EP3141319A1 - Runner system, and corresponding frame specifying a predetermined breaking line for the metal remaining in the cutting tube - Google Patents
Runner system, and corresponding frame specifying a predetermined breaking line for the metal remaining in the cutting tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3141319A1 EP3141319A1 EP16188052.1A EP16188052A EP3141319A1 EP 3141319 A1 EP3141319 A1 EP 3141319A1 EP 16188052 A EP16188052 A EP 16188052A EP 3141319 A1 EP3141319 A1 EP 3141319A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- frame
- fabric
- net
- pipe
- adapter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003110 molding sand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
- B22C9/082—Sprues, pouring cups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D31/00—Cutting-off surplus material, e.g. gates; Cleaning and working on castings
- B22D31/002—Cleaning, working on castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D35/00—Equipment for conveying molten metal into beds or moulds
- B22D35/04—Equipment for conveying molten metal into beds or moulds into moulds, e.g. base plates, runners
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D39/00—Equipment for supplying molten metal in rations
Definitions
- the invention relates to a G confuselaufsystem for supplying liquid metal to mold cavities formed in a mold, wherein the G fauxlaufsystem consists of each assembled pipe sections and at least one gate pipe for connecting the G fauxlaufsystems with a gate of the mold cavity forming casting model is provided, and one for such Casting system provided, a predetermined breaking point for the remaining metal remaining in the pipe system predetermining frame.
- G manuvser systeme For supplying the hot liquid molten metal to a mold cavity formed in a mold by means of a mold model molded therein, a runner system formed from correspondingly assembled pipe sections is installed on the casting mold and formed in the mold together with the casting mold by which it is filled at one or more inlets Metal to a part of the mold cavity-forming gates, ie pouring points, conducted and distributed accordingly.
- the respective last and at the gates to the mold cavity leading pipe sections are referred to as bleed pipes.
- the invention is therefore based on the object at a runner system with the features mentioned to ensure that the separation and Putzaufwand for eliminating caused by the bleed metal residues on the finished casting is to be minimized. Also, if appropriate, the demolding of the casting should be facilitated.
- the invention provides in detail that a frame made of a heat-resistant material with a therein in the gate pipe spanned, consisting of a refractory material mesh-like fabric is arranged and fixed such that the net-like fabric at least partially passes through the cross-section of the gate pipe and is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by the filling of the mold cavity.
- the mesh-like tissue introduced into the cross-section of the gate tube forms a metal layer penetrated by the tissue after solidification due to the hot metal being cast in, so that a defined metal weakening is formed and knocking off the metal residue solidified in the gate tube exactly in the course of Tissue layer happens. Since at the same time the net-like fabric is positioned in the cross-section of the gate pipe such that the net-like fabric is in the casting process in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting, the breaking of the metal remainder takes place directly on the casting surface, so that a still required cleaning effort is correspondingly low.
- the invention further proposes a fixed to the gate tube frame for holding the net-like fabric, so that has the further advantage that the frame with the net-like fabric is relatively easy to manufacture and to be mounted on the gate tube.
- the arrangement of the frame allows a corresponding tension and retention of the net-like fabric on the frame.
- the use of a frame made of a heat-resistant material for holding the tensioned net-like fabric also offers the advantage that the frame is not affected by the hot runner system flowing through the hot runner Metal is melted and thus no harmful for the casting process combustion gases.
- the frame is in the form of a sleeve and a sleeve having the end of the gate pipe cross-section, with which the frame is attachable to the end of the gate pipe. It proves to be particularly useful if the frame made of refractory material, especially ceramic. Since the gate pipe is suitably fixed after molding the casting model with casting runner system by means of foundry sand in the casting mold, the frame is also fixed to the gate pipe at the same time; If appropriate, a press fit to be realized by means of the diameter ratios of bleed pipe and frame can be provided here.
- the frame has a projection projecting radially from the outer circumference of its tube section.
- This projection serves on the one hand as a handling aid in the assembly of the frame to the gate pipe, on the other hand molded in the mold casting model including G manraisingsystem for fixing the frame in the introduced molding sand, as formed by the projection undercuts in the molding sand, the movement of the gate pipe with the prevent this from happening.
- the corresponding projection may be formed completely circumferentially, or it may be provided one or more, only over a portion of the circumference of the gate tube extending projections.
- the frame consists of two mutually movable and preferably made of metal subframe, which are fixed against each other after application of the required tension of the net-like fabric, wherein the sub-frame connected to their mutual attachment, for example, can be spot-welded at individual points.
- the sub-frame can be inserted into each other and receive the net-like tissue between them and span by the nesting.
- Other forms of connection such as gluing or the like are also possible.
- a first inner subframe has a cylindrical shape with the attached at one end of the inner flange and a second outer subframe outside the first subframe enclosing cylindrical shape with the outer projection on the one hand and an inner flange of the first subframe associated inner flange on the other hand, wherein in nested sub-frame, the flanges of the two sub-frame absorb and clamp the net-like tissue between them.
- the clinching is proposed by the so-called TOX® method. Thereafter, it is provided that the sub-frame are connected to the mesh-like fabric inserted therebetween by making a positive and snap-like connections in a cold forming process, wherein the punctiform connections of the sub-frame respectively capture the mesh-like tissue lying between the sub-frame. Because the mesh-like tissue inserted between the sub-frames prior to clinching is fixed by the so-called TOX® points, a better and more stable clamping of the net-like tissue in the frame holding it takes place with corresponding stress by the metal flowing through the net-like tissue. In addition, by the TOX® points attached to the circumference of the frame enhance the tension of the mesh-like fabric in the frame, and finally, the corresponding connection technique is simple and inexpensive in mass production of the frame because no heat treatment or insertion of additional fasteners is required.
