EP3122844B1 - Stromerzeugungssystem - Google Patents

Stromerzeugungssystem Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3122844B1
EP3122844B1 EP15720425.6A EP15720425A EP3122844B1 EP 3122844 B1 EP3122844 B1 EP 3122844B1 EP 15720425 A EP15720425 A EP 15720425A EP 3122844 B1 EP3122844 B1 EP 3122844B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
grate
power generation
electrical power
combustion chamber
gasifier
Prior art date
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Application number
EP15720425.6A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3122844A2 (de
Inventor
Paolo GAGGERO
Luca CANEVARO
Francesco LEGROTTAGLIE
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Mini Green Power Sas
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Mini Green Power Sas
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Publication of EP3122844A2 publication Critical patent/EP3122844A2/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/723—Controlling or regulating the gasification process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34—Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/36—Fixed grates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/152—Nozzles or lances for introducing gas, liquids or suspensions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/165—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1807—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrical power generation system which comprises at least one fuel supply device, for supplying fuel to at least one gasifier.
  • the gasifier is connected to at least one supply fluid generation unit of an electrical power generation device.
  • a waste product disposal circuit is further disclosed.
  • the disclosure relates to biomass energy generation systems.
  • energy may be obtained by direct biomass combustion, with particular efficiency-improving measures, by pyrolysis and by obtaining synthesis gas through gasification.
  • Biomass combustion gases are generally used in combination with the so-called Organic Ranking Cycle (ORC) systems, i.e. systems that use heat to drive a turbine connected to a transformer for electrical power generation.
  • ORC Organic Ranking Cycle
  • Biomass energy generation may have very high efficiencies, depending on the combustion technology in use.
  • Efficiency may be further improved by taking advantage of one of the qualities of biomass power plants, i.e. continuous power delivery: this promotes an additional advantage, i.e. the possibility of using power plants for cogeneration of heat to be used in remote domestic heating: the heat generated during the process, that would be otherwise lost, is thus used.
  • biomass plant processes generate air pollutants and other polluting agents, although these are considerably reduced due to the use of prior art high-efficiency technologies in combustion, for preventing and substantially reducing undesired emissions.
  • biomass fuels have a low specific calorific value.
  • biomasses have a very high residual moisture content, and preliminary drying and densification treatments are required before starting combustion, pyrolysis or gasification processes.
  • This process which is known as gasification, consists in the thermochemical conversion of biomass, shredded to chips, into a fuel gas, and is currently carried out by gasifier systems, as described above.
  • biosyngas in which biomass is entirely converted into H2 e CO, and also into CO2 and H2O.
  • Biosyngas is very similar in chemical nature to fossil-derived syngas, and may replace it in any application.
  • the water content of biomass is removed by evaporation, when biomass is introduced into the reaction chamber.
  • the biomass is decomposed, upon exposure to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.
  • Pyrolysis products are gases composed of CO, H2, CO2, CH4 and trace hydrocarbons.
  • the promotion of gasification over combustion is a particularly important aspect, because it allows the gasifier behavior to be adapted to the fuel.
  • the present invention meets the above mentioned needs by providing an electrical power generation system as described above, in which a control unit is provided for controlling the operation of at least one components of the system.
  • the control unit includes a detection system for detecting parameters indicative of the operation of one or more components of the system as well as processor means for processing data obtained by the detection system.
  • the detection system may consist of sensors provided in combination with one or more of the components of the system.
  • control unit which has an acquisition and management system for monitoring and optimizing the generation system.
  • a number of devices may be provided, which detect different parameters and are operable to control the operation of the whole system.
  • control may be carried out manually, with the supervision of a user: in this case the control unit shall have control input interfaces and interfaces for providing a feedback to a user about the instantaneous operation of the system.
  • the processor means are adapted to execute a logic program, whose execution allows automatic control of the operation of at least one of the components of the system.
  • the execution of the logic program allows the control unit to detect the operation of one or more components of the system on an instant-by-instant basis, and and to control such operation such that, for example, their efficiency will fall within a preset range of values.
  • the two control modes i.e. the automatic and manual modes may be also provided together.
  • each component may be controlled: for example, the amount of supplied biomass may be decreased or increased, the temperature and pressure may be changed, the opening and closing degree of system valves may be adjusted, etc.
  • the gasifier comprises an outer body which delimits a combustion chamber, which combustion chamber comprises at least one grate upon which fuel is placed and at least one fuel input compartment below the grate, as well as flame ignition means.
  • At least one outlet port is provided in the combustion chamber for the gases obtained therein, primary air inlet members being provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber below the grate.
  • the combustion chamber has a plurality of holes formed in the thickness of its walls, secondary air inlet members being provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber above the grate through said one or more holes.
  • the gasifier includes secondary air flow adjustment means, which comprise closing/opening means for closing/opening the holes, each hole being adapted to be opened/closed independently of the others, to change the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • the closing/opening means are controlled by the control unit.
  • the gasifier is the component the most influences the efficiency of the whole system because the characteristics and amount of operating fluid that is used downstream from the gasifier for electrical power generation depend on the adjustment of secondary air and fuel supply.
