EP3013438B1 - Verfahren zur abgabe einer durch verbrennungsgase aus mindestens einer pyrotechnischen ladung unter druck stehenden flüssigkeit - Google Patents

Verfahren zur abgabe einer durch verbrennungsgase aus mindestens einer pyrotechnischen ladung unter druck stehenden flüssigkeit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3013438B1
EP3013438B1 EP14749902.4A EP14749902A EP3013438B1 EP 3013438 B1 EP3013438 B1 EP 3013438B1 EP 14749902 A EP14749902 A EP 14749902A EP 3013438 B1 EP3013438 B1 EP 3013438B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
combustion
liquid
pyrotechnic
inhibited
type
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EP14749902.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3013438A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Paul Nadeau
Frédéric MARLIN
Evrard Borg
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ArianeGroup SAS
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ArianeGroup SAS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C13/00—Portable extinguishers which are permanently pressurised or pressurised immediately before use
    • A62C13/02—Portable extinguishers which are permanently pressurised or pressurised immediately before use with pressure gas produced by chemicals
    • A62C13/22—Portable extinguishers which are permanently pressurised or pressurised immediately before use with pressure gas produced by chemicals with incendiary substances producing pressure gas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C35/00—Permanently-installed equipment
    • A62C35/02—Permanently-installed equipment with containers for delivering the extinguishing substance
    • A62C35/023—Permanently-installed equipment with containers for delivering the extinguishing substance the extinguishing material being expelled by compressed gas, taken from storage tanks, or by generating a pressure gas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C35/00—Permanently-installed equipment
    • A62C35/02—Permanently-installed equipment with containers for delivering the extinguishing substance
    • A62C35/08—Containers destroyed or opened by bursting charge

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for delivering a liquid contained in a reservoir, said liquid being pressurized by the combustion gases of at least one pyrotechnic charge. It also relates to pyrotechnic charges adapted to the implementation of this method. This method is conveniently implemented for the delivery of a liquid fire extinguishing agent.
  • the process of the invention (and its prior art) is (are) more particularly described in this context. However, this is in no way limiting.
  • Fire extinguishing devices generally include a reservoir containing an extinguishing agent (liquid agent). Said agent is intended to be diffused over the area of a fire, with a view to extinguishing said fire but also to preventing its spread.
  • extinguishing agent liquid agent
  • Conventional tank extinguishers are permanently pressurized (they essentially consist of a) a pressurized tank of gas containing the extinguishing agent or b) a pressurized gas cylinder connected to the container of the extinguishing agent ( tank), said bottle, once struck, releasing the pressurizing gas of the extinguishing agent).
  • the use of these extinguishers therefore includes the permanent storage under pressure of an extinguishing agent (variant a) or of a propellant gas for such an extinguishing agent (variant b), with the necessary monitoring operations and verification (such as periodic weighing) that this entails.
  • the extinguisher As the gas pressure (variants a and b) also varies with temperature, the extinguisher's operating temperature range is therefore limited. In general, the operation of such an extinguisher is sensitive to temperature. In addition, during the delivery of the extinguishing agent, the volume available for the gas increases and therefore, the pressure of said gas decreases, causing an inevitable drop in the rate of delivery of the extinguishing agent and a decrease the effectiveness of the diffusion (dispersion or spray or propulsion) of said agent. To alleviate this disadvantage, it is generally expected, a pressure, at the start of delivery (of the extinguishing agent), more important, resulting in an oversizing of the structure of the device and therefore an increase in the weight and an additional cost of the device.
  • devices have been proposed, in particular for fighting fires in aircraft engines, comprising a pyrotechnic gas generator, the pyrotechnic gases generated by said generator being suitable for pressurizing and delivering liquid extinguishing agent.
  • a pyrotechnic gas generator is efficient, effective and particularly advantageous in that their use does not involve the storage and management of gas under pressure.
  • the patent application EP 1 782 861 describes a fire extinguishing device comprising a reservoir of extinguishing agent (liquid) and means for generating a pressurized gas, said means possibly consisting of a pyrotechnic gas generator.
  • a separation element for example a flexible membrane, is provided to separate said gas generator from said extinguishing agent.
  • the membrane deploys under the effect of the pressure of the gases generated and expels the extinguishing agent from the reservoir via a calibrated seal after rupture of said calibrated seal under the effect of the pressure of said extinguishing agent. extinction.
  • the patent application EP 2 205 325 describes a device comprising a cylindrical body housing a sliding piston, defining on one side a chamber, forming a reservoir, filled with the extinguishing agent (liquid, at its saturated vapor pressure, under a gaseous sky) and the other side, a chamber containing a pyrotechnic gas generator.
  • the gas generator When the gas generator is actuated, the gas pressure moves the piston so that the extinguishing agent is forced out of the tank.
  • the patent application WO 2008/025930 describes a pyrotechnic gas generator suitable for operating fire extinguishers of the type mentioned above.
