EP3017504B1 - Antenne à surface d'impédance artificielle dirigeable électroniquement - Google Patents

Antenne à surface d'impédance artificielle dirigeable électroniquement Download PDF

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EP3017504B1
EP3017504B1 EP13888596.7A EP13888596A EP3017504B1 EP 3017504 B1 EP3017504 B1 EP 3017504B1 EP 13888596 A EP13888596 A EP 13888596A EP 3017504 B1 EP3017504 B1 EP 3017504B1
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Prior art keywords
impedance
antenna
dielectric substrate
metallic strips
artificial impedance
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3017504A4 (fr
EP3017504A1 (fr
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Daniel J. Gregoire
Joseph S. Colburn
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HRL Laboratories LLC
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HRL Laboratories LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/28—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements or conductive elements forming artificial dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/443—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element varying the phase velocity along a leaky transmission line

Definitions

  • a two dimensionally electronically steered AISA has been described in U.S. Patent No. 8,436,785, issued on May 7, 2013, to Lai and Colburn .
  • the antenna described by Lai and Colburn is relatively costly and is electronically complex, because to steer in two dimensions a complex network of voltage control to a two dimensional array of impedance elements is required so that an arbitrary impedance pattern can be created to produce beam steering in any direction.
  • references [1]-[6] describe artificial impedance surface antennas (AISA) formed from modulated artificial impedance surfaces (AIS).
  • AISA artificial impedance surface antennas
  • Patel [1] demonstrated a scalar AISA using an end-fire, flarefed one-dimensional, spatially-modulated AIS consisting of a linear array of metallic strips on a grounded dielectric.
  • Sievenpiper, Colburn and Fong [2]-[4] have demonstrated scalar and tensor AISAs on both flat and curved surfaces using waveguide- or dipole-fed, two-dimensional, spatially-modulated AIS consisting of a grounded dielectric topped with a grid of metallic patches.
  • Gregoire [5]-[6] has examined the dependence of AISA operation on its design properties.
  • Eqn. (2) can be replaced with any periodic function and the AISA will still operate as designed, but the details of the side lobes, bandwidth and beam squint will be affected.
  • the AIS is a grid of metallic patches on a dielectric substrate.
  • the surface-wave impedance is locally controlled at each position on the AIS by applying a variable voltage to voltage-variable varactors connected between each of the patches.
  • an AIS's SW impedance can be tuned with capacitive loads inserted between impedance elements [8],[9].
  • Each patch is electrically connected to neighboring patches on all four sides with voltage-variable varactor capacitor.
  • the voltage is applied to the varactors though electrical vias connected to each impedance element patch.
  • Half of the patches are electrically connected to the groundplane with vias that run from the center of each patch down through the dielectric substrate.
  • the rest of the patches are electrically connected to voltage sources that run through the substrates, and through holes in the ground plane to the voltage sources.
  • AISA electronically steered artificial impedance surface antenna
  • a steerable artificial impedance surface antenna according to the invention is defined in claim 1.
  • FIG. 2A shows an electronically steered artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) in accordance with the present disclosure that is relatively low cost and capable of steering in both theta ( ⁇ ) and phi ( ⁇ ) directions.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of a spherical coordinate system showing the theta ( ⁇ ) and phi ( ⁇ ) angles. In FIG. 3 the phi ( ⁇ ) angle is the angle in the x-y plane, and the theta ( ⁇ ) angle is the angle from the z axis.
  • the electronically steered artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) of FIG. 2A includes a tunable artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) 101, a voltage control network 102, and a one-dimensional 1D radio frequency (RF) feed network 103.
  • AISA tunable artificial impedance surface antenna
  • RF radio frequency
  • the steering of the primary gain lobe of the electronically steered artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) is controlled in the phi ( ⁇ ) direction by changing the relative phase difference between the RF surface wave feeds 108 of the 1D RF feed network 103.
  • the theta steering is controlled by varying or modulating the surface wave impedance of the tunable artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) 101.
  • the voltage control network 102 applies direct current (DC) voltages to the metallic strips 107 on the AISA structure.
  • Control bus 105 provides control for the voltage control network 102.
