EP3169338A1 - Verfahren zur interzellulären übertragung von isolierten mitochondrien in empfängerzellen - Google Patents

Verfahren zur interzellulären übertragung von isolierten mitochondrien in empfängerzellen

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Publication number
EP3169338A1
EP3169338A1 EP15738898.4A EP15738898A EP3169338A1 EP 3169338 A1 EP3169338 A1 EP 3169338A1 EP 15738898 A EP15738898 A EP 15738898A EP 3169338 A1 EP3169338 A1 EP 3169338A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cells
mitochondria
cell
carcinoma
cancer
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EP15738898.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Marie-Luce VIGNAIS
Jean-Marc BRONDELLO
Christian Jorgensen
Andrés Bernardo CAICEDO PALIZ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universite de Montpellier I
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier CHUM
Original Assignee
Universite de Montpellier I
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier CHUM
Universite de Montpellier
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Publication of EP3169338A1 publication Critical patent/EP3169338A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/76—Viruses; Subviral particles; Bacteriophages
    • A61K35/768—Oncolytic viruses not provided for in groups A61K35/761 - A61K35/766
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/28—Bone marrow; Haematopoietic stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells of any origin, e.g. adipose-derived stem cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/193—Colony stimulating factors [CSF]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2827—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against B7 molecules, e.g. CD80, CD86
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    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/24011—Poxviridae
    • C12N2710/24111—Orthopoxvirus, e.g. vaccinia virus, variola
    • C12N2710/24132—Use of virus as therapeutic agent, other than vaccine, e.g. as cytolytic agent

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods for the intercellular transfer of isolated mitochondria in recipient cells.
  • mitochondria are at the core of a number of biological functions and corresponding disorders l ' 2 .
  • Mitochondria are also actively involved in cancer progression and resistance to therapy 3 .
  • Intercellular mitochondria transfer has recently been described as a phenomenon occurring both in vitro and in vivo, leading to cellular reprogramming and to phenotypes as diverse as protection against tissue injury and resistance to therapeutic agents 4-11 .
  • a number of these mitochondria transfers were shown to originate, through the formation of nanotube structures, from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) 4 ' 6"9 .
  • MSCs are complex organizations between cancer cells and stromal components. MSCs are recruited to the tumor micro environment where they can modify cancer cell growth and metastatic potential as well as response to therapy 15 ⁇ 18 . In addition to the long-known cytokine-dependent communications between the stromal and cancer cells 19 , current data indicate that metabolite exchange and direct cell-cell contacts also greatly contribute to these effects, through cancer cell metabolic reprogramming 2 ' 20 ' 21 . As we show in this manuscript, and as recently published by others 5 , MSCs can transfer mitochondria to cancer cells. This opens new routes for cancer cell metabolic reprogramming since MSCs are part of the cancer cell microenvironment, with functional consequences for tumor progression and resistance to anti-cancer drugs.
  • the present invention relates to methods for the intercellular transfer of mitochondria, isolated from donor cells, to recipient cells.
  • the present invention is defined by the claims.
  • the inventors propose here a new method that they named MitoCeption, to transfer mitochondria isolated from cell type A to cell type B. They validated this method by showing a dosc-dcpcndcnt transfer of mitochondria isolated from MSCs to MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and further showed the biological consequences of this transfer on cancer cell metabolism and functional properties.
  • the added values of this novel methodology are its efficiency and quickness, as tested in different cell types, thus opening new avenues for the study of the activity of mitochondria in different cell contexts but also offer new therapeutic perspectives.
  • the MitoCeption technique by allowing the manipulation of the mitochondrial pool, will therefore lead not only to the understanding of the mitochondria functions but also to a reappraisal of their possible use as therapeutic targets 22 .
  • an aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the intercellular transfer of an amount of mitochondria isolated from a population of donor cells into a population of recipient cells comprising the step of i) centrifuging the population of recipient mammalian cells in presence of the isolated mitochondria at centrifugation force ranging from lOOOg to a 2000g at a temperature ranging from 1°C to 8°C and for a time ranging from 5min to 30min, ii) resting the centrifuged cells at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 40°C for a time ranging from 90min to 180min, and iii) repeating the cycling of steps i) and ii) for a sufficient number of times for reaching transfer efficiency.
  • the term "donor cell” refers to a cell from which the mitochondria of the invention are isolated.
  • recipient cell means a cell receiving and encompassing the isolated mitochondria.
  • acceptor cell means a cell receiving and encompassing the isolated mitochondria.
  • host cell means a cell receiving and encompassing the isolated mitochondria.
  • the donor cells and the recipient cells may be different or identical. In some embodiments, the donor cells and the recipient cells come from different or the same species. In some embodiments, the donor cells and the recipient cells come from different or the same tissues.
  • the cells are mammalian cells.
  • the cells are isolated from a mammalian subject who is selected from a group consisting of: a human, a horse, a dog, a cat, a mouse, a rat, a cow and a sheep.
  • the cells are human cells.
  • the cells are cells in culture. The cells may be obtained directly from a mammal (preferably human), or from a commercial source, or from tissue, or in the form for instance of cultured cells, prepared on site or purchased from a commercial cell source and the like.
  • the cells may come from any organ including but not limited to the blood or lymph system, from muscles, any organ, gland, the skin, brain...
  • the cells are selected from the group consisting of epithelial cells, neural cells, epidermal cells, keratinocytes, hematopoietic cells, melanocytes, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, B-cells, T-cells, erythrocytes, macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, hepatocytes, splenocytes, pancreatic ⁇ cells...
  • the cells are cancer cells.
  • the cancer cells are isolated from a cancer selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, primary brain carcinoma, head-neck cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, liver cancer, bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head or neck carcinoma, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, genitourinary carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, myeloma, multiple myeloma, adrenal carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, adrenal cortex carcinoma, malignant pancreatic insulinoma, malignant carcinoid carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungoides, malignant hypercalcemia
  • the cells are stem cells.
  • stem cell refers to an undifferentiated cell that can be induced to proliferate.
