EP2956737B1 - Hartballistischer gegenstand und verfahren zur herstellung des gegenstands - Google Patents

Hartballistischer gegenstand und verfahren zur herstellung des gegenstands Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2956737B1
EP2956737B1 EP14703092.8A EP14703092A EP2956737B1 EP 2956737 B1 EP2956737 B1 EP 2956737B1 EP 14703092 A EP14703092 A EP 14703092A EP 2956737 B1 EP2956737 B1 EP 2956737B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hard
ballistic
woven fabric
polymer
matrix material
Prior art date
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EP14703092.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2956737A1 (de
Inventor
Huibert KWINT
Marc-Jan De Haas
Hans-Joachim Gabrisch
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Teijin Aramid GmbH
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Teijin Aramid GmbH
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0471—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0442—Layered armour containing metal
    • F41H5/0457—Metal layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0471—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • F41H5/0485—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers all the layers being only fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to a hard-ballistic article and to a process to manufacture said article, as for instance described in WO2008/108882 A .
  • Hard-ballistic articles are known which contain packages of woven fabric layers or packages of non-woven fabric layers. Said packages are stacked onto one another to form a monolithic panel.
  • hard-ballistic articles are known which contain packages of woven fabric layers and packages of non-woven fabric layers. Said packages are stacked onto one another to form a hybrid panel.
  • WO 2008/097362 A describes multilayer ballistic resistant articles which provide suitable protection against high energy ballistic threads, while remaining suitable for flexible vest applications. Said multilayer ballistic resistant articles are formed from a combination of flexible and semi-rigid panel components.
  • the flexible or semi-rigid panels may include woven fibrous layers, non-woven fibrous layers or both.
  • WO 2008/097362 A describes a ballistic shoot pack consisting of a package of woven fabric layers which consist of a plurality of flexible layers of aramid fabric, followed by a semi-rigid panel consisting of a plurality of molded layers of Gold Shield ® material and followed by another plurality of flexible layers of aramid fabric.
  • Gold Shield ® material is a composite consisting of two unidirectional aligned aramid fiber plies, wherein each of said fiber plies is provided with a resin, and said fiber plies are 0°/90° cross-plied and consolidated.
  • Aramid fabric does not contain any resin.
  • WO 2012/098158 A1 describes a ballistic resistant article comprising a plurality of fibrous layers, each of said layers comprising a network of fibers having a strength of at least 800 mN/tex, for example aramid fibers, and a matrix material, wherein the matrix material comprises a mixture at least one self-crosslinking acrylic resin, and/or at least one crosslinkable acrylic resin, and at least one tackifier.
  • a network of fibers means a plurality of fibers arranged into a predetermined configuration or a plurality of fibers grouped together to form a twisted or untwisted yarn, which yarns are arranged into a predetermined configuration, and that the fiber network can have various configurations.
  • the fibers or yarns may be formed as a felt or other nonwoven, knitted or woven into a network, or formed into a network by any conventional techniques.
  • WO 2008/060650 A2 describes ballistic resistant articles formed from a hybrid of woven and non-woven fibrous components.
  • the hybrid structures are particularly useful for the formation of soft, flexible body armor.
  • a ballistic resistant article comprises in order: a) a first panel comprising at least one woven fibrous layer, b) a second panel comprising a plurality of non-woven fibrous layers, each of the non-woven fibrous layers being consolidated with the other non-woven fibrous layers, each of the non-woven fibrous layers comprising a unidirectional parallel array of fibers, each of said fibers being coated on their surface with a polymeric composition that is resistant to dissolution by water, and resistant to dissolution by one or more organic solvents; and c) a third panel comprising at least one woven fibrous layer.
  • a further ballistic resistant article differs from the article described above in that a panel comprising at least one woven fibrous layer is sandwiched between panels each of which comprising a plurality of non-woven fibrous layers, each of the non-woven fibrous layers being consolidated with the other non-woven fibrous layers, each of the non-woven fibrous layers comprising a unidirectional parallel array of fibers, each of said fibers being coated on their surface with a polymeric composition that is resistant to dissolution by water, and resistant to dissolution by one or more organic solvents.