  • the pyrotechnic charge of the generator advantageously consists of at least one monolith block, solid or with a central channel, of large dimensions (uninhibited, ie without inhibitor of combustion on its surface): a cylindrical monolithic block whose two dimensions, thickness and diameter, are between 10 and 75 mm.
  • the composition of this pyrotechnic charge is advantageously based on basic copper nitrate (BCN) and guanidine nitrate (NG).
  • the patent application WO 2007/113299 also describes substantially cylindrical pyrotechnic objects or blocks of large dimensions, suitable for use in pyrotechnic gas generators for operating fire extinguishers of the type mentioned above.
  • the patent application EP 1552859A1 describes a method for delivering a liquid, contained in a reservoir, said reservoir having at least one orifice for delivering said liquid closed off by an erasable seal under a threshold pressure applied to said liquid.
  • the pyrotechnic charges (blocks of propellant) used must be of sufficient size to give the gas generator an operating time compatible with the desired extinguishing function. This operating time is greater than that required in the field of automobile safety, more particularly for the operation of airbags and pyrotechnic actuators such as seat belt pre-tensioners and bonnet lift actuators.
  • the gas flow rate profile generated by such generators is however always very decreasing.
  • the burning surface of the at least one block of propellant concerned decreases during the combustion.
  • the free volume of the extinguisher increasing as the liquid is expelled the pressure applied to the liquid drops as said liquid is delivered (d 'where the drop in the delivery rate of said liquid).
  • the figures 1 to 3 of said request WO 2007/113299 show the continuously and drastically decreasing profile of the pressure applied to the liquid by the gases generated by the combustion of these pyrotechnic charges consisting of such cylindrical propellant blocks.
  • These figures also show that the duration of pressurization is all the longer as the dimensions of the blocks are greater.
  • the delivery time of the pressurized liquid is typically, for an extinguisher, from a few seconds to several tens of seconds.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method for delivering a liquid, in particular a liquid extinguishing agent, contained in a reservoir, said reservoir having at least one orifice for delivering said liquid closed by an erasable lid under a threshold pressure applied to said liquid (if several delivery orifices exist, they are each closed by an erasable seal under a threshold pressure of the same intensity).
  • Said erasable seal is advantageously such as to be erased without causing any interference with the progress of the method (i.e. with the operation of the device in which said method is implemented), without in particular generating fragments or debris. It is thus advantageously of the frangible membrane type in the form of petals or a spring valve.
  • said method therefore comprises a transitional phase during which the combustion gases of the pyrotechnic charge ensure the pressurization of the liquid until the removal of the seal from at least one delivery orifice, followed by an "active phase » : that of the delivery of the liquid.
  • the aim is to shorten the duration of this transient phase (which constitutes a time delay between the detection of the event and the response to said event).
  • this transitional phase a “substantial” duration; this, in a context of extinguishers for example, with the aim of reproducing the operating conditions of extinguishers of the prior art (with pressurization by gas bottle), conditions to which the user is accustomed. We will come back later to the management of the transitional phase preceding delivery.
  • the flow of combustion gas generated during the delivery of the liquid ensures an almost constant pressurization of the said liquid and therefore the delivery of the said (pressurized) liquid to almost constant flow.
  • the notion of quasi-constant pressurization is quantified below: the pressure of said liquid, during the delivery of said liquid, varies only at most +/- 30%, advantageously only at most +/- 20%, very advantageously a maximum of +/- 10%, relative to its initial value at the time of the erasure of said seal(s).
  • the delivery of the liquid is advantageously implemented, in dispersed form, via a (spray) nozzle.
  • the sensitivity of the delivery rate to pressure variations of said liquid is attenuated (said delivery rate by a nozzle responding, as a rule general, to a law in P n , with P the pressure of said liquid and n ⁇ 1).
  • the delivery rate of the liquid by a nozzle, in the liquid pressure variation ranges aroused, is thus likely in fact to vary at most by only +/- 15%, advantageously at most by only +/- 10%, very advantageously at most only +/- 5%.
  • the delivery of the (pressurized) liquid is thus implemented at an almost constant flow rate due to an almost constant pressurization of said liquid.
  • the method of the invention is original.
  • the delivery of the pressurized liquid at a quasi-constant flow rate implies a (decreasing) variation in the volume occupied by said quasi-constant liquid (of the tank volume) and corresponds to a (increasing) variation in the volume occupied by the quasi-pressurization gases. constant.
  • the method of the invention is implemented in a device comprising said liquid reservoir and at least one pyrotechnic gas generator containing said at least one pyrotechnic charge (the combustion of which generates the combustion gases necessary to liquid pressurization); said at least one pyrotechnic gas generator being connected to said reservoir and a movable member for separating the combustion gases generated and said liquid being provided within said device.
  • This movable separation member is interesting in several respects. Above all, said movable member contributes to the constancy of the desired pressurization of the liquid (see above), by “balancing” the pressures applied to its surface. Said moving member is also interesting because of the separation function (combustion gas/liquid) that it performs. It may be particularly appropriate to protect the liquid from gases. In any case, the formation of a foam, detrimental to effective delivery of liquid, is to be avoided.