  • the stem cell is capable of self- maintenance or self-renewal, meaning that with each cell division, one daughter cell will also be a stem cell.
  • Stem cells can be obtained from embryonic, post-natal, juvenile, or adult tissue.
  • Stem cells can be pluripotent or multipotent.
  • progenitor cell refers to an undifferentiated cell derived from a stem cell, and is not itself a stem cell. Some progenitor cells can produce progeny that are capable of differentiating into more than one cell type.
  • Stem cells include pluripotent stem cells, which can form cells of any of the body's tissue lineages: mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. Therefore, for example, stem cells can be selected from a human embryonic stem (ES) cell; a human inner cell mass (ICM)/epiblast cell; a human primitive ectoderm cell, a human primitive endoderm cell; a human primitive mesoderm cell; and a human primordial germ (EG) cell.
  • ES human embryonic stem
  • ICM inner cell mass
  • EG human primordial germ
  • Stem cells also include multipotent stem cells, which can form multiple cell lineages that constitute an entire tissue or tissues, such as but not limited to hematopoietic stem cells or neural precursor cells.
  • Stem cells also include totipotent stem cells, which can form an entire organism.
  • the stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell.
  • mesenchymal stem cell or “MSC” is used interchangeably for adult cells which are not terminally differentiated, which can divide to yield cells that are either stem cells, or which, irreversibly differentiate to give rise to cells of a mesenchymal cell lineage, e.g., adipose, osseous, cartilaginous, elastic and fibrous connective tissues, myoblasts) as well as to tissues other than those originating in the embryonic mesoderm (e.g., neural cells) depending upon various influences from bioactive factors such as cytokines.
  • the stem cell is a partially differentiated or differentiating cell.
  • the stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which has been reprogrammed or de-differentiated. Stem cells can be obtained from embryonic, fetal or adult tissues.
  • iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell
  • isolated mitochondria refers to mitochondria separated from other cellular components of the donor cells.
  • the isolated mitochondria are functional mitochondria or dysfunctional (i.e. in opposition to functional) mitochondria.
  • functional mitochondria refers to mitochondria that consume oxygen.
  • functional mitochondria have an intact outer membrane.
  • functional mitochondria are intact mitochondria.
  • functional mitochondria consume oxygen at an increasing rate over time.
  • the functionality of mitochondria is measured by oxygen consumption.
  • oxygen consumption of mitochondria may be measured by any method known in the art such as, but not limited to, the MitoXpress fluorescence probe (Luxcel).
  • functional mitochondria are mitochondria which display an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption in the presence of ADP and a substrate such as, but not limited to, glutamate, malate or succinate.
  • a mitochondrial membrane refers to a mitochondrial membrane selected from the group consisting of: the mitochondrial inner membrane, the mitochondrial outer membrane or a combination thereof.
  • the term "intact mitochondria” refers to mitochondria comprising an outer and an inner membrane, an inter-membrane space, the cristae (formed by the inner membrane) and the matrix.
  • intact mitochondria comprise mitochondrial DNA.
  • intact mitochondria contain active respiratory chain complexes I-V embedded in the inner membrane.
  • intact mitochondria consume oxygen.
  • mitochondria refers to mitochondria devoid of outer membrane.
  • intactness of a mitochondrial membrane may be determined by any method known in the art. In a non-limiting example, intactness of a mitochondrial membrane is measured using the tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) or the tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescent probes. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. Mitochondria that were observed under a microscope and show TMRM or TMRE staining have an intact mitochondrial outer membrane.
  • TMRM tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester
  • TMRE tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester
  • the isolated mitochondria are modified mitochondria.
  • modified mitochondria refers to mitochondria harboring at least one modification in their composition.
  • modified mitochondria refer to mitochondria isolated from a genetically modified source.
  • a genetic modified source refers to a cell harboring a foreign gene or foreign gene product.
  • the cells from which the modified mitochondria are derived are transfected with DNA comprising an expression cassette.
  • An "expression cassette” refers to a natural or recombinantly produced polynucleotide that is capable of expressing a desired gene(s).
  • the term "recombinant" as used herein refers to a polynucleotide molecule that is comprised of segments of polynucleotides joined together by means of molecular biology techniques.
  • the cassette contains the coding region of the gene of interest along with any other sequences that affect expression of the gene.
  • a DNA expression cassette typically includes a promoter (allowing transcription initiation), and a sequence encoding one or more proteins.
  • the expression cassette may include, but is not limited to, transcriptional enhancers, non-coding sequences, splicing signals, transcription termination signals, and polyadenylation signals.
  • An RNA expression cassette may include a translation initiation codon (allowing translation initiation) and a sequence encoding one or more proteins.
  • Preparation of isolated mitochondria may be done by any method well known in the art. Typically preparation of isolated mitochondria requires changing buffer composition or additional washing steps, cleaning cycles, centrifugation cycles or even sonication cycles.
  • the mitochondria according to the invention may be obtained by methods disclosed herein or by any other method known in the art.
  • Commercially available mitochondria isolation kits include, for example, Mitochondria Isolation Kit, MITOISOl (Sigma- Aldrich) and Pierce Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Cultured Cells - (Thermo Fisher Scientific), among others.
  • the mitochondria have been isolated by centrifugation.
  • the mitochondria have been isolated by mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cell sorting.
  • the preparation of isolated mitochondria does not contain intact cells. In some embodiments, the preparation does not comprise mitochondrial clumps or aggregates or cellular debris or components larger than 5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the preparation is devoid of particulate matter greater than 5 ⁇ m. As used herein, the term "particulate matter" refers to intact cells, cell debris, aggregates of mitochondria, aggregates of cellular debris or a combination thereof. Typically, the mitochondria preparation is performed on ice to maintain their integrity.
  • the mitochondria harbour a tracking probe.
  • the tracking probe is a fluorescent mitochondrial tracking probe to mitochondria.
  • the tracking probe is selected from the group consisting of a non-oxidation dependent probe, an accumulation dependent probe, or a reduced oxidative state probe.