- a casting runner system in which a frame with a net-like fabric clamped therein is arranged between individual pipe sections of the runner system, wherein the frame arranged between individual pipe sections can be provided in addition to a frame arranged on a gate pipe.
- frames are also attached to the associated gate pipes.
- the frame has a larger dimension than the gate tube or the pipe sections of the casting runner system and is arranged outside the gate pipe or the pipe section, and that the netlike fabric extends over the entire cross section of the gate pipe or the pipe section. This will ensure that only the net-like tissue is flowed through by the liquid metal and no direct contact of the liquid metal takes place with the frame. Thus, no special thermal stress of the frame, especially if it consists of metal.
- the frame in an indirect fixing of the frame in the mold, the frame in a separate, made of a refractory material, especially ceramic, adapter is supported.
- the adapter consists of two form-fitting interlocking while the frame clamps between such adapter parts that extends in the frame spanned net-like fabric over a formed in the adapter parts flow opening.
- the telescoping subframes each have a cup-shaped shape with a conically tapered from the upper end of a side wall of the subframe to its lower end with the net fabric fixed thereto and at the upper end of the side wall of a projecting flange with arranged therein the TOX® points arranged therein.
- an adapter part on an outer side of the adapter has a return for insertion into one end of the gate pipe and the other adapter part has a disk-shaped form has such that the net-like fabric on an outer end face of the adapter part in the area a connection plane of the adapter extends to the mold cavity of the mold. This ensures that the net-like fabric is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by the filling of the mold cavity.
- an adapter part on an outer side of the adapter has a return to insert the adapter part in one end of a pipe section of the G fauxlaufsystems and
- Other adapter part on the opposite outer side of the adapter has a collection for insertion of the end of another pipe section in the adapter part.
- the net-like fabric is designed as a metallic wire mesh or just as a made of a refractory fabric or fabric threads network.
- the mesh-like fabric has a through hole for reducing the flow resistance, which has a smaller dimension than the free cross section of the gate tube.
- the through hole has an area of 5 to 90 percent of the free cross-sectional area of the gate tube, wherein the network width, ie the width of the network openings, 1 to 20 millimeters at a width of the network structure forming threads of 1 millimeter to 15 millimeters.
- a casting runner system 11 is arranged, which is molded together with the casting model in the production of a mold in the molding sand.
- the casting model consists of a central feed pipe 12, each having an expedient embodiment, wherein the casting system 11 at least one or more inlets 14 for filling the liquid to be supplied to the subsequent mold cavity and in the region of the transition from the casting system 11 to the casting model 10 individual bleed 13th over which the liquid metal introduced into the runner system 11 enters the mold cavity formed by the casting mold 10.
- a frame 15 is arranged, which in its interior a the cross section of the gate pipe 13 passing through net-like fabric ( Fig. 3 ).
- the formed with a corresponding diameter tubular frame 15 is pushed with a pipe section 16 on the associated gate pipe 13.
- a radially outwardly projecting projection 17 is arranged, which on the one hand can serve as a handling aid for the attachment of the frame 15 during assembly of the casting system 11, on the other hand, but also in molded into the mold casting model including G fauxlaufsystem of the introduced Form sand is enclosed and fixed due to the formed undercut in its position to the gate pipe and mold cavity.
- a net-like fabric 18 is set, which passes through the cross section of the gate pipe 13.
- a through hole 19 with a smaller Dimension formed as the cross section of the gate tube so that as a result, the net-like fabric at least partially passes through the cross section of the gate tube.
- the through hole 19 has an area of 5 to 90% of the frame 15 enclosed by the free cross-sectional area of the frame, wherein the network width, ie the width of the mesh openings, 1 to 20 mm at a width of the net structure forming threads of 1 to 15 mm.
- the net-like fabric 18 is further arranged on the frame 15 such that the net-like fabric is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by filling the mold cavity formed by the casting mold 10, such that the metal remnant remaining in the frame including the gate pipe breaks off done near the casting surface.
- the network may be formed as a wire mesh or consist of a refractory fabric.
- the frame 15 formed by two nested subframe, namely a first inner sub-frame 20 and a second outer sub-frame 21.
- the first inner sub-frame 20 has a cylindrical shape 22 and has at its one end an inwardly projecting flange 23. With its cylindrical portion 22 of the sub-frame 20 can be pushed onto the end of the gate pipe 13 and thereby forms the corresponding pipe section 16 (FIG. Fig. 2 ).
- first inner sub-frame 20 receiving second outer sub-frame 21 has a first sub-frame 20 outside enclosing cylindrical shape 24 with the formed on this cylinder portion outer projection 17 on the one hand and on the other hand has an inner flange 23 of the first sub-frame 20 associated inner Flange 25 on the other hand.
- the flanges 23, 25 of the two sub-frames 20, 21 are aligned parallel to each other and take the net-like fabric 18 between them and clamp it.
- FIG. 5 illustrated embodiment shows an existing ceramic of the group of refractory materials adapter 25, in which the net fabric 18 spanning frame 15 is supported, the adapter 25 is formed even in the manufacture of the mold in the molding sand and thereby fixed in the mold , In this respect, the frame 15 is set indirectly with respect to the mold cavity or later casting.
- the adapter 25 is designed so that it forms the transition of the gate pipe 13 to the subsequent mold cavity or after the end of the casting process to the casting.
- the adapter 25 consists of a first adapter part 26, which has on its one side a recess 27 for insertion into or for connection to the gate pipe 13.