  • control unit may be used to control the variables of the system as the operating regimes of the gasifier change.
  • the flow adjustment means may consist of any member adapted to change the secondary air flow, and may comprise, for example means for changing the sizes of the holes.
  • gasification or combustion can be promoted according to the number of open holes, which allows the behavior of the gasifier to be adapted to particular requirements.
  • the change of the fluid dynamic conditions in the combustion chamber allows efficient burning of materials such as chicken droppings, whose combustion for energy production has poor results.
  • the closing/opening means may be formed in any known manner, for instance using valves, particularly poppet valves.
  • both primary and secondary air inlet means may consist of any device known in the art, such as fans or the like.
  • the holes are arranged along the walls of the combustion chamber at least at two different heights relative to the grate and at least at two different angles relative to the axis of the outlet port.
  • secondary air can be adjusted according to both the amount and the velocity of air introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • the air generated by the inlet means will obviously enter the combustion chamber at different velocities according to the holes through which it flows, and by adjusting the opening/closing state of a hole located higher than or at a different angle from another, the secondary air velocity may be increased and reduced, thereby directly affecting material combustion.
  • the opening/closing means may be actuated manually, preferably by transmitting controls through a control unit.
  • sensors may be provided, for detecting at least the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • sensors may be provided for detecting all parameters that influence the combustion process, such as primary air amount sensors, temperature sensors for sensing temperature at one or more areas of the combustion chambers, etc.
  • sensors affords the provision of an automatic hole opening/closing system: the sensors may measure the conditions in the combustion chamber at each instant and change the opening/closing state of the holes to obtain preset and predetermined parameters.
  • a particular important aspect, which has effects on the efficiency of the gasifier, is the presence of waste products deriving from the combustion process.
  • the above described gasifier configuration allows heat to be concentrated in a small space, which affords efficient combustion and reduced generation of waste products, which may anyway be expelled during the process, i.e. before solidification thereof, without affecting proper execution of the process.
  • the grate may be composed of at least two portions, at least one of which is supported to rotate relative to at least one axis, such that this portion can be rotated toward the fuel input compartment.
  • the grate preferably has more than one rotatably supported portion.
  • the grate may be designed to have a support structure, which support structure has grate moving means.
  • additional air inlet means may be provided, level with the fuel input compartment.
  • the gasifier is preferably connected to the supply fluid generation unit of the electrical power generation device through a post-combustion connection tube.
  • tertiary air inlet means may be provided in combination with the connection tube.
  • the electrical power generation system consists of a turbine connected to a transformer device for electrical power generation.
  • the turbine is driven by the gases produced by the supply fluid generation unit.
  • the supply fluid generation unit may use the gasifier output products to provide the operating fluid to drive the turbine.
  • the operating fluid may consist of hot or superheated water.
  • the supply fluid generation unit of the electrical power generation device comprises an superheated water generator.
  • the operating fluid may consist of the hot flue gas resulting from combustion/gasification in the gasifier.
  • the system includes one or more components in the device that operates the electrical power generation device for treating such hot flue gas before conveying them to an evaporator, for evaporation of a liquid which expands in the turbine thereby generating power.
  • each component is obviously aimed at optimizing hot flue gas treatment to maximize efficiency thereof, thereby increasing electrical power generation.
  • the supply fluid generation unit of the electrical power generation device comprises at least one attemperator device for controlling the temperature of the flue gas leaving the gasifier.
  • Controlling the temperature of the gasifier flue gas output is a critical aspect, both for system efficiency and safety and for protection of the components downstream from the gasifier.
  • the attemperator device also affords first flue gas dedusting and stabilization of reactions in and downstream from the device.
  • the treatment may be optimized by connecting the attemperator device to a flue-gas dedusting and mixing device for the flue gas leaving the attemperator device.
  • the supply fluid generation unit of at least one electrical power generation device comprises a recirculation circuit for recirculating the waste products of the electrical power generation device, such that at least part of the waste products are introduced into the dedusting and mixing device.
  • waste products preferably consist of the heat depleted flue gas that leaves the evaporator.
  • This recirculation circuit provides obvious advantages, in that it allows reuse of at least some of the waste products and the energy contained therein.
  • the dedusting and mixing device is connected to the electrical power generation device and to the waste product disposal circuit.
  • a valve system supervises such connection and changes its configuration.
  • the configuration of the system, and particularly the connection of the dedusting and mixing device may be changed.
  • the flue gas may be prevented from driving the turbine for power generation, based on its temperature. This is found to be a highly beneficial aspect, which reduces the wear of components by preventing their use under harsh conditions, such as high temperature.
  • this feature is of utmost importance for safety of the system, as it prevents the use of certain components at critical temperatures.
  • the present application further discloses a biomass gasifier comprising an outer body which delimits a combustion chamber, which includes at least one grate upon which fuel is placed and at least one fuel input compartment below the grate, as well as flame ignition means.
  • At least one outlet port is provided in the combustion chamber for the gases obtained therein, primary air inlet members being provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber below the grate.
  • a plurality of holes are also formed in the thickness of the walls of the combustion chamber, secondary air inlet members being further provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber above the grate through said one or more holes.
