EP3054238B1 - Ladesteuerungssystem für transkritische dampfzyklussysteme - Google Patents

Ladesteuerungssystem für transkritische dampfzyklussysteme Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3054238B1
EP3054238B1 EP16152811.2A EP16152811A EP3054238B1 EP 3054238 B1 EP3054238 B1 EP 3054238B1 EP 16152811 A EP16152811 A EP 16152811A EP 3054238 B1 EP3054238 B1 EP 3054238B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compressor
refrigerant
pressure
receiver
critical
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EP16152811.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3054238A1 (de
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Igor Vaisman
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Rolls Royce Corp
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Rolls Royce Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • F25B41/40—Fluid line arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B45/00—Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/06—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using expanders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2345/00—Details for charging or discharging refrigerants; Service stations therefor
    • F25B2345/003—Control issues for charging or collecting refrigerant to or from a cycle

Definitions

  • An improved cooling system and an improved method of operating a cooling system in an aerospace application are disclosed, and more particularly, an improved method of operating the cooling system includes operating in trans-critical or sub-critical modes.
  • cooling systems provide air conditioning, refrigeration and freezer services, and the like for commercial and other aerospace systems.
  • various known options are available for providing cooling, but such options have drawbacks that limit the design options for aerospace applications.
  • Vapor compression cycles pass a refrigerant through two-phase operation and can operate efficiently and take advantage of the thermal carrying capacity of a liquid, as opposed to a gas, as well as take advantage of the heat of vaporization of the liquid refrigerant.
  • the cooling system can be much more compact when compared to a gas or air-based system because the fluid being carried is in liquid form.
  • vapor compression cycles typically are limited to lower ambient temperature operation and may not provide useful solutions for high ambient temperature operation.
  • Another known option is a single-phase gas-based system using a gas such as air as the refrigerant.
  • a gas such as air as the refrigerant.
  • air can serve usefully as a refrigerant medium, air is not an efficient thermal fluid, as its heat capacitance is limited to a function of its mass flow rate and heat capacity.
  • gas-based systems are typically less efficient than vapor compression systems and are typically, for that reason alone, larger than vapor compression systems.
  • air systems typically include significant duct passages in order to carry the amount of air that is desired to achieve the amount of cooling typically used for aerospace purposes.
  • cooling systems for aerospace applications typically use a gas-based system.
  • Thai is, although it is desirable to reduce mass and bulk in aircraft or aerospace applications, typical cooling systems nevertheless include a more bulky and less efficient gas-based system in order to cover the range of conditions that can be experienced.
  • aircraft operate in a range of operating conditions, during which their cooling systems may be required to operate as well.
  • the aircraft may reside on a tarmac, such as when taxi-ing for departure, loading passengers or cargo, or awaiting for weather conditions to approve.
  • the aircraft may be operated at high elevation.
  • the aircraft may be operated in transition and during climbing to elevation.
  • Such operation can present challenges to operation of the refrigeration system, as the condenser and the overall cooling system can be exposed to a wide variety of temperatures and conditions during this range of potential operating conditions.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • Other known systems include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a refrigerant which, when operated in trans-critical mode (i.e., spanning operation between super-critical to sub-critical), offer an opportunity to significantly reduce the overall size of the system due to significantly improved system efficiency.
  • the performance of trans-critical systems is very sensitive to refrigerant charge circulating in the main circuit.
  • COP maximum and the cooling capacity depend on ambient and an evaporating temperature. When ambient temperature or the load is changed, the amount of circulating refrigerant should change as well. If the amount of the circulating refrigerant remains the same the operating envelope for ambient and evaporating temperatures may be significantly restricted.
  • US20110041523 discloses a vapor compression system comprising a refrigerant receiver which is connected to the high and low pressure sides of the refrigerant circuit by means of two control valves. The control valves are opened and closed dependent on the discharge pressure of the compressor so as to store a variable quantity of refrigerant within said refrigerant receiver.
  • a cooling system includes a main refrigerant circuit that includes a compressor, a heat rejection heat exchanger, one of an expander and an expansion device, at least one evaporator coupled to a thermal load, and a suction accumulator.
  • a charge management circuit includes a charge management receiver configured in parallel with the compressor and the heat rejection heat exchanger.
  • a controller is configured to accumulate and discharge reserve refrigerant to and from the charge management receiver to provide flexibility in system operation as refrigerant in the main refrigerant circuit operates in sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical modes of operation.
  • the cooling system according to the invention has a hot gas bypass, which connects the compressor discharge side and the evaporator inlet.
  • the charge management receiver is engaged when the hot gas bypass is OFF; when it is OFF the hot gas bypass valve modulates the flow rate of the hot gas and, ultimately, evaporator capacity based on the reading pressure in the low pressure side.
  • the charge management receiver is used as a device providing diagnosis of the refrigerant inventory.
  • a set point which is higher than the suction pressure
  • the refrigerant inventory in the system is sufficient. Otherwise, a refrigerant charge service is required.
  • a method of operating a cooling system includes passing a refrigerant in a main refrigerant circuit, the main refrigerant circuit comprising a compressor, a heat rejection heat exchanger, one of an expansion device and an expander, at least one evaporator coupled to a thermal load, and a suction accumulator, passing the refrigerant in a charge management circuit, the charge management circuit having a charge management receiver configured in parallel with the compressor and the heat rejection heat exchanger, and accumulating and discharging reserve refrigerant to and from the charge management receiver to provide flexibility in system operation as refrigerant in the main refrigerant circuit operates in sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical modes of operation.
  • the method is applied when the hot bypass valve is fully closed.
  • a cooling system includes a first heat exchanger, an evaporator coupled to a thermal load of an aircraft.
  • first and second cooling circuits coupled to the heat exchanger, the first and second cooling circuits selectable via a set of cooling circuit valves that are arranged to direct a refrigerant through the first circuit, the second circuit, or both the first and second circuits based on air passing through the first heat exchanger at ambient conditions of the aircraft, and a receiver configured to accumulate reserve refrigerant to provide flexibility in system operation as the cooling system operates in sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical modes of operation.
  • Another exemplary illustration includes a method of operating a cooling system, the method includes operating a set of valves that cause a refrigerant to pass through a heat exchanger and direct the refrigerant through a first cooling circuit, a second cooling circuit, or both depending on ambient conditions, and accumulating reserve refrigerant in a receiver to provide flexibility in system operation as the cooling system operates in sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical modes of operation.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a gas turbine machine 10 that is a primary mover or thrust source for an aircraft, utilizing the improvements disclosed herein.
  • the turbine machine 10 includes a primary compressor 12, a combustor 14 and a primary turbine assembly 16.
  • a fan 18 includes a nosecone assembly 20, blade members 22 and a fan casing 24.
  • the blade members 22 direct low pressure air to a bypass flow path 26 and to the compressor intake 28, which in turn provides airflow to compressor 12.
  • Components of turbine machine 10 and as illustrated in Figure 1 generally do not correspond to components of embodiments of the cooling system in subsequent figures. That is, components of Figure 1 generally correspond to components of an aircraft engine, whereas components in the subsequent figures (i.e., turbine, compressor) are components dedicated to the cooling systems described and are separate from the components of turbine machine 10.
  • Cooling system 200 includes a refrigerant circuit with a compressor 204, a heat rejection exchanger 210, two parallel expansion circuits, an evaporator 208, and a suction accumulator 216.
  • the heat rejection exchanger 210 is cooled by a cooling fluid and may operate as a condenser or a gas cooler.
  • One expansion circuit has a valve 218, a recuperative heat exchanger 212, and an expansion device 214.
  • the other expansion circuit with an expansion machine (expander or turbine) 202 has two lines downstream from the expander.
  • One line having a valve 222 communicates directly with the evaporator 208.
  • the other line feeds a low pressure side of the recuperative heat exchanger 212 and transfers its enthalpy to a high pressure stream feeding the evaporator 208 via the expansion device 214 when the valve 218 is open.
  • Cooling fluid states at the inlet to the heat rejection exchanger and thermal loads on the evaporator define the operating conditions of the cooling system.
  • the heat rejection heat exchanger 210 may be cooled by different fluids: air, fuel, RAM air, hydrogenated polyalphaolefin (PAO), water, any secondary refrigerant, fan bypass air or any available appropriate engine stream, as examples.
  • heat is rejected from system 200 via heat rejection heat exchanger 210, and the heat rejection rate is defined by parameters of state of the cooling fluid.
  • Parameters of state of the cooling fluid depend on the application and the fluid itself. For instance, operating conditions of the aircraft may include low static ambient temperatures and low pressures that occur when the aircraft is at high altitude, while high static ambient temperatures and pressures may occur at low altitude or at conditions on a tarmac. These static ambient pressure and temperature, Mach number, and pressure and temperature on the ground define the parameters of RAM air entering the heat rejection exchanger.
  • the expansion device 214 is an orifice, a thermal expansion valve, an electronic expansion valve, a capillary tube or any other device providing isenthalpic expansion.
  • the expander reduces enthalpy and does not provide isenthalpic expansion.
  • the expander 202 is designed as a two-phase expander which means that the leaving state is a two-phase mixture; however, expander 202 can handle single phase processes in a vapor area.
