EP3133348B1 - Wärmezelle, heizer damit, heizsystem und verwendung davon - Google Patents

Wärmezelle, heizer damit, heizsystem und verwendung davon Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3133348B1
EP3133348B1 EP15846187.1A EP15846187A EP3133348B1 EP 3133348 B1 EP3133348 B1 EP 3133348B1 EP 15846187 A EP15846187 A EP 15846187A EP 3133348 B1 EP3133348 B1 EP 3133348B1
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Prior art keywords
heating
ceramic material
heating cell
loss ceramic
high dielectric
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EP15846187.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3133348A4 (de
EP3133348A1 (de
Inventor
José Francisco Fernandez Lozano
Elias DE LOS REYES DAVÓ
Ruth DE LOS REYES CÁNOVAS
Javier GARCÍA SEVILLA
Enrique VELA CARRASCOSA
Antonio JARA RICO
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Microbiotech SL
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC
Universidad Politecnica de Valencia
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Microbiotech SL
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC
Universidad Politecnica de Valencia
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/80—Apparatus for specific applications
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C7/00—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy
    • F24C7/02—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy using microwaves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/647—Aspects related to microwave heating combined with other heating techniques
    • H05B6/6491—Aspects related to microwave heating combined with other heating techniques combined with the use of susceptors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/70—Feed lines
    • H05B6/702—Feed lines using coaxial cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/72—Radiators or antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of heat generation systems, in particular to a heating system that uses ceramic pieces as heat emission elements which are heated by means of microwave radiation distributed by planar technology.
  • the present invention is aimed at a heater element that uses ceramic compositions adapted as transducers that contain microwave radiations susceptors capable of absorbing the microwave radiation and transforming it into heat.
  • Thermal radiation is the radiation emitted by a body due to its temperature.
  • a radiator is a type of heat emitter with the function of exchanging heat from the heating system to release it into the environment and, generally, it is a device without moving parts nor heat production.
  • Radiators are discrete elements that form part of centralized heating installations. In their origin, the first heating systems used steam and the high surface temperature of the radiators to produce heat exchange by means of radiation. The replacement of steam radiator by water reduced operating temperatures and, given the little surface area of the radiators, means that most of the heat is exchanged by convection.
  • an emitter is a device that emits heat, releasing it into the inhabited environment.
  • a heater incorporates heat generation elements and a thermal radiator or thermal emitter.
  • An example would consist of an apparatus which is heated by an electrical resistance incorporated inside the thermal emitter.
  • thermal radiator uses the term of thermal radiator, however, the difference between a radiator and a heater lies in the fact that the radiator does not produce energy, it limits to being a dissipator of the heat that reaches the radiator, generally through a network of pipes wherethrough a carrier fluid circulates which has been heated in a heat producing device situated in another place.
  • An electrical heater is generally a unitary element that uses an electrical resistance to produce heat. Electrical resistances have high energy consumption that requires a significant electrical power. Typically, a unitary element consumes around 2 kW/h. According to standard ISO 7730 thermal comfort is defined as "the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.” This parameter is not simple to calculate since it considers for this numerous factors from location, orientation and ventilation of the property to activities performed in it and dress of its inhabitants. For typical conditions of use, it is estimated that the optimum comfort temperature is 22 °C.
  • a heating system requires a set of heating elements which involves considerable power supply.
  • the radiation efficiency basically depends on the thermal inertia of the heat exchange material. Normally, this material is metal, which makes continuous electricity supply necessary to maintain its high temperature, since the metal materials have very low specific heat.
  • Ceramic heaters that incorporate a ceramic element have a greater thermal inertia. A heater with ceramic element will need between 80-100 W for every m 2 , depending on the average insulation quality. A typical 80 m 2 home would require at least between 6 and 8 kW/h of minimum contracted electricity to need the heating system demands.
  • heat accumulators are incorporated for their sustained and prolonged release during a certain time.
  • One of the elements used as heat accumulators are ceramic blocks with high thermal inertia due to their low thermal conductivity and high density.
  • An application of heaters with thermal accumulator is related to accumulating heat in hours of excess heat production and releasing this without electricity consumption in hours of greater demand.
  • Heating systems with ceramic accumulators have the limitations related to the use of electrical resistances and their low efficiency, since due to the effect of the same thermal inertial which allows these ceramic materials to release their heat very slowly, one of the limitations of the state of the art is related to the fact that ceramic materials require a very prolonged time for their heating when electrical resistances are used. For instance, document GB 2 502 665 A describes such a heating system.