  • WO 2008/060650 A2 explains that it is generally not necessary for the fibers to be coated with the polymeric matrix composition, because no consolidation is conducted.
  • the fibers comprising the woven fibrous layers may be coated with a polymeric matrix composition, preferably with a polymeric composition that is resistant to dissolution by water and resistant to dissolution by one or more organic solvents.
  • WO 2008/140567 A2 describes the production of a ballistic resistant article comprising: a) providing a fabric comprising a plurality of fibers, e.g. aramid fibers, arranged in an array, b) heating said fabric inside a microwave oven, c) molding the heated fabric into an article, and d) allowing the molded fabric to cool.
  • a fabric comprising a plurality of fibers, e.g. aramid fibers, arranged in an array
  • WO 2008/140567 A2 also describes a method of forming a consolidated fiber network, said consolidated network of fibers comprising a plurality of fiber layers, said fibers having a polymeric matrix composition thereon; which consolidated fiber network is consolidated under heat and pressure, wherein the heat of consolidation is generated by the application of microwave energy sufficient to thereby heat the polymeric matrix composition to a temperature of at least about the softening temperature of the polymeric matrix composition.
  • the fabrics may comprise a hybrid combination of non-alternating woven and non-woven fibrous layers.
  • the non-woven fibrous layers comprise a plurality of layers, each layer comprising a plurality of unidirectional aligned, parallel fibers, wherein said layers are cross-plied at an angle relative to a longitudinal fiber direction of each adjacent fiber layer; and wherein said fibers optionally have a polymeric matrix composition thereon.
  • the individual fibers of the woven fibrous layers may or may not be coated with a polymeric matrix composition in a similar fashion as the non-woven fibrous layers using the same matrix composition as the non-woven fibrous layers.
  • US 2012/0174753 A1 describes soft body armor and explains that the flexible and soft body armor of the invention of this document is in contrast to rigid or hard armor and therefore, does not retain its shape when subjected to a significant amount of stress and is incapable of being free standing without collapsing.
  • US 2012/0174753 A1 emphasized that this is in distinction to the characteristics of hard or rigid armor which has sufficient mechanical strength and maintains its shape when subjected to a significant amount of stress and is capable of being free-standing without collapsing.
  • US 2012/0174753 A1 provides a flexible ballistic composite useful in soft body armor applications, the composite comprising at least one woven fabric layer, at least one second fabric layer, and a first separator layer positioned between the woven fabric layer and the second fabric layer, the first separator layer comprising a lightweight, thin and flexible layer, the first separator layer not being laminated to either of the woven fabric layer or the second fabric layer such that the woven fabric layer and the second fabric layer are free to move relative to each other.
  • the woven fabric layer and the second fabric layer may be made of aramid fibers, and the second fabric layer may be formed as a unidirectional oriented fabric.
  • the second fabric layer is preferably coated with a matrix resin composition.
  • the ballistic articles described above exhibit a good ballistic performance. However, there is an ongoing demand for ballistic articles which at the same areal density have a better ballistic performance.
  • the problem underlying the present invention is to provide a ballistic article which at the same areal density exhibits a better ballistic performance.
  • a hard-ballistic article comprising a hybrid panel, wherein the hybrid panel comprises
  • the hard-ballistic article according to the invention exhibits a higher v 50 -value than a hard-ballistic article which merely contains unidirectional aligned fabric layers provided with a matrix material which is identical with the first matrix material of the first package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention, and which exhibits the same areal weight.
  • the hard-ballistic article according to the invention exhibits a higher v 50 -value than a hard-ballistic article which merely contains woven fabric layers provided with a matrix material which is identical with the second matrix material of the second package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention, and which exhibits the same areal weight.
  • the hard-ballistic article according to the invention exhibits a higher v 50 -value than a comparative hard-ballistic article which only differs from the hard-ballistic article according to the invention in that the matrix material in the first package is identical with the matrix material in the second package.
  • This technical effect is quite the more surprising as said effect can even be reached, if the hard-ballistic article according to the invention exhibits a somewhat lower areal weight than the comparative hard-ballistic article.
  • area weight and "areal density” have the same meaning and quantify the mass of the hard-ballistic article under consideration in gram per square meter of said hard-ballistic article, [g/m 2 ].