  • Expander 202 is coupled to compressor 204 via a rotational shaft 206. The power generated in the expander 202 is not sufficient to drive the compressor 204. Therefore, the compressor 204 employs a motor 230 to compensate insufficient power.
  • a heat source for evaporator 208 is associated with objects to be cooled (power electronics, HVAC for cabins and passenger compartments, and other mission systems, as examples).
  • the evaporator 208 may cool air in a flight deck, a passenger compartment, or electronics, as examples.
  • evaporator 208 can cool any of those or all of those via a coolant, which could be PAO, water, a water glycol mixture, or any other secondary refrigerant.
  • Objects to be cooled, such as electronic devices may be mounted on cold plates, which has channels for boiling refrigerant to execute direct cooling by the refrigerant.
  • the system may have multiple condensers using the same or different heat sinks. Also, the system may have multiple evaporators using the same or different heat sources and loads.
  • the suction accumulator 216 provides charge management and is part of the capacity control strategy. When the system cooling capacity exceeds the demand, the non-evaporated refrigerant is stored in the suction accumulator 216. In the case of a capacity shortage, the accumulated refrigerant evaporates and resumes operation.
  • Solenoid valves 218, 220, and 222 control operation thereof.
  • cooling system 200 includes a controller 224 that in one example is controlled by a computer 226.
  • Valves 218, 220, and 222 are controlled and direct refrigerant flow according to the ambient conditions, or operating conditions of the aircraft.
  • Valves 218, 220, and 222 may be actuated electrically via solenoids pneumatically, or by any other means. There is an option when the system does not have valve 220 and its related line. In one case the recuperative heat exchanger 212 is optional. Also, there is another option when the system does not have the valve 222 and its related line.
  • System 200 is designed to operate at a wide operating range of pressures and temperatures in the evaporator 208, below and above the critical point.
  • the system may operate at evaporator pressures below the critical point to enable execution of heat absorption and cooling duty by boiling the refrigerant in evaporator 208.
  • the heat rejection can be processed above or below the critical point, via selected operation of valves 218, 220, and 222. If the heat rejection process is below the critical pressure (when the cooling fluid temperature is low) then the system operation is sub-critical and the heat rejection exchanger operates a condenser. Otherwise, when the cooling fluid temperature is high, the heat rejection exchanger operates a gas cooler, the system implements a trans-critical cycle providing that the evaporating pressure is still below the critical pressure.
  • a combination of a load on the evaporator and cooling fluid temperature and heat rejection capability may move the evaporating pressure up above the critical point.
  • the evaporator operates as a single phase heat exchanger, and these are the cases when the system operation is supercritical.
  • the isenthalpic expansion in the expansion device 214 itself may not contribute a feasible cooling effect and the expansion in the expander 202 is dominant. If pressure in the evaporator is above or around the critical pressure (the supercritical mode) the valves 218 and 220 are closed; and valve 222 is open. If pressure in the evaporator is sufficiently below the critical pressure (trans-critical mode) the valves 218 and 220 are opened and the valve 222 is closed to avoid circulation of excessive amount of vapor through the evaporator and associated excessive refrigerant pressure drop.
  • the solenoid valves 220 and 222 may be closed. This occurs when the thermodynamic state leaving the expansion device 214 contains a feasible amount of liquid phase, or in other words, when the vapor quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator is adequately low.
  • a control strategy is based upon pressures and vapor quality entering the evaporator.
  • One capacity control strategy includes sensing a refrigerant pressure on the high pressure side, a refrigerant temperature at the inlet to the expansion device 214, and a refrigerant pressure on the low pressure side.
  • the pressure on the high side and the temperature at the inlet to the expansion device 214 define refrigerant enthalpy entering the evaporator; this enthalpy and the low side pressure define refrigerant vapor quality entering the evaporator.
  • this control strategy includes appropriately positioned pressure (232 and 234) and a temperature sensor (not shown) at the inlet to the expansion valve 214.
  • the sensors 232, 234 may shut the system off when the discharge pressure is above a set head pressure limit, or when suction pressure is below a set suction pressure limit.
  • the pressure sensor 234 is positioned on the suction side of compressor 204 (in systems having LP and high pressure HP compressors, it is typically the suction side of the LP compressor that is of controlling interest). If the evaporating pressure is above the critical pressure (or is slightly lower), solenoid valves 218, 220 are off and the system implements a supercritical cycle, particularly, a Brayton Cycle system, and a single phase stream leaving the expander feeds the heat exchanger 208.
  • the sensor 232 distinguishes trans-critical and sub-critical operation. Under low temperature cooling fluid conditions (i.e., in flight and at high elevation at temperatures where a refrigerant such as CO 2 may be a liquid), first valve 218 is open and second and third valves 220, 222 are closed to direct refrigerant flow through expansion valve 214 as a liquid (sub-critical operation). Under high temperature cooling fluid conditions (i.e., when the aircraft is parked or during low elevation flight, or during transition to high elevation and at temperatures where a refrigerant such as CO 2 is a gas) and thermal loads driving the pressure in the evaporator are above the critical point, operation is altered to direct the refrigerant flow through expander 202 (supercritical operation) and valves 218, 220 are off. At other conditions (trans-critical operation) valves 218 and 220 are on and the valve 222 is off when the vapor quality is not low enough; the valve 218 is on and the valves 220 and 222 are off when the vapor quality is low enough.
  • expander 202 when expander 202 is operated as described and as it expands refrigerant therein, because of its rotational coupling to compressor 204, compressor 204 is thereby operated and driven by expander 202 in addition to the power input provided by an electrical drive. However, when expander 202 is bypassed (decoupled from the compressor and not rotated) and refrigerant is passed to expansion device 214, compressor is thereby driven by an electrically driven motor 230 only.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • CO 2 propane
  • Exiting the heat rejection exchanger CO 2 is a gas when the temperature and pressure are above critical and is a liquid when the temperature and pressure are below critical.
  • CO 2 When passed through first valve 218 to expansion device 214, CO 2 is in gaseous form (provided that the pressure after expansion is above the critical point) or in two-phase form (provided that the pressure after expansion is below the critical point).
  • CO 2 When passed through expander 202 with first valve 218 closed and as described above, CO 2 is in gaseous form (provided that the pressure after expansion is above the critical point) or in two-phase or vapor form (provided that the pressure after expansion is below the critical point).
  • FIG 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an alternative cooling system not according to the invention having valve-controlled refrigerant flow paths that are selected based on ambient conditions or the operating conditions of the aircraft.
  • Cooling system 300 operates in a fashion similar to that of cooling system 200 of Figure 2 , but the single stage compression is replaced by a two-stage compression.
  • the two-stage compression may be implemented by a two-stage compressor or by a combination of a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor.
  • the two-stage compression provides an opportunity to drive one compressor stage by the expander and other compressor by an electrical motor, such as motor 314.
  • the low pressure compression stage, the high pressure compression stage, the expander, and the motor are on the same shaft.
  • the cooling system includes a low pressure compressor 302, a high pressure compressor 308, and a gas cooler 304 in addition to those of Figure 2 .
  • the gas cooler 304 (and the heat rejection exchanger 306) may be cooled by fuel, air, RAM air, PAO, water, or any other secondary refrigerant, fan bypass air, or any available appropriate engine stream.
  • the expander 318 drives the high pressure compressor 308 and the low pressure compressor 302 is driven by an electrical motor. Alternatively, it is possible to arrange that the low pressure compressor is driven by the expander and the high pressure compressor is driven by the motor (illustrated as element 316 as dashed lines), in which case expander 318 would be connected to low pressure compressor 302.
  • the heat rejection exchanger 306 may nevertheless differ in design and operation because of the two-stage heat rejection design of cooling system 300. Also, the heat rejection heat exchanger 306 may be combined with the gas cooler 304 and operate as one device. Similarly, compressor 308 is positioned in a location that is comparable to compressor 204 of Figure 2 .
  • cooling system 300 Operation of cooling system 300 is therefore two-stage in that refrigerant passes through compressor 302 in a first stage of compression 310, heat is rejected to gas cooler 304, and refrigerant is passed to the compressor 308 in a second stage of compression 312 before entering heat rejection heat exchanger 306.
  • the compressor 302 is therefore designated as a low pressure (LP) compressor and the compressor 308 is a high pressure (HP) compressor (for a second stage of compression 312), due to the pressures in their relative locations in the system 300.
  • LP low pressure
  • HP high pressure
  • a check valve 320 may be included to enable bypassing compressor 308 that is driven by the expander 318 at certain combinations of low cooling fluid temperatures and thermal loads on an evaporator 330.
  • the check valve is added to enable operation of the LP compressor when the expander and the HP compressor are off.
  • Cooling system 300 is operated in a fashion similar to system 200, but with the two stages of compression 310, 312 as discussed.
  • System 300 is therefore operable via valves 322, 324, and 326 in the fashion as described in order to selectively operate expansion devices such as expansion device 328 and expander 318, depending on sub-critical, trans-critical, or super-critical operation.
  • Cooling system 400 operates in a fashion similar to that of previously described cooling systems 200, 300, but includes an ejector 402 for boosting compression of the refrigerant before the refrigerant passes to the subsequent compression cycle(s).
  • the ejector 402 is fed by a high pressure refrigerant stream when a solenoid valve 424 is open. This stream is a motive stream.