  • Microwaves are called those electromagnetic waves defined in a determined frequency range; generally between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, which involves an oscillation period of 3 ⁇ 10 -9 s to 3 ⁇ 10 -12 s and a wavelength in the range of 1 m to 1 mm.
  • microwaves can propagate through dielectric media and be transmitted or reflected in the interfaces formed by the discontinuities between different media. From mid-20 th century, some applications have appeared wherein microwave energy has been used as medium to transfer energy to materials, making use of their interaction therewith.
  • microwave oven that uses a magnetron to produce waves at a frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz. These waves make the water molecules vibrate or rotate thus generating heat. Since most food contain a significant part of water, they can easily be cooked in this way. The water, fats and other substances present in food absorb energy from microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules are electric dipoles, i.e. they have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other end and, therefore, they rotate in their attempt to align with the alternate electric field of the microwaves. On rotating, the molecules collide with others and place them in movement, thus dispersing the energy. This energy, when dispersed as molecular vibration in solids and liquids transforms into heat.
  • Microwave applicators are typically multimodal cavities, and the interaction between the various electromagnetic modes which are propagated therein and their multiple reflections promote a highly irregular distribution that gives rise to not very homogeneous heating, with the appearance of hot and cold points. Furthermore, these techniques based on multimodal cavities are usually techniques in disadaptation, an aspect which implies that a substantial part of the energy delivered to the load is again reflected towards the source, thus reducing the efficiency of these methods.
  • susceptors due to their great capacity to absorb electromagnetic energy and turn it into heat, see M. Gupta, Microwaves and metals. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore 2007 . They are usually conductive metals such as graphite, although stainless steel, molybdenum, silicon carbide, aluminium or other conductive materials can also be used, which are embedded in a dielectric matrix.
  • radiators are used with liquids, for example in document DE19949013 or ceramic elements such as in document RO117643 , in document US 2014/238250 A1 or in document US20060639602 to preferably absorb the microwave radiation and store said energy in the form of heat with the object of maintaining the temperature in a more prolonged manner.
  • the problem not resolved in the state of the art lies in the fact that the transmission of microwaves to a dielectric medium, even if this is a potential susceptor, is not so immediate.
  • a problem in the state of the art consists of, in many cases, the interface between the air and the microwave susceptor being practically a Magnetic Wall, since said materials normally have a very high dielectric constant (for example, water - ⁇ ' ⁇ 76, hepatic tissue - ⁇ ' ⁇ 44 or silicon carbide (SiC) - ⁇ ' ⁇ 10) whilst air has ⁇ ' ⁇ 1.
  • the solutions used to transform microwave energy into heat are limited by the efficiency of the unit formed by the microwave emitter and the dielectric medium that absorbs the microwaves.
  • the problem consists of the fact that the lack of adapted systems reduces the efficiency, also generating problems of electric discharges on a first level, which are also sources of uncontrolled microwave radiation.
  • document EP2090869 is known, detailing a heating element using microwaves that makes use of an electrical transmission line in the microwave band, a transmission line disposed on a dielectric material.
  • This invention tackles a novel solution to the problem of transforming, with high efficiency, microwave energy into heat by means of heating units in the form of low-power heating cells that allow microwave energy to be propagated along transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission lines to ceramic materials with high dielectric loss in the microwave region.
  • This heat transduction is performed in adapted manner in high-efficiency regions.
  • Said low-power heating cells are integrated in a unitary heater that has autonomous operation and is characterized in that it generates heat non-reciprocally, i.e. the heating time is considerably less than the heat-release time.
  • the set of unitary heaters form a heating system wherein they are sequentially supplied with microwave energy between the unitary heaters.
  • the heating system thus constituted uses an electrical low-power line which makes it possible to considerably reduce the electricity supply requirements related to conventional high-power heating systems.
  • a first aspect of the present invention relates to a heating cell comprising a monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission line, a monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode power splitter and an electric charge in the form of high loss ceramic material which is coupled to said electrical transmission line and characterized in that it has electromagnetic wave absorption in the microwave frequency.
  • the heating cells of the heating system are characterized by transforming the electromagnetic radiation at the microwave frequency into thermal energy by heat generation.