- a second, annular trained adapter part 28 cooperates with the first adapter part 26 via a positive locking design 31, so that when assembled adapter parts 26 and 28 of the proposed adapter 25 results.
- the adapter part 28 faces the mold cavity during molding into the casting mold.
- the frame 15 is positioned with the reticulated web 18 clamped therein, the frame 15 having a shape adapted to the positive locking configuration 31 between the adapter parts 26 and 28, so that the frame 15 between the two adapter parts 26, 28 is fixed.
- the frame 15 consists of two telescoping sub-frames 20, 21, each having a cup-shaped shape with a slightly conical from the upper end of each side wall 32 to the lower end with the net-like fixed thereto Tissue 18 have narrowing contour.
- At the upper end of the side wall is at both sub-frames 20, 21 each have a radially projecting flange 33. This particular shape of the sub-frame 20, 21 and the frame 15 attached thereto allows a secure attachment between the adapter parts 26, 28.
- FIG. 6 also results in a particularly easy to handle for series production and in terms of the requirements of the frame 15 including the spanned net-like fabric 18 technically expedient connection technology for the two also U-shaped sub-frame 20, 21, wherein respect to the U-leg 31 of the U-shaped frame 15, only a U-leg is shown.
- the net-like fabric 18 having a through-hole 19 is inserted between the sub-frames 20, 21 and also extends into the region of the mutually juxtaposed side walls 32 and the adjoining flanges 33 of the two sub-frames 20, 21.
- the two sub-frames 20, 21 are connected together by attaching so-called TOX® points 34 in a clinching process.
- connection technique is a form-fitting and punctiform connection in the region of the flanges 33 without additional connecting means and without application of heat in a cold forming process
- the TOX® points 34 by inserting a die stamp in a die with a pressing of the between die die and die lying material layers are generated in the die. Due to special swaging forms it comes to appropriate material hardening in the die area, so that virtually snap-like connections arise.
- the point-like pressing of the two flanges 33 including the intervening net-like fabric 18 in the brought in the clinching process die the mains voltage is increased and is fixed accordingly after completion of the cold deformation.
- Such a runner system 11 is shown schematically in FIG FIG. 7 shown.
- a sprue 36 with an upper sprue 37 At the bottom of the T-shaped sprue 36 each includes a pipe section 12, which on the one hand via a manifold 12a with a gate pipe 13 and on the other hand with a pipe socket of the sprue 36th connected is.
- a frame 15, if necessary with adapter 25 is turned on, which forms an effective during demolding weak point.
- FIG. 8 shown and for insertion between a pipe section 12 and an attached further pipe section such as sprue 36 or gate pipe 13 provided two-piece adapter with respect to its one adapter part 26 is designed as well as FIG. 5 described.
- the other adapter part 28 has at its outer end a collection 35, in which a further pipe section can be inserted.
- the training and fixation of the two subframes 20, 21 existing Frame 15 corresponds to the in FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrated and described accordingly embodiment.
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Abstract
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Gießlaufsystem (11) zur Zuführung von flüssigem Metall zu in einer Gießform ausgebildeten Formhohlräumen, wobei das Gießlaufsystem (11) aus jeweils zusammengefügten Rohrabschnitten (12) besteht und jeweils wenigstens ein Anschnittrohr (13) zur Verbindung des Gießlaufsystems (11) mit einem Anschnitt des den Formhohlraum ausbildenden Gießmodells (10) vorgesehen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an dem Anschnittrohr (13) ein aus einem hitzebeständigen Material bestehender Rahmen (15) mit einem darin aufgespannten, aus einem feuerfesten Material bestehenden netzartigen Gewebe (18) angeordnet und festgelegt ist derart, dass das netzartige Gewebe (18) den Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres (13) zumindest teilweise durchsetzt und in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche des durch das Füllen des Formhohlraums gebildeten Gussstücks positioniert ist.The present invention relates to a runner system (11) for supplying liquid metal to mold cavities formed in a mold, wherein the runner system (11) consists of respectively joined pipe sections (12) and in each case at least one gate pipe (13) for connecting the runner system (11). with a gate of the mold cavity forming casting model (10) is provided, characterized in that arranged on the gate pipe (13) consisting of a heat-resistant material frame (15) with a spanned therein, consisting of a refractory material net-like fabric (18) and fixed such that the net-like fabric (18) at least partially passes through the cross section of the gate pipe (13) and is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by the filling of the die cavity.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Gießlaufsystem zur Zuführung von flüssigem Metall zu in einer Gießform gebildeten Formhohlräumen, wobei das Gießlaufsystem aus jeweils zusammengefügten Rohrabschnitten besteht und jeweils wenigstens ein Anschnittrohr zur Verbindung des Gießlaufsystems mit einem Anschnitt des den Formhohlraum ausbildenden Gießmodells vorgesehen ist, sowie einen für ein derartiges Gießlaufsystem vorgesehenen, eine Sollbruchstelle für den im Rohrsystem verbleibenden Metallrest vorgebenden Rahmen.The invention relates to a Gießlaufsystem for supplying liquid metal to mold cavities formed in a mold, wherein the Gießlaufsystem consists of each assembled pipe sections and at least one gate pipe for connecting the Gießlaufsystems with a gate of the mold cavity forming casting model is provided, and one for such Casting system provided, a predetermined breaking point for the remaining metal remaining in the pipe system predetermining frame.