  • the device of the invention comprises at least one nozzle (nozzle with a modular neck surface or with a neck surface constant), through which the combustion gases generated are debited (evacuated from said at least one pyrotechnic generator).
  • said device does not contain such a nozzle.
  • the desired result (as regards the quasi-constant pressurization of the liquid) can quite well be achieved without the use of any nozzle (see below).
  • the device of the invention can be of very simple design.
  • the at least one pyrotechnic charge which is of the solid monolithic block type or of the stack of disks type, has the shape of a right cylinder with a circular section and a lateral surface developing over its entire length between two end faces, said lateral surface being inhibited in combustion over part of the length of the cylinder from one of its end faces by covering with a combustion inhibiting material, which is itself inhibited in combustion by covering with a combustion inhibiting material and not being inhibited in combustion on the complementary part of the length of the cylinder from the other of its end faces which is not not inhibited in combustion, so that during the pressurization of said liquid, said at least one pyrotechnic charge is in frontal and lateral combustion, and during the delivery of said liquid, said at least one pyrotechnic charge is in frontal combustion only.
  • the almost constant pressurization avoids the oversizing of the structural elements of the tanks of the prior art (oversizing provided to withstand a high level of pressure at the start of delivery of the liquid, imposed by the decrease in pressure over time) and therefore allows operate in lighter structures (in which the problem of gas/liquid mixtures does not arise).
  • the almost constant delivery rate ensures almost constant efficiency of the liquid delivered throughout the delivery.
  • the pyrotechnic charges of the prior art whose combustion surfaces are entirely free (i.e. that the entire surface of said charges is capable of burning), present, during their combustion, a very degressive combustion surface, and are therefore not suitable for generating a slightly decreasing gas flow.
  • a slightly decreasing gas flow can therefore be obtained by combustion of a pyrotechnic charge ("of any geometry") in a combustion chamber equipped with a nozzle with a modular neck section (see above), but the inventors recommend strongly (see below) to obtain such a slightly decreasing gas flow by much simpler means, particularly suited to fire extinguisher contexts.
  • the applicant proposes, in the context of the invention, the use of specific pyrotechnic charges, suitable for inducing a slightly decreasing combustion gas flow, the use of pyrotechnic charges having part of their combustion surface inhibited in combustion.
  • Such types of pyrotechnic charges are, to date, used in contexts different from that of the invention, in particular in propulsion.
  • the present invention in fact offers an original outlet, an original use for this type of pyrotechnic charge.
  • a person skilled in the art generally knows how to inhibit the combustion of part of the combustion surface of a pyrotechnic charge by covering said part with a layer of suitable material (combustion inhibiting material), presenting the most often in the form of a varnish (not combustible).
  • combustion inhibiting material has been described in numerous documents of the prior art and in particular in the patent application FR 2 275 425 and the patent US 5,682,013 .
  • the person skilled in the art is able to optimize, according to the exact characteristics of the device in question, in particular its thermal insulation, the pyrotechnic charges having a part of their combustion surface inhibited in combustion, at a slightly decreasing flow rate, ensuring pressurization almost liquid constant during the delivery phase.
  • An almost constant gas flow can thus be advantageously obtained, without using a nozzle with a modular neck section (see above), with a pyrotechnic charge which burns, at an almost constant combustion pressure (varying only at maximum of +/- 30%, advantageously at a maximum of +/- 20%, very advantageously at a maximum of +/- 10%), presenting (during its combustion, therefore) an almost constant combustion surface .
  • an almost constant combustion surface corresponds, within the meaning of the invention, to a combustion surface only varying at most by +/- 15%, advantageously only at maximum of +/- 10%, very advantageously only at a maximum of +/- 5%.
  • the almost constant combustion pressure, of a pyrotechnic charge with an almost constant combustion surface can be ensured either by including the pyrotechnic charge in a volume at almost constant pressure (this is the case, in the context of the invention, of the pressurization volume (insofar as the (increasing) variation of the volume occupied by the pressurization gases corresponds to the (decreasing) variation of the volume occupied by the pressurized liquid, during the delivery of said pressurized liquid), or by including the loading pyrotechnics in a combustion chamber fitted with a nozzle with a constant neck area (the use of such a nozzle (less sophisticated than that of a nozzle with a modular neck section (see above)) is advantageous in that it allows easy adjustment of the pressure).
  • the pressure exponent of a propellant constituting a pyrotechnic charge must be less than 1 to ensure a constant combustion rate at constant pressure, advantageously less to 0.8, very advantageously less than 0.6.
  • a quasi-constant combustion surface suitable for inducing a quasi-constant combustion gas flow at quasi-constant combustion pressure, can itself be obtained with pyrotechnic charges having part of their combustion surface inhibited in combustion.