  • the monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission line may be chosen from:
  • the microstrip heating cell is characterized in that it has resonant and monomodal electromagnetic mode electric transmission, based on the radiation of a microstrip antenna on a thick layer of microwave susceptor material or electric charge.
  • the microwave susceptor material is placed in the reactive near field area of the antenna, which extends from the source of excitation at a distance of approximately ⁇ /(2 ⁇ ) where ⁇ is the wavelength of the microwave radiation and ⁇ is the pi constant with a value of 3.1416.
  • the microstrip heating cell includes in a same metal structure, for example of aluminium, a slot antenna in microstrip ground plane supported on a dielectric substrate plate, powered by a transmission line and connected to an N-type input connector.
  • the load is kept joined to the slot in the form of high loss ceramic material to heat and between both is placed a heat insulation material, transparent to microwaves.
  • the heating cell comprises a reflective metal structure in its base which directs the radiation towards the load in the form of high loss ceramic material.
  • the microstrip cell is reinforced with electrical conductors in all its side walls and also in the free surface area of the high loss ceramic material to heat.
  • any material placed in the near-field of an antenna can disadapt it due to the electromagnetic field radiated to this region, if it is reflected in anyway, it induces currents in the antenna with a determined phase ratio with the original excitation. Said effect leads to a storage of energy in the free electrons of the antenna during a determined part of the oscillation, followed by the consequent release thereof and creating the reactive effect that gives this region its name. This obliges the adaptation of impedances for the presented contour condition, giving the microstrip heating cell its resonant character.
  • the dissipated power may be determined by means of the following ratio. P d ⁇ P ent 1 ⁇ e ⁇ 2 ⁇ h 1 ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ r
  • the radiation efficiency and the reflection factor can be easily optimized by means of the antenna design, therefore having zero effect in the efficiency.
  • the energy absorption efficiency depends on the ratio between the penetration depth (1/ ⁇ ) and the sample thickness, a ratio wherein the excitation frequency has key importance.
  • the dissipated power therefore, depends on the frequency and on the loss factor.
  • the electrical load in the form of high loss ceramic material is coupled to the electrical transmission line and is characterized in that it has electromagnetic wave absorption in the microwave frequency.
  • the microwave absorption in the ceramic material is produced due to the existence of dielectric losses therein, such as, for example, a sintered SiC ceramic or the presence of susceptor particles embedded in a ceramic matrix.
  • the microwave radiation-absorbing elements transform said microwave radiation into heat, which is transferred to the rest of the ceramic matrix by conduction and shall be released into the environment by radiation with the thermal inertia corresponding to a ceramic material. Consequently, this new material behaves non-reciprocally in terms of heating time. And as shall be seen later on, the heating time is faster than the cooling time, resulting in an advantage to obtain high-efficiency heat generators.
  • the high loss ceramic material is characterized by a loss factor in the microwave frequency of at least 0.10.
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the microstrip heating cell consists of a SiC ceramic plate of 5x5 cm 2 of surface area and a thickness of 0.7 cm, with a density of 99% with respect to the theoretical density, relative permittivity and high loss factor ( ⁇ ' ⁇ 10, tan ⁇ ' ⁇ 0.16).
  • the efficiency of the heating cell of the present invention only depends on the adaptation of the microstrip antenna and its radiation efficiency. With the aim of maximizing the radiation efficiencies and given that the calculations in near fields in a material medium with losses may be very complex, it is possible to obtain a reasonable solution by means of electromagnetic simulation.
  • a high efficiency value is a clear advantage for the state of the art to enable the transformation of electrical energy into heat with energy losses appreciably less than other systems available in the state of the art of heating systems.
  • the dense SiC high loss ceramic material with a mass of 50 grams is characterized by increasing its temperature by 150°C when it is subjected during 30 seconds to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz inside a conventional 1000 W microwave oven.
  • the sample consumes 55.6 kWh.Kg -1 .
  • the time required to decrease its temperature from the maximum temperature reached in 1/3 is of 300 seconds.
  • the cooling rate in the range of temperatures of interest, i.e. from 90 to 70°C to maintain the ⁇ T>50 °C required to heat is 0.08 °C.s -1 .
  • the heating rates of the ceramic plate show values between 4.85 °C/s and 6 °C/s
  • the cooling rates of said ceramic plate are less than more than one order of magnitude with values less than 0.267 °C/s.