  • the gasifier particularly includes secondary air flow adjustment means, which comprise closing/opening means for closing/opening said holes, each hole being adapted to be opened/closed independently of the others, to change the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • secondary air flow adjustment means comprise closing/opening means for closing/opening said holes, each hole being adapted to be opened/closed independently of the others, to change the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • the gasifier may have one or more of the above described features concerning the system of the hovercraft of the present invention.
  • the gasifier is also connected to the superheated water generator via a post-combustion connection tube, tertiary air inlet means being provided in combination with the connection tube.
  • connection tube is mainly designed for the combustion of the carbon monoxide so formed.
  • the gasifier of the system includes one or more of the above described characteristics.
  • the inventive principle concerns the possibility of controlling the operation of the system of the present invention to optimize its efficiency and electrical power generation.
  • the electrical power generation system of the present invention comprises:
  • the supply device 1 supplies biomass to the gasifier 2.
  • the gasifier 2 is connected to the supply fluid generation unit 3 which uses the hot flue gas generated by the gasifier 2 to drive an electrical power generation device.
  • the electrical power generation device 4 may consist of a turbine connected to a transformer device for electrical power generation, the turbine being driven by the gases generated by the supply fluid generation unit 3.
  • the supply fluid generation unit 3 may consist of any device known in the art.
  • waste products of the electrical power generation process are finally ejected through the waste product disposal circuit 5.
  • the system of the present invention includes a control unit 6, for controlling the operation of at least one of the components of the system.
  • the control unit includes a detection system for detecting parameters indicative of the operation of one or more components of the system as well as processor means for processing data obtained by the detection system.
  • control unit 6 is connected to the gasifier 2 only, but it may be obviously have connections to one or more of the components of the system.
  • each component may have sensors of the detection system of the control unit 6, such that the control unit 6 may control any component of the system.
  • the detection system of the control unit 6 may include, for instance, sensors for measuring biomass moisture, pressure, temperature and flow rate in each component, pressure and temperature at the connections between components, and for detecting identification parameters of the operating fluids that circulate in the system and are adapted to drive the power generation device.
  • the processor means are adapted to execute a logic program, whose execution allows automatic control of the operation of at least one of the components of the system.
  • Figure 2a shows a possible embodiment of the gasifier 2 that is part of the system of the present invention.
  • the gasifier 2 of the present invention comprises an outer body that delimits a combustion chamber 2.
  • the combustion chamber 2 includes at least one grate 21 upon which fuel is placed, at least one fuel input compartment 22 being provided below the grate 21 and flame ignition means 23.
  • At least one outlet port being provided in the combustion chamber 2 for exhausting the gases and flue gas so obtained.
  • Primary air inlet members 24 are also provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber 2 below the grate 21.
  • the illustrated gasifier has a plurality of holes 25 formed in the thickness of the walls of the combustion chamber.
  • Secondary air inlet members 26 are also provided for introducing air into the combustion chamber 2 above the grate 21 through said one or more holes 25.
  • the gasifier also includes secondary air flow adjustment means.
  • these adjustment means comprise closing/opening means 27 for closing/opening the holes 25, each hole 25 being adapted to be opened/closed independently of the others, to change the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber 2.
  • the closing/opening means 27 may be adjusted through the control unit 6 to change the amount of secondary air and obtain the right supply of gases and flue gas at the outlet port to optimize electrical power generation.
  • control unit 6 may be arranged to act upon single, independent actuation of each valve.
  • sensors may be used to detect at least the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber 2.
  • the holes 25 are arranged along the walls of the combustion chamber 2 at least at two different heights relative to the grate 21 and at least at two different angles relative to the axis of the outlet port 24.
  • sensors may be used, for detecting at least the amount of secondary air introduced into the combustion chamber 2.
  • sensors 28 may be sensors designed for sensing temperature in the combustion chamber 2.
  • Figure 2b shows a first embodiment of the grate 21, including an inlet area 211 for receiving the fuel, which is then placed on the side walls 212 of the grate 21 that surround the inlet area 211.
  • the inlet area 211 communicates with the fuel input compartment 22.
  • Figures 3a to 3d show an embodiment of the grate 21 in the gasifier of the present invention, in which the grate 21 is composed of at least two portions, at least one of which is supported to rotate relative to at least one axis, such that this portion can be rotated toward the fuel input compartment 22.
  • the grate 21 is composed of three separate portions 213, 214, 215, which are adapted to be rotated to thereby create empty areas for the discharge of combustion waste products.
  • This type of grate is derived from the fixed grate design of such systems, which is "cut” into multiple folding sections 213, 214, 215, supported by horizontal spindles 223, 224, 225, allowing the rotation of the individual portions of the grate 21.
  • an ash removal system such as a motor-driven screw, having an automatic and air-tight operation
  • the actuation frequency depends on the biomass type and the difficulty of burning it.
  • the sections 212, 213 and 214 of the grate 21 are actuated at different times, such that embers are allowed to remain for a given time in the combustion chamber, for easy restart of the system.
  • the timing of the discharge process includes different and successive steps.
