EP3065140A1 - Verfahren zur auflösung eines metalls, und umsetzung zur einbindung dieses metalls in ein geopolymer - Google Patents

Verfahren zur auflösung eines metalls, und umsetzung zur einbindung dieses metalls in ein geopolymer Download PDF

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EP3065140A1
EP3065140A1 EP16158296.0A EP16158296A EP3065140A1 EP 3065140 A1 EP3065140 A1 EP 3065140A1 EP 16158296 A EP16158296 A EP 16158296A EP 3065140 A1 EP3065140 A1 EP 3065140A1
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Prior art keywords
metal
medium
hydroxide
zero
process according
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French (fr)
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EP3065140B1 (de
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David Lambertin
Frédéric GOETTMANN
Fabien Frizon
Adrien Blachere
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/30—Processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/30—Processing
    • G21F9/301—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
    • G21F9/302—Processing by fixation in stable solid media in an inorganic matrix
    • G21F9/304—Cement or cement-like matrix

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the technical field of the disposal and packaging of waste such as metal nuclear waste containing in particular a metal with a degree of oxidation of zero such as magnesium metal.
  • the present invention provides a method of stabilizing a metal at an optionally radioactive zero oxidation state such as optionally radioactive metal magnesium by an oxidation step in a molten salt such as a hydroxide medium.
  • the mixture thus obtained can be subsequently used for conditioning in a geopolymeric mineral matrix.
  • UNGG nuclear facilities for "Natural Uranium - Graphite - Gas" are based on cooled and natural graphite modulated natural uranium reactors.
  • the fissile material used is a natural uranium in metallic form
  • the cladding material is made of magnesium metal, in particular in the form of an alloy.
  • the carbonic dissolution process is, however, a slow process that generates effluents that are not rich in magnesium and therefore a large volume of effluents.
  • the dissolution of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate is very limited.
  • the inventors have set themselves the goal of proposing a method for the stabilization of magnesium metal which avoids or even prevents the disadvantages of the processes of the prior art. More particularly, the inventors have set themselves the goal of proposing a process for the stabilization of magnesium metal generating little or no liquid effluent, presenting less risk for equipment and personnel in charge of this stabilization and likely to be put in place. implemented in compact installations and with fast kinetics.
  • the present invention solves the technical problems of magnesium metal stabilization processes and achieve the goals set by the inventors.
  • the present invention is remarkable because, from the results obtained for the stabilization of magnesium metal, it is generalizable to many other metals.
  • the medium used during the pyrochemical process is an oxidizing medium for treating many metals more reducing than said medium.
  • this conditioning can be performed on many metals.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing a medium comprising at least one metal hydroxide comprising putting a metal at a zero oxidation state in contact with a medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type, in the presence a more oxidizing element than said metal at an oxidation state of zero, whereby a medium comprising at least one metal hydroxide is obtained.
  • This process is also defined herein as a pyrochemical process. Similarly, this process can be defined as a method of dissolving or solubilizing a metal at an oxidation state of zero.
  • this metal with an oxidation state of zero is usable in the context of the process according to the present invention.
  • this metal with a degree of oxidation of zero typically belongs to the elements that it is desired to stabilize and condition, especially in the context of the disposal and treatment of metallic nuclear waste.
  • the metal at an oxidation state of zero is selected from the group consisting of magnesium metal, aluminum metal, a metal actinide, one of their alloys or a mixture thereof.
  • the metal with a zero oxidation state is selected from the group consisting of magnesium metal, aluminum metal, uranium metal, neptunium metal, actinium metal, thorium metal, plutonium metal , americium metal, curium metal, one of their alloys or a mixture thereof.
  • alloy is meant both an alloy of two different metals mentioned in any of the above lists than an alloy of a metal cited in any of the above lists with a metal not present. in these lists.
  • mixing is meant a mixture of at least two different metals mentioned in any of the above lists.
  • the metal at an oxidation state of zero is magnesium metal either in the form of pure metal magnesium or in the form of a magnesium metal alloy.