  • the heating rates generated by the absorption of microwaves and the cooling rates generated by heat radiation are different.
  • the high loss ceramic material acts as reciprocal heat generator since it absorbs the microwave energy, generating heat in a time considerably less than that required to release heat into the medium.
  • the difference between the heating and cooling rates may be optimized by means of the composition of the high loss ceramic material. In accordance with the determined temperature increase, the power transfer is not total due to the non-uniform distribution of the fields in the high loss ceramic material and in the microwaves due to the reduced size of the ceramic in comparison with the size of the multimodal cavity.
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the microstrip heating cell is a composite material comprising at least 50% by weight of SiC particles and the rest is constituted by porosity and a silicon-aluminous compound to maintain the silicon carbide grains consolidated.
  • the production procedure followed is to mix 50% by weight of SiC particles with 32.5% by weight of kaolin clay and 17.5% by weight of a talc mineral.
  • the mixture is homogenized following processes known in the field of ceramic material processing and the mixture is optimized to achieve a suitable paste for dry pressing, for example by wetting means.
  • the pressing is performed by means of uniaxial pressure at a pressure of 250kg/cm 2 and the pieces obtained dry during 24 hours in an oven at 80°C.
  • the ceramic plates undergo heat treatment in an air atmosphere between 1100 and 1250°C maintaining the heating temperature for at least 30 minutes.
  • the heating rates are greater than 3°C per minute and the natural cooling although not restricted to this thermal cycle.
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the microstrip heating cell consists of a porcelain ceramic plate of a composite material of the aforementioned composition of 8x3 cm 2 of surface area and a thickness of 0.7 cm, comprising 50% by weight of SiC particles with an average particle size greater than 3 ⁇ m and with a density of 85% with respect to the theoretical density, relative permittivity and high loss factor ( ⁇ ' ⁇ 13, tan ⁇ 0.16).
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the microstrip heating cell consists of a porcelain ceramic plate of a composite material of the aforementioned composition of 14.8x14.8 cm 2 of surface area and a thickness of 1.1 cm.
  • the porcelain high loss ceramic material of the aforementioned composition of 1300 grams of mass is characterized in that it increases its temperature by 120°C when it is subjected during 90 seconds to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz inside a conventional 1600 W microwave oven.
  • the sample consume 3.9 kWh.Kg -1 .
  • the time required to decrease its temperature from the maximum temperature reached in 1/3 is of 1260 seconds.
  • the cooling rate in the range of temperatures of interest, i.e. from 90 to 70°C to maintain the ⁇ T>50°C required for heating is 0.025°C.s -1 .
  • the high loss ceramic material formed as a composite material comprising SiC particles has an advantage for the absorption of microwave energy since it requires power consumption per unit of mass appreciably lower than those used for a dense SiC plate and the cooling rate is also slower. Additionally, the composite materials are formed according to procedures known in the ceramics industry thus providing a large availability of forms and dimensions within the limits of the art and which are advantageous for providing elements for the high loss ceramic material.
  • the microstrip heating cell is modified incorporating a conductor plane in the free face of the high loss ceramic material so that the surpluses of the power absorption are not lost in free space on again being reflected to the sample and the antenna, and finally being absorbed after various reflections between the electric walls of the cell.
  • the conductor plane is formed, for example, by a metal material such as aluminium, tin, stainless steel or by a coating which has metal conduction, for example, a silver plate coating. In this way, it manages to make the energy absorption percentage independent from material thickness.
  • This new design has a considerable advantage since to avoid the inefficiency of the heating unit it incorporates a conductor plane which also has the advantage of improving device safety as it prevents microwave radiation exiting the heating unit.
  • Another advantage of the present invention on incorporating an electrical load in the form of high loss ceramic material is that it avoids the non-uniformity of the electric field given its reduced size with respect to the source and the thermal conductivity of said ceramic particles.
  • the conductor plane in the free face of the high loss ceramic material of the heating cell incorporates metal channels to increase its surface area and more efficiently transfer heat to the air.
  • the increase in the heat exchange area in the conductor plane allows the upward flow of heated air and acting as calorific energy dissipator and radiator element.
  • the metal conductor plane with high surface area has an advantage as it acts as heat dissipator element.
  • the stripline heating cell is characterized in that it has a monomodal electromagnetic mode electrical transmission with high losses and very broad band.