  • the screw temporarily stops for a given time for unimpeded discharge to occur. During this period, the biomass on the grate 21 continues to burn to extinction, for optimized operation and minimized losses from burning residues.
  • This rest period is a compromise between full combustion of the material in the burner and reduced thermal properties of the operating fluid.
  • the portions 213, 214 and 215 of the grate are opened, simultaneously or separately, for ash discharge.
  • Figures 4a to 4d show a variant embodiment of the grate 21.
  • the grate 21 has a support structure, which support structure has means for moving said grate 21.
  • the movements of the grate 21 are vibrations induced by the support structure.
  • the vibrating grate 21 consists of a circular perforated plate, upon which the biomass is placed with primary air being blown from below.
  • the grate 21 is coupled to a rigid cylindrical support structure 216, with two vibrating motors imparting a shaking motion and a centrifugal circular motion to the opposite ends of its circumference.
  • Such motors are arranged with different coaxial orientations, and the effect thereof, in combination with the vibration amplitude controlled by inverters according to the characteristics of the biomass being treated, i.e. its density and particle size, causes the residue to be expelled, whereas the biomass introduced into the grate continues its combustion process.
  • the two motors are mounted through connection flanges at the ends of the rigid cylindrical support structure 216, such that they remain outside the latter and allow ashes to be collected in the under-grate compartment 22.
  • the support structure 216 may in turn rest on a spring assembly, according to the weights of the system, which are accommodated in the under-grate compartment 22.
  • the springs are made of a special material capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 180/200°C.
  • Vibration frequencies, permanence times and feeding rates are controlled by appropriate calibration of the inverters, according to the characteristics of the biomass being burned. With this adjustment, a longer initial permanence time may be set, through a low feeding rate, for the fresh biomass that has just been introduced into the grate, to allow gasification thereof, whereas its product may be accelerated toward the periphery of the grate 21 in view of completing its transformation by combustion and final residue expulsion.
  • the frequency values are calibrated based on the knowledge of the time that the biomass must spend in the gas generator to complete its gasification, combustion and conversion into ash.
  • permanence time is divided into three parts, with the resulting time representing the time required for the biomass to complete a single centrifugal circular rotation on the vibrating grate 21, thereby running one third of its radius. Therefore, three full rotations are required for the biomass, converted into ash, to be on the outer expulsion channel.
  • the ashes are conveyed toward a circular channel at the edge of the grate 21 and fall by gravity therefrom through the slits 217, into a frustoconical section, and are removed from the system by means of a screw feeder.
  • the construction of the system includes vibrating motors rigidly joined to a box-like member which is connected to the circular rigid structure.
  • the latter has folded edges which increase its stiffness and transfer the vibrating motion to the grate 21.
  • the interior of the box-like member also has stiffening ribs.
  • the above described grate embodiments provide advantages for ash discharge into the area that underlies the grate 21 of the gasifier.
  • ashes may be removed from the gasifier with any method known in the art, a main difference being found between methods for wet ash removal and dry ash removal.
  • a loop seal is used, in association with a Redler conveyor.
  • dry ashes are removed through frustoconical section of the under-grate, in combination with a compartment with a discharge screw feeder through a flap valve or a rotary valve.
  • ashes are removed from the frustoconical collection section underlying the grate by opening a flap valve or a rotary valve, which have the purpose of maintaining the interior of the gasifier well separated from the outside.
  • ashes slide on the walls of the frustoconical collection section by the action of a vibrating motor, which is rigidly joined to the housing structure of the gasifier.
  • Figure 5a shows a first embodiment of the electrical power generation system of the present invention, in which the system comprises a fuel supply device 1, at least one gasifier 2 and at least one superheated water generator 31.
  • the gasifier 2 is connected to the superheated water generator 31 via a post-combustion connection tube 311, tertiary air inlet means 312 being provided in combination with the connection tube 311.
  • the system as shown in Figure 5a comprises:
  • the supply fluid generation unit 3 of the electrical power generation device is the three-pass superheated water generator 31.
  • the detection system of the control unit 6 may perform, for instance, the following measurements:
  • This system comprises:
  • the chips are loaded into the combustion chamber 2 by means of the dosing screw 1 at the center of the static grate 21 located within the refractory-lined chamber of the gasifier. Then, the fuel spreads symmetrically at both sides of the outlet flange. Any backflow of flue gas or backfire is prevented due to the presence of the fan 7 on the casing of the scree and adjacent to the outer wall of the gasifier. The air of this fan 7 will be considered as part of the primary air, by assuming that its supply will first be used to dry the material entering the combustion chamber 2.
  • the grate 21 has an under-grate compartment from which gasification/combustion ashes are intermittently removed, and from which primary air is blown into the combustion chamber 2 through the fan 24.
  • thermochemical process The balance of primary, secondary and tertiary air characterizes the thermochemical process in the areas 1 and 2.
  • the material that remains on the grate shall be considered as chip char, or similar to charcoal.
  • a non-negligible unburned carbon content is expected to be found in the "ashes" recovered from the grate.