  • the ejector expands the motive stream and, using the energy of the motive stream, drives/ejects a low pressure stream from evaporator 406, forming a two-phase mixture at the exit.
  • system 400 includes an expansion device 422 that provides refrigerant expansion prior to entering ejector 402.
  • the liquid separator provides the charge management for capacity control (instead of the suction accumulator).
  • ejector 402 operates as an expansion device and as a boost compressor, which boosts gas pressure prior to entering first stage 416, and leading to an overall decreased pressure differential across the compression stages, improving overall performance.
  • System 400 is therefore operable via valves 424, 426, 428 in the fashion as described in order to selectively operate expansion devices, such as expander 420 and expansion device 422, depending on sub-critical, trans-critical, or super-critical operation.
  • ejector 402 may be used in a cooling system having, for instance, only a single stage of compression.
  • system 200 of Figure 2 includes a single stage of compression, and thus in one example ejector 402 as described with respect to system 400 of Figure 4 may be included in systems in which one stage of compression is included.
  • both compressors may be coupled to one another through a shaft 430 that is common to expansion device 420.
  • system 400 includes a recuperative heat exchanger 404.
  • an alternative cooling system 500 not according to the invention includes an economizer cycle 502 in which, in addition to recuperative heat exchanger 504 as in previous systems, a second recuperative heat exchanger 506 is included.
  • the refrigerant, having passed through valve 508, is expanded in a separate expansion device 510, is passed through second recuperative heat exchanger 506, and is passed as an additional vapor line 512 to combine with refrigerant passing from first stage compression 514 to second stage compression 516.
  • overall system performance is improved as a portion of refrigerant stream passing through valve 508 is expanded in device 510, and passed through second recuperative heat exchanger 506 such that its component 518 is cooled yet further prior to entering heat exchanger 504 and expansion device 520.
  • the second recuperative heat exchanger 506 enables additional cooling of the high pressure stream which improves cooling capacity of the system recompressing refrigerant from intermediate pressure to high pressure.
  • Economizer cycle 502 thus enhances the conditions for overall system cooling when valves 508, 522, and 524 are operated to bypass expander 526, increasing the refrigerant flow for heat rejection in condenser cooler or condenser 528.
  • the illustrated example has a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor.
  • the cooling system may have a compressor with an economizer port.
  • the compressor may be placed on the same shaft with the expander 526 and a motor.
  • the economizer port represents a state between the LP compressor and the HP compressor.
  • an alternative cooling system 600 not according to the invention operates as described with the disclosed systems above, but with the additional benefit of a thermally driven portion 602 that is driven by waste heat or by heat extracted from the high temperature source generated in the engine or in the aircraft.
  • the system incorporates a power generation circuit and a cooling circuit such as described above.
  • the power generation portion includes a pump 626 (providing that it has liquid or at least sufficiently dense refrigerant at its inlet), optional recuperative heat exchanger 622, a heater 614, an expander 616, and a heat rejection exchanger 632.
  • the heat rejection exchanger 632 is a common component for both circuits as a heat rejection exchanger.
  • Such an example provides an opportunity to drive the high pressure compressor stage by the two-phase expander 610 (by placing the high pressure compressor and the two-phase expander on the same shaft) and the low pressure compressor stage 618 by the vapor expander 616 (by placing the low pressure compressor and the vapor expander on the same shaft) without any electrical power input.
  • the system includes one electrically driven device, pump 626.
  • pump 626 it is possible to arrange driving the low pressure compressor stage 618 by the two-phase expander 610 and the high pressure compressor stage by the vapor expander 616 (shown as dashed lines). There is an option to place the pump on one shaft with the expander 610 or with the expander 618 in order to avoid or reduce electrical input.
  • the low pressure compressor, the high pressure compressor, the two-phase expander, the vapor expander, and the pump may be placed on one common shaft.
  • a motor-generator may be added to the shaft to extract power when cooling capacity demands is reduced.
  • thermally driven portion 602 derives its heat not as waste heat, but from components in the aircraft or aircraft engine that operate at high temperature.
  • a motor-generator instead of a motor may be beneficial.
  • the motor-generator may generate power when the cooling by the evaporator is not needed and cooling of a hot temperature source by the heater 614 is an option.
  • the cooling system may be driven electrically when the hot temperature source is unavailable.
  • Valves 604, 606, 608 may be operated in the fashion as described in order to selectively operate expansion devices such as expander 610 and expansion device 612, depending on sub-critical, trans-critical, or super-critical operation.
  • thermally driven portion 602 of system 600 includes expander 616 and a compressor 618, recuperative heat exchangers 620, 622, and 624, and pump 626. That is, in addition to the components of system 200 described with respect to Figure 2 , system 600 includes the additional components described that enable waste heat recovery from the aircraft, leading to higher system cooling output and more efficient operation.
  • liquid refrigerant is extracted after having passed through recuperative heat exchanger 624 and pumped via pump 626 through recuperative heat exchanger 622.
  • the refrigerant is passed through heater 614 and the heated, high pressure refrigerant is expanded through expander 616 and power is extracted therefrom to drive compressor 618.
  • Refrigerant that exits expander 616 passes through recuperative heat exchanger 622 and joins refrigerant flow from other portions of the circuit at junction 628.
  • Refrigerant passing to thermally driving portion 602 arrives through refrigerant line 630, passes through recuperative heat exchanger 620, and to compressor 618, where the refrigerant is compressed and passed to heat rejection heat exchanger 632.
  • Heat rejection exchanger 632 is illustrated as a single device or heat exchanger, but in an alternate example may be two separate heat exchangers for power generation and cooling portions of the system, and it is contemplated that the heat rejection is to coolant designated as an arrow that, in the two separate heat exchanger example, passes to each of them.
  • Recuperative heat exchangers 620, 622, 624 are available as positioned to jointly heat and cool as refrigerant passes in their respective directions, taking yet more advantage of the waste heat available to the system. Further, it is contemplated that all examples illustrated and described herein are controllable via a controller and computer, as described with respect to Figure 2 above (with controller 224 and computer 226).
  • expander 610 is coupled to compressor 618, and compressor 616 is likewise coupled to the HP compressor as illustrated in the alternative provided that the check valve is repositioned accordingly.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate exemplary cooling systems, each having two cooling circuits, according to examples.
  • a cooling system 700 is illustrated as a simple schematic to show a first cooling circuit 702 and a second cooling circuit 704.
  • First cooling circuit 702 includes a first evaporator 706 and a second evaporator 708, each of which is coupled or otherwise fluidly connected to other components 710 of first cooling circuit 702, as will be further discussed.
  • second cooling circuit 704 includes a third evaporator 712 and a fourth evaporator 714, each of which is coupled or otherwise fluidly connected to other components 716 of second cooling circuit 704, as will be further discussed.
  • Components 710 and 716 are operationally similar to the exemplary circuits illustrated in Figures 2-6 .
  • a cooling system 800 is illustrated as a simple schematic to show a first cooling circuit 802 and a second cooling circuit 804.
  • First cooling circuit 802 includes a first evaporator 806 and a second evaporator 808, each of which is coupled or otherwise fluidly connected to other components 810 of first cooling circuit 802, as will be further discussed.
  • second cooling circuit 804 includes a third evaporator 812 and a fourth evaporator 814, each of which is coupled or otherwise fluidly connected to other components 816 of second cooling circuit 804, as will be further discussed.
  • Components 810 and 816 are operationally similar to the exemplary circuits illustrated in Figures 2-6 .
  • cooling systems 700 and 800 may be implemented in an aerospace application such as an aircraft.
  • block 718 of FIG. 7 is a simple schematic illustration of an aircraft, having a first side 720 and a second side 722.
  • block 818 of FIG. 8 is also a simple schematic illustration of an aircraft, having a first side 820 and a second side 822. That is, in each system 700, 800, the first side 720, 820 corresponds in an example to a port side of the aircraft, and second side 722, 822 corresponds to a starboard side of the aircraft.
  • a cooling system for an aircraft includes a first cooling circuit having a first evaporator and a second evaporator, and a second cooling circuit having a third evaporator and a fourth evaporator.
  • one of the first and second cooling circuits includes a first set of valves arranged to direct refrigerant through a first cooling sub-circuit, a second cooling sub-circuit, or both the first and second cooling sub-circuits based on ambient conditions.
  • two of the evaporators are installed on a first side of the aircraft, and the other two of the four evaporators are installed on a second side of the aircraft opposite the first side.
  • cooling systems 700, 800 include evaporators that each provide adequate cooling capability, while providing cooling to a pressurized stream of air and to a recirculation stream of air.
  • system 700 includes first cooling circuit 702 having evaporator 706 for cooling a pressurized air stream, and evaporator 708 provides cooling to a recirculation stream.
  • Second cooling circuit 704 includes evaporator 712 for cooling a pressurized air stream, and evaporator 714 provides cooling to a recirculation stream.
  • system 800 includes first cooling circuit 802 having evaporators 806, 812, one of which cools a pressurized stream, and the other of which cools a recirculation stream.
  • Second cooling circuit 804 includes evaporators 808, 814, one of which cools a pressurized stream, and the other of which cools a recirculation stream.