  • the stripline cell comprises a conductor housed inside a ceramic material with high dielectric losses which acts as microwave susceptor or electrical load, thus forming a transmission line with very high losses, which is absorbent in a frequency band comprising the microwave frequency region among which is included the ISM band of 2.45 GHz.
  • the ceramic particles used in the stripline cell are physically coupled to the electromagnetic energy transmission antenna to maximise energy absorption in the form of microwave radiation and its effective conversion into heat. This physical coupling is characteristic of the type of transmission line used in the present invention. Additionally, the dimensions and properties of the electrical load in the form of high loss ceramic material need to be adapted to the parameters of the electromagnetic energy transmission line.
  • the heating cell where it is of stripline type is characterized in that the central conductor is a metal material whose resistance to the passage of electricity is very low.
  • the best electrical conductors are metals, such as copper, gold, iron and aluminium, and their alloys, although there are non-metal materials that may also fulfil this function.
  • the form of the central conductor is chosen from the typical forms presented for metal conductors such as circular-section wires obtained by wire drawing techniques or rectangular section-sheets obtained by rolling.
  • the form of the central conductor of the stripline line is reproduced in negative inside the high loss ceramic material.
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the stripline heating cell is a ceramic material such as the aforementioned comprising 50% by weight of SiC particles and the rest is constituted by porosity and a silicon-aluminous compound to maintain the silicon carbide grains consolidated.
  • the ceramic material has an internal cavity of sufficient dimensions to house the central conductor. This cavity is previously made by a sintering process of the material or is made on the sintered ceramic materials by machining the ceramic pieces following methodologies known in the state of the art.
  • the high loss ceramic material used in the stripline heating cell comprises two pieces of high loss ceramic materials so that a cavity or negative has been made on one of the respective faces of dimensions corresponding to the length of the central conductor and to half of its section. The two pieces join together so that the stripline line is linked inside.
  • the ceramic pieces can be joined, for example, using an adhesive.
  • the use of ceramic adhesives which withstand high temperatures result in an advantage for the correct operation of the device.
  • the use of pieces of ceramic materials which reproduce in negative the stripline line gives a clear advantage for the manufacturing of stripline heating cells as it allows economically reproducing pieces of suitable dimensions based on the large flexibility of forms of the ceramic processes.
  • the form of the central conductor and its thickness depends on the cross-section of the transmission stripline line, being chosen according to this to obtain the desired propagation characteristics.
  • the stripline heating cell is converted in an electromagnetic radiation transducer into heat with the capacity of converting the power of the wave that is propagated into heat by means of a minimum transmission line length.
  • the stripline line ends in a short-circuit and has a sufficient length to transduce all the power accepted in a large bandwidth.
  • the loss of power in a transmission line loaded with a short-circuit may be determined by means of the following formula: With P loss being the power loss in the material that fills the transmission line, V 0 + the value of the incident voltage wave in said line, Z 0 the characteristic impedance of the line, ⁇ the aforementioned loss coefficient and l the length of the transmission stripline line.
  • the based heating system may have a monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode power splitter comprising n outputs, with n being a positive natural number greater than 1.
  • a non-normalized power splitter distributes the power in at least two transmission lines in an equal manner maintaining the adapted impedances to have a low level of reflected power.
  • a particular case consists of the use of Wilkinson-type power splitters that have an even number of output elements.
  • the use of power splitters has the advantage of uniformly distributing the power in the different electromagnetic mode electrical transmission lines.
  • the incorporation of a number of at least two microstrip heating cells or stripline heating cells allows the use of a magnetron-type source of microwave radiation with powers of up to 1000 W.
  • the microwave radiation is conducted through a coaxial guide, and the coupling between the microwave radiation generated by the magnetron and said distribution network is performed by means of the use of a coupler, for example, a WR340 guide-coaxial adapter.
  • the use of power splitters allows dividing it so that, for example, from a magnetron which has 800 W of microwave radiation and by means of 7 power splitters it is possible to supply 8 heating units which can dissipate a maximum power in each one of them of 100 W.
  • the use of 15 splitters also provides a supply of microwave energy for the supply of 16 heating units which can dissipate a maximum power, each one of them, of 50 W.
  • the high loss ceramic material used corresponds to a single piece whose surface area is sufficient to house the microstrip antennas in a number such that the power supplied by the magnetron may be dissipated.