  • a magnesium metal alloy is more particularly selected from the group consisting of magnesium / aluminum, magnesium / zirconium and magnesium / manganese. In these alloys, the amount of magnesium is greater than 80%, 90% and 95% expressed by weight relative to the total mass of the alloy.
  • magnesium metal and “magnesium metal” are equivalent and can be used interchangeably. The same is true for all the other metals mentioned in the lists above.
  • the metal with an oxidation degree of zero and in particular magnesium metal are advantageously contained in a technological waste coming from a dismantling workshop of a UNGG type installation or from a dismantling, operating and maintenance or maintenance of a MAGNOX type installation.
  • the metal at a zero oxidation state is in solid form of the powders, fines, deposit, fragment or piece type.
  • the latter can have a very variable size and shape.
  • the maximum size that a fragment or piece of metal can present at an oxidation state of zero is between 0.1 cm and 150 cm, in particular between 1 cm and 100 cm and, in particular, between 2 cm and 50 cm. cm.
  • intermediate comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type is meant an anhydrous liquid resulting from the melting of at least one salt of the hydroxide type.
  • the medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type used in the process according to the present invention consists only of a molten salt of the hydroxide type such as, for example, potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lead hydroxide (Pb (OH) 2 ).
  • KOH potassium hydroxide
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • Pb (OH) 2 lead hydroxide
  • the medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type used in the process according to the present invention may be an eutectic mixture.
  • eutectic mixing is meant a mixture of at least two products in defined proportions having physico-chemical characteristics essentially identical to those of a single product or “pure body”.
  • Such a eutectic mixture may be binary and therefore consist of a mixture of two products but may also contain more than two products. Note that It may be advantageous to use such a eutectic mixture to obtain a melting temperature below the melting temperature of at least one of the products present in the mixture and used alone.
  • a eutectic mixture that may be used in the context of the present invention may comprise at least two different molten salts of hydroxide type.
  • such a eutectic mixture may be a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH) 2 ), in particular a mixture of KOH + Mg (OH) 2 with the KOH present in a weight percentage of 65 to 95%, advantageously 70 to 90% and the Mg (OH) 2 present in a weight percentage of 5 to 35%, advantageously 10 to 30%, the mass percentages being expressed relative to to the total mass of the mixture.
  • KOH potassium hydroxide
  • Mg (OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide
  • a more particular example of hydroxide mixtures that can be used in the context of the present invention is a mixture of KOH at 80% by weight and Mg (OH) 2 at 20% by weight, the mass percentages being expressed relative to the total mass of the product. mixed.
  • an eutectic mixture that may be used in the context of the present invention may comprise at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type and at least one other molten salt different from a hydroxide and in particular such as a salt.
  • melted chloride, fluoride, nitrate or carbonate melted chloride, fluoride, nitrate or carbonate.
  • the mixture obtained should remain compatible with a subsequent use to prepare an immobilization matrix.
  • the contacting of the metal at an oxidation state of zero with the medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type is in the presence of a more oxidizing element than said metal at an oxidation state of zero.
  • the metal with a degree of oxidation of zero is oxidized and converted into a metal having a degree of oxidation greater than zero and typically a degree of oxidation of 1, 2 , 3 or 4.
  • the metal having a degree of oxidation greater than zero is therefore in ionic form in the medium comprising at least one molten hydroxide salt and is capable of forming a metal hydroxide salt with the hydroxide ions present in said medium.
  • Any element more oxidizing than said metal at an oxidation state of zero is usable within the scope of the present invention.
  • Those skilled in the art can find from such reference works such an element, once the metal has an oxidation degree of zero known. It is also easy for a person skilled in the art to determine and identify by routine tests an element which is more oxidizing than a metal with an oxidation state of zero, once this latter is known.
  • the more oxidizing said metal element to a degree of zero oxidation is water.
  • This water may be in the form of a moist, neutral gas.
  • moist neutral gas is meant a neutral or inert gas, i.e. a gas not reacting with the various compounds with which it is in contact, charged with water vapor.