  • Evaporators 806, 808, 812,and 814 of first and second cooling circuits are arranged such that, if one of cooling circuits 802 or 804 experiences a failure, then the remaining evaporators of the non-failed cooling circuit will still provide cooling to a pressurized stream and a recirculation stream. Thus, if one circuit fails then the other remains operational.
  • Each system provides cooling to a pressurized stream of air. A portion of the pressurized air is ejected overboard and the remaining is re-circulated.
  • a cooling system may not include two cooling circuits, but may include only one.
  • a cooling system may be included (referring to Figure 7 ) in which only a cooling circuit 702 is included.
  • a cooling system may only include one of the cooling circuits, such as cooling circuit 802.
  • circuits 702, 704 and 802, 804 may have respective components arranged and configured to operate in manners consistent with the examples of Figures 2-6 .
  • Figures 9 and 10 are examples that correspond generally to the example of Figure 2 above.
  • other component arrangements such as shown in Figures 3-6 above, may likewise be implemented in circuits 702, 704 and 802, 804 as well.
  • a cooling system 900 includes a refrigerant circuit with a compressor 902, a heat rejection exchanger 904, two parallel expansion circuits that are fed by a first line 906 toward a first cooling sub-circuit, and a second line 908 toward a second cooling sub-circuit.
  • First line 906 is coupled to an evaporator 910
  • second line 908 is coupled to an expansion machine (expander or turbine) 912. Lines 906 and 908, after passing through their respective evaporator 910 and expansion machine 912, rejoin at location 914.
  • a recuperative heat exchanger 926 is positioned to receive refrigerant in first line 906 and also in a line 924 that passes from suction accumulator 922.
  • a pressurized air source 928 provides supply air 930 that passes through heat rejection exchanger 904, and to a mixer 930.
  • Mixer 930 thereby receives a source of air from source 928, which is mixed with air returning through an air recirculation circuit 932.
  • Air is caused to flow in recirculation circuit 932 via a fan 934 that provides cooled air to elements 936 of the aircraft, such as the flight deck, the cabin, electronics, and avionics systems (communications, navigation, etc.).
  • elements 936 some of which is ejected overboard 938, and some of which is recirculated 932 to first evaporator 916, and to mixer 930 where the recirculated air is mixed with source air 930.
  • Mixed air from mixer is passed along line 940 to second evaporator 918. In such fashion, each evaporator 916, 918 cools return air 932 as well as mixed air 940.
  • the heat rejection heat exchanger 904 is combined with the preliminary heat exchanger of the air pressuring sub-system as shown in Figure 8 .
  • An optional example is to include a stand-alone heat exchanger.
  • the heat rejection exchanger 904 is cooled by a cooling fluid and may operate as a condenser or a gas cooler.
  • One expansion circuit has a valve 942, the recuperative heat exchanger 926, and the expansion device 910.
  • the other expansion circuit has two lines downstream from the expansion machine 912.
  • One line having a valve 944 communicates directly with the evaporators 916, 918.
  • the other line feeds a low pressure side of the recuperative heat exchanger 926 and transfers its enthalpy to a high pressure stream feeding the evaporators 916, 918 via the expansion device 910 when the valve 942 is open.
  • the heat rejection heat exchanger 904 is cooled by RAM air or by an engine stream.
  • the heat rejection heat exchanger 904 may be cooled by different fluids: fuel, PAO, water, or by other fluids, as examples, in a standalone heat exchanger. Cooling fluid enters at the inlet to the heat rejection exchanger and thermal loads on the evaporator define the operating conditions of the cooling system. As such, heat is rejected from system 900 via heat rejection heat exchanger 904, and the heat rejection rate is defined by parameters of state of the cooling fluid. Parameters of state of the cooling fluid depend on the application and the fluid itself.
  • operating conditions of the aircraft may include low static ambient temperatures and low pressures that occur when the aircraft is at high altitude, while high static ambient temperatures and pressures may occur at low altitude or at conditions on a tarmac.
  • These static ambient pressure and temperature, Mach number, and pressure and temperature on the ground define the parameters of RAM air entering the heat rejection exchanger.
  • expansion device 910 is an orifice, a thermal expansion valve, an electronic expansion valve, a capillary tube or any other device providing isenthalpic expansion.
  • the expansion machine 912 is designed as a two-phase expander which means that the leaving state is a two-phase mixture; however, expansion machine 912 can handle single phase processes in a vapor area.
  • Expansion machine 912 is coupled to compressor 902 via a rotational shaft 946. Power generated in expansion machine 912, in some exemplary arrangements, may not be sufficient to drive compressor 902. Therefore, compressor 902 may employ a motor 948 to compensate for insufficient power.
  • a heat source for evaporator 916 is associated with objects to be cooled (power electronics, HVAC for cabins and passenger compartments, and other mission systems, as examples). Therefore, recirculating air 932 and mixed air 940 may cool air in a flight deck, a passenger compartment, or electronics, as stated. Alternatively evaporator 916 can cool any of those or all of those via a coolant, which could be PAO, water, a water glycol mixture, or any other secondary refrigerant.
  • Objects to be cooled, such as electronic devices may be mounted on cold plates, which has channels for boiling refrigerant to execute direct cooling by the refrigerant.
  • the system may have multiple condensers using the same or different heat sinks. Also, the system may have multiple evaporators using the same or different heat sources and loads.
  • Suction accumulator 922 provides charge management and is part of a capacity control strategy. When the system cooling capacity exceeds the demand, the non-evaporated refrigerant is stored in suction accumulator 922. In the case of a capacity shortage, the accumulated refrigerant evaporates and resumes operation.
  • cooling system 900 includes a controller 952 that in one example is controlled by a computer 954. Valves 942, 944, and 950 are controlled and direct refrigerant flow according to the ambient conditions, or operating conditions of the aircraft.
  • Valves 942, 944, and 950 may be actuated electrically via solenoids, pneumatically, or by any other means.
  • the recuperative heat exchanger 926 is optional.
  • System 900 is designed to operate at a wide operating range of pressures and temperatures in the evaporator, below and above the critical point.
  • the system may operate at evaporator pressures below the critical point to enable execution of heat absorption and cooling duty by boiling the refrigerant in evaporators 916, 918.
  • the heat rejection can be processed above or below the critical point, via selected operation of valves 942, 944, and 950. If the heat rejection process is below the critical pressure (when the cooling fluid temperature is low) then the system operation is sub-critical and the heat rejection exchanger 904 operates as a condenser. Otherwise, when the cooling fluid temperature is high, the heat rejection exchanger 904 operates as a gas cooler, and the system implements a trans-critical cycle providing that the evaporating pressure is still below the critical pressure.
  • evaporators 916, 918 operate as a single phase heat exchanger, and these are the cases when the system operation is supercritical.
  • valve 910 When cooling fluid temperature is high and pressure in the heat rejection exchanger is above critical, the isenthalpic expansion in the expansion valve 910 itself may not contribute a feasible cooling effect and the expansion in the expansion machine 912 is dominant. If pressure in the evaporator is above or around the critical pressure (the supercritical mode) the valves 942 and 950 are closed; and valve 942 is open. If pressure in evaporators 916, 918 is sufficiently below the critical pressure (trans-critical mode), valves 942 and 950 are opened and valve 944 is closed to avoid circulation of excessive amount of vapor through the evaporator and associated excessive refrigerant pressure drop.
  • the solenoid valves 950 and 944 may be closed. This occurs when the thermodynamic state leaving the expansion device 910 contains a feasible amount of liquid phase, or in other words, when the vapor quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator is adequately low.
  • a control strategy is based upon pressures and vapor quality entering the evaporator.
  • One capacity control strategy includes sensing a refrigerant pressure on the high pressure side, a refrigerant temperature at the inlet to the expansion device 910, and a refrigerant pressure on the low pressure side.
  • the pressure on the high side and the temperature at the inlet to the expansion device 910 define refrigerant enthalpy entering the evaporator; this enthalpy and the low side pressure define refrigerant vapor quality entering the evaporator.
  • this control strategy includes appropriately positioned pressure sensors and a temperature sensor (not shown) at the inlet to the expansion valve 910.
  • the sensors may shut the system off when the discharge pressure is above of a set head pressure limit or suction pressure is below a set suction pressure limit.
  • the pressure sensor is positioned on the suction side of compressor 902 (in systems having LP and high pressure HP compressors, it is typically the suction side of the LP compressor that is of controlling interest). If the evaporating pressure is above the critical pressure (or is slightly lower), solenoid valves 942, 950 are off and the system implements a supercritical cycle, particularly, a Brayton Cycle system, and a single phase stream leaving the expander feeds the evaporators 916, 918.
  • a sensor distinguishes trans-critical and sub-critical operation. Under low temperature cooling fluid conditions (i.e., in flight and at high elevation at temperatures where a refrigerant such as CO 2 may be a liquid), valve 942 is open and valves 950, 944 are closed to direct refrigerant flow through expansion valve 910 as a liquid (sub-critical operation). Under high temperature cooling fluid conditions (i.e., when the aircraft is parked or during low elevation flight, or during transition to high elevation and at temperatures where a refrigerant such as CO 2 is a gas) and thermal loads driving the pressure in the evaporator above the critical point, operation is altered to direct the refrigerant flow through expansion machine 912 (supercritical operation) and valves 942, 950 are off. At other conditions (trans-critical operation) valves 942 and 944 are on and valve 944 is off when the vapor quality is not low enough; valve 942 is on and valves 950 and 944 are off when the vapor quality is low enough.