  • This aspect results in a clear advantage for the generation of heating units for heating systems as it allows the use of ceramic surface area of a larger size than that described in the preferred embodiments of the first aspect of the present invention.
  • another advantage is that of homogeneously and efficiently heating an electromagnetic radiation-absorbing ceramic piece in the microwave range of a surface area of dimensions greater than that required for a unit cell.
  • the high loss ceramic material used corresponds to two pieces in which surface area a cavity or negative has been made of dimensions corresponding to the length of the central conductor and to half of its section so that the stripline lines are housed in a number such that the power supplied by the magnetron may be dissipated.
  • the high loss ceramic material used corresponds to a piece wherein the stripline lines are housed such that the power supplied by the magnetron can be dissipated.
  • a heating system comprising heaters which in turn comprise the heating cells of the first aspect of the invention comprising a transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission line and ceramic particles coupled with dielectric losses.
  • Each unitary heating system comprises a control system which allows synchronizing the electricity supply time so that only one of the unitary heating system is consuming energy and limited to the maximum power of the magnetron, for example 800 W.
  • Each unitary heating system uses a time to heat by absorption of microwave energy which is a time appreciably less than that required to dissipate the calorific energy stored by said charge. In this way, it is possible to have heating times of the heating cells sufficient to have a set thereof at the required temperature to be able to be used as heating system.
  • the synchronization system between the different heating cells is performed by means of a wifi-type wireless system or wired such as PLC-type, resulting in a clear advantage, since it allows coupling different unitary heaters without the need for their being interconnected physically.
  • the heating system also comprises a temperature data capture system, a programming system and an algorithm to efficiently distribute the heating times between the different unitary heating systems so that it uses the electricity efficiently.
  • the heating system thus designed has the advantage of being flexible in its configuration.
  • the heating system that comprises heating cells comprising a transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission line and ceramic particles coupled with dielectric losses is used to provide thermal comfort in the form of heating for spaces such as: domestic rooms, offices, commercial premises, industrial premises and in general inhabited spaces.
  • the thermal heater may have an operating control to be integrated in a network of radiators which form a heating system with a considerable improvement in energy efficiency over a network of radiators of any other technology.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention relates to the use of the heating system using microwave radiation of the third aspect of the invention for thermal comfort in the form of heating for spaces as domestic rooms, offices, commercial premises, industrial premises and, in general, inhabited spaces.
  • said heating cell comprises in a metal structure (6) equipped with a base, at least one input connector (1), a monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode electrical transmission line (2) acting as an antenna (3) and that is made at least of metal and/or ceramic material, a high dielectric loss ceramic material (5,9) whereto the antenna (3) is fixed, and a reflector plane defined by the base of the metal structure (6) and located along the electrical transmission line (2), with ⁇ being the wavelength of the incident radiation in the cell, with the reflector plane directing said microwave radiation towards the high dielectric loss ceramic material (5,9).
  • the heating cell with a monomodal transverse electromagnetic mode splitter.
  • the heating cell from microwave radiation may have the electrical transmission line (2) defined by a conductive metal sheet separated from a ground metal sheet by a dielectric sheet and fixed to a slot of the high dielectric loss ceramic material (5) and supported by a dielectric substrate plate (7).
  • the heating cell additionally comprises an insulating material transparent to microwaves (4), located between the high dielectric loss ceramic material (5,9) and the antenna (3) when the electrical transmission line (2) is a conductive metal sheet separated from a ground metal sheet by a dielectric sheet.
  • the heating cell from microwave radiation may have the electrical transmission line (2) defined by a metal central conductor (10) which is located inside the high dielectric loss ceramic material (9), an area comprised in an axis of symmetry of the high dielectric loss ceramic material (9) between two ground planes equidistant to the metal central conductor (10).
  • the metal central conductor (10) is located in an area comprised in a vertical axis of symmetry of the high dielectric loss ceramic material (9), which preferably divides the high dielectric loss ceramic material (9) in two equal parts.
  • the central conductor (10) is preferably located in a cavity of the high dielectric loss ceramic material (9), a cavity which more preferably has dimensions respectively corresponding to the length of the central conductor, which is preferably greater than 10 cm and half of the section of the central conductor, and the central conductor (10) has, in any of the referred examples, a circular, square or rectangular cross-section.