  • pyrotechnic charges having part of their combustion surface inhibited in combustion, suitable for generating, by combustion, a quasi-constant flow of gas at quasi-constant pressure with a quasi-constant combustion surface.
  • Such types of pyrotechnic charges are, to date, also used in contexts different from that of the invention, in particular in propulsion.
  • the present invention proposes, here too, in fact an original outlet, an original use for this type of pyrotechnic charge.
  • Pyrotechnic charges of the first type above are widely preferred because their architecture is simple and their combustion surface as well as therefore their flow rate of (combustion generated) gases at constant pressure approach an almost perfect constant.
  • their mode of combustion frontal combustion or "cigarette” combustion
  • Type A pyrotechnic charges are therefore particularly suitable for generating an almost constant gas flow during the liquid delivery phase, or even during the pressurization and liquid delivery phase (see below).
  • the pyrotechnic charges mentioned above have been described with reference to the implementation of the “active phase” of the method of the invention: that of the delivery of the liquid. It should therefore be understood that, during the delivery of the liquid, the burning pyrotechnic charge is of type A above.
  • the at least one load pyrotechnic having the shape of a straight cylinder with a circular section with a lateral surface developing over its entire length between two end faces, of the solid monolith block type or of the stack of discs type, is in frontal combustion only; its side surface and its end face opposite the end face in combustion being inhibited in combustion.
  • the at least one pyrotechnic charge in fact has an overall structure which comprises a part (a portion) intended to be burned during the transitional phase (preliminary to the delivery phase) and another part (another portion) intended to be burned during the “active phase” (pressurized liquid delivery phase).
  • an overall structure which comprises a part (a portion) intended to be burned during the transitional phase (preliminary to the delivery phase) and another part (another portion) intended to be burned during the “active phase” (pressurized liquid delivery phase).
  • the transient phase and the “active phase” it is possible in particular to operate, during the two phases (the transient phase and the “active phase”), according to the same mode of combustion, with at least one pyrotechnic charge of uniform structure, advantageously the same “cigarette” combustion mode with at least one type A pyrotechnic charge (see above).
  • the at least one pyrotechnic charge has an at least binary structure with a part (a section) which generates combustion gases at an increased (second variant) or reduced rate (Third variant) and another part (another section) generating combustion gases at an almost constant rate during delivery of the liquid, hence the above concept of non-uniform overall structure.
  • the first section can exist according to many variants, as to its shape (cylindrical, frustoconical, cubic shape, for example), and as to its constitution (full monolithic block, stack of structures such as discs, cylinders or cubes, for example).
  • At least one pyrotechnic charge having the shape of a right cylinder with a circular section with a lateral surface developing over its entire length between two end faces, of the monolithic block type. full or stack-type discs; its lateral surface inhibited in combustion over a part of the length of the cylinder from one of its end faces, itself inhibited in combustion, not being inhibited in combustion over the complementary part of the length of the cylinder from the other of its end faces uninhibited in combustion.
  • This loading, of type A' (in reference to the loading of type A above; schematized on the picture 2 attached), is, during the pressurization of the liquid (transient phase), in frontal and lateral combustion.
  • the type A" pyrotechnic charge may thus consist of a first section, on the side of the end face not inhibited in combustion, of a propellant with a high combustion rate Vc 1 (P) and of a second juxtaposed section of another propellant with a lower combustion rate Vc 2 (P).
  • the mode of operation of such a pyrotechnic charge is therefore as follows: during the pressurization of the liquid, a (first) part, not inhibited in combustion or of which a part of the combustion surface is inhibited in combustion, of the pyrotechnic charge burns at a high combustion rate to ensure pressurization over a short time of said liquid until the erasure of said seal, then, during the delivery of said liquid, the complementary part of said pyrotechnic charge, having the shape of a right cylinder with a circular section with a lateral surface developing over its entire length between two end faces, of the type solid monolithic block or disk stack type, said side surface and said end face opposite the burning end face being combustion inhibited, burns at a moderate burning rate to ensure delivery of said liquid over a long period of time .
  • Such a multi-component, at least two-component, pyrotechnic charge therefore generates, with a combustion surface that is constant or not, during the pressurization phase of the liquid, a first flow of gas ensuring pressurization over a short time of said liquid (resulting of the combustion of the first section consisting of at least one propellant with a high combustion rate), making it possible to reach in a short time the pressure for erasing the seal(s), then, during the delivery phase of the liquid, a second flow of gas over a long, constant time, at constant pressure (resulting from the "cigarette" combustion of the second section consisting of a propellant at a lower combustion rate) ensuring the constant pressurization of said liquid for a long time.
  • the first part of at least one bi-component loading of type A" can be, at least in part, inhibited (type A"1; schematized on the picture 3 appended) or uninhibited (type A"2; schematized on the figure 4 attached). It is understood that the non-inhibition of the part at high combustion speed is even more favorable to the shortening of the duration of the transient phase.