  • the probe is a MitoTracker Probe selected from the group consisting of MitoTracker Orange CMTMRos, MitoTracker Orange CM-H2TMRos, MitoTracker Red CMXRos, MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos, MitoTracker Red 580, and MitoTracker Deep Red 633.
  • the tracking probe is very suitable for sorting the mitochondria based upon binding of the tracking probe, for determining the percentage of functional mitochondria based on the percentage of mitochondria which bind the tracking probe, and/or for following and quantifying the rate and efficacy of the mitochondria transfer.
  • recipient cells are placed in an appropriate carried medium.
  • carrier medium is a fluid carrier such as cell culture media, cell growth media, buffer which provides sustenance to the cells.
  • the carrier medium can be refreshed and/or removed as needed.
  • this invention is preferably operated without the presence of proteases.
  • a protease inhibitor may be present in the cell culture chamber.
  • the volume of isolated mitochondria is added to the recipient cells at the desired concentration. Typical the ratio is 0.12; 0.25; 0.5; 1; or 2. These values represent the ratio of the number of mitochondria donor cells versus the number of mitochondria recipient cells.
  • the centrifugation step may be performed with any centrifugation system well known in the art. Typically, the centrifugation force is 1500g.
  • the centrifugation step is performed at a temperature ranging from 1°C to 8°C. In some embodiments, the centrifugation step is performed at a temperature of is 1; 1,1; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7; 1,8; 1,9; 2; 2,1; 2,2; 2,3; 2,4; 2,5; 2,6; 2,7; 2,8; 2,9; 3; 3,1; 3,2; 3,3; 3,4; 3,5; 3,6; 3,7; 3,8; 3,9; 4; 4,1 ; 4,2; 4,3; 4,4; 4,5; 4,6; 4,7; 4,8; 4,9; 5; 5,1; 5,2; 5,3; 5,4; 5,5; 5,6; 5,7; 5,8; 5,9; 6; 6,1; 6,2; 6,3; 6,4; 6,5; 6,6; 6,7; 6,8; 6,9; 7; 7,1; 7,2 ; 7,3; 7,4; 7,5; 7,6; 7,7; 7,8; 7,9; or 8 °C
  • the centrifugation step is performed for a time ranging from 5min to 30min. In some embodiments, the centrifugation step is performed for 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11 ; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21 ; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; or 30min. Typically, the centrifugation step is performed for 15min.
  • the resting step is performed at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 40°C.
  • the centrifugation step is performed at a temperature of is performed at a temperature of 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; or 40 °C.
  • the resting step is performed at a temperature of 37°C.
  • the resting step is performed for a time ranging from 30 min to 180 min.
  • the centrifugation step is performed for 30; 40; 50; 60; 70; 80; 90; 100; 110; 120; 130; 140; 150; 160; 170; or 180min.
  • the centrifugation step is performed for 120 min (i.e. 2h).
  • the cycle of step i) (i.e. centrifugation step) and step ii) (i.e. resting step), is performed at least 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10 times.
  • detection and quantification of tracking probe are performed.
  • functional assays may also be performed to determine in which manner the transfer of mitochondria occurred.
  • detection and quantification of the mitochondrial mtDNA may be performed by any method well known in the art and typically involve PCR.
  • Functional assays may also include metabolic assays.
  • the assay is based on the differential measurement of biomarkers associated with changes in cell membrane integrity and cellular ATP levels.
  • the assay is performed in a single-well, with bio luminescent and fluorescent readouts. Bio luminescent signal is proportional to ATP concentration.
  • Other examples include the citrate synthase assay.
  • Citrate synthase is indeed the initial enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This enzyme is an exclusive marker of the mitochondrial matrix and catalyzes the reaction between acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid and CoA with a thiol group (CoA-SH).
  • a colorimetric assay can thus be based on the reaction between 5', 5'-Dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and CoA-SH to form TNB, which exhibits maximum absorbance at 412 nm.
  • the intensity of the absorbance is proportional to the citrate synthase activity.
  • the method of the present invention may find various applications.
  • the method of the invention may be suitable for improving energy metabolism of cells obtained from donors (e.g. cells harbouring dysfunctional mitochondria, cells harbouring mutated mtDNA).
  • donors e.g. cells harbouring dysfunctional mitochondria, cells harbouring mutated mtDNA
  • transfer of exogenous mitochondria to target cells may lead to subsequent repopulation of cells in which failure of mitochondrial function occurred as a result of inherited defect or progression of disease process or aging.
  • direct transfer of exogenous functional mitochondria into the cells provides a new therapeutic approach permitting changes in the bioenergetic profile of recipient cells affected with mitochondrial dysfunction, consequently leading to alleviation of defects in energy production (ATP) presented e.g. in genetically inherited mitochondrial diseases.
  • Other functional assays include cellular bioenergetic assay performed with any appropriate system (e.g.
  • Seahorse Extracellular Flux (XF) Analyzer provides a non-invasive profile of the metabolic activity of the cells in minutes, offering a physiologic cell based assay for determination of basal oxygen consumption, glycolysis rates, ATP turnover and respiratory capacity in a single experiment to assess mitochondrial function.
  • the assay can also measure fatty acid oxidation and metabolism of glucose and amino acids for kinetic metabolic information.
  • Other functional assays may also consist in determining the capability of the recipient cells to proliferate or migrate.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a condition which benefits from increased mitochondrial function in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising preparing a population of recipient cells by the transfer method as above described and administered the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the prepared recipient cells.
  • a condition that benefits from increased mitochondrial function is a disease or disorder associated with nonfunctional or dysfunctional mitochondria.
  • a disease or disorder associated with nonfunctional or dysfunctional mitochondria is a disease or disorder that is caused by or is aggravated by mitochondria that are not functioning as healthy mitochondria or are not functioning at all or are structurally impaired.
  • the disease or disorder associated with nonfunctional or dysfunctional mitochondria is selected from the group consisting of: a mitochondrial disease caused by ageing, a mitochondrial disease caused by damage to mtDNA, a mitochondrial disease caused by damage to nuclear genes and a mitochondrial disease caused by a toxin.