  • expansion machine 912 when expansion machine 912 is operated as described and as it expands refrigerant therein, because of its rotational coupling to compressor 902, compressor 902 is thereby operated and driven by expansion machine 912 in addition to the power input provided by an electrical drive. However, when expansion machine 912 is bypassed (decoupled from the compressor and not rotated) and liquid refrigerant is passed to expansion device 910, compressor 902 is thereby driven by an electrically driven motor 948.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • CO 2 propane
  • Exiting the heat rejection exchanger CO 2 is a gas when the temperature and pressure are above the critical ones and is a liquid when the temperature and pressure are below the critical ones.
  • CO 2 When passed through valve 942 to expansion device 910, CO 2 is in gaseous form (provided that the pressure after expansion is above the critical point) or in two-phase form (provided that the pressure after expansion is below the critical point).
  • CO 2 When passed through expansion machine 912 with valve 942 closed and as described above, CO 2 is in gaseous form (provided that the pressure after expansion is above the critical point) or in two-phase or vapor form (provided that the pressure after expansion is below the critical point).
  • cooling circuits 702 and 704 provide cooling to a pressurized stream and to a recirculation stream.
  • evaporator 706 corresponds to evaporator 918 for pressurized air
  • evaporator 708 corresponds to evaporator 916 for recirculation air.
  • system 700 includes two cooling circuits that correspond to cooling system 900. Therefore, evaporator 712 also corresponds to evaporator 918 for pressurized air, and evaporator 714 corresponds to evaporator 916 for recirculation air.
  • system 700 includes one cooling system 900 installed on the port (or left) side of the aircraft having an evaporator for the recirculation stream, and an evaporator for a pressurized air system is, and one cooling system 900 installed on the starboard (or right) side of the aircraft having a recirculation stream and a pressurized air system is.
  • a system 1000 not according to the invention includes a first cooling circuit 1002 and a second cooling circuit 1004.
  • Figure 10 in contrast to Figure 9 (which only shows one of the cooling circuits 702, 704), shows both cooling circuits 1002, 1004 that correspond to circuits 802 and 804 of system 800.
  • Each circuit 1002, 1004 includes a respective heat exchanger 1006, expansion machine 1008, expansion valve 1010, suction accumulator 1012, and compressor 1014.
  • First cooling circuit 1002 includes an evaporator 1016 and an evaporator 1018.
  • Second cooling circuit 1004 includes an evaporator 1020 and an evaporator 1022.
  • Each cooling circuit 1002, 1004, is operated in parallel and is coupled to cooling air (or other source) at heat exchangers 1006.
  • each cooling circuit 1002, 1004 is also consistent with trans and sub-critical operation, consistent with the above description in the disclosed examples, pertaining to at least Figures 2-6 and 9 , in which fluid is directed through a first sub-circuit that includes expansion devices 1010, or a second sub-circuit that includes expansion machines 1008.
  • Evaporators 1016-1022 are arranged to provide cooling for system 1000. That is, two of the evaporators 1016-1022 provide cooling for recirculation air, and two provide cooling for pressurized air. As such, evaporator 806 of system 800 corresponds to evaporator 1016 of system 1000 and cools recirculation air, and evaporator 812 of system 800 corresponds to evaporator 1020 and cools pressurized air.
  • evaporator 1018 thereby provides cooling to pressurized air in cooling system 804 (and corresponds to evaporator 808), and evaporator 1022 thereby provided cooling to recirculation air in cooling system 804 (and corresponds to evaporator 814).
  • cooling circuits 900 and 1000 were described in their operation as corresponding to Figure 2 above, it is contemplated that other cooling circuits, such as those shown in Figures 3-6 , may also be used in systems 700 and 800.
  • disclosed systems may experience improvement in a Coefficient Of Performance (COP), and increase volumetric cooling capacity at hot heat sink conditions.
  • COP Coefficient Of Performance
  • the disclosed systems may operate within a wide range of operating conditions which include combinations of heat rejection temperatures, heat absorption temperatures, and loads, and the disclosed systems may operate under sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical steady-state modes.
  • FIG 11 illustrates a schematic control diagram of a cooling system having valve-controlled refrigerant flow paths that are selected based on ambient conditions or the operating conditions of the aircraft, according to an embodiment.
  • Cooling system 1100 operates in a fashion similar to that of cooling system 300 of Figure 3 .
  • Two-stage compression may be implemented by a two-stage compressor or by a combination of a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor.
  • the two-stage compression provides an opportunity to drive one compressor stage by the expander and other compressor by an electrical motor, such as motor 1114.
  • the low pressure compression stage, the high pressure compression stage, the expander, and the motor are on the same shaft.
  • the cooling system 1100 includes a low pressure compressor 1102, a high pressure compressor 1104, and a heat exchanger or gas cooler 1104.
  • the gas cooler 1104 (and a heat rejection exchanger 1106) may be cooled by fuel, air, RAM air, PAO, water, or any other secondary refrigerant, fan bypass air, or any available appropriate engine stream.
  • the expander 1118 drives the high pressure compressor 1108 and the low pressure compressor 1102 is driven by electrical motor 1114. Alternatively, it is possible to arrange that the low pressure compressor 1114 is driven by the expander and the high pressure compressor is driven by the motor.
  • the heat rejection heat exchanger 1106 may be combined with the gas cooler 1104 and operate as one device.
  • compressor 1108 is positioned in a location that is comparable to compressor 204 of Figure 2 .
  • cooling system 1100 Operation of cooling system 1100 is therefore two-stage in that refrigerant passes through compressor 1102 in a first stage of compression 1110, heat is rejected to gas cooler 1104, and refrigerant is passed to the compressor 1108 in a second stage of compression 1112 before entering heat rejection heat exchanger 1106.
  • the compressor 1102 is therefore designated as a low pressure (LP) compressor and the compressor 1108 is a high pressure (HP) compressor (for a second stage of compression 1112), due to the pressures in their relative locations in the system 1100.
  • LP low pressure
  • HP high pressure
  • a check valve 1120 may be included to enable bypassing compressor 1108 that is driven by the expander 1118 at certain combinations of low cooling fluid temperatures and thermal loads on an evaporator 1130.
  • the check valve is added to enable operation of the LP compressor when the expander and the HP compressor are off.
  • system 1100 includes only one stage of compression, such as second stage of compression 1112 in which case compressor 1108 coupled to expander 1118 is included, and the first stage of compression 1110 is excluded.
  • system 200 illustrated in Figure 2 includes a receiver, control valves, pressure and temperature sensors, and the like, as described with respect to system 1100 in Figure 11 .
  • Cooling system 1100 is operated with the two stages of compression 1110, 1112 as discussed.
  • System 1100 is therefore operable via valves 1122, 1124, and 1126 in the fashion as described in order to selectively operate expansion devices such as expansion device 1128 and expander 1118, depending on sub-critical, trans-critical, or super-critical operation.
  • Overall capacity is controllable in the disclosed system using a varying compressor speed or by hot gas bypass (for instance with selective operation of valves 1122, 1124, and 1126).
  • the disclosed system also allows for control of super, trans, and sub-critical operations, as well as control of head pressure, superheat, charge management, high and low pressure, and LP compressor motor temperature control, as examples.
  • System 1100 therefore includes compressors 1102, 1108, heat rejection exchangers 1104, 1106 operating as condensers or gas coolers, two circuits 1100 and 1112, evaporator 1130, a suction accumulator 1132, and corresponding connection lines that include a first circuit that includes expansion device 1128, and a second circuit that includes an expander 1118.
  • System 1100 includes suction accumulator 1132 and a receiver 1134 with solenoid or control valves 1136, 1138.
  • Valve 1136 exposes receiver 1134 to a high pressure side thereof
  • valve 1138 exposes receiver 1134 to a low pressure thereof.
  • a system controller 1140 is coupled to at least four sensors: a low side pressure sensor 1142, a high pressure sensor 1144, a temperature sensor 1146 at an inlet to expansion device 1128, and a temperature sensor 1148 at evaporator 1130.
  • Safety switches 1150, a head pressure control valve 1152, and a hot gas bypass valve 1154 may operate with and are coupled to 1156 controller 1140.
  • Optimal pressure in the gas cooler varies with heat sink temperature. The pressure depends on an amount of refrigerant circulation in the system.
  • Receiver 1134 serves to accumulate reserve refrigerant to provide flexibility in system operation as the system operates in sub-critical, trans-critical, and super-critical steady-state modes, as will be further described. Amongst its functions, receiver 1134 accumulates reserve refrigerant, and permits pumping down the system.
  • system 1100 may be operated with three main modes of operation.
  • Sub-critical operation takes place when the sink generates high-side pressure that is below the critical pressure.
  • Super-critical operation takes place when the heat sink and loads on the evaporator generate a low side pressure that is above the critical pressure.
  • Trans-critical operation occurs when the heat sink and loads on the evaporator create a high side pressure that is above, and a low side pressure that is below, the critical pressure.
  • valves 1122 and 1124 are open, and valve 1126 is closed.
  • both compressors 1102, 1108, and expander 1118 are on.