  • type A"2 charge corresponds to a type A' charge, consisting for the uninhibited part of its lateral surface of a propellant with a combustion rate Vc 1 (P) and for the additional inhibited part of its lateral surface of a propellant with a combustion rate Vc 2 (P): Vc 1 (P)>Vc 2 (P).
  • the first section can in fact exist according to numerous variants, as regards, in particular, its shape and its constitution (see above), its number of components (n ⁇ 1) and the identical composition or not of said components ( n ⁇ 2) (their combustion speed Vc 1 (P) identical or not; the said speed(s) Vc 1 (P) being, in any event, greater than that of the second section) ...
  • Said first section advantageously exists according to the same geometry as that of the second section (cylinder with circular section), and, single-component or not, with combustion speed(s) Vc 1 (P) greater than that of the second section.
  • the combustion of at least one pyrotechnic charge can be carried out with an adjustment of the combustion pressure.
  • said combustion can be carried out in a combustion chamber provided with a nozzle (see above).
  • This variant is advantageous insofar as the combustion pressure of the charge, and therefore its combustion rate, are independent of the pressurization pressure of the liquid, which facilitates the adjustment of operation during the implementation of the method.
  • the pressurized liquid is advantageously delivered in dispersed form, via a nozzle.
  • the delivery at a constant flow rate of the liquid then allows, via said nozzle, a dispersion of constant quality throughout the delivery phase (see above).
  • the liquid in question may in particular consist of a (fire) extinguishing agent (water, water+additives, etc.), a lubricating agent, a cooling agent (water, glycol, etc.), a cleaning agent and/or dispersant (surfactant liquid, etc.).
  • a (fire) extinguishing agent water, water+additives, etc.
  • a lubricating agent water, glycol, etc.
  • a cooling agent water, glycol, etc.
  • cleaning agent and/or dispersant surfactant liquid, etc.
  • the devices suitable for implementing the method of the invention can quite well be act of devices described in the prior art, in particular in the patent applications EP 1 782 861 And EP 2 205 325 . It is to the credit of the inventors to have selected this type device (of simple design) for implementing the method of the invention (particularly with reference to the constraints on the pressurization (almost constant) of the liquid and with a view to avoiding any contact between combustion gas/liquid).
  • such devices comprise, in their structure, a reservoir (for the liquid to be delivered) and at least one pyrotechnic gas generator containing at least one pyrotechnic charge; said at least one pyrotechnic gas generator being connected to said reservoir and a movable member for separating the combustion gases generated and said liquid being provided within said device.
  • Such devices comprise, in their basic structure, a tank connected to a gas generator containing a pyrotechnic charge. It is understood that their structure can in fact be more complex, with several generators, arranged, in parallel, upstream of the reservoir; each of said generators containing one or more loads. In any event, one or more generators are liable to discharge into one or more reservoirs. The device is therefore likely to comprise several reservoirs. In any event, the method of the invention is implemented at each of said reservoirs.
  • the device in question is advantageously a compact device (and therefore of limited size).
  • a compact device comprises a one-piece body (in one piece, unitary) in which the reservoir and the at least one pyrotechnic generator are arranged.
  • the at least one pyrotechnic generator is arranged in (the volume of the) reservoir.
  • the movable separation member can consist of a flexible membrane or a piston. It advantageously consists of a piston.
  • a device not comprising a nozzle, is perfectly suitable for implementing the method of the invention (see above).
  • the method of the invention can therefore also be implemented in a device according to the second variant above, device which advantageously comprises at least one pyrotechnic generator (generally a single such pyrotechnic generator) arranged in the upper part of the internal volume (vacuum ) of a reservoir containing the liquid to be delivered.
  • a flexible membrane shares the internal volume of the tank (the combustion gases then act on this membrane to act on the liquid) or is associated with said at least one gas generator (the combustion gases inflate such a membrane to act on the liquid) .
  • a device comprising or not comprising nozzle(s), advantageously not comprising any nozzle, is perfectly suitable for implementing the method of the invention (see above).
  • the method of the invention is thus advantageously implemented in the devices whose exact structure has been recalled above.
  • the pyrotechnic igniter also contributes to the generation of gas. It can be sized to contribute in a non-negligible way to the supply of gas during said transient phase, in particular when it is desired to shorten said transient phase.
  • composition of the pyrotechnic charges useful for the implementation of the process of the invention, the indications below can be given, in no way limiting.
  • composition is advantageously of the type of that of the pyrotechnic charges used in gas generators for airbags. It is however recalled here that the pyrotechnic charges useful for the implementation of the method of the invention have dimensions adapted to the intended operating time (i.e. greater than those of the pyrotechnic charges used in the gas generators for airbags) .
  • This composition is advantageously optimized with reference to numerous parameters, such as the combustion temperature, the gas yield, the toxicity of the combustion gases as well as the pyrotechnic safety.