  • the damage is selected from the group consisting of: mutation, deletion, truncation, cross-linking and a combination thereof.
  • a disease or disorder associated with nonfunctional or dysfunctional mitochondria include Diabetes mellitus and deafness (DAD), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), visual loss beginning in young adulthood, eye disorder characterized by progressive loss of central vision due to degeneration of the optic nerves and retina, Wo lff-Parkinson- White syndrome, multiple sclerosis-type disease, Leigh syndrome, subacute sclerosing encephalopathy, neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, ptosis, dementia, myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE), gastrointestinal pseudoobstruction, myo clonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MER F), short stature, hearing loss, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like symptoms
  • the functional mitochondria are derived from the subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the functional mitochondria are derived from a different subject than the subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the functional mitochondria are derived from the same subject to whom they are administered. In some embodiments, the functional mitochondria are derived from a different subject than the subject to whom they are administered. In some embodiments, the functional mitochondria of the invention are from a source selected from autologous, allogeneic and xenogeneic. As used herein, mitochondria of an autologous source refer to mitochondria derived from the same subject to be treated. As used herein, mitochondria of an allogeneic source refer to mitochondria derived from a different subject than the subject to be treated from the same species.
  • mitochondria of a xenogeneic source refer to mitochondria derived from a different subject than the subject to be treated from a different species.
  • the functional mitochondria of the invention are derived from a donor.
  • the donor is an allogeneic donor.
  • the donor is an autologous donor.
  • the functional mitochondria of the invention comprise at least one protein, or a gene encoding at least one protein, capable of inhibiting, ameliorating or preventing said disease or disorder associated with nonfunctional or dysfunctional mitochondria.
  • the transfer method of the present invention is also particularly suitable in regenerative medicine, and also for preparing recipients cells (e.g. mesenchymal stem cells) that can be used for reducing inflammation or limiting the impact of ageing.
  • recipients cells e.g. mesenchymal stem cells
  • therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of composition of the invention effective to treat or ameliorate a condition that benefits from increased mitochondrial function in a subject in need thereof.
  • a subject in need thereof refers to a subject afflicted with, or at a risk of being afflicted with, a condition which benefits from increased mitochondrial function.
  • a subject in need thereof is a subject afflicted with a condition which may benefit frompro-apoptotic activity.
  • a condition that may benefit from pro-apoptotic activity is cancer.
  • a subject in need thereof is mammalian.
  • a subject in need thereof is human.
  • a subject in need thereof is selected from the group consisting of: a human, a horse, a dog, a cat, a mouse, a rat, a cow and a sheep.
  • compositions of cells for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, each representing a separate embodiment of the present invention.
  • non-aqueous solvents or vehicles are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • the transfer method of the present invention is also suitable for screening purposes.
  • the recipient cells as prepared by the transfer method of the present invention may be contacted by test substances and the ability of the test substances to improve or alter the mitochondrial function of the cells may be determined.
  • donor cells are mesenchymal stem cells and recipient cells are cancer cells so that the test substance may be tested for its ability to kill the cancer recipient cells by e.g. inducing apoptosis in said cells. Therefore it is possible to mimic the physiopathological situation wherein mesenchymal stem cells of the tumoral microenvironment modify cancer cell growth and metastatic potential as well as response to therapy.
  • the recipient cells may receive dysfunctional mitochondria so that substances can be tested for their capacity to restore a mitochondrial function or limit the mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • the transfer method of the present invention is also particularly suitable for improving protocols for differentiating cells in IPS (induced pluripotent stem cells).
  • the transfer method of the present invention is also particularly suitable for research purposes.
  • the transfer method of the present invention is suitable for studying embryogenesis by e.g. transferring mitochondria into oocytes or embryonic stem cells.
  • FIGURES are a diagrammatic representation of FIGURES.
  • FIG. 1 Exchange of mitochondria between hMSCs and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
  • A Coculture (24h) of hMSCs (prestained with red MitoTracker) and MDA-MB-231 cells (prestained with green CellTracker). Upper panel, fluorescence and phase contrast (scale bar, 50 ⁇ ). MitoTracker stained mitochondria in the MSC protusion are indicated by arrows. Lower panels, 3D reconstructions of stacks of confocal images (scale bar, 20 ⁇ ).
  • B FACS analysis of the transfer of mitochondria from hMSCs to MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The coculture was performed for 24 hours with MitoTracker-prelabeled MSCs and unlabeled MDA- MB-231 cells.
  • FIG. 3 Effects of MSC mitochondria on MDA-MB-231 metabolism and functional capacities.
  • A,B XF-24 Extracellular Flux analysis. All measures were performed 48 hours after the transfer of MSC mitochondria to MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • A OXPHOS activity. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR, pMoles/min) for the control (red) or the MDA-MB-231 cells MitoCepted with 0.12 (blue), 0.25 (purple) and 0.5 (pink) MSC mitochondria (relative amounts) were measured during 4 min in basal conditions and after the addition of the mitochondrial inhibitors: oligomycin, FCCP, antimycin A and rotenone. Measurements were performed in quadruplicates in 6 different experiments (2 MSC donors).
  • the basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration rates were calculated and expressed as fold of the control MDA-MB- 231 cells. Values are shown as mean ⁇ S.E.M.
  • B Glycolysis. Extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) were measured in basal conditions and after the addition of glucose and oligomycin. Measurements were performed in quadruplicates in 3 different experiments (2 MSC donors).
  • C ATP measurement. The level of total ATP in MDA-MB-231 cells MitoCepted with increasing quantities of MSC mitochondria was measured by a chemo luminescent assay.
  • MDA-MB-231 cells were MitoCepted with different amounts of mitochondria isolated from MSCs and tested the following day.
  • Figure 4 A dot plot representation of the MFI values obtained for the "no centrifugation” and “centrifugation” conditions, with the mean values and standard deviations (SD) indicated.
  • Figure 5 A dot plot representation of the MFI values obtained for the "none", “one” and “two” centrifugation conditions, with the mean values and standard deviations (SD) indicated.