  • the neutral gas may be a rare gas, i.e. a gas consisting of a member selected from helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon and a mixture thereof.
  • the neutral gas is a rare gas, the latter is advantageously argon.
  • the rare gases are particularly advantageous in that they do not dissolve in the medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type, and therefore do not bring new elements into this medium, which does not increase the volume of this medium. It is understood that for the purposes of the invention, this rare gas is charged with water vapor.
  • the neutral gas charged with water vapor may also be nitrogen charged with water vapor.
  • the water vapor content contained in the neutral gas and the flow rate with which it is brought into contact with the medium comprising at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type so that inducing the oxidation of the metal to an oxidation state of zero and, from this oxidized metal, the formation of metal hydroxide.
  • the water used as a more oxidizing element than the metal at an oxidation state of zero may be added to the medium containing at least one molten salt of the hydroxide type.
  • This variant can be implemented using at least one of the salts used to prepare the medium comprising at least one molten salt of hydroxide type, under form of a hydrated salt and / or adding water to the medium comprising at least one molten salt hydroxide type, once the latter prepared.
  • This water can also be tap water, deionized water, distilled water or ultrapure water (18.2 M ⁇ ).
  • the amount of salt (s) hydrated (s) and / or the amount of water to be used in the medium comprising at least one molten salt of hydroxide type so as to induce the oxidation of the metal to an oxidation state of zero and, from this oxidized metal, the formation of metal hydroxide.
  • the element that is more oxidizing than said metal at an oxidation state of zero is a metal cation that is more oxidizing than the metal at an oxidation degree of zero, said metal cation being present in the medium. comprising at least one molten salt of hydroxide type.
  • more oxidant means a metal element or cation belonging to a redox couple more oxidizing than the redox couple formed by the metal at an oxidation state of zero and its corresponding cation.
  • the metal cation when the metal at an oxidation state of zero is magnesium metal, the metal cation may be Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Pb 2+ or Cu 2+ .
  • This metal cation may be present in the medium in the form of a molten salt of hydroxide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate or carbonate.
  • the pyrochemical process is carried out in the context of the present invention at atmospheric pressure (i.e. at 1013 hPa) and at a moderate temperature.
  • “Moderate temperature” means a temperature between 100 ° C and 400 ° C, and in particular between 150 ° C and 350 ° C.
  • the temperature is chosen so that the salt (s) present in the reaction medium are in the form of salt (s) melt (s). So the man from profession will determine the most suitable reaction temperature depending on the salt (s) present (s) in this medium.
  • the pyrochemical process is carried out for a time sufficient to obtain complete dissolution of the metal at a zero oxidation state in the medium comprising at least one molten salt of hydroxide type.
  • This duration is therefore a function of the size of the powders, the fines, the deposit, the fragment or the piece of the metal at an oxidation degree of zero. It can be determined macroscopically by following the disappearance of said powders, fines, deposit, fragment is piece in said medium. Alternatively, this time can be extrapolated by routine tests as presented in Example 1 below and used to determine the corrosion rate of said metal at an oxidation state of zero in said reaction medium.
  • the medium obtained as a result of the pyrochemical process according to the invention may comprise, in addition to a salt of the metal hydroxide type (ie hydroxide of the cation corresponding to the metal at an oxidation degree of zero), one or more other element (s).
  • (S) such (s) as a molten salt of the hydroxide type initially present in said medium and optionally a molten salt of the chloride, fluoride, nitrate or carbonate type.
  • the process for conditioning a metal having a degree of oxidation of zero involves the use of a pyrochemical process as defined above to prepare a medium comprising at least one salt of the metal hydroxide type, ie the hydroxide of the metal. in oxidized form and use of this medium to prepare an activation solution as defined in the field of geopolymers.
  • geopolymer or “geopolymer matrix” is meant in the context of the present invention a solid and porous material in the dry state, obtained following the hardening of a mixture containing finely ground materials (ie the alumino-silicate source ) and a saline solution (ie the activating solution), said plastic mixture being able to set and harden over time.
  • This mixture may also be referred to as "geopolymeric mixture” or “geopolymeric composition”.