  • the control bus 105 may be from a microprocessor, central processing unit, or any computer or processor.
  • a varactor is a type of diode whose capacitance varies as a function of the voltage applied across its terminals, which makes it useful for tuning applications.
  • varactors 109 are used between the metallic strips 107, as shown in FIG. 2A , by controlling the voltage applied to the varactors 109 via the metallic strips 107, the capacitances of the varactors 109 vary, which in turn varies or modulates the capacitive coupling and the impedance between the metallic strips 107 to steer a beam in the theta direction.
  • the spacing of the metallic strips 107 in one dimension of the AISA may be a fraction of the RF surface wave (SW) wavelength of the RF waves that propagate across the AISA from the RF surface wave feeds 108.
  • the spacing of the metallic strips 107 may be at most 1/5 of the RF surface wave (SW) wavelength of the RF waves.
  • the fraction may be only about 1/10 of the RF surface wave (SW) wavelength of the RF waves.
  • the RF SW feeds 108 may be a phased array corporate feed structure, or may be conformal surface wave feeds, which are integrated into the AISA, such as by using micro-strips.
  • Conformal surface wave feeds that may be used include those described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13/242,102 filed September 23, 2011 , or those described in "Directional Coupler for Transverse-Electric Surface Waves", published in IP.com Prior Art Database Disclosure No. IPCOM000183639D, May 29, 2009.
  • the spacing between the RF SW feeds 108 in the second dimension of the AISA or the y dimension of FIG. 3 may be based on rules of thumb for phased array antennas that dictate they be no farther apart than 1/2 of the free-space wavelength for the highest frequency signal to be transmitted or received.
  • the thickness of the dielectric substrate 106 is determined by its permittivity and the frequency of radiation to be transmitted or received. The higher the permittivity, the thinner the substrate can be.
  • the beam is steered in the theta direction by tuning the varactor voltages such that X, M, and p result in the desired theta ⁇ .
  • the dependence of the surface wave (SW) impedance on the varactor capacitance is calculated using transcendental equations resulting from the transverse resonance method or by using full-wave numerical simulations.
  • FIG. 4 shows another electronically steered artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) in accordance with the present disclosure that is essentially the same as the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 2A , except in the embodiment of FIG. 4 , a voltage is applied to each of the metallic strips 207 by voltage control lines 216. Twice as many control voltages are required compared to the embodiment of FIG. 2A , however, the spatial resolution of the impedance modulation is doubled.
  • the voltage applied to each voltage control line 216 is a function of the desired theta ( ⁇ ) angle, and may be different for each voltage control line 216.
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • CPU central processing unit
  • processor any computer or processor
  • the antenna main lobe is steered in the phi direction by using the feed network 203 to impose a phase shift between each of the RF SW feeds 208 in the same manner as described with reference to FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a preferred embodiment where the theta ⁇ angle control DACs 117 and 217 of FIGs. 2A and 4 are replaced by a single control voltage from a variable voltage source 350.
  • the AISA radiation angle varies between a minimum and maximum theta angle that is determined by the details of the AISA design.
  • the voltage is applied though voltage control lines 352 and 354 to the metallic strips 340 on the surface of the AISA.
  • Voltage control line 354 may be a ground with the voltage control line 352 being a variable voltage.
  • the metallic strips 340 are alternately tied to voltage control line 352 or to voltage control line 354.
  • the substrate 401 which may be used for dielectric substrates 106, 206 or 306, is a material whose electrical permittivity is varied with application of an electric field. As described above, no varactors 109, 209 or 309 are used in this embodiment.
  • a voltage is applied to metallic strips 402 on the AISA, an electric field is produced between adjacent strips and also between the strips and the substrate ground plane 403. The electric field changes the permittivity of the substrate material, which results in a change in the capacitance between adjacent metallic strips 402. As in the other embodiments, the capacitance between adjacent metallic strips 402 determines the surface-wave impedance.
  • variable material 404 may be any electrically variable material, such as liquid crystal material or barium strontium titanate (BST). It may be necessary, especially in the case of using liquid crystals, to embed the variable material 404 in pockets within an inert substrate 405, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • BST barium strontium titanate