  • Figure 6 Selected images from 3D-collagen cocultures of CellTracker stained MSCs (red) and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (green) analyzed by real-time confocal imaging, (a) Cells displayed highly dynamic movements and were found to make physical contacts that could last for several hours, (b) During the time-lapse imaging, starting 24 hours after the beginning of the coculture, transfer of MSC cell components (marked by CellTracker vital dye) was observed at the early time-points (TO to T8). Interestingly, the MDA-MB-231 cell with MSC cell components (indicated by the arrow) demonstrated a high migration capacity within the 3D collagen matrix in the 24 hours following the transfer. Figure 7. Transfer of hMSC mitochondria to murine cancer cells in coculture.
  • FIG. 8 FACS quantification of the mitochondria transfer between hMSCs and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
  • the coculture was performed with one cell type prelabeled with a MitoTracker and the other cell type unlabeled.
  • the coculture was performed for 24 hours.
  • mixing the two cell types immediately prior to the FACS analysis did not lead to a shift of the MDA-MB-231 cell population, nor did the incubation of the MDA-MB- 231 cells with a conditioned medium of the MitoTracker-stained MSCs (not shown).
  • MSC mitochondria acquired through MitoCeption have the capacity to transfer to cancer cells in coculture.
  • mitochondria isolated from MSCs to other MSCs and asked whether these novel mitochondria also demonstrated the capacity to transfer to MDA- MB-231 cells in coculture conditions.
  • red MitoTracker stained MSC mitochondria were transferred, through the MitoCeption protocol, to MSCs prestained with a green MitoTracker. After the coculture (24h) between these MSCs and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, red MitoTracker-labeled MSC mitochondria were observed spread throughout the MSC mitochondria network, thus validating the MitoCeption protocol.
  • the exogenous MSC mitochondria demonstrated the capacity to transfer to neighboring MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • a confocal section (top panel) and 3D reconstructions of confocal image stacks (lower panels) are shown. Scale bars, 10 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 10 Quantification of the amount of transferred MSC relative to the endogenous MDA-MB-231 mitochondria.
  • MSCs and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were MitoTracker labeled at day 1. At day 2, the MitoTracker labeled MSCs were incubated with unlabeled MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Alternatively, mitochondria were isolated from the MitoTracker labeled MSCs and MitoCepted to unlabeled MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
  • MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were analyzed by FACS for the MitoTracker staining resulting from either (1) the initial MitoTracker labeling, (2) the coculture with the labeled MSCs or (3) the MitoCeption with MitoTracker labeled MSC mitochondria.
  • the ratios of the values obtained in conditions (2) versus (1) and (3) versus (1) were calculated. They are indicative of MSC mitochondrial mass relative to the endogenous MDA-MB-231 mitochondrial mass (%) following MSC mitochondria acquisition by MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • EXAMPLE 1 QUANTITATIVE MITOCEPTION AS A TOOL TO ASSESS MITOCHONDRIA EFFECTS ON CELL METABOLISM AND FUNCTIONS.
  • MSCs Human MSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates from three healthy donors, each of whom gave informed consent. All the isolation and culture procedures were conducted in the authorized cell therapy unit (Biotherapy Team of General Clinic Research Center, French health minister agreement TCG/04/0/008/AA) at the Grenoble University Hospital. The cells were grown in Minimum Essential Eagle Medium alpha (aMEM) supplemented with glutamine and FCS 10% and used at an early passage. Cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and TSA- pc) were grown in DMEM supplemented with glutamine and FCS 10%. The cocultures were performed in DMEM/FCS 5% with MSCs seeded 24 hours before the addition of the cancer cells. When indicated, MSCs were MitoTracker labeled the day before.
  • aMEM Minimum Essential Eagle Medium alpha
  • Mitochondria were prepared using the Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Cultured Cells (Thermo Scientific) with the following the manufacturer's instructions. To obtain mitochondria preparations with reduced contamination from other cytosol compounds, centrifugation for the recovery of mitochondria was performed at 3,000g for 15 minutes.
  • mitochondria can be MitoTracker labeled beforehand in the donor cells.
  • the recipient cells can also be labeled (CellTracker) beforehand if cells are to be analyzed by microscopy after the mitochondria transfer.
  • the mitochondria preparation should be performed on ice to maintain their integrity.
  • a protocol for mitochondria transfer (MitoCeption) that relies on the centrifugation of the mitochondria suspension on the cultured cells at the adequate centrifugation force, with a number of centrifugations that can be adjusted as a function of the system of mitochondria donor/recipient cells.
  • cells can be prestained with a green CellTracker (protect cells from light).
  • Count cells take the corresponding cell volume to perform the 2 extractions, putting cells in 2 independent 15 ml Falcon tubes.
  • the pellet contains the isolated mitochondria.
  • the XF24 Flux analyzer (SeaHorse Bioscience) was used to measure oxygen consumption rates (OCR) on 100,000 MDA-231 cells placed in XF media (nonbuffered DMEM with glucose 2.5 mM, L-glutamine 2 mM and sodium pyruvate 1 mM) under basal conditions and in response to mitochondrial inhibitors: oligomycin (1 ⁇ ), FCCP (0.33 ⁇ ) and a mixture of rotenone (100 nM) and antimycin A (1 ⁇ ) (Sigma). Measurements of 0 2 concentrations, in close vicinity to the seeded cells, were made over 4 min and OCR values were reported in pmol/min after normalisation to cell numbers.
  • OCR oxygen consumption rates
  • the basal respiration rate was calculated as the difference between the values of basal OCR and OCR after rotenone/antimycin A dependent inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I and III.
  • the maximal respiration rate was measured following addition of the uncoupler FCCP (uncoupled rate), indicative of the maximal electron transport activity and substrate oxidation achievable by the cells.
  • the spare respiratory capacity (SRC) is calculated as the difference between the uncoupled and basal rates. It is indicative of the bioenergetic limits of the cell, under the assay conditions.
  • the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis can be estimated from the decrease in OCR, following inhibition of ATP synthase with oligomycin.