  • the hardening of the geopolymer is the result of the dissolution / polycondensation of the finely ground materials of the geopolymeric mixture in a saline solution such as a high pH salt solution (i.e. the activating solution).
  • a geopolymer or geopolymer matrix is an amorphous aluminosilicate inorganic polymer.
  • Said polymer is obtained from a reactive material essentially containing silica and aluminum (ie the aluminosilicate source), activated by a strongly alkaline solution, the solid / solution weight ratio in the formulation being low.
  • the structure of a geopolymer is composed of an Si-O-Al lattice formed of silicate (SiO 4 ) and aluminate (AlO 4 ) tetrahedra bound at their vertices by oxygen atom sharing.
  • charge compensation cation also called compensation cation (s) which make it possible to compensate for the negative charge of the AlO 4 - complex.
  • Said cation (s) of compensation is (are) advantageously chosen from the group consisting of alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb ) and cesium (Cs), alkaline earth metals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) and mixtures thereof.
  • step (a) corresponds to a pyrochemical process as defined above.
  • step (a) of the packaging process corresponds to step (a) of the packaging process.
  • Step (b) consists in reducing the medium comprising at least one salt of the metal hydroxide type to ambient temperature (i.e. at a temperature of between 23 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C.).
  • the temperature of the medium following step (a) is advantageously between 100 ° C. and 400 ° C., and in particular between 150 ° C. and 350 ° C. This cooling leads to solidification, and the cooled medium obtained after step (b) is a solid medium.
  • an alkaline solution and in particular a strongly alkaline solution ie a high-pH salt solution is prepared from the cooled solid medium obtained following the step ( b) the method, by putting said medium in contact with water.
  • water is meant, in the context of the present invention, both tap water, deionized water, distilled water and ultra-pure water (18.2 M ⁇ ), all these waters possibly being basic.
  • activating solution high pH saline solution
  • high alkaline solution high alkaline solution
  • strongly alkaline or “high pH” means a solution whose pH is greater than 9, especially greater than 10, in particular greater than 11 and more particularly greater than 12.
  • the activation solution has a concentration of OH - greater than 0.01 M, in particular greater than 0.1 million, particularly greater than 1M and, in particular, between 5 and 20 M. the skilled artisan will determine by routine work, the appropriate amount of water to be added to the cooled solid medium to obtain an alkaline solution of the activation solution type.
  • the activation solution is defined as a strongly alkaline aqueous solution which may optionally contain silicate components in particular selected from the group consisting of silica, colloidal silica and vitreous silica.
  • silicate component (s) in particular chosen from the group consisting of silica, colloidal silica and vitreous silica in step (c) of the process according to the invention.
  • This addition can be carried out using water containing one or more of these silicate components or by adding one or more of these silicate components to the solution obtained following the dissolution of the solid medium cooled in water.
  • the latter (s) is (are) present in an amount of between 100 mM and 10 mM. M, especially between 500 mM and 8 M and, in particular, between 1 and 6 M in the alkaline solution.
  • Step (c) of the packaging process according to the invention can be carried out with stirring using a kneader, a stirrer, a magnetic bar, an ultrasonic bath or a homogenizer, in order to facilitate the dissolution of the solid cooled medium. and any mixing with the silicate components.
  • the dissolution / mixing / kneading process during the sub-step (c) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a relatively high speed.
  • relatively high speed means, in the context of the present invention, a speed greater than 250 rpm, especially greater than or equal to 350 rpm.
  • Step (c) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature for a duration greater than 6 ° C. h, especially greater than 10 h, in particular between 10 h and 48 h and, more particularly, between 12 h and 36 h.
  • Step (d) of the process according to the invention consists in bringing into contact the alkaline solution prepared in step (c) and an aluminosilicate source.
  • reactive material containing essentially silica and aluminum and “aluminosilicate source” are, in the present invention, similar and usable interchangeably.
  • the reactive material containing essentially silica and aluminum that can be used to prepare the geopolymer matrix used in the context of the invention is advantageously a solid source containing amorphous aluminosilicates.