  • Heat rejection is to heat exchanger 1104, thereby operating as a gas cooler.
  • superheat is not controlled, and suction accumulator 1132 is engaged to substitute the superheat control and provide charge management.
  • Receiver 1134 is open to the suction side (that is, valve 1138 is open).
  • valves 1122 and 1126 are open and valve 1124 is closed. In this mode, both compressors 1102, 1108 and expander 1118 are on.
  • valves 1122, 1124, and 1126 are open, and both compressors 1102, 1108 and expander 1118 are on.
  • valve 1122 In a fourth mode of trans-critical operation, valve 1122 is open, and valves 1124 and 1126 are closed, both compressors 1102, 1108 are on, and expander 1118 is off.
  • This mode may imply that the expander 1118, the compressor stages 1102 and 1108, and motor 1114 are on the same shaft, and the expander 1118 is decoupled from rotation.
  • This mode may be operated in sub-critical operation as well.
  • valve 1122 In a sub-critical mode of operation, valve 1122 is open and valves 1124 and 1126 are closed. In this mode, HP compressor 1108 is off, LP compressor 1102 is on, and heat rejection is to heat exchanger 1104 thereby operating as a condenser. This mode of operation is available for superheat control/operation as well. And, in this mode, the refrigerant volume is appropriately sized, the suction accumulator 1132 is empty, and the receiver 1134 is open to the suction side (e.g., valve 1138 is open).
  • valve 1126 In a super-critical mode of operation, valve 1126 is open, and valves 1122 and 1124 are closed. Both compressors 1102, 1118 and expander 1118 are on. Heat rejection is to heat exchanger 1104, operating as a gas cooler.
  • the evaporator 1130 in this mode, operates as a single phase heat exchanger, superheat is not controlled, and suction accumulator 1132 is empty.
  • the receiver in this mode, takes in a portion of the circulating charge (e.g., valve 1136 is open), and valve 1138 is closed. A portion of the refrigerant charge in the receiver 1134 is released when operation is reversed.
  • System 1100 may be switched between modes of operation, according to the disclosure.
  • pressure monitored on the high pressure side is below the critical pressure.
  • pressure monitored in the low pressure side is above the critical pressure.
  • trans-critical mode occurs when the pressure in the high pressure side is above critical pressure and the pressure in the low pressure side is below the critical pressure.
  • Switching between the trans-critical modes is based on enthalpy calculated at the high side pressure, the temperature at inlet to the expansion valve, and the vapor states at the low side pressure. As such, when the enthalpy is approximate to or above a saturated vapor enthalpy, then mode 1 is employed. In other cases, trans-critical modes are applicable and a differentiator for mode selection may be based on such selection criteria such as system efficiency, or original or operational system costs.
  • variable speed capacity control for LP compressor 1102; hot gas bypass control; low and high pressure switches 1150, and LP compressor motor temperature switch 1114.
  • sub-critical operation superheat control and head pressure control is employed.
  • trans-critical mode a charge measurement control may be used in the suction accumulator 1132.
  • charge management control may be employed using receiver 1134.
  • Capacity may be controlled by sensing a temperature of the fluid leaving the evaporator 1130 and by varying the speed of LP compressor 1102. The compressor speed may be changed within a certain range.
  • a hot gas bypass is engaged. If load on the evaporator 1130 reduces to such an extent that the evaporating/suction pressure reduces to its set point, the hot gas bypass control valve 1154 opens its orifice, expands the hot compressed vapor at a constant enthalpy to a pressure in evaporator 1130, and fills evaporator 1130 with the hot gas bypassing the condenser 1104 and the expansion device 1128. The hot gas replaces the cold liquid and balances the load.
  • the hot gas bypass control valve 1154 is a mechanical device, and in another embodiment an electronic device with a stepper motor and its own controller (not shown).
  • Superheat is controlled using thermostatic expansion valves that regulate flow into evaporator 1130 by maintaining a nearly constant superheat at the evaporator outlet, optimizing performance of the evaporator 1130.
  • the expansion valve 1128 increases refrigerant flow until superheat returns the valve setting.
  • the expansion valve 1128 may decrease refrigerant flow when superheat lowers as a result of a decreased heat load on the evaporator 1130.
  • the expansion valve 1128 is a mechanical device, and in another embodiment an electronic device with a stepper motor and its own controller (not shown).
  • superheat is not controlled in trans-critical operation mode and charge management is executed by the suction accumulator 1132 (substituting the superheat control).
  • the suction accumulator 1132 captures and stores non-evaporated liquid and thus circulated charge is adjusted to match the capacity demand.
  • the load recovers, the stored liquid boils in the suction accumulator 1132 and is induced into circulation.
  • Super-critical operation implies a single-phase Brayton cycle and its performance is sensible to the circulating charge; a proper circulating charge can be provided if a proper actuation of valves SV4 and SV5 maintains a set suction side pressure.
  • control valves restrict the liquid flow from the condenser 1106 to a recuperative heat exchanger 1158. This backs liquid refrigerant into the condenser 1106, reducing its capacity which in turn increases the condensing pressure; at the same time the hot gas raises liquid pressure in the recuperative heat exchanger 1158, allowing the expansion valve 1128 to operate normally.
  • the head pressure control valve 1152 can be a mechanical device or an electronic device with a stepper motor and its own controller (not shown). In sub-critical mode, when the heat sink drives head pressure below a set point, a head pressure control valve restricts from the heat rejection exchanger 1106 operating as a condenser to the recuperative heat exchanger 1158.
  • a high pressure switch 1160 on the HP discharge side prevents the compressor 1108 from operation at an excessively high discharge pressure; and an additional or optional high temperature switch may be used.
  • a high pressure switch 1162 on the LP discharge side (not mandatory) prevents the compressor 1102 from operation at an excessively high discharge pressure; an additional or optional high temperature switch may be used.
  • a low pressure switch 1164 on the LP suction side prevents the compressor 1102 from operation at an excessively low suction pressure; an optional low temperature switch may be used.
  • a temperature switch prevents LP compressor motor from operation at excessively high temperature. All switches shut the system down and resume its operation after a delay as long as a diagnostic system detects and allows such operation.
  • valves 1122, 1124, 1126, and 1138 are open, and valve 1136 is closed.
  • liquid refrigerant in receiver 1134 is available and pulled via the LP compressor 1102 using variable speed operation.
  • the system begins in trans-critical mode, described above.
  • the controller 1140 and pressure sensors 1142, 1144 identify and classify the operational mode and appropriate controls are engaged.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a trans-critical CO 2 system or vapor control system (VCS) 1200 according to one embodiment.
  • System 1200 includes a main circuit 1202 and a charge management circuit 1204.
  • Main circuit 1202 includes a compressor 1206, a heat rejection heat exchanger (gas cooler) 1208, a recuperative heat exchanger 1210, an expansion device 1212, an evaporator 1214, a suction accumulator 1216, and a controller 1218 that controls operation of components in system 1200.
  • a hot gas bypass line 1220 has a hot gas bypass valve (HGBV) 1222.
  • the hot gas bypass line 1220 connects the discharge from compressor 1206 with low pressure sides of the compressor 1206.
  • the HGBV 1222 senses pressure in the low pressure side of the system 1202.
  • the hot gas bypass line 1220 directs refrigerant to an inlet to the evaporator 1214.
  • the hot gas bypass line 1220 may be connected to evaporator 1214 at its exit 1224, or to the low pressure inlet 1226 to the recuperative heat exchanger 1210.
  • Expansion device 1212 is an expansion valve controlling superheat.
  • device 1212 may be a fixed orifice expansion device or a capillary tube, or an expander.
  • Compressor 1206 may be coupled with a single speed motor or with a variable speed motor. If the expander is used, the compressor, the expander, and the motor may be placed on the same shaft.
  • Charge management circuit 1204 includes a charge management receiver 1228 with two ports and corresponding control valves 1230, 1232.
  • One embodiment implies normally open one-directional valves which in the closed position prevent the refrigerant flow in one direction only.
  • the valve exposed to the high pressure side controls flow from the main circuit to the receiver.
  • the valve exposed to the low pressure side controls flow from the receiver to the main circuit.
  • an embodiment with normally closed bi-directional valves could be a better fit.
  • the bi-directional valves in the closed position prevent the refrigerant flow in both directions.
  • receiver valves 1230, 1232 are OFF when HGBV 1222 is ON.
  • One control valve 1230 is installed on a line 1234 connecting one receiver port and the gas cooler exit at the refrigerant side.
  • the other control valve 1232 is installed on a line 1236 connecting the second receiver port and the compressor suction side.
  • compressors use lubricants and oil-refrigerant mixture circulates throughout the system. In this case, the system design should avoid any pockets which may accumulate oil and prevent oil return to the compressor.
  • the receiver 1228 and ports are designed, and receiver 1228 is installed, in a way which prevents trapping refrigerant in receiver 1228, for example, vertically or inclined.
  • the lines of the charge management circuit, such as lines 1234 and 1236, should be sized for appropriate flow rates when the related valves 1230, 1232 are open.
  • Each of control valves 1230, 1232 may operate as a solenoid valve or as a modulation valve. Both control valves 1230, 1232 are bi-directional, in one example, to enable bidirectional sealing, and may be either normally closed or normally opened. This example includes normally closed valves 1230, 1232 and when system 1200 is OFF, charge management receiver 1228 is automatically isolated from the main circuit 1202.