  • the exact amount of this unburned carbon is a function of the time during which the char remains on the grate (depending on manual ash removal times), of the oxygen content (depending on the primary air that has been blown), and of the temperature of the ash bed (depending on flame radiation and on the exchange with the grate and the blown air).
  • the gasification products are mainly water, CO, H2, CO2.
  • the nitrogen introduced with air is deemed to be "inert” during gasification, whereas any trace of sulfur and chlorine remains in reduced form in the gasification area and are partly oxidized to SOx and HCl in the flame of Area 2.
  • composition of Table 1 will be used as a reference composition for the next calculations.
  • the secondary air is sucked into the room in which the system is installed, by the fan 41, is preheated by swirling around within the refractory lining of the burner and is blown into the chamber through the holes 25 arranged on the half-circle that is symmetric to the connection tube 31 with the pressurized water generator 3 and on the median plane thereof.
  • the coplanar arrangement of the holes 25 and their angular distance that causes the pitch-to-diameter ratio to be approximately 4-5 ensures an effect that is similar to planar jets, thereby allowing good turbulence and suction of gasification products, for combustion.
  • the fan 312 may have a dual purpose.
  • gasification prevails, the introduced oxygen completes the combustion of carbon monoxide, thereby considerably increasing temperatures and acting as a post-combustor.
  • the combustion process prevails, which is mostly completed in the combustion chamber 2 by the primary and secondary air inlet members, the oxygen percent remains in the oxidizing range, and contributes tto flame cooling, thereby preventing damages to the pressurized water generator.
  • thermochemical processes as described above occurs, but the combustion chamber may have various areas defined therein, which are characterized by the prevalence of one mechanism relative to another. Of course, the process is controlled by the balance and ratios of combustion airs.
  • the gasifier has a compact cylindrical shape having a height and a diameter with comparable values and a grate diameter ranging from 1000 mm and 160 mmm, preferably of 1300 mm.
  • the height ranges from 1500 mm and 2100 mm, and is preferably 1800 mm.
  • the grate 21 is placed above an ash compartment 22, in which a slide is also placed for moving the biomass upwards to the combustion chamber 2.
  • the under-grate compartment is also the volume in which primary (or gasification) air is blown through the fan 24.
  • the grate 21 is located in an environment surrounded by a refractory lining, preferably having a thickness of 20 cm.
  • the upper portion of the combustion chamber, Area 2 has the holes 25 for receiving the secondary air introduced by the fan 27, as required for combustion of the syngas formed in the lower portion of the combustion chamber 2, Area 1.
  • the holes 25 preferably have a diameter of 100 mm.
  • the fan 27 pushes air into a plenum chamber formed between the outer side of the refractory lining 25 and an outer wall of the outer body 11 ( Fig. 2a ).
  • the plenum chamber is formed with the holes 25, that may be adjusted by poppet valves.
  • the holes 25 are in front of the flame channel, which has a diameter of about 450 mm, and is the channel that emits the flame and the flue gas generated by both biomass combustion and syngas combustion.
  • Sensors may be further provided on each fan, for measuring the flow rates of the introduced air; the detections of such sensors are controlled by a control logic PID (derivative integral proportional control) to ensure the desired air-flue ratio.
  • PID derivative integral proportional control
  • the gasifier has such an overall length as to prevent undesired, uncontrolled bypasses of carbon monoxide from the combustion chamber 2 to the flame channel. This has further afforded an increase of the volume available for combustion and of the permanence times therein.
  • the various holes 25 have been placed at different heights and at different angles, to optimize the amount of secondary air to be introduced into the combustion chamber 2.
  • Figures 2c to 2f show a possible configuration:
  • Figure 2c shows a side view of the gasifier, with the holes 25 arranged at three different heights, and for each height level each hole 25 is placed with a different angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the outlet port 24, as shown in Figures 2d, 2e and 2f respectively.
  • the process occurring in the flame channel may be controlled to generate:
  • Figs. 6a and 6b show a further embodiment of the system of the present invention, namely as a perspective view and a functional block diagram.
  • the system of Figures 6a and 6b may have the same features as the system of Figure 5a , with the exception of a different embodiment of the supply fluid generation unit 3 of the electrical power generation device 4.
  • this unit 3 was a three-pass superheated water generator 31, whereas in Figures 6a and 6b the supply fluid generation unit 3 consists of a plurality of components and connections, as described below.
  • the gasifier 2 is connected to an attemperator device 32 for controlling the temperature of the flue gas leaving the gasifier 2.
  • the attemperator device 32 is connected to a flue-gas dedusting and mixing device 33 for the flue gas leaving the attemperator device 31.
  • the dedusting and mixing device 33 is connected to the electrical power generation device 4 and to the waste product disposal circuit 5.
  • the flue gas that leaves the gasifier 2 after undergoing the treatments associated with the attemperator device 32 and the dedusting and mixing device 33 may be used by the electrical power generation device 4 or be introduced into the waste product disposal circuit 5, according to given criteria.
  • a by-pass circuit 35 is thus provided, whereby the electrical power generation device 4 may be bypassed.
  • a valve system is provided between the dedusting and mixing device 33 and the electrical power generation device 4 and the waste product disposal circuit 5.