  • Pyrotechnic charges the composition of which contains such ingredients and capable of being used in the context of the implementation of the method of the invention, have in particular been described in the patent documents below: US 5,608,183 , US 6,143,102 , FR 2 975 097 , FR 2 964 656 , FR 2 950 624 , FR 2 915 746 , FR 2 902 783 , FR 2 899 227 , FR 2 892 117 , FR 2 891 822 , FR 2 866 022 , FR 2 772 370 And FR 2 714 374 .
  • the pyrotechnic charges useful for implementing the process of the invention are obtained in a conventional manner, therefore advantageously from the ingredients listed above.
  • the method comprises the extrusion of a paste containing the constituents of the charge.
  • the process comprises a step of bringing all (or some of) the constituents into aqueous solution (said step of placing into aqueous solution comprising solubilization of at least one of said main constituents (oxidant and/or or reducer)), obtaining a powder by drying by atomization of the solution obtained, the (possible) addition to said powder of the constituent(s) which would not have been put into solution, then shaping the powder by dry compression to obtain pyrotechnic objects.
  • the pyrotechnic charges of the invention can also be obtained (directly) by a dry process.
  • a method can be limited to a simple compression of the powder obtained by mixing the constituents, to obtain blocks.
  • a method may comprise roller compacting, followed by granulation, then shaping of the granules, in order to obtain objects. This variant is described in particular in the patent application WO 2006/134311 .
  • the pyrotechnic charges useful for carrying out the process of the invention can also be obtained according to other conventional processes comprising mixing in a blade or twin-screw mixer a composition containing a binder for obtaining a paste, then extruding or casting said paste into molds to obtain objects.
  • multi-component charges generally two-component, they may result from the juxtaposition (stacking) of several charges prepared beforehand.
  • the procedure is also conventional, for example by varnishing their surface to be inhibited.
  • the pyrotechnic charges in question are in particular types A' and A" specified above (respectively illustrated on the figure 2 (type A'), 3 (type A"1) and 4 (type A"2) attached).
  • THE figure 1.1 , 2.1 and 3.1 schematically show (without taking into account the ignition phase of the pyrotechnic charge) the evolutions of the gas flows (of combustion generated), pressures in the tank (of liquid) and flow of liquid (pressurized delivered), during the setting implementation of the method of the invention with combustion of, respectively, the pyrotechnic charges of the figure 1 or 1' , 2 and 3 .
  • FIG. 2.2 schematically shows the evolution of the combustion surface (Scombustion) during the combustion of the pyrotechnic charge of the picture 2 .
  • THE figures 1A, 1B and 1C show schematically, in section, devices, charged with the pyrotechnic charge of the figure 1 and in the liquid L to be delivered, suitable for the implementation of variants of the method of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pyrotechnic charge 7 of type A not covered by the claims.
  • This load of cylindrical shape, of length I, is a monolith block. It is inhibited in combustion by the varnish 8 over its entire surface, except on one of its end faces.
  • There figure 1' shows a 7' pyrotechnic charge, of the same type, similarly inhibited, not monolithic, but consisting of a stack of several discs.
  • the loads of figures 1 and 1' have a constant combustion surface (corresponding to the surface of their circular section). They burn in frontal combustion (in “cigarette” combustion).
  • the devices shown are respectively referenced 100, 101 and 102. Their unitary structure (in one piece, one-piece) is respectively delimited by a body 100', 101' and 102'.
  • Devices 100, 101, 102 comprise a reservoir 1, containing the liquid L.
  • Said reservoir 1 has a delivery orifice 2 (of said liquid L), closed by an erasable cover 3 (for example of the frangible membrane type in the form of petals or spring valve).
  • an erasable cover 3 for example of the frangible membrane type in the form of petals or spring valve.
  • the devices 100, 101, 102 comprise a pyrotechnic gas generator, respectively referenced 15 ( Figure 1A ), 16 ( figure 1B ) and 17 ( figure 1C ).
  • the generators shown are actually of three types. Each of said generators contains a pyrotechnic charge 7, of the type shown in the figure 1 (ie inhibited by the varnish 8 over its entire surface, except on its end face intended to be initiated in combustion by an ignition system (not shown)).
  • reference 9a is the combustion chamber of the generator 15. This combustion chamber 9a corresponds to the expansion chamber 9'a of the gases generated. We fully understand that such an arrangement allows the implementation within the generator 15 of a combustion at constant pressure (in “active phase” the volume of liquid delivered corresponding to the volume of gas generated).
  • the combustion chamber 9b is delimited by a nozzle 10 with a constant neck surface.
  • Said nozzle 10 allows “fine” adjustment of the pressurization gas flow in the expansion chamber 9′a and therefore of the pressure exerted on the piston 4 and therefore of the liquid delivery flow (during the “active phase”) .
  • combustion chamber 9C is connected to the gas expansion chamber 9'c by the pipe 11. It is also perfectly understood that such an arrangement allows the implementation within the generator 17 of a combustion at constant pressure (in “active phase” the volume of liquid delivered corresponding to the volume of gas generated).
  • FIG. 2 shows a pyrotechnic charge 70 of type A'.
  • the variation of said combustion surface is schematized on the figure 2.2 .