  • System 1200 includes a suction pressure sensor, a discharge pressure sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and a pressure sensor for sensing pressure inside the charge management receiver 1228.
  • a temperature sensor at gas cooler 1208 may be used instead of the ambient temperature sensor.
  • the charge management receiver 1228 operates as storage of redundant refrigerant charge. To increase cooling capacity, a portion of the refrigerant charge is moved from the charge management receiver 1228 to main circuit 1202. If cooling capacity is too high a portion of the refrigerant charge is moved from main circuit 1228 to receiver 1228.
  • Circulating refrigerant charge is controlled by sensing compressor discharge pressure.
  • the discharge pressure may be set by the system design, by the user, or it may be calculated by controller 1218 based on the theory that the optimal discharge pressure is a function of ambient temperature at any given evaporating pressure.
  • a control strategy may target cooling capacity (sensing supply temperature or evaporating pressure/temperature) for constant speed compressor operation or maximum COP for variable speed compressor operation.
  • control valve 1230 of charge management receiver 1228 exposed to the high pressure side opens and refrigerant charge moves from main circuit 1202 to charge management receiver 1228. In one example, this happens when ambient temperature reduces.
  • control valve 1232 of charge management receiver 1228 exposed to the low pressure side opens and a refrigerant charge moves from charge management receiver 1228 to main circuit 1202. This may happen when ambient temperature increases or when system 1200 loses some refrigerant due to leakage.
  • Charge management receiver 1228 enables controlling discharge pressure from compressor 1206. This simplifies superheat control function, instead of using a mechanical or an electronic expansion valve.
  • Suction accumulator 1216 catches and holds unused non-evaporated liquid. Suction accumulator 1216 returns refrigerant and oil to compressor 1206 via a properly sized and protected oil return orifice.
  • the charge management receiver is engaged when the hot gas bypass valve is OFF. If the suction pressure drops, the hot gas bypass valve 1222 unloads the evaporator capacity modulating a match between the evaporator capacity and the capacity demand/load. When the hot gas bypass valve 1222 is ON the valves 1230 and 1232 are in the closed position and the charge management receiver is disengaged from the charge management.
  • Controller 1218 compares the suction pressure and the pressure in charge management receiver 1228. If the difference between the pressures in receiver 1228 and the suction pressure in compressor 1206 is higher than a set value, system 1200 has sufficient charge. If the difference is below the set value, controller 1218 sends a signal indicating that the charge is close to its minimal point and maintenance is due. If the difference does not exist or is insubstantial, the charge may be insufficient and underperformance may be expected.
  • the refrigerant charge in system 1200 may be precisely calculated when system 1200 is OFF and thermal equilibrium is reached throughout the system components and the refrigerant.
  • system 1200 should have pressure and temperature sensors for refrigerant inside the charge management receiver 1228, pressure and temperature sensors at the suction side of compressor 1206, and pressure and temperature sensors at the discharge of compressor 1206.
  • Controller 1218 calculates:
  • controller 1218 assesses thermal equilibrium comparing discharge and suction pressures and temperatures of compressor, and calculates the refrigerant charge in system 1200.
  • Figure 13 illustrates a trans-critical CO 2 system or vapor control system (VCS) 1300 with an expander 1302.
  • Figure 13 includes components as disclosed in Figure 12 , but employs expander 1302 instead of expansion valve 1212 of Figure 12 .
  • the compressor, the expander, and the motor may be placed on the same shaft.
  • the motor may be a single speed device, a multiple speed device, or a variable speed device. Control strategies described below may be also applicable for a fixed orifice expansion device or for a capillary tube.
  • the system illustrated in Figure 13 has additional pressure and temperature sensors 1304 at an exit of evaporator 1306.
  • the pressure and temperature determine the superheat at the evaporator exit.
  • An HGBV 1308 controls superheat at the evaporator exit and pressure in the low pressure side of the VCS. If superheat is below a certain set value or pressure in the low pressure side is below a set point, the HGBV opens.
  • the hot gas circulates through the low pressure side of a recuperative heat exchanger 1310 and reduces the cooling effect in the high pressure side of recuperative heat exchanger 1310.
  • the high pressure refrigerant entering expander 1302 becomes hotter, the system or VCS cooling capacity slightly reduces and matches the set superheat.
  • the HGBV 1308 modulates hot gas flow rate through it to maintain the superheat and the pressure in the low pressure side within the right range.
  • the ability to control superheat enables implementation of the charge management and charge diagnosis as described above.
  • a hot gas bypass line 1312 directs refrigerant to the low pressure inlet to recuperative heat exchanger 1310.
  • a hot gas bypass line 1314 may be connected to an inlet or exit of evaporator 1306.
  • FIG 14 illustrates a trans-critical CO 2 system 1400 or vapor control system (VCS) 1400 with an expander 1402.
  • This illustrated system 1400 has the same components as that of Figure 12 , but employs two evaporators 1404, 1406 in respective circuits 1408, 1410 to control two different loads at the same evaporating temperature.
  • Each evaporator circuit 1408, 1410 has a respective evaporator 1404, 1406, pressure and temperature sensors (not shown), and a back pressure control valve 1412, 1414.
  • evaporators 1040, 1406 it is contemplated that for "n" evaporators connected in parallel, at least "n-1" evaporators have back-pressure regulators located downstream from the related evaporators.
  • Each back pressure control valve 1412, 1414 controls upstream pressure and indirectly the refrigerant flow through evaporators 1404, 1406, sensing the superheat (pressure and temperature) at the evaporator exit.
  • a multi-evaporator system has an evaporator always operating at a highest evaporating temperature, that evaporator does not need a downstream back-pressure regulator. However, if an evaporator always operating at a highest evaporating temperature cannot be identified, each evaporator needs a downstream back-pressure regulator. At any operating condition the controller identifies the evaporator, which may operate at the highest evaporating temperature and keeps the related back pressure evaporator fully open.
  • a hot gas bypass line 1416 directs refrigerant to a low pressure inlet to a recuperative heat exchanger 1418.
  • Hot gas bypass line 1416 is not connected to the inlets or exits of evaporators 1404, 1406.
  • An HGBV 1420 senses superheat at exits of both evaporators 1404, 1406, and senses pressure in a low pressure side 1422 of system 1400.
  • HGBV 1420 controls pressure in the low pressure side as does the HGBV 1222 of system 1200 shown in Figure 12 .
  • Back pressure regulators 1412, 1414 increase the opening and the refrigerant flow rate therethrough if superheat is above a given set high value and decreases the opening and the refrigerant flow rate through it if superheat is below a given set low value.
  • HGBV 1420 opens. High pressure refrigerant entering expander 1402 becomes hotter, cooling capacity slightly reduces and this helps to match the set superheats at the exits of both evaporators 1404, 1406.
  • HGBV 1420 closes. High pressure refrigerant entering expander 1402 becomes colder, the system cooling capacity slightly reduces and this helps to match the set superheats at the exits of both evaporators 1404, 1406.
  • HGBV 1420 does not act and the superheat is fully controlled by back pressure regulators 1412, 1414.
  • the ability to control superheat enables implementation of the charge management and charge diagnosis as described above.
  • the hot gas bypass valve controls evaporator capacity based on the superheat values at the evaporator exits comparing them to set points: if at least one superheat is below the related set low point and all other superheat values are within the range the HGBV opens; if at least one superheat is above the related set high point and all other superheat values are within the range the HGBV closes.
  • each back pressure regulator controls evaporator capacity based on the superheat at the evaporator exit comparing it to set points: it opens when the superheat is above the set high point and it closes when the superheat is below the low set point.
  • computing systems 226 and/or devices may employ any of a number of computer operating systems, including, but by no means limited to, versions and/or varieties of the Microsoft Windows® operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris® operating system distributed by Oracle Corporation of Redwood Shores, California), the AIX UNIX® operating system distributed by International Business Machines of Armonk, New York, the Linux® operating system, the Mac® OS X and iOS operating systems distributed by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California, and the Android® operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance.
  • the Unix operating system e.g., the Solaris® operating system distributed by Oracle Corporation of Redwood Shores, California
  • AIX UNIX® operating system distributed by International Business Machines of Armonk, New York
  • the Linux® operating system the Mac® OS X and iOS operating systems distributed by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California
  • the Android® operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance.
  • Computing devices 226 generally include computer-executable instructions, where the instructions may be executable by one or more computing devices such as those listed above.
  • Computer-executable instructions may be compiled or interpreted from computer programs created using a variety of programming languages and/or technologies, including, without limitation, and either alone or in combination, JavaTM, C®, C++®, Visual Basic®, Java Script®, Perl®, etc.
  • a processor e.g., a microprocessor
  • receives instructions e.g., from a memory, a computer-readable medium, etc., and executes these instructions, thereby performing one or more processes, including one or more of the processes described herein.
  • Such instructions and other data may be stored and transmitted using a variety of computer-readable media.
  • a computer-readable medium includes any non-transitory (e.g., tangible) medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read by a computer (e.g., by a processor of a computer).
  • a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media.
  • Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory.
  • Volatile media may include, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes a main memory.