  • This valve system is preferably controlled by the control unit 6 as shown in Figure 1 .
  • the electrical power generation device 4 is a turbine or preferably an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) device 41, which is provided in combination with an evaporator 42 for evaporating the operating fluid that expands in the turbine, thereby generating power.
  • ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
  • At least part of the waste flue gas that leaves the evaporator 42 or the by-pass circuit 35 may be reused, instead of being expelled out of the waste product disposal circuit 5.
  • the illustrated embodiment includes a recirculation circuit 34 for the waste products of the electrical power generation device 4, which is adapted to introduce at least part of the waste products into the dedusting and mixing device 33 for reuse.
  • the recirculation circuit 34 connects the outlet of the evaporator 42 and the bypass circuit 35 to the outlet of the attemperator device 32 and may include pneumatic control systems 341 for opening or closing the circuit 34.
  • these pneumatic control systems 341 may be also controlled by the control unit 6.
  • Figure 7a shows the post-combustion connection tube 311.
  • Post-combustion occurs in a refractory-lined connection tube, which extends horizontally, i.e. parallel to the axis of the outlet of the gasifier 2 and interposed between the gasifier 2 and the attemperator device 32.
  • the tube 311 may have a length ranging from 2 m to 5 m.
  • the lining consists of a first inner layer of about 50 cm in contact with the flue gas, which is composed of alkaline earth silicate wool mized with inorganic and organic binders to obtain rigid tables having excellent insulation and stability properties at high temperatures.
  • the second lining consists of a calcium magnesium silicate sheet, which imparts excellent thermal and physical stability.
  • the last layer consists of about 125 mm bauxite-based concrete, with operating temperatures of 1600°C, and anchored to the covering structure.
  • Tertiary air is injected in this section, preferably in a swirl flow, using tertiary air inlet means 312, as shown in Figure 5a , which inject air through holes formed in the thickness of the wall of the connection tube 311.
  • Figures 7b and 7c show two views of the attemperator device 32 according to a possible embodiment.
  • the attemperator device 32 consists of a refractory-lined cylindrical body having an inlet conduit 321 at the bottom and an outlet conduit 322 on a plane near the cover 323.
  • the inlet 321 and outlet 322 are on different planes and are tangential and non-radial to the cylindrical geometry, to obtain a swirl flow.
  • the attemperator device 32 has multiple functions:
  • Figure 7d shows the channel that connects the attemperator device 32 to the recirculation node, or the attemperator device 32 to the recirculation circuit 34.
  • a T-joint 342 is provided for such connection, which is used to mix the primary flue gases directly obtained from the combustion of exhaust gas leaving the evaporator 42 of the ORC device 41, which are at 180/200°C. Due to such high temperatures, this section has a 120 mm inner refractory layer, consisting of a single bauxite-based concrete cast.
  • an additional straight section is provided downstream from the T-joint 342, for the two streams of flue gas at different temperatures to be mixed as homogeneously as possible.
  • the inlet of the dedusting and mixing device 33 is downstream from this section, which may have various lengths depending on space availability in the installation site.
  • the dedusting and mixing device 33 preferably consists of a cyclone or multicyclone for high temperatures, which influences the choice of the length of the upstream section. Since this segment is the first high-temperature segment, the pipe material in use is AISI 309 or the like.
  • the cyclone/multicyclone has the purpose of dedusting the hot gas flow and mixing it as thoroughly as possible such that low dust contents, as well as consistent inlet temperatures and heat outputs are found at the inlet of the exchanger of the ORC cycle. This purpose is achieved using a heat insulation with a ceramic fiber mat having a thickness of 25 mm and a second mineral wool layer having a thickness of 100 mm.
  • the system of the present invention may include a by-pass circuit 35 for bypassing the evaporator 42.
  • the hot flue gas that comes from the evaporator 42, under certain operating conditions or in certain transients with temperature peaks, may be diverted into the by-pass circuit 35, which consists of a pipe section directly downstream from the dedusting cyclone 33.
  • the by-pass circuit 35 is controlled by 2 basic elements consisting of 2 valves, a control valve 351 and a double-flap forced-air valve 352.
  • the control valve 351 preferably consists of a heavy-construction single-flap butterfly valve for demanding uses, made of AISI 316L. Its purpose is to control the amount of flue gas into the evaporator 42; if the heating load is higher than requested, then the control valve 351 opens and diverts part of the flue gas into the by-pass, thereby maintaining the requested load. Under steady operation conditions, the valve 351 remains closed and allows the flue gas to run through the section 354 at the inlet of the evaporator 42.
  • a double-flap butterfly valve 352 also operated by pneumatic control and having a seal air fan, with air being blown into the space between the two flaps.
  • the system ensures 100% tightness with the fan working.
  • the flue gas may be diverted into the bypass in either of the following modes: full-flow bypass, partial-flow bypass.
  • the flue gas must be cooled to prevent the downstream components to be exposed to high thermal stresses; this function is accomplished by a butterfly control valve 355, which is inserted in a 90° bypass circuit section 35, as shown in Figure 5h.
  • the valve 355 will open in proportion to the temperature that is sensed downstream from the section. Outside air is sucked in by the negative pressure in the line and shall allow temperature to remain under 270°C.