  • hard-ballistic article means that said article has sufficient stiffness to maintain its shape when subjected to a significant amount of stress and is capable of being free-standing without collapsing.
  • "Sufficient stiffness” means for example, that if the hard-ballistic article according to the invention is placed on a desk in a manner, wherein one half of its area lays on the desk and the other half of its area is free-hanging, no bending is observed in the free-hanging part of the hard-ballistic article.
  • first matrix material means a material that
  • cross-ply means an arrangement of the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers, wherein said at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers are stacked to one another at an angle, preferably 90 °, with respect to the direction of the fiber-directions in said stacked layers.
  • consolidated cross-ply means that the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers are bonded to one another, preferably with the aid of the first matrix material.
  • fibers means an elongate body, the length dimension of which is much greater than the transverse dimensions of width and thickness. Accordingly, “fibers” includes monofilament fibers, multifilament fibers, ribbons, strips, staple fibers and yarns made from one or more of the foregoing, for example multifilament yarns or staple fiber yarns. Especially preferred “fibers” mean multifilament yarns.
  • the cross-sections of the "fibers" to be used in the present invention may vary widely. They may be circular, flat or oblong in cross-section. They also may be of irregular or regular shape having one or more regular or irregular lobes projecting from the longitudinal axis of e.g. a filament. Preferably the "fibers" exhibit a substantially circular cross-section.
  • aramid fibers means fibers produced from an aromatic polyamide as the fiber-forming polymer. In said fiber forming polymer at least 85 % of the amide (-CO-NH-) bonds are directly bound on two aromatic rings. Especially preferred aromatic polyamides are p-aramids. Among the p-aramids poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) is the most preferred one. Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) results from the mol:mol polymerization of p-phenylene diamine and terephthalic acid dichloride. Fibers consisting e.g. of multifilament yarns made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) can be obtained under the trade name Twaron ® from Teijin Aramid (NL).
  • aramid fibers useful to form the network of fibers in the ballistic resistant article according to the present invention are those formed from an aromatic copolymer as the fiber-forming polymer.
  • aromatic copolymer p-phenylene diamine and/or terephthalic acid dichloride are partly or completely substituted by other aromatic diamines and/or dicarboxylic acid chlorides.
  • a metallic or ceramic strike face is bonded to the surface of the first package facing to the direction of the ballistic attack.
  • the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention comprises a first package of a plurality of consolidated cross-plies, wherein each consolidated cross-ply contains at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers, wherein the aramid fibers are provided with a first matrix material.
  • the term "plurality of consolidated cross-plies” means a certain number n of consolidated cross-plies. Said number n can be chosen in a range depending on the desired ballistic protection. Said desired ballistic protection is reached for many applications of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention, if said article - together with the plurality of woven fabric layers as defined in b) - contains 1 to 50 consolidated cross-plies, so that n is in the range of 1 to 50. Therefore, a hard-ballistic article, wherein the plurality of consolidated cross-plies means a number n of consolidated cross-plies, and n ranges from 1 to 50 constitutes a preferred embodiment of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention. In an especially preferred embodiment of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention n ranges from 5 to 30, even more preferred from 10 to 20.
  • the cross-plies of the first package are consolidated.
  • the term "consolidated" means that the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers contained in each consolidated cross-ply are bonded to one another. Preferably said bonding is achieved with the aid of the first matrix material.
  • each of the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers are provided with the first matrix material.
  • Each consolidated cross-ply comprised by the first package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention contains at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers, wherein the aramid fibers are provided with a first matrix material, wherein the numbers of layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers are limited by practical reasons, mainly by the practical requirement that the consolidated cross-ply preferably shall be woundable for the purposes of storage and transport.
  • each consolidated cross-ply consists of 2 to 10 layers of said unidirectional aligned aramid fibers.
  • each consolidated cross-ply consists of 2 to 6 layers of said unidirectional aligned aramid fibers, so that in said especially preferred embodiment each consolidated cross-ply may consist of 2 or 3 or 4 layers of said unidirectional aligned aramid fibers.
  • the first package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention contains a plurality of cross-plies each of which contains at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers, wherein the aramid fibers are provided with a first matrix material, wherein the first matrix material comprises a first polymer, preferably a first organic polymer.