  • Such instructions may be transmitted by one or more transmission media, including coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to a processor of a computer.
  • Computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
  • Databases, data repositories or other data stores described herein may include various kinds of mechanisms for storing, accessing, and retrieving various kinds of data, including a hierarchical database, a set of files in a file system, an application database in a proprietary format, a relational database management system (RDBMS), etc.
  • Each such data store is generally included within a computing device employing a computer operating system such as one of those mentioned above, and are accessed via a network in any one or more of a variety of manners.
  • a file system may be accessible from a computer operating system, and may include files stored in various formats.
  • An RDBMS generally employs the Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to a language for creating, storing, editing, and executing stored procedures, such as the PL/SQL language mentioned above.
  • SQL Structured Query Language
  • system elements may be implemented as computer-readable instructions (e.g., software) on one or more computing devices (e.g., servers, personal computers, etc.), stored on computer readable media associated therewith (e.g., disks, memories, etc.).
  • a computer program product may comprise such instructions stored on computer readable media for carrying out the functions described herein.

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Claims (13)

  1. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400), umfassend:
    einen Hauptkältemittelkreis (1202), umfassend:
    einen Verdichter (1206);
    einen Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauscher (1208);
    einen Expander (1302, 1402) oder eine Expansionsvorrichtung (1212);
    mindestens einen Verdampfer (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406), der zum Koppeln mit einer thermischen Last konfiguriert ist; und
    einen Flüssigkeitsabscheider (1216);
    einen Füllmengenverwaltungskreis (1204), aufweisend einen Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228), der parallel mit dem Verdichter (1206) und dem Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauscher (1208) konfiguriert ist, ein erstes Empfängerventil (1230), das auf einer Leitung (1234) installiert ist, die einen Ausgang des Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauschers (1208) mit einem ersten Anschluss des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) verbindet, und ein zweites Empfängerventil (1232), das auf einer Leitung (1236) installiert ist, die einen zweiten Anschluss des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) mit einer Saugseite des Verdichters (1206) verbindet;
    eine Steuereinheit (1218), die dazu konfiguriert ist, Reservekältemittel aus dem Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228) zu sammeln und in diesen abzugeben, um einen flexiblen Systembetrieb bereitzustellen, wenn Kältemittel in dem Hauptkältemittelkreis (1202) in subkritischen, transkritischen und superkritischen Betriebsmodi arbeitet, wobei die Steuereinheit (1218) dazu konfiguriert ist, eine Menge von Reservekältemittel in dem Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228) auf der Grundlage eines Auslassdrucks des Verdichters (1206) mittels des ersten und eines zweiten Empfängerventils (1230, 1232) zu steuern; und
    eine Heißgasumleitungsleitung (1220, 1312, 1314, 1416), umfassend ein Heißgasumleitungsventil (1222, 1308, 1420), die eine Auslassseite des Verdichters (1206) mit der Niederdruckseite des Verdichters (1206) verbindet.
  2. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die thermische Last aus einem Luftfahrzeug stammt und das Kältemittel CO2 ist.
  3. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die thermische Last aus einem Luftfahrzeug stammt und die Steuereinheit (1218) dazu konfiguriert ist, das erste und zweite Empfängerventil (1230, 1232) auf der Grundlage von Umgebungsbedingungen des Luftfahrzeugs zu betreiben; oder Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 2, wobei die Steuereinheit (1218) dazu konfiguriert ist, das erste und zweite Empfängerventil (1230, 1232) auf der Grundlage von Umgebungsbedingungen des Luftfahrzeugs zu betreiben.
  4. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei das Kühlsystem ferner einen rekuperativen Wärmetauscher (1210, 1310, 1418) umfasst; und wobei die Heißgasumleitungsleitung (1220, 1312, 1314, 1416) und das Heißgasumleitungsventil (1222, 1308, 1420) dazu konfiguriert sind, Heißgas aus der Auslassseite des Verdichters (1206) zu einem Einlass (1226) des Flüssigkeitsabscheiders (1216) oder einem rekuperativen Wärmetauscher (1210, 1310, 1418) umzuleiten.
  5. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 4, wobei das erste und zweite Empfängerventil (1230, 1232) dazu konfiguriert sind, AUS zu sein, wenn das Heißgasumleitungsventil (122, 1308, 1420) EIN ist.
  6. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Steuereinheit (1218) dazu konfiguriert ist, einen Saugdruck des Verdichters (1206) mit einem Druck innerhalb des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) zu vergleichen und auf der Grundlage des Vergleichs zu bestimmen, ob eine Füllmenge des Kältemittels innerhalb des Hauptkältemittelkreises (1202) ausreichend oder nicht ausreichend ist.
  7. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei das System (1200, 1300, 1400) "n" parallel verbundene Verdampfer (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406) aufweist und mindestens "n-1" Verdampfer (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406) Rückdruckregler (1412, 1414) aufweisen, die stromabwärts von den jeweiligen Verdampfern (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406) angeordnet sind.
  8. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 7, wobei das Heißgasumleitungsventil (1222, 1308, 1420) dazu konfiguriert ist, die Verdampferkapazität auf der Grundlage der Überhitzungswerte an Ausgängen des Verdampfers (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406) zu steuern, indem diese mit Sollwerten verglichen werden: wenn mindestens ein Überhitzungswert unter dem jeweiligen Solltiefpunkt liegt und alle anderen Überhitzungswerte im Sollbereich liegen, ist das HGBV (1222, 1308, 1420) zum Öffnen konfiguriert; wenn mindestens ein Überhitzungswert über dem jeweiligen Sollhöchstpunkt liegt und alle anderen Überhitzungswerte im Sollbereich liegen, ist das HGBV (1222, 1308, 1420) zum Schließen konfiguriert.
  9. Kühlsystem (1200, 1300, 1400) nach Anspruch 7, wobei jeder Rückdruckregler (1412, 1414) dazu konfiguriert ist, die Verdampferkapazität auf der Grundlage des Überhitzungswerts an Ausgängen des Verdampfers (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406) zu steuern, indem dieser mit Sollwerten verglichen wird: es (1222, 1308, 1420) ist zum Öffnen konfiguriert, wenn der Überhitzungswert über dem Sollhöchstpunkt liegt, und es (1222, 1308, 1420) ist zum Schließen konfiguriert, wenn der Überhitzungswert unter dem Solltiefpunkt liegt.
  10. Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Kühlsystems (1200, 1300, 1400), das Verfahren umfassend:
    Leiten eines Kältemittels durch einen Hauptkältemittelkreis (1202), der Hauptkältemittelkreis umfassend einen Verdichter (1206), einen Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauscher (1208), eine Expansionsvorrichtung (1212) oder einen Expander (1302, 1402), mindestens einen Verdampfer (1214, 1306, 1404, 1406), der mit einer thermischen Last gekoppelt ist, einen Flüssigkeitsabscheider (1216) und eine Heißgasumleitungsleitung (1220), umfassend ein Heißgasumleitungsventil (1222), die eine Auslassseite des Verdichters (1206) mit einer Saugseite des Verdichters (1206) verbindet;
    Leiten des Kältemittels durch einen Füllmengenverwaltungskreis (1204), der Füllmengenverwaltungskreis (1204) aufweisend einen Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228), der parallel mit dem Verdichter (1206) und dem Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauscher (1208) konfiguriert ist, ein erstes Empfängerventil (1230), das auf einer Leitung (1234) installiert ist, die einen Ausgang des Wärmeabfuhrwärmetauschers (1208) mit einem ersten Anschluss des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) verbindet, und ein zweites Empfängerventil (1232), das auf einer Leitung (1236) installiert ist, die einen zweiten Anschluss des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) mit der Saugseite des Verdichters (1206) verbindet;
    und Sammeln und Abgeben von Reservekältemittel in den und aus dem Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228), um einen flexiblen Systembetrieb bereitzustellen, wenn Kältemittel in dem Hauptkältemittelkreis (1202) in subkritischen, transkritischen und superkritischen Betriebsmodi arbeitet, durch Steuern einer Menge von Reservekältemittel in dem Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228) auf der Grundlage eines Auslassdrucks des Verdichters (1206) durch Betreiben des ersten und zweiten Empfängerventils (1230, 1232).
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei die thermische Last aus einem Luftfahrzeug stammt, das Verfahren ferner umfassend: Betreiben des ersten und zweiten Empfängerventils (1230, 1232) auf der Grundlage von Umgebungsbedingungen des Luftfahrzeugs.
  12. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 oder 11, ferner umfassend:
    Vergleichen eines Saugdrucks des Verdichters (1206) mit einem Druck innerhalb des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228); und
    Bestimmen, auf der Grundlage des Vergleichs, ob eine Füllmenge des Kältemittels innerhalb des Hauptkältemittelkreises (1202) ausreichend oder nicht ausreichend ist.
  13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, wobei Ventile (1230, 1232) an einem Einlass in den und einem Ausgang aus dem Füllmengenverwaltungsempfänger (1228) angeordnet sind, wobei die Ventile (1230, 1232) normalerweise geschlossen sind;
    ferner umfassend: Abschalten des Systems (1200, 1300, 1400) und automatisches Isolieren des Füllmengenverwaltungsempfängers (1228) von dem Hauptkältemittelkreis (1202) unter Verwendung der normalerweise geschlossenen Ventile (1230, 1232).
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