  • Figures 7i and 7l show a possible embodiment of the power generation device 4, which consist of an ORC device 41 in combination with an evaporator 42.
  • the evaporator 42 consists of a tube bundle with the operating fluid flowing therein and with the heat exchange between the flue gas and the fluid occurring within its covering structure.
  • the flue gas that flows into the connecting structure at the top flows through the entire body of the component and comes out of the bottom via a trapezoidal square-round connection.
  • the construction is completed by a 100 mm mineral wool and ceramic fiber insulation, for proper exchange, an ash removal system which may consist of a double flap valve or an inclined screw feeder and a rotary valve, and a hydraulic system for cleaning the bundle in the case of the evaporator 42 by steel brushes.
  • the system of the present invention is equipped with a system for thermal recovery of the sensible heat of hot gases that leave the evaporator 42, which consists of the recirculation circuit 34, to increase to overall efficiency of the system.
  • the recirculation circuit 34 is also particularly useful to control temperature at the inlet of the evaporator.
  • the flue gas is extracted by a dedicated centrifugal fan between having a belt drive between the motor and the fan; the gases fall in the temperature range from 180 to 200°C, and may be mixed with outside air by the action of a valve block 341, as shown in Figure 5m, which is composed of:
  • valve block 341 is connected both to the recirculation circuit and to the waste product disposal circuit 5.
  • a control valve similar to the above described control valve may be provided downstream from the valve block 341, i.e. between the valve block 341 and the disposal circuit 5, for controlling the passage of outside air to be mixed with high-temperature gases.
  • the disposal circuit 5 preferably consists of a waste product carrying duct 5, which connects a filter section 52 to a stack 53.
  • the flue gas that leaves the evaporator 42 has undergone two special dedusting treatments by the attemperator device 32 and the cyclone/multicyclone 33, and a last indirect treatment once it has flown past the tube bundle of the evaporator 42.
  • the system is equipped with different flue gas treatment systems according to the biomass or byproduct introduced into the combustion process:
  • the flue gas can be later vented through a circular double-walled stack 53 having a high-density heat insulation.
  • the construction has been conceived to minimize condensation and maintain a high flue gas velocity, with an adequate rain cap at its end, to limit the formation of dirty plumes.
  • an additional fan may be provided, both for the system of Figure 3 and for the system of Figures 4a and 4b , for sucking in the flue gas produced by combustion and ensuring that a negative pressure is maintained in the flue gas line.
  • This fan is preferably a high-temperature resistant belt-driven centrifugal fan, with fabric expansion joints at both suction and delivery sides.
  • control unit 6 has processor means for executing a logic program.
  • It can also comprise input/output interfaces and at least one display interface, for a user to monitor the operation of the system and possibly control it.
  • UF1 follows and adapts the amount of air introduced into the area underlying the grate 21 according to the oxygen content detected at the flue gas, by "leaning”, i.e. by increasing the amount of air if the 4.5% oxygen target has not been reached, or by "enriching”, i.e. reducing the introduction of air if the same 4.5% oxygen target has been exceeded at the flue gas.
  • OV1 and OV2 will be proportional to UF1, and follow the experimental lines as shown in Figure 8 .
  • the SP for Tflame at the inlet of the attemperator is set to 1150 °C, to increase the speed of the screw and reach the steady operation power. As soon as this SP of 1150°C for Tflame is attained, it will be maintained.
  • the automation will adjust the speed of the fan OV2, which will start to change the amount of air to be introduced, i.e. to reduce it; the limit therefor is free and might tend to zero.
  • control unit 6 has a system for detecting the identification parameters of the various components of the system of the present invention.
  • control unit will be able to generate alarm signals if the detected parameters do not meet certain threshold values.
  • alarm signals may be of any known type; they may be, for instance, audible alarm signals, or notices via SMS, e-mail or the like.