  • the first, preferably organic, polymer is present on the unidirectional aramid fibers in a weight-percentage sufficient to bond the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers to one another.
  • each and every space between the unidirectional aligned aramid fibers is filled with the first polymer, provided that the applied quantity of the first polymer enables a sufficient binding of the at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers to one another.
  • the first polymer may be distributed in spots on and between the fibers.
  • a concentration of the first polymer in each layer of the unidirectional aligned aramid fibers ranges from 2 to 50 wt.-% with respect to the weight of the aramid fibers plus the weight of the first, preferably organic, polymer without moisture. From a practical point of view this means that said 2 to 50 wt.-% of the first polymer are determined after the unidirectional aligned aramid fibers bearing the first polymer have been dried to a water content of zero wt.-%.
  • a concentration of the first polymer in each layer of the unidirectional aligned aramid fibers ranges from 5 to 30 wt.-%, even more preferred from 10 to 20 wt.-% with respect to the weight of the aramid fibers plus the weight of the first, preferably organic polymer.
  • an areal density of each layer of the unidirectional aligned aramid fibers including the first polymer, preferable the first organic polymer ranges from 10 to 250 g/m 2 , especially preferred from 40 to 100 g/m 2 .
  • the first polymer is a styrene butadiene random copolymer, i.e. a copolymer, wherein the copolymerization parameters of styrene and butadiene determine a random sequence of styrene and butadiene in the copolymer chain.
  • the styrene butadiene random copolymer is a carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer.
  • carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer means a copolymer which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene, butadiene and optionally a third monomer, wherein a low part to be quantified below of either the styrene and/or the butadiene and/or the third monomer contains at least one carboxylic group.
  • the term “carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer” comprises several preferred embodiments, which are described in the following.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene, wherein a low part of the styrene contains at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene, wherein a low part of the butadiene contains at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene, wherein a low part of both styrene and the butadiene contain at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene and a third monomer, wherein a low part of the third monomer contains at least one carboxylic group.
  • the third monomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids.
  • the selected ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid may be a monocarboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid or a mixture of such acids.
  • the acid has 2 to 10 chain carbon atoms, i.e.
  • C-atoms forming a C 2-10 chain which contains the ethylenical unsaturation.
  • the carbon atom of the carboxylic acid is not included in said 2 to 10 chain carbon atoms.
  • preferred monocarboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and crotonic acid.
  • polycarboxylic acids are maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and 3-butene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene and a third monomer, wherein a low part of both styrene and the third monomer contain at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene and a third monomer, wherein a low part of both the butadiene and the third monomer contain at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer is a copolymer, which has been synthesized by copolymerizing the monomers styrene and butadiene and a third monomer, wherein a low part of the styrene, the butadiene and the third monomer contain at least one carboxylic group.
  • the carboxylated styrene butadiene is a mixture of at least one copolymer belonging to the first, second or third embodiment and at least one copolymer belonging to the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh embodiment.
  • carboxylic group means a carboxylic acid group, which is present
  • the weight percentage (wt.-%) of the monomer bearing the at least one carboxylic group with respect to the respective copolymer is generally low and for example is between 0.05 wt.-% and 10 wt.-% and may be in the range from 5 wt.% or less down to 0.05 wt.-%. Or the weight percentage may be in the range from 1 wt.-% or less to ⁇ 0.05 wt.-%.
  • said copolymer is a random copolymer, i.e. a polymer wherein the sequence of the styrene, the butadiene and of the optional third monomer is a statistical sequence defined by the copolymerisation parameters of the respective bi- or ter-copolymerisation.
  • the at least one styrene butadiene random copolymer resin which is preferably used for the first matrix material of the ballistic resistant article of the present invention and which may be a carboxylated or a non-carboxylated styrene butadiene random copolymer resin exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg which preferably is in the range between -70 °C and 100 °C, more preferred in the range between -50 °C and 30 °C, and most preferred in the range between -30 °C and 20 °C.
  • the first matrix material comprises a polymer, preferably an organic polymer, and a tackifier.