  • ECAR measurement was performed in XF media supplemented with 2mM L-glutamine, in response to 10 mM glucose, 1 ⁇ oligomycin and 200 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG).
  • the glycolytic capacity of the cells was calculated as the difference between the values of ECAR upon glucose addition and ECAR after 2-DG dependant inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase.
  • the glycolytic reserve was calculated as the difference between the value of ECAR upon glucose addition and ECAR following oligomycine-dependant inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase. It is indicative of the metabolic phenotype of the cells and their ability to shift from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis in response to ATP demand.
  • Measurements of the ATP produced by the control or MitoCepted MDA-MB-231 cells were performed on 50,000 cells, 48 hours after the transfer of MSC mitochondria, using the ATPlite luminescent detection assay, according to the manufacturer instructions (Perkin Elmer). Measurements were expressed as Relative Luciferase Units (RLU) and calculated as fold of RLU measured in control MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • RLU Relative Luciferase Units
  • MDA-MB-231 cells with different amounts of MitoCepted MSC mitochondria were seeded in DMEM/FCS 5%, in quadruplicates, at the density of 10,000 cells per P24 well (5,000 cells/cm 2 ), and counted manually 5 days later.
  • Invasion assays of MDA-MB-231 cells were performed in 96-well View plates (PerkinElmer) pre-coated with 0.2% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) and containing red fluorescent polystyrene microspheres at the bottom of the wells (10 4 beads per well; FluoSpheres; Invitrogen).
  • cells were suspended in 1.7 mg/ml serum- free liquid bovine collagen at 10 5 cells/ml. 100- ⁇ 1 aliquots were dispensed into the plates. Plates were centrifuged at 300 g and incubated in a 37°C/5% C0 2 tissue-culture incubator. Once collagen had polymerized, FCS was added on top of the collagen to a final concentration of 5%.
  • FACS experiments were performed using a Becton Dickinson FACSCanto II flow cytometer with 488-nm laser excitation and analyzed with CellQuest Pro software. Data are expressed as the mean percentage of positive cells for the indicated fluorescence intensity.
  • Mitochondrial DNA was quantified by amplication of a DNA domain within the D-loop mt-1 : 5'- tta act cca cca tta gca cc -3' ; mt-2: 5'- gag gat ggt ggt caa ggg a- 3'.
  • the reverse primer mt- 2MDA 5'- tta agg gtg ggt agg ttt gta ga -3' was used instead of mt-2.
  • the reverse primer mt-2MSC 5'- tta agg gtg ggt agg ttt gta gc -3' was used instead of mt-2.
  • Fluorescence and time-lapse analysis was done with a Carl Zeiss LSM 5 live duo (LSM 510 META and 5 live) confocal laser system using a Zeiss 40X plan NeoFluar Oil objective. Time-lapse analysis was performed in an incubation chamber providing controlled temperature, C0 2 concentration and hygrometry. Pictures were taken every 30 minutes for 24 to 36 hours. After imaging, all time points were compiled and exported as a Quicktime (avi) file using the MetaMorph software. For phase-contrast microscopy, photographs were taken on a Zeiss Primo Vert inverted-phase microscope coupled to a digital Canon 1000D power shot camera.
  • mitochondria are at the core of essential biological functions and corresponding disorders, including cancers 1 3 .
  • Mitochondria transfer between cells was recently described as a phenomenon occurring both in vitro and in vivo, through nanotube formation, leading to cellular reprogramming and to phenotypes as diverse as protection against tissue injury and resistance to therapy 4-9 .
  • isolated mitochondria can also be directly internalized by cells, as observed both in vitro and in vivo w ' n .
  • MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
  • MDA-MB-231 cancer cells we developed a model system based on the interactions between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells as MSCs are known to be recruited to tumor sites, with resulting consequences on cancer cell growth and metastatic potential 15 ⁇ 18 .
  • MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
  • cytokines 2 ' 19 21 we show herein that MSCs can transfer mitochondria to cancer cells.
  • mitochondria to distinguish the effects of MSC mitochondria from other signaling contributions, we designed a method (MitoCeption) for quantitatively transferring MSC mitochondria, in amounts comparable to those occurring in coculture.
  • MitoCeption a method for quantitatively transferring MSC mitochondria, in amounts comparable to those occurring in coculture.
  • mtDNA sequences between MSCs and cancer cells we exploited differences in mtDNA sequences between MSCs and cancer cells to specifically follow and quantify mtDNAs of both the transferred and the endogenous mitochondria
  • the MitoCeption protocol that we designed allows the transfer of mitochondria isolated from cell type A to cell type B so that, at the end, cell type B contains both its own and the exogenous mitochondria (Fig. 2a).
  • MSCs were MitoTracker labeled beforehand and 24 hours after the transfer, cancer cells were analyzed by confocal imaging.
  • the 3D reconstructions from confocal images confirmed that the transferred MSC mitochondria did localize inside the MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and that the transferred MSC mitochondria were located close to the endogenous MDA-MB-231 mitochondria network (Fig. 2b).
  • we transferred MSC mitochondria to other MSCs we could show that these mitochondria were spread out among the endogenous MSC mitochondria and that they also demonstrated the capacity to transfer to MDA-MB-231 cells in coculture conditions (Fig. 9).
  • the efficiency of the mitochondria transfer was quantified both by flow cytometry on the basis of the MSC mitochondria MitoTracker labeling and by quantification of MSC mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). FACS analysis showed a dose-dependent uptake of MSC mitochondria by MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (Fig. 2c). Interestingly, the MSC mitochondrial mass detected in cancer cells after the coculture with a 1 : 1 ratio between MSCs and cancer cells was in the same range as that detected after transfer by MitoCeption (condition 0.5), of the order of a few percents (Fig. 10). Transfers of mitochondria by our MitoCeption protocol were also obtained between cancer cells as well as from MSCs to non adherent cells, as tested with Jurkat cells (data not shown).
