501 on the vertical axis of the sensing device, electrically connected to a controller 502, such that the bottom sensor's output signal 503 is delivered to the controller.
  • the analog signal processor's indication 407 is delivered to the controller.
  • the bottom sensor is adapted to detect moving objects from a certain range of distances from the sensing device.
  • the controller is adapted to deliver current on an output 504 of the controller when the analog signal processor indicates that a person is detected at the same time as the bottom sensor detects an object in the certain range of distances from the sensing device.
  • the bottom sensor may detect a person or a pet but not differentiate between a person and a pet.
  • the controller delivers current on the output only when the bottom detects any object and the analog signal processor indicates the top sensor detects a person.
  • the controller is delivered with a current by the analog signal processor only when the top sensor detects a person.
  • the controller output is connected to a device capable of emitting a light or emitting a sound, for example an alarm.
  • the controller is electrically connected to hardware processor adapted to send a message using a data network, for example a Wifi network or a GSM network.
  • the hardware processor sends a message to a predefined recipient using the data network when the controller drives a current on the output.
  • FIG. 7 showing a sequence diagram of another optional flow of operations 700, according to some embodiments of the present invention having a sensing device with two sensors.
  • a controller connected to the analog signal processor receives 701 the indication of the determination from the analog signal processor and in 702 the controller receives an output signal from a second sensor.
  • the controller identifies 703 a correlation between the second sensor detecting movement of an object and the analog signal processor indicating the detection of a person.
  • the controller outputs an indication of the correlation.
  • the indication may be, but is not limited to, driving current on an output of the controller, activating a camera, sounding an alarm, or sending a message to a predefined recipient.
  • the second sensor is adapted to detect objects moving at a certain range of distances from the sensor. In such embodiments, the controller outputs the indication of the correlation only when a person moves at the certain range of distances from the sensor.
  • FIG. 8A showing a schematic illustration of an exemplary lens array, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the frames are arranged in multiple parallel rows, one row above the other.
  • FIG. 8B shows a schematic illustration of a flattened top view of a single frame from an exemplary lens array where the frame is a Fresnel lens, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8C shows a schematic illustration of a vertical cross section of the same single frame, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the following examples demonstrate signal amplitude of a sensor's output signal when detecting an object moving horizontally in parallel to a vertical surface perpendicular to the sensor's horizontal axis.
  • FIG. 9 showing a schematic illustration of detection areas, or zones, of a sensor, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a sensor is located at 901 on an imaginary axis 908.
  • a right-to-left path 903 at a constant distance 902 from the sensor has an arc shape.
  • Axis 908 represents a plane perpendicular to the sensor's horizontal axis.
  • a first right-to-left path 906 parallel to the plane at a distance 904 from the plane has a varying distance from the sensor.
  • 909 is an example of a distance of the first path from the sensor greater than distance 904.
  • a second right-to-left path 906 parallel to the plane at a distance of 905, greater than distance 904, has a varying distance from the sensor.
  • 910 is an example of a distance of the second path from the sensor greater than distance 905.
  • FIGs. 10A and 10B showing graphs representing captured amplitude output by a sensor when detecting objects moving in front of the sensor, in tests executed according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the objects move in horizontal paths parallel to a vertical surface perpendicular to the sensor's horizontal axis.
  • FIG. 10A shows a graph representing sample amplitude output by the sensor when detecting a person moving in a first horizontal path parallel to the surface at a distance of 8 meters from the surface.
  • X-axis 801 is time in seconds.
  • Y-axis 802 is the sensor's output signal's amplitude in volts.
  • Graph 803 shows the amplitude of the sensor's output signal related to time. As the person moves along the first path, at first the person moves closer to the sensor, and thus the amplitude and the frequency of the graph increase. Next the person moves away from the sensor, and the amplitude and the frequency of the graph decrease.
  • FIG. 10B shows a graph representing sample amplitude output by the sensor when detecting a person moving in a second horizontal path parallel to the surface at a distance of 3 meters from the surface.
  • X-axis 804 is time in seconds.
  • Y-axis 805 is the sensor's output signal's amplitude in volts.
  • Graph 806 shows the amplitude of the sensor's output signal related to time. As the person moves along the second path, at first the person moves closer to the sensor, and thus the amplitude and the frequency of the graph increase. Next the person moves away from the sensor, and the amplitude and the frequency of the graph decrease.
  • Graphs 803 and 806 are similar in shape, but differ in the values of amplitude and frequency. In graph 803, representing amplitudes captured from motion at a distance of 8 meters, the values of amplitude do not exceed 1.824 volts. In graph 806, representing amplitudes captured from motion at a nearer distance of 3 meters, peak amplitudes are as high as 2.069 volts. These graphs demonstrate how the amplitude of the sensor's output signal is affected by the object's distance from the sensor.
  • FIG. 11 showing three schematic graphs representing possible signal gain in response to a frequency, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a graph showing gain in response to frequency is a common equivalent representation for showing amplitude in response to time.
  • X-axis 1001 is a logarithmic representation of frequency in Hertz.
  • Y-axis 1002 is gain in decibels/decade.
  • Graph 1005 shows a possible sensor's output signal, where between frequency 1007 (representing about 0.2 Hertz) and frequency 1008 (representing about 6 Hertz) the graph is shaped as half a Gaussian distribution function.
  • Graph 1004 shows a possible transfer function, where the transfer function increases the gain for frequencies above 0.0100 Hertz and below 10.000 Hertz. For frequencies significantly below 0.0100 Hertz and significantly above 10.000 Hertz the transfer function decreases the gain.
  • a Bode graph having zeros and poles, showing the transfer function's gain related to frequency demonstrates a shape of the transfer function.
  • a first zero indicates an increase in gain of 20decibels/decade starting at 0.01 Hertz
  • a first pole indicates no change in gain starting at 0.2 Hertz
  • a second pole decreases gain by 20 decibels/decade starting at 0.4 Hertz
  • a second zero indicates no change in gain starting at 6 Hertz
  • a third pole indicates a decrease in gain of 20 decibels/decade starting at 12 Hertz.
  • This set of zeros and poles results in a graph shaped similar to graph 1004.
  • Graph 1003 shows a possible resulting function after convoluting the output signal represented by graph 1004 with the transfer function represented by graph 1005. In the resulting function, between points 1007 and 1008 the graph shows a substantially constant gain.
  • a sensing device comprising: an electromagnetic sensor having a surface with at least one electromagnetic radiation interception area; and at least one analog signal processor connected to the electromagnetic sensor.
  • the at least one analog signal processor is adapted to: apply a transfer function to an analog signal received from the electromagnetic sensor to produce a resulting signal having a first substantially constant amplitude when the electromagnetic sensor intercepts radiation from a person and a second substantially constant amplitude when the electromagnetic sensor intercepts radiation from a pet animal; determine according to a comparison between the resulting signal and a predetermined amplitude threshold whether a movement of a person or a pet is detected; and deliver an output indicative of the determination.
  • range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

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