In der Gießereitechnik sind sogenannte Gießlaufsysteme gebräuchlich, wie beispielsweise in der gattungsbildenden
Bei derartigen Gießlaufsystemen besteht generell das Problem, dass nach dem Abguss im Bereich der Anschnitte jeweils im Inneren insbesondere der Anschnittrohre erstarrtes Gussmaterial verbleibt, welches nach dem Entformen des Gussstücks von diesem entfernt werden muss. Dies verursacht in Abhängigkeit von dem jeweiligen Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres einen erheblichen Trenn- und Putzaufwand. In gleicher Weise ist das Entformen des Gussstücks wegen der in den Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems verbleibenden Metallreste erschwert.In the case of such runner systems, there is generally the problem that solidified casting material remains in the interior of the gates in particular after the casting in the area of the gates, which must be removed from the casting after demolding of the casting. This causes depending on the respective cross-section of the gate pipe a considerable separation and cleaning effort. In the same way, demolding of the casting is made more difficult because of the remaining metal residues in the pipe sections of the casting system.
Weiterhin ist es beispielsweise aus der
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einem Gießlaufsystem mit den eingangs genannten Merkmalen dafür Sorge zu tragen, dass der Trenn- und Putzaufwand für das Beseitigen von durch die Anschnittrohre bedingten Metallresten an dem fertigem Gussstück möglichst gering zu halten ist. Auch soll gegebenenfalls das Entformen des Gussstücks erleichtert sein.The invention is therefore based on the object at a runner system with the features mentioned to ensure that the separation and Putzaufwand for eliminating caused by the bleed metal residues on the finished casting is to be minimized. Also, if appropriate, the demolding of the casting should be facilitated.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe ergibt sich einschließlich vorteilhafter Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung aus dem Inhalt der Patentansprüche, welche dieser Beschreibung nachgestellt sind.The solution to this problem arises, including advantageous refinements and developments of the invention from the content of the claims, which are adjusted to this description.
Die Erfindung sieht hierzu im Einzelnen vor, dass an dem Anschnittrohr ein aus einem hitzebeständigen Material bestehender Rahmen mit einem darin aufgespannten, aus einem feuerfesten Material bestehenden netzartigen Gewebe angeordnet und festgelegt ist derart, dass das netzartige Gewebe den Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres zumindest teilweise durchsetzt und in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche des durch das Füllen des Formhohlraums gebildeten Gussstücks positioniert ist.To this end, the invention provides in detail that a frame made of a heat-resistant material with a therein in the gate pipe spanned, consisting of a refractory material mesh-like fabric is arranged and fixed such that the net-like fabric at least partially passes through the cross-section of the gate pipe and is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by the filling of the mold cavity.
Das in den Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres eingebrachte netzartige Gewebe bildet aufgrund des Umspülens der Netzstruktur durch das heiße Metall nach dem Erstarren eine von dem Gewebe durchsetzte Metallschicht aus, so dass eine definierte Metallschwächung gebildet ist und ein Abschlagen des in dem Anschnittrohr erstarrten Metallrestes genau im Verlaufe der Gewebeschicht geschieht. Da gleichzeitig das netzartige Gewebe im Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres derart positioniert ist, dass sich das netzartige Gewebe beim Gießvorgang in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche des Gussstücks befindet, erfolgt das Abbrechen des Metallrestes unmittelbar an der Gussstückoberfläche, so dass ein noch erforderlicher Putzaufwand entsprechend gering ist. Soweit die Erfindung weiterhin einen an dem Anschnittrohr festgelegten Rahmen zur Halterung des netzartigen Gewebes vorschlägt, ist damit der weitere Vorteil verbunden, dass der Rahmen mit dem netzartigen Gewebe vergleichsweise einfach herzustellen und an dem Anschnittrohr zu montieren ist. Soweit eine ausreichende Spannung des netzartigen Gewebes im Fließweg zwischen dem Formhohlraum und dem Anschnittrohr sichergestellt sein muss, damit das Gewebe bei dem Durchströmen mit dem flüssigen Metall während des Abgusses nicht in den Formhohlraum und damit in die Gussstückstruktur hineingedrückt wird, ermöglicht die Anordnung des Rahmens eine entsprechende Spannung und Halterung des netzartigen Gewebes an dem Rahmen. Der Einsatz eines aus einem hitzebeständigen Material bestehenden Rahmens zur Halterung des gespannten netzartigen Gewebes bietet zudem den Vorteil, dass der Rahmen nicht durch das das Gießlaufsystem durchströmende heiße Metall aufgeschmolzen wird und damit keine für den Gießprozess schädlichen Verbrennungsgase entstehen.The mesh-like tissue introduced into the cross-section of the gate tube forms a metal layer penetrated by the tissue after solidification due to the hot metal being cast in, so that a defined metal weakening is formed and knocking off the metal residue solidified in the gate tube exactly in the course of Tissue layer happens. Since at the same time the net-like fabric is positioned in the cross-section of the gate pipe such that the net-like fabric is in the casting process in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting, the breaking of the metal remainder takes place directly on the casting surface, so that a still required cleaning effort is correspondingly low. As far as the invention further proposes a fixed to the gate tube frame for holding the net-like fabric, so that has the further advantage that the frame with the net-like fabric is relatively easy to manufacture and to be mounted on the gate tube. As far as sufficient tension of the net-like fabric in the flow path between the mold cavity and the gate tube must be ensured so that the tissue is not pressed into the mold cavity and thus in the casting structure during the flow with the liquid metal during casting, the arrangement of the frame allows a corresponding tension and retention of the net-like fabric on the frame. The use of a frame made of a heat-resistant material for holding the tensioned net-like fabric also offers the advantage that the frame is not affected by the hot runner system flowing through the hot runner Metal is melted and thus no harmful for the casting process combustion gases.