  • tackifier means a chemical compound preferably present in the first matrix material of the ballistic resistant article according to the present invention and being homogenously distributed in said first matrix material, thereby providing the first matrix material with tack.
  • homogeneously distributed in said first matrix material means that the concentration of the tackifier in every volume element of the first matrix material is the same.
  • the tackifier is present in the first matrix material in a weight percentage with respect to the weight of the first matrix material resin ranging from 1 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, more preferred from 1.5 wt.-% to 10 wt.-% and most preferred from 2 wt.-% to 6 wt.-%. If said weight percentage of the tackifier is below 1 wt.-% handling of a single layer of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers during the manufacture of the hard-ballistic article of the present invention may become more complicated. If said weight percentage of the tackifier is above 20 wt.-%, the first package of the hard-ballistic article of the present invention may become too stiff.
  • the tackifier is a rosin ester which is for example contained in Aquatac ® 6025, a waterborne dispersion containing about 58 wt.-% rosin ester, about 39 wt.-% water and less than 4 wt.-% surfactant from Arizona Chemical, US.
  • the plurality of consolidated cross-plies constitute the first package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention.
  • said plurality of consolidated cross-plies are bonded to one another. Said bonding can be achieved by an adhesive or preferably by the first matrix material.
  • the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention comprises a second package of a plurality of woven fabric layers, wherein the woven fabric layers consist of aramid fibers provided with a second matrix material.
  • the term "plurality of woven fabric layers” means a certain number m of woven fabric layers. Said number m can be chosen in a range depending on the desired ballistic protection. Said desired ballistic protection is reached for many applications of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention, if said article - together with the plurality of consolidated cross-plies as defined in a) - contains 1 to 30 woven fabric layers, so that m is in the range of 1 to 30. Therefore, a hard-ballistic article, wherein the plurality of woven fabric layers means a number m of woven fabric layers, and m ranges from 1 to 30, constitutes a preferred embodiment of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention. In an especially preferred embodiment of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention m ranges from 2 to 15, even more preferred from 4 to 10.
  • second matrix material means a material that bonds adjacent woven fabric layers to one another and thereby forms the second package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention. So, though it is possible that the plurality of woven fabric layers constituting the second package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention are bonded to one another by an adhesive, preferably the second matrix material serves to bind the woven fabric layers to one another.
  • the second matrix material contained in the second package of the hard-ballistic article according to the present invention is different from the first matrix material and comprises a second polymer, preferably a second organic polymer, which is different from the first polymer.
  • the second polymer is a polychloroprene, also called neoprene.
  • the second, preferably organic, polymer is present on and partly in the woven fabric layers in a weight-percentage sufficient to bond neighbored woven layers to one another. Therefore, it is not necessary that each and every space in each of the woven fabric layers is filled with the second polymer, provided that the applied quantity of the second polymer enables a sufficient binding of the neighbored woven layers to one another.
  • the second polymer may exhibit a concentration gradient with its maximum on one of the surfaces of the woven layers and decreasing along the thickness of the woven layer. Or the second polymer may exhibit two concentration gradients each of which having its maximum on one of the surfaces of the woven layers and decreasing along the thickness of the woven layer.
  • a concentration of the second polymer in each of the woven fabric layers of aramid fibers ranges from 2 to 32 wt.-% with respect to the weight of the aramid fibers in said woven fabric layer plus the weight of the second polymer.
  • a concentration of the second polymer in of the woven fabric layers of aramid fibers ranges from 4 to 16 wt.-% with respect to the weight of the aramid fibers plus the weight of the second polymer.
  • an areal density of each woven layer of aramid fibers including the second polymer ranges from 100 to 1000 g/m 2 , especially preferred from 400 to 600 g / m 2 .
  • the first package is bonded with its surface facing away from the direction of the ballistic attack with the second package by a (first package / second package) - bonding layer.
  • said (first package / second package) - bonding layer may be a molten and thereafter solidified film of the first or of the second matrix material.
  • said (first package / second package) - bonding layer is a solidified mixed melt consisting of a solid mixture of the first matrix material with the second matrix material.
  • the first package is bonded with its surface facing the direction of the ballistic attack with the metallic or ceramic strike face by a (first package / metallic or ceramic strike face) - bonding layer.