  • figure 4a shows a graphic referring to the heating-cooling of a SiC ceramic plate, with 5x5 cm 2 of surface area and a thickness of 0.7 cm, with a density of 99% with respect to the theoretical density; the heating is performed in a 1000 W microwave oven; figure 4b shows a graphic referring to the heating-cooling of the high loss ceramic material (5,9) with 50% by weight of SiC particles and the rest is constituted by porosity and a silicon-aluminous compound to maintain the silicon carbide grains consolidated; the plate of 14.8x14.8 cm 2 of surface area and a thickness of 1.1 cm has 1300 grams of mass; the heating is performed in a 1600 W microwave oven; and figure 4c shows a graphic referring to the heating-cooling curves of consecutive cycles.
  • the high dielectric loss ceramic material (5,9) has a conductor plane, preferably of a material comprising aluminium, in at least one of its faces, preferably in a face where the line is not coupled.
  • Example 1 Heating cell with the slot antenna in microstrip ground plane (3) using said high dielectric loss ceramic material (5) of figure 1 comprising SiC, preferably more than 50% by weight of SiC.
  • the antenna (3) is of slot-type in ground plane, i.e. microstrip-type powered by the transmission line (2) and connected to the N-type input connector (1).
  • the slot antenna (3) in ground plane, fixed by means of adhesive to an alumina fibre sheet which acts as heat-insulating material transparent to microwaves (4) at working temperatures of the heating cell and, after this the high loss ceramic material (5) which may preferably be a 100% SiC plate.
  • the metal structure (6) defines in its base an aluminium reflector plane located ⁇ 4 from the antenna (3) therefore given that this is located in said slot of the high loss ceramic material (5) at the same distance from the slot of the high loss ceramic material (5). With the reflector plane designed to direct an incident wavelength ⁇ radiation in the cell towards the high dielectric loss ceramic material (5).
  • the layout of the elements that form the cell shall be schematized in figure 1 .
  • the power that the slot antenna (3) can withstand in ground plane powered by a microstrip line or a stripline transmission line may reach 300 W at this frequency. Due to safety questions, the power must be limited to 100 W in a surface area of 5x5 cm 2 supposing that it is completely adapted (VSWR ⁇ 20 dB). For the dense 100% SiC plate of 6 mm thickness and surface area of 5x5 cm 2 the total mass would be:
  • Fig. 3 shows the measured responses of the antenna when it is designed for radiation in free space, after loading with a microwave susceptor and finally redesigned and reprinted for the adaptation in the presence of high loss ceramic material (5).
  • Example 2 Stripline heating cell using high loss ceramic material (9) of figure 5 , porcelain high loss ceramic material (9) with 50% by weight of SiC.
  • a stripline-type heating cell comprising said central conductor of a metal material (10), preferably copper of 1 mm in diameter which was machined from a copper sheet.
  • the form of the metal central conductor (10) of the stripline line is negatively reproduced inside the high loss ceramic material (9) consisting of a porcelain-type compound comprising 50% by weight of SiC particles and the rest is constituted by porosity and a silicon-aluminous compound to maintain the silicon carbide grains consolidated.
  • Fig. 7 shows the reflection factor against the frequency in this figure, it is possible to observe a metal central conductor (10).
  • the stripline heating cell behaved as a broadband device.
  • the energy transfer had an efficiency greater than 99%, since all the energy absorbed by the device becomes heat without any kind of leaks or reflections.
  • the heater may be additionally equipped with a communication unit and a control unit.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Constitution Of High-Frequency Heating (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Mikrowellen-Heizzelle, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie Folgendes umfasst:
    - eine Metallstruktur (6), die mit einer Basis ausgestattet ist; und umschlossen von der Metallstruktur (6) die folgenden Komponenten;
    - mindestens einen n-leitenden Eingangsstecker (1),
    - eine elektrische Übertragungsleitung (2) für eine monomodale transversalelektromagnetische Welle, die als eine Antenne (3) wirkt,
    - einen keramischen Werkstoff (5, 9) mit hohem dielektrischen Verlust, an dem die Antenne (3) befestigt ist, wobei der keramische Werkstoff (5, 9) mit hohem dielektrischen Verlust einen dielektrischen Verlustwert im elektromagnetischen Strahlungsbereich von Mikrowellen ≥0,10 aufweist; und
    - eine Reflektorebene, die durch die Basis der Metallstruktur (6) definiert ist und sich λ 4
    Figure imgb0012
     von der elektrischen Übertragungsleitung (2) befindet, wobei λ die Wellenlänge der einfallenden Strahlung in der Zelle ist, wobei die Reflektorebene die Mikrowellenstrahlung auf den keramischen Werkstoff (5, 9) mit hohem dielektrischen Verlust richtet.