Nach einem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist zu einer unmittelbaren Festlegung des Rahmens vorgesehen, dass der Rahmen in Form einer Überschubmuffe ausgebildet ist und einen das Ende des Anschnittrohres außen übergreifenden Rohrabschnitt aufweist, mit welchem der Rahmen auf das Ende des Anschnittrohres aufsteckbar ist. Dabei erweist es sich als besonders zweckmäßig, wenn der Rahmen aus Feuerfestmaterial, insbesondere Keramik besteht. Da das Anschnittrohr in geeigneter Weise nach dem Abformen des Gießmodells mit Gießlaufsystem mittels Formsand in der Gießform festgelegt ist, ist gleichzeitig auch der Rahmen an dem Anschnittrohr festgelegt; gegebenenfalls kann hier ein mittels der Durchmesserverhältnisse von Anschnittrohr und Rahmen zu verwirklichender Presssitz vorgesehen sein.According to a first embodiment of the invention is provided for immediate fixing of the frame, that the frame is in the form of a sleeve and a sleeve having the end of the gate pipe cross-section, with which the frame is attachable to the end of the gate pipe. It proves to be particularly useful if the frame made of refractory material, especially ceramic. Since the gate pipe is suitably fixed after molding the casting model with casting runner system by means of foundry sand in the casting mold, the frame is also fixed to the gate pipe at the same time; If appropriate, a press fit to be realized by means of the diameter ratios of bleed pipe and frame can be provided here.
Nach einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der Rahmen einen von dem Außenumfang seines Rohrabschnitts radial abstehenden Vorsprung aufweist. Dieser Vorsprung dient einerseits als Handhabungshilfe bei der Montage des Rahmens an dem Anschnittrohr, andererseits bei in die Gießform eingeformtem Gießmodell einschließlich Gießlaufsystem zum Festlegen des Rahmens in dem eingebrachten Formsand, da sich durch den Vorsprung Hinterschneidungen im Formsand bilden, die eine Bewegung des Anschnittrohres mit dem daran festgelegten Rahmen verhindern. Der entsprechende Vorsprung kann dabei vollständig umlaufend ausgebildet sein, oder es können ein oder mehrere, sich nur über einen Teilbereich des Umfangs des Anschnittrohres erstreckende Vorsprünge vorgesehen sein.According to one embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the frame has a projection projecting radially from the outer circumference of its tube section. This projection serves on the one hand as a handling aid in the assembly of the frame to the gate pipe, on the other hand molded in the mold casting model including Gießlaufsystem for fixing the frame in the introduced molding sand, as formed by the projection undercuts in the molding sand, the movement of the gate pipe with the prevent this from happening. The corresponding projection may be formed completely circumferentially, or it may be provided one or more, only over a portion of the circumference of the gate tube extending projections.
Im Einzelnen kann vorgesehen sein, dass der Rahmen aus zwei gegeneinander beweglichen und vorzugsweise aus Metall bestehenden Teilrahmen besteht, die nach Aufbringen der erforderlichen Spannung des netzartigen Gewebes gegeneinander festlegbar sind, wobei die Teilrahmen zu ihrer gegenseitigen Festlegung verbunden, beispielsweise an einzelnen Punkten punktverschweißt sein können. Hierbei können die Teilrahmen ineinander einsteckbar sein und das netzartige Gewebe zwischen sich aufnehmen und durch das Ineinanderstecken aufspannen. Andere Verbindungsformen wie Kleben oder dergleichen sind ebenfalls möglich.In detail, it can be provided that the frame consists of two mutually movable and preferably made of metal subframe, which are fixed against each other after application of the required tension of the net-like fabric, wherein the sub-frame connected to their mutual attachment, for example, can be spot-welded at individual points. Here, the sub-frame can be inserted into each other and receive the net-like tissue between them and span by the nesting. Other forms of connection such as gluing or the like are also possible.
Alternativ kann vorgesehen sein, dass ein erster innerer Teilrahmen eine zylinderförmige Gestalt mit dem an seinem einen Ende angebrachten inneren Flansch aufweist und ein zweiter äußerer Teilrahmen eine den ersten Teilrahmen außen umschließende zylinderförmige Gestalt mit dem außen liegenden Vorsprung einerseits und einen den inneren Flansch des ersten Teilrahmens zugeordneten inneren Flansch andererseits aufweist, wobei bei ineinandergesteckten Teilrahmen die Flansche der beiden Teilrahmen das netzartige Gewebe zwischen sich aufnehmen und einspannen.Alternatively, it can be provided that a first inner subframe has a cylindrical shape with the attached at one end of the inner flange and a second outer subframe outside the first subframe enclosing cylindrical shape with the outer projection on the one hand and an inner flange of the first subframe associated inner flange on the other hand, wherein in nested sub-frame, the flanges of the two sub-frame absorb and clamp the net-like tissue between them.