  • amorphous alumino-silicates are chosen in particular from natural alumino-silicate minerals such as illite, stilbite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, andalusite, bentonite, kyanite, milanite, grovenite, amesite, cordierite, feldspar, allophane, etc .; calcined natural aluminosilicate minerals such as metakaolin; synthetic glasses based on pure aluminosilicates; aluminous cement; pumice; calcined by-products or industrial mining residues such as fly ash and blast furnace slags respectively obtained from the burning of coal and during the processing of cast iron ore in a blast furnace; and mixtures thereof.
  • the alumino-silicate source can be poured in one or more times on the alkaline solution.
  • the alumino-silicate source may be sprinkled onto the alkaline solution.
  • step (d) of the process according to the invention is carried out in a kneader in which the alkaline solution has been introduced beforehand.
  • a kneader known to those skilled in the art can be used in the context of the present invention.
  • Step (d) of the process according to the invention therefore comprises a mixing or kneading of the alkaline solution with the aluminosilicate source.
  • the mixing / kneading during step (d) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a relatively slow speed.
  • relatively slow speed is meant, in the context of the present invention, a rotational speed of the rotor of the mixer less than or equal to 250 rpm, especially greater than or equal to 50 rpm and, in particular, included between 100 and 250 rpm.
  • the stirring speed is 200 rpm.
  • Step (d) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature for a duration greater than 2 ° C. min, especially between 4 min and 1 h and in particular between 5 min and 30 min.
  • the mass ratio alkaline solution / MK with alkaline solution representing the mass of solid cooled product obtained following step (b) + the water added in step (c) + optionally the silicated component (s) (expressed in g) and MK representing the alumino-silicate source mass (expressed in g) used is advantageously between 0.6 and 2 and in particular between 1 and 1, 7.
  • sand, granulate and / or fines may optionally be added to the alkaline solution during said step (d) of the process according to the invention.
  • granulate is meant a granular material, natural, artificial or recycled, the average grain size is advantageously between 10 and 125 mm.
  • the fines also called “fillers” or “addition fines” is a dry product, finely divided, resulting from the size, sawing or work of natural rocks, aggregates as previously defined and ornamental stones.
  • the fines have an average grain size in particular of between 5 and 200 ⁇ m.
  • the sand, the granulate and / or the fines are (are) added (e) to better regulate the rise in temperature during step (d) of the process but also to optimize the physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer obtained.
  • the sand possibly added during step (d) may be calcareous sand or siliceous sand.
  • it is a siliceous sand that achieves the best results in terms of optimizing the physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer obtained.
  • the term "siliceous sand” is intended to mean sand that is more than 90%, in particular more than 95%, in particular greater than 98%, and more particularly more than 99%. of silica (SiO 2 ).
  • the siliceous sand used in the present invention advantageously has a mean grain size in particular of less than 10 mm, in particular less than 7 mm and in particular less than 4 mm.
  • a siliceous sand having a mean grain size of between 0.2 and 2 mm can be used.
  • the mass ratio between sand and alumino-silicate source is between 2/1 and 1/2, in particular between 1.5 / 1 and 1 / 1.5 and, in particular, between 1.2 / 1 and 1 / 1.2.
  • Step (e) of the process according to the invention consists in subjecting the mixture obtained in step (d) to conditions allowing the geopolymeric mixture to harden.
  • the conditions for curing during step (e) advantageously comprise a curing step optionally followed by a drying step.
  • the curing step can be done in the open air, under water, in various hermetic molds, by humidifying the atmosphere surrounding the geopolymeric mixture or by applying an impervious coating on said mixture.
  • This curing step may be carried out under a temperature of between 10 and 80 ° C., in particular between 20 and 60 ° C. and in particular between 30 and 40 ° C. and may last between 1 and 40 days, or even longer. . It is obvious that the duration of the cure depends on the conditions implemented during the latter and the skilled person will be able to determine the most suitable duration, once the conditions defined and possibly by routine tests.
  • the curing step may optionally include a drying step, in addition to the curing step.