  • the curves of the figure 2.1 show the variation of the gas flow during the transient phase (said flow decreases as the consumption of the uninhibited lateral surface) then its constancy during the "active phase"("cigarettecombustion” over the length l2), the “rapid” increase in the pressure in the tank during the said transient phase then its constancy during the said “active phase” as well as the constancy of the liquid flow rate during the said "active phase”("cigarettecombustion” on the length l2).
  • This load 700 of cylindrical shape, of length I, consists of two juxtaposed cylindrical blocks (sections or parts) 702 and 701. It is inhibited by the varnish 800 on one of its end faces 700c and over its entire side surface 700a. It is not inhibited on its other end face 700b which also corresponds to the end face 701b of block 701.
  • the side surface 701a of said block 701, which corresponds to part of the side surface 700a of the load 700 ( 701 + 702), is also inhibited.
  • the combustion of said load, successively of its constituent blocks 701 and 702 is therefore a “cigarette combustion”, successively during the transient phase and during the “active phase”.
  • said block 701 has a combustion speed Vc 1 (P) greater than the combustion speed Vc 2 (P) of block 702.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit (L), die in einem Behälter (1) enthalten ist, wobei der Behälter (1) mindestens eine Öffnung (2) zur Abgabe der Flüssigkeit (L) aufweist, die durch ein Verschlussorgan (3) verschlossen ist, das unter einem auf die Flüssigkeit (L) angewendeten Schwellendruck entfernbar ist, umfassend:
    - die Verbrennung mindestens einer pyrotechnischen Ladung (70) zum Erzeugen von Verbrennungsgasen,
    - die Druckbeaufschlagung der Flüssigkeit (L) unter der Wirkung der Verbrennungsgase, und
    - das Entfernen des entfernbaren Verschlussorgans (4) von der mindestens einen Abgabeöffnung (2) und die Abgabe der druckbeaufschlagten Flüssigkeit (L),
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Durchfluss von Verbrennungsgasen, die während der Abgabe der Flüssigkeit (L) erzeugt werden, eine nahezu konstante Druckbeaufschlagung der Flüssigkeit (L) und somit die Abgabe der Flüssigkeit (L) mit nahezu konstantem Durchfluss gewährleistet, wobei der Druck der Flüssigkeit (L) während der Abgabe der Flüssigkeit höchstens um +/- 30 %, vorteilhafterweise höchstens um +/- 20 %, sehr vorteilhafterweise höchstens um +/- 10 %, bezogen auf seinen Ausgangswert am Zeitpunkt der Entfernung des/der Verschlussorgans/Verschlussorgane (3), schwankt, und
    dadurch, dass es in einer Vorrichtung (100; 101; 102) durchgeführt wird, die den Behälter (1) und mindestens einen Erzeuger (15; 16; 17) pyrotechnischen Gases umfasst, welcher die mindestens eine pyrotechnische Ladung (70) einschließt, wobei der mindestens eine Erzeuger (15; 16; 17) pyrotechnischen Gases mit dem Behälter (1) verbunden ist und ein bewegliches Organ (4) zur Trennung der erzeugten Verbrennungsgase und der Flüssigkeit (L) in der Vorrichtung (100; 101; 102) vorgesehen ist, und
    dadurch, dass die mindestens eine pyrotechnische Ladung (70), die vom Typ eines massiven monolithischen Blocks oder vom Typ einer Stapelung von Scheiben ist, die Form eines geraden Zylinders mit kreisförmigem Querschnitt und eine seitliche Oberfläche (70a) aufweist, die sich über seine gesamte Länge zwischen zwei Endseiten (70b und 70c) erstreckt, wobei die Verbrennung der seitlichen Oberfläche (70a) auf einem Teil der Länge des Zylinders ausgehend von der einen seiner Endseiten (70c) durch Bedeckung mit einem Verbrennungshemmstoff gehemmt ist, dessen Verbrennung selbst durch Bedeckung mit einem Verbrennungshemmstoff gehemmt ist, und dessen Verbrennung auf dem ergänzenden Teil der Länge des Zylinders ausgehend von der anderen seiner Endseiten (70b), deren Verbrennung nicht gehemmt ist, nicht gehemmt ist, derart dass bei der Druckbeaufschlagung der Flüssigkeit (L) die mindestens eine pyrotechnische Ladung (70) sich in einer frontalen und seitlichen Verbrennung befindet, und bei der Abgabe der Flüssigkeit (L) die mindestens eine pyrotechnische Ladung (70) sich lediglich in der frontalen Verbrennung befindet.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbrennung der mindestens einen pyrotechnischen Ladung (70) unter Regelung des Verbrennungsdrucks durchgeführt wird.