Claims (15)

  1. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable qui peut être orientée à des angles phi et thêta comprenant :
    un substrat diélectrique (106) ayant une longueur et une largeur ;
    une pluralité de bandes métalliques (107) sur une première surface du substrat diélectrique (106), les bandes métalliques (107) étant espacées sur la longueur du substrat diélectrique et chaque bande métallique s'étendant le long de la largeur du substrat diélectrique ;
    une pluralité d'alimentation d'onde de surface (108) espacées le long de la largeur du substrat diélectrique (106) à proximité d'un bord du substrat diélectrique ;
    un réseau d'alimentation (103) pour orienter un lobe principal d'antenne dans la direction phi en imposant un changement de phase entre chacune des alimentations d'onde de surface (108) ; et
    un réseau de régulation de tension (102) pour commander l'orientation thêta en faisant varier une impédance d'ondes de surface de l'antenne de surface a impédance artificielle au moyen de la commande des tensions sur lesdites bandes métalliques (107) ;
    le substrat diélectrique (106) étant sensiblement dans un plan X-Y défini par un axe X et un axe Y ;
    l'angle phi étant un angle dans le plan X-Y par rapport à l'axe X ; et
    l'angle thêta étant un angle par rapport à un axe Z orthogonal au plan X-Y.
  2. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
    au moins un élément accordable couplé entre chaque paire adjacente de bandes métalliques (107).
  3. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle :
    l'élément accordable comprend :
    une pluralité de varactors (109) couplés entre chaque paire adjacente de bandes métalliques (107) ; et
    chaque varactor (109) couplé à une bande métallique respective présente une même polarité que tout autre varactor couplé à la bande métallique (107) respective.
  4. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle :
    l'élément accordable comprend un matériau électriquement variable (404) situé entre des bandes métalliques adjacentes (107) ; et
    le matériau électriquement variable (404) comprend un matériau de cristal liquide ou du titanate de baryum et de strontium (TBS).
  5. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle :
    le substrat diélectrique (106) est un substrat inerte ; et
    le matériau électriquement variable est incorporé au sein du substrat inerte.
  6. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    les alimentations d'onde de surface (108) sont conçues de telle sorte qu'une différence de phase relative entre chaque alimentation d'onde de surface détermine l'angle phi pour un lobe principal primaire de l'antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientée électroniquement.
  7. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 6, comprenant en outre :
    un réseau d'alimentation de fréquence radio (103) couplé aux alimentations d'onde de surface (108).
  8. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle le réseau d'alimentation de fréquence radio (103) comprend :
    un module de transmission/réception (110) ;
    une pluralité de changeurs de phase (113), les changeurs de phase respectifs (113) étant couplés au module de transmission/réception et à une alimentation d'onde de surface respective (108) ; et
    un contrôleur de changement de phase (114) couplé aux changeurs de phase (113).
  9. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    des bandes métalliques alternantes (107) de la pluralité de bandes métalliques sont couplés à une masse (120) ; et
    chaque bande métallique non couplée à la masse est couplée à une tension respective à partir d'une source de tension (117) du réseau de régulation de tension (102) ;
    l'impédance d'onde de surface du substrat diélectrique (106) étant modifiée au moyen du changement des tensions respectives.
  10. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    chaque bande métallique (107) est couplée à une source de tension (117) du réseau de régulation de tension (102) ;
    l'impédance d'onde de surface du substrat diélectrique (106) étant modifiée au moyen du changement des tensions respectives appliquées à partir de la source de tension sur chaque bande métallique respective (107).
  11. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
    un plan de masse (119) sur une seconde surface du substrat diélectrique (106) à l'opposé de la première surface du substrat diélectrique.
  12. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    les bandes métalliques (107) possèdent des centres espacés par une fraction d'une longueur d'onde d'une onde de surface propagée à travers le substrat diélectrique (106) ; et
    la fraction étant inférieure ou égale à 0,2.
  13. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 12, dans laquelle :
    les éléments accordables sont des varactors (109) ; et
    un espacement entre des varactors adjacents (109) couplés entre deux bandes métalliques adjacentes (107) est approximativement le même que l'espacement entre des centres de bandes métalliques adjacentes (107).
  14. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    l'antenne de surface à impédance artificielle présente une impédance d'onde de surface Zsw , qui est modulée ou qui varie périodiquement en appliquant des tensions sur les bandes métalliques (107) de sorte qu'à une distance x s'éloignant des alimentations d'ondes de surface (108) l'impédance d'onde de surface varie conformément à : Z sw = X + M cos 2 π x / p
    Figure imgb0023
     où X et M représentent une impédance moyenne et une amplitude de modulation respectivement, et p représente une période de modulation ; et
    l'angle thêta se rapporte à la modulation d'impédance d'onde de surface selon θ = sin − 1 n sw − λ / p
    Figure imgb0024
     où λ représente une longueur d'onde d'une onde de surface propagée à travers le substrat diélectrique, et n sw = X / 377 2 + 1
    Figure imgb0025
     représente un indice d'onde de surface moyen.
  15. Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    les bandes métalliques (107) varient périodiquement en termes de longueur avec une période de p (346).
EP13888596.7A 2013-07-03 2013-07-13 Antenne à surface d'impédance artificielle dirigeable électroniquement Active EP3017504B1 (fr)

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US13/934,553 US9466887B2 (en) 2010-11-03 2013-07-03 Low cost, 2D, electronically-steerable, artificial-impedance-surface antenna
PCT/US2013/050412 WO2015002658A1 (fr) 2013-07-03 2013-07-13 Antenne de surface à impédance artificielle orientable électroniquement

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CN105379011A (zh) 2016-03-02

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