  • This drying can be carried out at a temperature of between 30 and 90 ° C., in particular between 40 and 80 ° C. and in particular between 50 and 70 ° C., and can last between 6 hours and 10 days, in particular between 12 hours and 5 hours. days and, in particular, between 24 and 60 h.
  • the latter prior to the hardening of the geopolymeric mixture, the latter can be placed in molds so as to give it a predetermined shape following this hardening.
  • the geopolymer obtained following the packaging process according to the present invention contains the metal to be packaged in particular in oxidized form and possibly acting as a compensation cation as previously defined.
  • the Figure 1 is a top view of the reactor in which the MgZr fin is immersed in the molten hydroxide during oxidation. Gas bubbles that emanate uniformly from the melt are visible, probably from hydrogen evolution and wet argon bubbling.
  • magnesium metal chips After determining the dissolution kinetics of massive MgZr, a dissolution and immobilization test of magnesium metal chips was carried out in the KOH + Mg (OH) 2 hydroxide mixture (80/20% by mass) at 230 ° C. while maintaining a low pH 2 O (acid medium) by bubbling argon saturated with water.
  • the magnesium chips have a specific surface area of 0.028 m 2 / g.
  • the hydroxide salt block of the Figure 4D was then used to prepare the geopolymer activation solution ( Figure 4E ).
  • the composition of the geopolymer paste is shown in Table 1 below: ⁇ u> Table 1: Composition of the geopolymer prepared from the dissolution of magnesium metal and results of the mechanical resistances and dimensional variations at 28 days ⁇ / u> Mass (in g) Rm / V dim (under air) Rm / V dim (under bag) Rm / V dim (under water) water 354 46 MPa 51 MPa 50 M Pa KOH 184 1 -1075 ⁇ m / m -343 ⁇ m / m -775 ⁇ m / m SiO 2 118 metakaolin 435
  • the amount of potassium hydroxide 1 comes exclusively from the block of magnesium dissolution salt in KOH + Mg (OH) 2 .
  • Magnesium hydroxide has not been taken into account in the calculation of the geopolymer formulation, therefore the final composition of the geopolymer is: 1K 2 O, 1 Al 2 O 3 , 3.6 SiO 2 , 12 H 2 O + excess of Mg (OH) 2
  • test pieces ( Figure 4F ) were kept with the three modes of preservation (water, air, bag) for 28 days.
  • the results in compression and dimensional variations are reported in Table 1. It appears that the geopolymer pastes have very good mechanical properties at 28 days and are well above the requirements of 8MPa requested by ANDRA for the packaging of homogeneous waste.

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EP16158296.0A 2015-03-05 2016-03-02 Verfahren zur auflösung eines metalls, und umsetzung zur einbindung dieses metalls in ein geopolymer Active EP3065140B1 (de)

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FR1551877A FR3033444B1 (fr) 2015-03-05 2015-03-05 Procede de dissolution d'un metal et mise en œuvre pour conditionner ledit metal dans un geopolymere.

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Cited By (1)

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CN115011957A (zh) * 2022-05-09 2022-09-06 桂林理工大学 利用碱热法在镁合金表面制备氢氧化镁与二氧化硅复合薄膜的方法及得到的镁合金材料

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GB2437864A (en) 2007-03-20 2007-11-07 Malcolm Brody Rapid and Selective Dissolution of Magnesium Alloy
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IGOR N SKRYPTUN ET AL: "CORROSION OF MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM AND TITANIUM IN ALKALINE-SALT MELTS", 31 December 1981 (1981-12-31), XP055230536, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.electrochem.org/dl/ma/201/pdfs/1433.pdf> [retrieved on 20151123] *
SQUIRES; HOTCHKISS: "Carbonate dissolution process for the management of Magnox fuel element debris", WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, 1986, pages 273 - 279

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115011957A (zh) * 2022-05-09 2022-09-06 桂林理工大学 利用碱热法在镁合金表面制备氢氧化镁与二氧化硅复合薄膜的方法及得到的镁合金材料

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