  3. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die druckbeaufschlagte Flüssigkeit (L) in dispergierter Form abgegeben wird.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Flüssigkeit (L) ein Feuerlöschmittel, ein Schmiermittel, ein Kühlmittel oder ein Reinigungs- und/oder Dispersionsmittel ist.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorrichtung (100; 101; 102) einen Körper (100'; 101'; 102) aus einem Stück umfasst, in dem der Behälter (1) und der mindestens eine Gaserzeuger (15, 16, 17) angeordnet sind, oder dadurch, dass in der Vorrichtung der mindestens eine Gaserzeuger in dem Behälter angeordnet ist.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorrichtung (100; 101; 102) einen Körper (100'; 101'; 102') mit verschiebbarem Kolben als bewegliches Trennungsorgan (4) umfasst, wobei der Kolben (4) zwei Kammern, eine erste Kammer, die den Behälter (1) bildet, und eine zweite Kammer abgrenzt, welche die mindestens eine pyrotechnische Ladung (70) enthält, die einen Erzeuger (15; 16; 17) pyrotechnischen Gases bildet.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zusammensetzung der mindestens einen pyrotechnischen Ladung (70) einschließt:
    - mindestens eine oxidierende Komponente, die ausgewählt wird aus Nitraten, wie beispielsweise basisches Kupfernitrat, Natriumnitrat, Ammoniumnitrat, Perchloraten, wie beispielsweise Ammoniumperchlorat, Kaliumperchlorat, Dinitramiden, wie beispielsweise Ammoniumdinitramid, und Metalloxiden, wie beispielsweise Eisenoxid, und
    - mindestens eine stickstoffhaltige reduzierende Komponente, die ausgewählt wird aus Guanidinnitrat, Nitroguanidin, Guanylharnstoffdinitramid, Tetrazol, seinen Derivaten und ihren Salzen, wie beispielsweise 5-Aminotetrazol, 5-Guanylaminotetrazol, 5-Aminotetrazol-Kaliumsalz, 5-Aminotetrazol-Natriumsalz, 5-Aminotetrazol-Calciumsalz, Bitetrazol-Ammoniumsalz, Bitetrazol-Natriumsalz, Bitetrazolamin-Ammoniumsalz, 5,5`-Azobitetrazol-Natriumsalz, 5,5'-Azobitetrazol-Calciumsalz, Triazolen, Dinitramiden, Diamiden und Polyaminnitraten.
  8. Pyrotechnische Ladung (70), die sich zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 eignet und eine Form eines geraden Zylinders mit kreisförmigem Querschnitt mit einer seitlichen Oberfläche (70a) aufweist, die sich über seine gesamte Länge (l) zwischen zwei Endseiten (70b, 70c) erstreckt, vom Typ eines massiven monolithischen Blocks oder vom Typ einer Stapelung von Scheiben, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbrennung der einen (70c) ihrer zwei Endseiten (70b, 70c) durch Bedeckung mit einem Verbrennungshemmstoff gehemmt ist, während die Verbrennung der anderen (70b) ihrer zwei Endseiten (70b, 70c) nicht gehemmt ist, und dass die Verbrennung ihrer seitlichen Oberfläche (70a) durch Bedeckung mit einem Verbrennungshemmstoff lediglich auf einem Teil ihrer Länge (12) ausgehend von ihrer Endseite (70c) gehemmt ist, deren Verbrennung gehemmt ist.
EP14749902.4A 2013-06-28 2014-06-27 Verfahren zur abgabe einer durch verbrennungsgase aus mindestens einer pyrotechnischen ladung unter druck stehenden flüssigkeit Active EP3013438B1 (de)

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FR1356287A FR3007659B1 (fr) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Procede de delivrance d'un liquide pressurise par les gaz de combustion d'au moins un chargement pyrotechnique
PCT/FR2014/051644 WO2014207403A1 (fr) 2013-06-28 2014-06-27 Procédé de délivrance d'un liquide pressurisé par les gaz de combustion d'au moins un chargement pyrotechnique

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CN108037264A (zh) * 2017-11-27 2018-05-15 北京理工大学 一种模拟深水爆炸试验用炸药能量输出性能测试装置
US10722741B2 (en) * 2017-12-01 2020-07-28 International Business Machines Corporation Automatically generating fire-fighting foams to combat Li-ion battery failures
US10912963B2 (en) * 2017-12-01 2021-02-09 International Business Machines Corporation Automatically generating fire-fighting foams to combat Li-ion battery failures
US11241599B2 (en) * 2018-05-09 2022-02-08 William A. Enk Fire suppression system
RU189214U1 (ru) * 2019-02-21 2019-05-16 Селанова Лимитед Пожаротушащее устройство для гибридных систем пожаротушения
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EP3013438A1 (de) 2016-05-04
CN105492085A (zh) 2016-04-13
JP2016523646A (ja) 2016-08-12
FR3007659B1 (fr) 2017-03-24
WO2014207403A1 (fr) 2014-12-31
JP6358511B2 (ja) 2018-07-18
FR3007659A1 (fr) 2015-01-02
CN105492085B (zh) 2019-10-01
US20160175628A1 (en) 2016-06-23
US10159861B2 (en) 2018-12-25

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