  • control unit may assign a priority to alarms, for automatic lock or adjustment of each component of the system.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Elektrisches Stromerzeugungssystem, das Folgendes umfasst:
    mindestens eine Brennstoffversorgungsvorrichtung (1),
    mindestens einen Vergaser (2),
    wobei der Vergaser (2) mit mindestens einer Versorgungsfluiderzeugungseinheit (3) einer elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung (4) verbunden ist,
    wobei ferner ein Abfallproduktentsorgungskreis (5) bereitgestellt ist,
    wobei eine Steuereinheit (6) zum Steuern des Betriebs von mindestens einer der Komponenten des Systems bereitgestellt ist,
    wobei die Steuereinheit (6) ein Detektionssystem zum Detektieren von Parametern, die den Betrieb von einer oder mehreren Komponenten des Systems anzeigen, sowie ein Prozessormittel zum Verarbeiten von Daten, die vom Detektionssystem erhalten werden, beinhaltet,
    wobei das Prozessormittel angepasst ist, ein Logikprogramm auszuführen, dessen Ausführung die automatische Steuerung des Betriebs von mindestens einer der Komponenten des Systems erlaubt,
    wobei der Vergaser (2) einen äußeren Körper (20) umfasst, der eine Brennkammer begrenzt, wobei die Brennkammer mindestens ein Gitter (21) umfasst, auf dem Brennstoff platziert ist, wobei unter dem Gitter (21) mindestens ein Brennstoffeingaberaum (22) und ein Flammenentzündungsmittel (23) bereitgestellt sind, wobei in der Brennkammer mindestens ein Auslassanschluss zum Abführen der so erhaltenen Gase bereitgestellt ist,
    wobei Primärlufteinlasselemente (24) zum Einleiten von Luft in die Brennkammer unter dem Gitter (21) bereitgestellt sind,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    eine Vielzahl von Löchern (25) in der Dicke der Wände der Brennkammer gebildet sind,
    wobei zum Einleiten von Luft durch das eine oder die mehreren Löcher (25) in die Brennkammer Sekundärlufteinlasselemente (26) über dem Gitter (21) bereitgestellt sind, wobei ferner ein Sekundärluftstromanpassungsmittel bereitgestellt ist, wobei das Anpassungsmittel ein Schließ-/Öffnungsmittel (27) zum Schließen/Öffnen der Löcher (25) umfasst, wobei jedes Loch (25) angepasst ist, unabhängig von den anderen geöffnet/geschlossen zu werden, um die Menge Sekundärluft, die in die Brennkammer eingeleitet wird, zu ändern, wobei die Löcher (25) mindestens in zwei verschiedenen Höhen relativ zum Gitter (21) und in mindestens zwei verschiedenen Winkeln relativ zur Achse des Auslassanschlusses (24) entlang den Wänden angeordnet sind.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Gitter (21) aus mindestens zwei Abschnitten besteht, wobei mindestens ein Abschnitt davon gestützt wird, um sich relativ zu mindestens einer Achse zu drehen, derart, dass der Abschnitt zum Brennstoffeingaberaum (22) hin gedreht werden kann.
  3. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Gitter (21) eine Stützstruktur (216) aufweist, wobei die Stützstruktur (216) ein Mittel zum Bewegen des Gitters (21) aufweist.
  4. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Vergaser (2) über ein Nachverbrennungsverbindungsrohr (311) mit der Versorgungsfluiderzeugungseinheit (3) der elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung verbunden ist,
    wobei in Kombination mit dem Verbindungsrohr (311) ein Tertiärlufteinlassmittel (312) bereitgestellt ist.
  5. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Versorgungsfluiderzeugungseinheit (3) der elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung einen Wasserüberhitzungserzeuger (31) umfasst.
  6. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Versorgungsfluiderzeugungseinheit (3) der elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung mindestens eine Kühlvorrichtung (32) zum Steuern der Temperatur des Rauchgases, das den Vergaser (2) verlässt, umfasst.
  7. System nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Kühlvorrichtung (32) mit einer Rauchgasentstaubungs- und -mischvorrichtung (33) für das Rauchgas, das die Kühlvorrichtung (32) verlässt, verbunden ist.
  8. System nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Versorgungsfluiderzeugungseinheit (3) mindestens einer elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung einen Rückführkreis (34) zum Rückführen der Abfallprodukte der elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung (4) umfasst, derart, dass mindestens ein Teil der Abfallprodukte in die Entstaubungs- und Mischvorrichtung (33) eingeleitet wird.
  9. System nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Entstaubungs- und Mischvorrichtung (33) mit der elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung (4) und dem Abfallproduktentsorgungskreis (5) verbunden ist,
    wobei ein Ventilsystem zum Steuern der Verbindung zur elektrischen Stromerzeugungsvorrichtung (4) und zum Abfallproduktentsorgungskreis (5) bereitgestellt ist.
EP15720425.6A 2014-03-24 2015-03-23 Stromerzeugungssystem Active EP3122844B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITGE20140030 2014-03-24
ITGE20140033 2014-04-02
PCT/IB2015/052106 WO2015145328A2 (en) 2014-03-24 2015-03-23 Electrical power generation system

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EP3122844B1 true EP3122844B1 (de) 2020-11-11

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CN111727347A (zh) 2017-09-11 2020-09-29 艾罗创新公司 改进基于固体燃料燃烧过程的反馈控制的动态热释放计算

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US20110232191A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2011-09-29 Community Power Corporation Method and apparatus for automated, modular, biomass power generation

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US5138957A (en) * 1991-05-15 1992-08-18 Biotherm Energy Systems, Inc. Hot gas generation system for producing combustible gases for a burner from particulate solid organic biomass material
US5688296A (en) * 1992-12-30 1997-11-18 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Control system for IGCC's
US20030221432A1 (en) * 2002-06-03 2003-12-04 Tucker Ronald M. Solid fuel combustion method and apparatus for the conversion of waste into useful energy
US20110232191A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2011-09-29 Community Power Corporation Method and apparatus for automated, modular, biomass power generation
US20100040510A1 (en) * 2008-08-18 2010-02-18 Randhava Sarabjit S Method for converting biomass into synthesis gas using a pressurized multi-stage progressively expanding fluidized bed gasifier followed by an oxyblown autothermal reformer to reduce methane and tars

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