  • MDA-MB-231 cells migration and proliferation capacities we then checked the effect of MSC mitochondria on MDA-MB-231 cells migration and proliferation capacities. Using a 3D-collagen invasion assay, we showed that acquisition of MSC mitochondria by the cancer cells increased their invasion capacity reaching 1.6 fold within the 3 day migration time-frame (condition 0.25 MMCR) (Fig. 3d, left panel). MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation was measured over a 5 day period following MSC mitochondria acquisition and was also found to be increased in a dose response fashion with a 1.35 fold stimulation for the 0.1 MMCR condition (Fig. 3d, right panel).
  • the phenotype of the T cells was periodically controlled on the basis of their specific cytokine production profile and the presence/absence of the lineage-specific transcription factors upon CD3 and CD28 activation.
  • Human MSCs isolated from the bone marrow of healthy donors, were obtained from the EFS (Etablatorium Francais du Sang, Grenoble). Approval for the use of clinical biopsies and blood samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients has been obtained from the ethics committee of the University Hospitals of Jardin (n° DC-2008-417 - coordinator: Ch. Jorgensen). The preliminary experiments described below were performed with MSCs isolated from two different donors and used at an early passage as previously described.
  • MitoTracker labeled MSCs were cocultured for 24 hours with either CCR6 + (Thl 7) or CCR6 " (Thl and Th2) T cells, after which time T cells (that are not adherent) were recovered from the coculture with the MSCs (MSCs are adherent). T cells were analyzed by FACS for the acquisition of the MitoTracker, indicative of a transfer of mitochondria from MSCs. Both CCR6 + or CCR6 " cells displayed an increase in MitoTracker fluorescence intensity in the T cell analysis gate. MSCs alone only gave a very low background signal, dismissing the possibility that the signal observed for T cells following the coculture was that of the MitoTracker labeled MSCs.
  • Resting T cells in a restimulated T cell line could be considered as memory-like cells.
  • effector cells those involved in the immune response, are also targets of MSC mitochondria transfer.
  • mAb monoclonal antibodies
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononucleated cell
  • MSCs peripheral blood mononucleated cell
  • Mouse MSCs transfer mitochondria to mouse T cells Next, we investigated whether the phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer could also be observed in the mouse system. For this purpose, we isolated mouse MSCs from the bone marrow and labeled them with the MitoTracker 24 h before coculture, as previously described for the human cells. Total lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of syngeneic Balb/c mice were used as target cells. Lymphocytes were seeded over monolayers of labeled MSCs and cultured for periods of 4 and 24 hours. Lymphocytes were then recovered and the uptake of labeled mitochondria by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was analyzed by FACS. The profiles obtained were similar to those of human cells.
  • Mitochondria isolated from MSCs can be transferred by MitoCeption to T cells
  • cells in coculture can also interact by the well- characterized cytokine cross-talk.
  • MitoCeption EXAMPLE 1
  • This technique allows the transfer of mitochondria isolated from MSCs to the target cells without the need of a coculture.
  • FACS analysis and confocal microscopy on the basis of the MitoTracker labeling of MSC mitochondria.
  • mitochondrial DNA contains different SNPs corresponding to different haplotypes
  • mitochondrial DNA from different donors can be specifically identified. It thus allows the specific tracking of the mitochondrial DNA from either MSCs and T cells and, consequently, the monitoring of MSC mitochondria transfer to T cells, on the basis of the mitochondrial DNA concentrations.
  • EXAMPLE 3 MitoCeption of MSC mitochondria to T cells:
  • MSCs Human MSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates from healthy donors, who gave informed consent. All the isolation and culture procedures were conducted in the authorized cell therapy unit (Biotherapy Team of General Clinic Research Center, French health minister agreement TCG/04/0/008/AA) at the Grenoble University Hospital. The cells were grown in Minimum Essential Eagle Medium alpha (aMEM) supplemented with L-Glutamine 1% and FCS 10% and used at an early passage. For intracellular mitochondria staining, the MitoTracker green FM (Molecular Probes) was used. Alternatively, the MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Molecular Probes) could be used as well. After labeling, MSCs were washed several times in order to prevent excess MitoTracker probe inside the cell.
  • aMEM Minimum Essential Eagle Medium alpha
  • CMXRos Molecular Probes
  • T cells were isolated from fresh blood (obtained from the EFS Why) using Ficoll-
  • Hypaque Cells were grown in IMEM supplemented with L-Glutamine 1%, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/ml), Yssel's medium 10%> and Human Serum AB+ 1%.
  • Mitochondria were prepared using the Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Cultured Cells
  • mitochondria can be MitoTracker labeled beforehand in the donor cells.
  • the recipient cells can also be labeled (CellTracker) beforehand if cells are to be analyzed by microscopy after the mitochondria transfer.
  • CellTracker Once the protocol has been validated by the user with his specific cells, mitochondria labeling can be left out, allowing a wider range of possible experiments with the MitoCepted cells. (All remarks in italics in this protocol are related to fluorescent labeling of cells or mitochondria). 2.
  • cell exposure to EDTA should be avoided at all steps of the protocol. Therefore cell trypsinization is recommended with trypsin and no EDTA; the cocktail of protease inhibitors should, as well, be devoid of EDTA.
  • the mitochondria preparation should be performed on ice to maintain their integrity.
  • a protocol for mitochondria transfer (MitoCeption) that relies on the centrifugation of the mitochondria suspension on the cultured cells at the adequate centrifugation force, with a number of centrifugations that can be adjusted as a function of the system of mitochondria donor/recipient cells.
  • MSC MitoTracker Labeling (protect cells from light using an aluminum foil).
  • T cells can be prestained with a CellTracker (protect cells from light) if cells are to be analyzed by fluorescence microscopy after MitoCeption of the fluorescent MSC mitochondria.
  • a CellTracker protect cells from light
  • Count MSC cells take the corresponding volume of re-suspended cells to perform the extractions, centrifuge them at 1200 rpm for 5 min, discard the supernatant and add 1 ml to transfer the cells to 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes, keep the tubes in ice.