Als besonders zweckmäßige Verbindungstechnik für die Teilrahmen zur Bildung des das netzartige Gewebe aufspannenden Rahmens ist nach einem Ausführungsbeispiel das Clinchen nach dem sogenannten TOX®-Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Danach ist vorgesehen, dass die Teilrahmen mit dem dazwischen eingelegten netzartigen Gewebe durch in einem Kaltumformprozess erfolgende Herstellung von formschlüssigen und druckknopfartigen Verbindungen miteinander verbunden werden, wobei die punktförmigen Verbindungen der Teilrahmen jeweils das zwischen den Teilrahmen liegende netzartige Gewebe erfassen. Dadurch dass das zwischen den Teilrahmen vor dem Clinchen eingelegte netzartige Gewebe von den sogenannten TOX®-Punkten fixiert ist, findet eine bessere und bei entsprechender Beanspruchung durch das durch das netzartige Gewebe fließende Metall stabilere Verklemmung des netzartigen Gewebes in dem dieses haltenden Rahmen statt. Zusätzlich wird durch die an verschiedenen Stellen auf dem Umfang des Rahmens angebrachten TOX®-Punkte die Spannung des netzartigen Gewebes im Rahmen verbessert, und schließlich ist die entsprechende Verbindungstechnik einfach und kostengünstig in der Serienproduktion des Rahmens, weil keine Wärmebehandlung oder das Einbringen zusätzlicher Verbindungselemente erforderlich ist.As a particularly useful connection technique for the subframe to form the net-like fabric spanning frame according to one embodiment, the clinching is proposed by the so-called TOX® method. Thereafter, it is provided that the sub-frame are connected to the mesh-like fabric inserted therebetween by making a positive and snap-like connections in a cold forming process, wherein the punctiform connections of the sub-frame respectively capture the mesh-like tissue lying between the sub-frame. Because the mesh-like tissue inserted between the sub-frames prior to clinching is fixed by the so-called TOX® points, a better and more stable clamping of the net-like tissue in the frame holding it takes place with corresponding stress by the metal flowing through the net-like tissue. In addition, by the TOX® points attached to the circumference of the frame enhance the tension of the mesh-like fabric in the frame, and finally, the corresponding connection technique is simple and inexpensive in mass production of the frame because no heat treatment or insertion of additional fasteners is required.
Die Aufgabe wird auch gelöst durch ein Gießlaufsystem, bei welchem zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems ein Rahmen mit einem darin eingespannten netzartigen Gewebe angeordnet ist, wobei die zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten angeordneten Rahmen zusätzlich zu einem an einem Anschnittrohr angeordneten Rahmen vorgesehen sein können. Es ist jedoch nicht erforderlich, dass gleichzeitig mit der Anordnung von Rahmen zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems auch Rahmen an den zugeordneten Anschnittrohren angebracht sind. Für die Verbesserung des Entformens des Gussstücks nach Abschluss des Gießvorganges reicht es aus, wenn lediglich zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems Rahmen mit dem darin eingespannten netzartigen Gewebe angeordnet sind, weil dadurch im Verlaufe der in den Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems anstehenden Metallreste weitere Sollbruchstellen geschaffen werden. Beim Entformen führt die Ausbildung entsprechender Sollbruchstellen zwischen den Rohrabschnitten dazu, dass das nunmehr aus den mit Metallresten gefüllten Rohrabschnitten bestehende Gießlaufsystem in einzelnen Teilen entnommen werden kann.The object is also achieved by a casting runner system in which a frame with a net-like fabric clamped therein is arranged between individual pipe sections of the runner system, wherein the frame arranged between individual pipe sections can be provided in addition to a frame arranged on a gate pipe. However, it is not necessary that, at the same time as the arrangement of frames between individual pipe sections of the runner system, frames are also attached to the associated gate pipes. For the improvement of the demoulding of the casting after completion of the casting process, it is sufficient if only between individual pipe sections of Gießlaufsystems frame are arranged with the reticulated web-like tissue, because thereby more predetermined breaking points are created in the course of the upcoming in the pipe sections of Gießlaufsystems metal residues. During demoulding, the formation of corresponding predetermined breaking points between the pipe sections results in the casting runner system, which now consists of the metal pipe-filled pipe sections, being able to be removed in individual parts.
Nach einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der Rahmen eine größere Abmessung als das Anschnittrohr beziehungsweise die Rohrabschnitte des Gießlaufsystems aufweist und außerhalb des Anschnittrohres beziehungsweise des Rohrabschnitts angeordnet ist, und dass sich das netzartige Gewebe über den gesamten Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres beziehungsweise des Rohrabschnitts erstreckt. Hierdurch wird sichergestellt, dass ausschließlich das netzartige Gewebe von dem flüssigen Metall durchströmt wird und keine unmittelbare Berührung des flüssigen Metalls mit dem Rahmen stattfindet. Somit erfolgt keine besondere Wärmebeanspruchung des Rahmens, insbesondere soweit dieser aus Metall besteht.According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the frame has a larger dimension than the gate tube or the pipe sections of the casting runner system and is arranged outside the gate pipe or the pipe section, and that the netlike fabric extends over the entire cross section of the gate pipe or the pipe section. This will ensure that only the net-like tissue is flowed through by the liquid metal and no direct contact of the liquid metal takes place with the frame. Thus, no special thermal stress of the frame, especially if it consists of metal.
Zur Verbesserung der Abschirmung des das netzartige Gewebe haltenden Rahmens gegen die Hitzeeinwirkung aus dem flüssigen Metall kann vorgesehen sein, dass in einer mittelbaren Festlegung des Rahmens in der Gießform der Rahmen in einem gesonderten, aus einem feuerfesten Werkstoff, insbesondere Keramik, bestehenden Adapter gehaltert ist.To improve the shielding of the net-like fabric holding frame against the action of heat from the liquid metal can be provided that in an indirect fixing of the frame in the mold, the frame in a separate, made of a refractory material, especially ceramic, adapter is supported.
Im Einzelnen kann dabei vorgesehen sein, dass der Adapter aus zwei formschlüssig ineinandergreifenden und dabei den Rahmen derart zwischen sich einklemmenden Adapterteilen besteht, dass sich das in dem Rahmen aufgespannte netzartige Gewebe über eine in den Adapterteilen ausgebildete Durchflussöffnung erstreckt.Specifically, it may be provided that the adapter consists of two form-fitting interlocking while the frame clamps between such adapter parts that extends in the frame spanned net-like fabric over a formed in the adapter parts flow opening.