  • Said (first package / metallic or ceramic strike face) - bonding layer preferably is a single layer of an adhesive material or a multilayer which for example exists of
  • the hard-ballistic article comprises 5 to 40 consolidated cross-plies and 2 to 18 woven fabric layers.
  • the hard-ballistic article comprises 10 to 25 consolidated cross-plies and 5 to 14 woven fabric layers.
  • the hard-ballistic article comprises a plurality of consolidated cross-plies n and a plurality of woven fabric layers m in a ratio n : m, wherein n : m is the range from (27 to 33) : (12 to 16), especially preferred in the range from 27 : 16 to 22 : 12.
  • the hard ballistic article comprises a weight of consolidated cross-plies w 1 given in wt.-% and a weight of woven fabric layers w 2 given in wt.-% in a ratio w 1 : w 2 , wherein w 1 : w 2 is in the range from (40 to 70) : (30 to 60), more preferred in the range from (50 to 70) : (30 to 50), even more preferred in the range from (50 to 60) : (40 to 50), and especially preferred in the range from (54 to 56) : (44 to 46).
  • a process to manufacture the hard-ballistic article of the present invention comprises the steps, preferably consists of the steps
  • aramid fibers are unidirectional aligned and provided, especially coated, with a first matrix material, wherein the first matrix material comprises a first polymer and - optionally - a tackifier. This results in a first single layer of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers which are provided with the first matrix material (first 1 L-UD).
  • Said at least one further 1 L-UD is cross-plied at a cross-plying angle, preferably at 90 °, onto the first 1 L-UD to yield a cross-ply containing at least two layers of unidirectional aligned aramid fibers which are provided with the first matrix material, wherein the first matrix material comprises a first polymer, and - optionally - a tackifier.
  • Said cross-ply is consolidated with the aid of a consolidation procedure.
  • the consolidation procedure comprises applying a consolidation pressure p c , a consolidation temperature T c , and a consolidation time t c , wherein p c ranges from 20 bar to 120 bar, T c ranges from 110 to 200 °C, and t c ranges from 5 to 60 minutes.
  • the consolidation procedure of step i) is performed with p c ranging from 40 bar to 70 bar, T c ranging from 130 to 170 °C, and t c ranging from 10 to 30 minutes.
  • the woven fabric layers consisting of aramid fibers are provided with a second matrix material by melt-impregnating the second matrix material onto each of said woven fabric layers, wherein only one or both of the surfaces of the woven fabric layers may be treated by said melt-impregnation.
  • the stack of said plurality of woven fabric layers resulting from step iii) before step iv) may be treated by heat and/or pressure in order to pre-fix the woven fabric layers to one another.
  • step v) of the process according to the present invention the stacked panel in the press is heated to a constant temperature in the range from 110 to 200 °C, pressed at said constant temperature at a constant pressure in the range from 20 to 120 bar for a time in the range of 5 to 60 minutes.
  • both the surface of the metallic or ceramic strike face to be bonded to the outer surface of the hybrid panel and the outer surface of the hybrid panel are first coated with a primer-layer, then coated with an adhesive-layer, and finally the metallic or ceramic strike face is bonded with the outer surface of the hybrid panel via said adhesive layers.
  • first matrix material first matrix material
  • fibers fibers
  • aramid fibers plural fibers
  • tackifier plural of woven fabric layers
  • metalic or ceramic strike face analogously mean the same as was already explained for the hard-ballistic article of the present invention.
  • Example 1 Hard-ballistic article with ceramic front plate and hybrid panel
  • Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) multifilament yarns (Twaron type 1000; 3360 dtex f2000; Manufacturer: Teijin Aramid, NL) were taken from a creel and passed through a reed thus aligned substantially parallel to one another.
  • the pre-diluted latex dispersion was obtained by diluting Rovene ® 4019 to a solid content of 25 wt.-% using tap water.
  • the Rovene ® 4019 coated yarns were spread on a series of spreader bars and laid up on a silicone coated release paper and dried by passing over a hot-plate set at a temperature of 120 °C resulting in a single unidirectional fibrous layer (1 L-UD).