  • Mitochondria Isolation Reagent A for 10 6 MSCs, 400 ⁇ for 2 to 3.10 6 MSCs. Vortex at medium speed for 5 seconds and let tubes on ice for exactly 2 minutes. Note: Do not exceed 2 minute incubation.
  • Mitochondria Isolation Reagent C for 10 6 MSCs, 400 ⁇ for 2 to 3.10 6 MSCs. Shake the tubes strongly by hand (roughly 30 times) (do not vortex).
  • Typical range would be 1/25. This value represents the ratio of the number of cells from which mitochondria are isolated to the number of cells to which mitochondria are transferred by MitoCeption.
  • a range of 1/25 thus means mitochondria isolated from 1,000 MSC used for MitoCeption of 25,000 T cells.
  • MitoCeption efficiency can be checked by FACS (trypsin with no EDTA).
  • Evaluation of the efficiency of the mitochondria transfer can also be done on the basis of MSC mtDNA concentration in the recipient cells.
  • the biological characterization (mitochondrial activity, proliferation, invasion) of the cells containing the exogenous mitochondria can be performed.
  • FACS experiments are performed using a Becton Dickinson FACSCanto II flow cytometer with 488-nm laser excitation and analyzed with the FACS DIVA software. Data are expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity for the cell population after Mitotracker mitochondria transfer by MitoCeption, after subtraction of the background MFI value (obtained with cells without added mitochondria).
  • the figure 4 shows a dot plot representation of the MFI values obtained for the "no centrifugation” and “centrifugation” conditions, with the mean values and standard deviations (SD) indicated.
  • the MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were grown in DMEM-F12/ FCS (10%). Staining of the intracellular mitochondria was done with the green MitoTracker FM (Molecular Probes). After labeling, MDA-MB-231 cells were washed several times to eliminate excess MitoTracker. The cells were thereafter trypsinized without EDTA in order to prevent membrane damage and MitoTracker leakage.
  • Mitochondria were prepared using the Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Cultured Cells
  • mitochondria can be MitoTracker labeled beforehand in the donor cells.
  • the recipient cells can also be labeled (CellTracker) beforehand if cells are to be analyzed by microscopy after the mitochondria transfer.
  • cell exposure to EDTA should be avoided at all steps of the protocol. Therefore cell trypsinization is recommended with trypsin and no EDTA; the cocktail of protease inhibitors should, as well, be devoid of EDTA.
  • the mitochondria preparation should be performed on ice to maintain their integrity.
  • a protocol for mitochondria transfer (MitoCeption) that relies on the centrifugation of the mitochondria suspension on the cultured cells at the adequate centrifugation force, with a number of centrifugations that can be adjusted as a function of the system of mitochondria donor/recipient cells.
  • DMEM/FCS 1% concentration for MitoTracker green (5 -chloro methyl- fluorescein diacetate) 1 ⁇ ).
  • the staining of the MDA-MB-231 cells with the MitoTracker can be checked by FACS. Detach the MDA-MB-231 cells with trypsin (no EDTA). Resuspend cells in 5 ml final of DMEM/FCS 10%, centrifuge at 900g (1300 rpm) for 5 min, and add 300 ⁇ of PBS/FCS 10% to the cell pellet.
  • Count the MDA-MB-231 cells take the needed volume of cells to perform the mitochondria extraction, centrifuge them at 1200 rpm for 5 min, discard the supernatant and add 1 ml to transfer the cells to 1,5 ml Eppendorf tubes, keep the tubes in ice.
  • Mitochondria Isolation Reagent A for 10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells, 400 ⁇ for 2 to 3.10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells. Vortex at medium speed for 5 seconds and let tubes on ice for exactly 2 minutes. Note: Do not exceed 2 minute incubation.
  • Mitochondria Isolation Reagent B for 10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells, 5 ⁇ for 2 to 3.10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells. Vortex at maximum speed for 10 seconds, then let tubes on ice
  • Mitochondria Isolation Reagent C for 10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells, 400 ⁇ for 2 to 3.10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells. Shake the tubes strongly by hand (roughly 30 times) (do not vortex).
  • the pellet contains the isolated mitochondria.
  • mitochondria were isolated from a given number of MDA-MB-231 cells and transferred, by MitoCeption, to the same number of (mitochondria receiver) MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • MitoCeption efficiency can be checked by FACS (trypsin with no EDTA).
  • the biological characterization (mitochondrial activity, proliferation, invasion) of the cells containing the exogenous mitochondria can be performed.
  • FACS experiments are performed using a Becton Dickinson FACSCanto II flow cytometer with 488-nm laser excitation and analyzed with the FACS DIVA software. Data are expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity for the cell population after Mitotracker mitochondria transfer by MitoCeption, after subtraction of the background MFI value (obtained with cells without added mitochondria).
  • the figure 5 shows a dot plot representation of the MFI values obtained for the "none", “one” and “two” centrifugation conditions, with the mean values and standard deviations (SD) indicated.
  • Performing the centrifugation step of the MitoCeption protocol enabled to raise the mean MFI value to 133 in the "one" centrifugation condition and 124 in the "two” centrifugation condition.
  • the difference between the centrifugation conditions and the "no" centrifugation condition was significant (ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test).
  • performing the centrifugation step two times did not show a significant effect on the efficacy of mitochondria transfer by MitoCeption.
  • the transfer to the MDA-MB-231 cancer cells of mitochondria isolated from MDA- MB-231 cells is increased when the culture plates are centrifuged after the seeding of the isolated mitochondria on top of the MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • performing this centrifugation step does not seem to be necessary for this cell type. Therefore, the centrifugation step in the MitoCeption protocol is important for increasing the efficiency of the MDA-MB- 231 mitochondria transfer to MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • the number of centrifugation steps to yield maximal efficacy in the mitochondria transfer rate is likely to depend on the cell type used.
  • Rattigan Y., Hsu, J.M., Mishra, P.J., Glod, J. & Banerjee, D. Interleukin 6 mediated recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells to the hypoxic tumor milieu. Exp Cell Res 316, 3417-24 (2010).

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