Hierbei kann vorgesehen sein, dass die ineinander einsteckbaren Teilrahmen jeweils eine topfförmige Gestalt mit einer sich leicht konisch vom oberen Ende einer Seitenwand der Teilrahmen zu deren unterem Ende mit dem daran festgelegten netzartigen Gewebe verengenden Kontur aufweisen und am oberen Ende der Seitenwand ein davon abstehender Flansch mit den darin angeordneten TOX®-Punkten angeordnet ist.In this case, it can be provided that the telescoping subframes each have a cup-shaped shape with a conically tapered from the upper end of a side wall of the subframe to its lower end with the net fabric fixed thereto and at the upper end of the side wall of a projecting flange with arranged therein the TOX® points arranged therein.
Soweit es um eine Anordnung eines Rahmens mit netzartigem Gewebe am Anschnittrohr geht, kann vorgehen sein, dass bei Anschluss des Adapters an das Anschnittrohr ein Adapterteil an einer Außenseite des Adapters einen Rücksprung zum Einstecken in ein Ende des Anschnittrohres aufweist und das andere Adapterteil eine scheibenförmige Gestalt aufweist derart, dass sich das netzartige Gewebe an einer äußeren Stirnseite des Adapterteils im Bereich einer Anschlussebene des Adapters an dem Formhohlraum der Gießform erstreckt. Hiermit ist gewährleistet, dass das netzartige Gewebe in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche des durch das Füllen des Formhohlraums gebildeten Gussstücks positioniert ist.As far as an arrangement of a frame with nettartigem fabric on the gate pipe, it can be done that when connecting the adapter to the gate pipe, an adapter part on an outer side of the adapter has a return for insertion into one end of the gate pipe and the other adapter part has a disk-shaped form has such that the net-like fabric on an outer end face of the adapter part in the area a connection plane of the adapter extends to the mold cavity of the mold. This ensures that the net-like fabric is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the casting formed by the filling of the mold cavity.
Bezüglich der Anordnung des Rahmens mit dem netzartigen Gewebe zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems kann vorgesehen sein, dass bei Anordnung des Adapters zwischen Rohrabschnitten des Gießlaufsystems ein Adapterteil auf einer Außenseite des Adapters einen Rücksprung zum Einstecken des Adapterteils in ein Ende eines Rohrabschnittes des Gießlaufsystems aufweist und das andere Adapterteil auf der gegenüberliegenden Außenseite des Adapters eine Einziehung zum Einstecken des Endes eines weiteren Rohrabschnitts in das Adapterteil aufweist.With regard to the arrangement of the frame with the net-like fabric between individual pipe sections of the Gießlaufsystems can be provided that in the arrangement of the adapter between pipe sections of Gießlaufsystems an adapter part on an outer side of the adapter has a return to insert the adapter part in one end of a pipe section of the Gießlaufsystems and Other adapter part on the opposite outer side of the adapter has a collection for insertion of the end of another pipe section in the adapter part.
Hinsichtlich der Ausbildung des netzartigen Gewebes kann erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen sein, dass das netzartige Gewebe als metallisches Drahtgewebe ausgeführt ist oder eben auch als ein aus einem feuerfesten Gewebe beziehungsweise Gewebefäden hergestelltes Netz.With regard to the formation of the net-like fabric can be inventively provided that the net-like fabric is designed as a metallic wire mesh or just as a made of a refractory fabric or fabric threads network.
Weiterhin kann zur Vermeidung eines zu großen Strömungswiderstandes vorgesehen sein, dass das netzartige Gewebe zur Verringerung des Durchströmungswiderstandes ein Durchgangsloch aufweist, welches eine geringere Abmessung als der freie Querschnitt des Anschnittrohres aufweist. Im Einzelnen kann dabei nach einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung vorgesehen sein, dass das Durchgangsloch eine Fläche von 5 bis 90 Prozent der freien Querschnittsfläche des Anschnittrohres aufweist, wobei die Netzweite, das heißt die Weite der Netzöffnungen, 1 bis 20 Millimeter bei einer Breite der die Netzstruktur bildenden Fäden von 1 Millimeter bis 15 Millimeter beträgt.Furthermore, in order to avoid too great a flow resistance, it may be provided that the mesh-like fabric has a through hole for reducing the flow resistance, which has a smaller dimension than the free cross section of the gate tube. Specifically, it may be provided according to an embodiment of the invention that the through hole has an area of 5 to 90 percent of the free cross-sectional area of the gate tube, wherein the network width, ie the width of the network openings, 1 to 20 millimeters at a width of the network structure forming threads of 1 millimeter to 15 millimeters.
In der Zeichnung sind Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung wiedergegeben, welche nachstehend beschrieben sind. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1:
- ein einen Formhohlraum in einer Gießform ausbildendes Gießmodell mit einem daran angeschlossenen Gießlaufsystem in einer schematischen Darstellung,
- Fig. 2:
- den Anschluss eines abgewinkelten Anschnittrohres unter Einbeziehung eines Rahmens an das Gießmodell in einer vergrößerten Darstellung,
- Fig. 3:
- das Anschnittrohr mit dem darauf aufgesteckten, ein netzartiges Gewebe haltenden Rahmen in einer Einzeldarstellung,
- Fig. 4
- den aus
Fig. 2 bzw. 3 ersichtlichen Rahmen in einer vergrößerten Schnittdarstellung, - Fig. 5
- einen Adapter zum Anschluss an ein Anschlussrohr mit einem darin festgelegten Rahmen in einer Schnittdarstellung,
- Fig. 6
- einen durch Anwendung des Clinchens als Verbindungstechnik für die Teilrahmen hergestellten Rahmen in einer Teilansicht,
- Fig. 7
- ein Gießlaufsystem mit einzelnen Rohrabschnitten in einer schematischen Darstellung,
- Fig. 8
- einen Adapter zum Einsetzen zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten eines Gießlaufsystems in einer Schnittdarstellung.