  2. Mikrowellen-Heizzelle nach Anspruch 1, die zusätzlich einen Teiler für eine monomodale transversalelektromagnetische Welle umfasst.
  3. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 2, wobei die elektrische Übertragungsleitung (2) für eine monomodale transversalelektromagnetische Welle aus dem Folgenden ausgewählt ist:
    - einer Streifenleitung, die als leitendes Metallblech definiert ist, das von einem Metallblech als Masse durch ein dielektrisches Blech getrennt ist und in einer Nut des keramischen Werkstoffs (5) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust befestigt ist und von einer dielektrischen Substratplatte (7) getragen wird, wobei die Heizzelle zusätzlich einen Wärmedämmstoff umfasst, der für Mikrowellen (4) durchlässig ist und zwischen dem keramischen Werkstoff (5) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust und der Antenne (3) angeordnet ist; und
    - einer als metallischer Zentralleiter (10) definierten Streifenleitung, die innerhalb des keramischen Werkstoffs (9) zwischen zwei Bezugsmasseplatten äquidistant zum metallischen Zentralleiter (10) angeordnet ist.
  4. Heizzelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei der keramische Werkstoff (5) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust einen Anteil von mindestens 50 Gew.-% SiC umfasst.
  5. Heizzelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei der keramische Werkstoff (5) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust eine Leiterebene auf mindestens einer seiner Stirnseiten umfasst.
  6. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 4, wobei die Leiterebene aus einem Material besteht, das Aluminium umfasst
  7. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 3, wobei der metallische Zentralleiter (10) in einem Bereich angeordnet ist, der in einer Symmetrieachse des keramischen Werkstoffs (9) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust enthalten ist.
  8. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Symmetrieachse eine vertikale Symmetrieachse ist, die den keramischen Werkstoff (9) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust in zwei gleiche Teile teilt.
  9. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 3, wobei der metallische Zentralleiter (10) in einem Hohlraum des keramischen Werkstoffs (9) mit hohem dielektrischem Verlust angeordnet ist, einem Hohlraum, der Abmessungen aufweist, die jeweils der Länge des metallischen Zentralleiters (10) und der Hälfte des Querschnitts des metallischen Zentralleiters (10) entsprechen.
  10. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 3 oder einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, wobei der metallische Zentralleiter (10) eine Länge von mehr als 10 cm aufweist.
  11. Heizzelle nach Anspruch 3 oder einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 10, wobei der metallische Zentralleiter (10) einen Querschnitt aufweist, der aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus Folgendem besteht:
    - runder,
    - quadratischer, und
    - rechteckiger.
  12. Mikrowellenheizvorrichtung, umfassend mindestens eine Heizzelle, wie in den Ansprüchen 1 bis 11 beschrieben, Leistungsteiler und mindestens ein Magnetron.
  13. Mikrowellenheizvorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, die zusätzlich eine Kommunikationseinheit und eine Steuereinheit umfasst.
  14. Heizsystem unter Verwendung von Mikrowellenstrahlung, das eine Reihe von miteinander verbundenen Mikrowellenheizvorrichtungen nach einem der Ansprüche 12 oder 13, einen Steuerungsalgorithmus und eine intelligente Steuereinheit umfasst.
  15. Verwendung des Heizsystems unter Verwendung von Mikrowellenstrahlung nach Anspruch 14 für thermischen Komfort in Form von Heizungen für Räume, wie Wohnräume, Büros, Geschäftsräume, Betriebsstätten und im Allgemeinen bewohnte Räume.
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ES201431449A ES2568749B1 (es) 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 Célula calefactora, calefactor que hace uso de la misma, sistema de calefacción y uso del mismo
PCT/ES2015/070712 WO2016051003A1 (es) 2014-10-01 2015-09-30 Célula calefactora, calefactor que hace uso de la misma, sistema de calefacción y uso del mismo

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ES2568749A1 (es) 2016-05-04

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