- Fig. 1:
- a casting mold forming a mold cavity in a mold with a runner system connected thereto in a schematic representation,
- Fig. 2:
- the connection of an angled gate pipe including a frame to the casting model in an enlarged view,
- 3:
- the gate tube with the attached thereto, holding a net-like fabric frame in a detail view,
- Fig. 4
- the out
Fig. 2 or 3 apparent frame in an enlarged sectional view, - Fig. 5
- an adapter for connection to a connection pipe with a frame fixed therein in a sectional view,
- Fig. 6
- a frame made by applying the clinching as a connection technique for the subframes in a partial view,
- Fig. 7
- a runner system with individual pipe sections in a schematic representation,
- Fig. 8
- an adapter for insertion between individual pipe sections of a Gießlaufsystems in a sectional view.
An dem in
Wie sich aus
Wie sich aus
Bei dem dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist, wie sich aus
Das in
Der Adapter 25 besteht aus einem ersten Adapterteil 26, welches an seiner einen Seite einen Rücksprung 27 zum Einstecken in das beziehungsweise zum Anschluss an das Anschnittrohr 13 aufweist. Ein zweites, ringförmig ausgebildetes Adapterteil 28 wirkt mit dem ersten Adapterteil 26 über eine Formschlussgestaltung 31 zusammen, so dass sich bei zusammengefügten Adapterteilen 26 und 28 der vorgesehene Adapter 25 ergibt. Mit seiner unteren Anschlussebene 29 ist das Adapterteil 28 beim Einformen in die Gießform dem Formhohlraum zugewandt. Zwischen den Adapterteilen 26 und 28 ist der Rahmen 15 mit dem darin eingespannten netzartigen Gewebe 18 positioniert, wobei der Rahmen 15 eine auf die zwischen den Adapterteilen 26 und 28 wirksame Formschlussgestaltung 31 eingerichtete Formgebung aufweist, so dass der Rahmen 15 zwischen den beiden Adapterteilen 26, 28 fixiert ist.The
Wie sich dazu ergänzend aus
Aus
Wie dargelegt, reicht es für eine Verbesserung des Entformvorganges nach Abschluss des Gießens auch aus, wenn lediglich zwischen einzelnen Rohrabschnitten 12 des Gießlaufsystems 11 entsprechende Rahmen 15 mit dem darin eingespannten Gewebe 18 angeordnet sind.As stated, it is sufficient to improve the Entformvorganges after completion of the casting also when only between
Ein derartiges Gießlaufsystem 11 ist schematisch in
Der in
Die in der vorstehenden Beschreibung, den Patentansprüchen, der Zusammenfassung und der Zeichnung offenbarten Merkmale des Gegenstandes dieser Unterlagen können einzeln als auch in beliebigen Kombinationen untereinander für die Verwirklichung der Erfindung in ihren verschiedenen Ausführungsformen wesentlich sein.The features disclosed in the foregoing description, the claims, the abstract and the drawings of the subject matter of these documents may be essential individually as well as in any combination with each other for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments.
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (1)
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PL16188052T PL3141319T3 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2016-09-09 | Runner system, and corresponding frame specifying a predetermined breaking line for the metal remaining in the cutting tube |
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DE202015104814.9U DE202015104814U1 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2015-09-10 | Casting system and provided, a predetermined breaking point for the remaining metal in the gate pipe remaining frame |
Publications (2)
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EP3141319A1 true EP3141319A1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
EP3141319B1 EP3141319B1 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US10016806B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3141319B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE202015104814U1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL3141319T3 (en) |
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CN107931529B (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2019-05-17 | 共享装备股份有限公司 | Closing-unchoked running system |
EP3919203A1 (en) | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-08 | GTP Schäfer Gießtechnische Produkte GmbH | Method and permanent mould for making a casting and net |
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- 2015-09-10 DE DE202015104814.9U patent/DE202015104814U1/en active Active
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- 2016-09-09 PL PL16188052T patent/PL3141319T3/en unknown
- 2016-09-09 EP EP16188052.1A patent/EP3141319B1/en active Active
- 2016-09-09 DE DE202016104999.7U patent/DE202016104999U1/en active Active
- 2016-09-09 US US15/261,704 patent/US10016806B2/en active Active
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DE8412607U1 (en) * | 1984-04-21 | 1985-04-25 | Zagel, Heinz, 8500 Nürnberg | Pipe for pouring systems |
DE3836010A1 (en) | 1988-10-21 | 1990-04-26 | Gruenzweig & Hartmann | Runner system for feeding molten material into a casting mould |
EP0510852A1 (en) * | 1991-04-24 | 1992-10-28 | Foseco International Limited | Filters for filtering molten metal |
US5425410A (en) * | 1994-08-25 | 1995-06-20 | Pyrotek, Inc. | Sand casting mold riser/sprue sleeve |
JP2001179397A (en) * | 1999-12-24 | 2001-07-03 | Akira Kashiwazaki | Die filter |
JP2013006219A (en) * | 2009-07-29 | 2013-01-10 | Tokyo Kogyo Boyeki Shokai Ltd | Filter medium for molten metal |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE202015104814U1 (en) | 2015-09-21 |
PL3141319T3 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
US10016806B2 (en) | 2018-07-10 |
EP3141319B1 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
US20170080482A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
DE202016104999U1 (en) | 2016-11-04 |
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