  • the resin concentration in the 1 L-UD was 13 ⁇ 1 wt.-% based on the total weight of the 1 L-UD, i.e. with respect to the weight of yarn+matrix without moisture, i.e. the weight of the 1 L-UD dried to a water content of well below 0.5 wt.%. From a practical point of view this means drying to a water content of zero wt.-%.
  • the areal density of the poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) multifilament yarns in the 1 L-UD was 110 ⁇ 5 g/m 2 .
  • the total areal density of the 1 L-UD including equilibrium moisture content of the 1 L-UD was 130 ⁇ 10 g/m 2 depending on resin loading and equilibrium moisture content, wherein said ⁇ 10 g/m 2 variation results from unavoidable variations in the coating operation + variations in the humidity, wherein the 1 L-UD is stored.
  • the Rovene ® 4019 is distributed in spots on and between the fibers.
  • Two 1 L-UDs resulting from a) were cross-plied at a cross-plying angle of 90°.
  • the cross-plied 1 L-UDs were laminated in a flat belt-laminator having a heating-zone followed by a pressing-zone.
  • the heating-zone the cross-plied 1 L-UDs were heated for 15 seconds in contact with 120°C hot belts and in the pressing zone the heated cross-plied 1 L-UDs were pressed at 3.5 bar calendar roll pressure and finally cooled to room temperature by contact with cooled belts resulting in a laminated cross-ply from said two 1L-UDs, i.e. resulting in a 2L-UD.
  • 15 2L-UD cross-plies were manufactured.
  • a plain-weave fabric consisting of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) multifilament yarns (style T750, Twaron type 1000; 3360 dtex f2000, manufactured by Teijin Aramid, NL) was scoured in a bath containing scouring chemicals and subsequently dried.
  • the scoured and dried plain-weave fabric was impregnated at one side with 40g/m 2 of a Neoprene IMP361 film obtained from Impregnatex, Italy, by melting the neoprene film resulting in a one-side neoprene-impregnated woven fabric having an areal density of 500 g/m 2 , wherein the neoprene exhibits a concentration gradient exhibiting its maximum on the surface of the woven fabric layer and decreasing along the thickness of the woven fabric layer. In this manner 7 one-side neoprene-impregnated woven fabrics were manufactured.
  • the 15 2L-UD cross-plies manufactured in b) were stacked on top of the stack of the woven fabrics in such a way that the neoprene side of the top fabric is in contact with the bottom layer of the 2L-UD stack.
  • the stacked panel was put into a press and pressed at 150 °C and 50 bar for 20 minutes resulting in a pressed panel.
  • the pressed panel remained in the press under pressure until the press was cooled down. Then the press was opened and the pressed hybrid-panel was obtained. In this manner four pressed hybrid-panels were manufactured.
  • the top UD-layer of the hybrid-panel manufactured in d) was joined to a 7 mm thick ALOTEC ® 96 SB ceramic front plate (500 x 500 mm) obtainable from Etec Deutschen fur Technische Keramik GmbH, DE, to produce a hard-ballistic article with a ceramic front plate and the hybrid panel.
  • the areal density of the ceramic plate was 26.3 kg/m 2 .
  • both the ceramic front plate and the joining side of the panel, i.e. the top UD-layer were coated with Sika ® 209 as primer and then both with Biresin ® U-1305. Both Sika ® 209 and Biresin ® U-1305 are available from SIKA Deutschland GmbH, DE. In this manner 4 hard-ballistic articles each with a ceramic plate and a hybrid panel were manufactured.
  • v 50 i.e. the velocity in m/s, at which 50 % of the projectiles were stopped.
  • the projectiles used were .308 Winchester FMJ, soft core, 0° obliquity.
  • the evaluation of v 50 is described e.g. in MIL STD 662F.
  • 4 shots were fired at a 90° angle on the ceramic front plate of the respective hard-ballistic article. The result is shown in table 1.
  • Comparative example 1 Hard-ballistic article with a monolithic 2L-UD panel
  • Comparative example 1 differs from example 1 in that no neoprene-impregnated woven fabrics were used and in that instead of 15 2L-UD cross-plies 31 2L-UD cross-plies have been used which were manufactured as in a) and b) of example 1. Said 31 2L-UD cross-plies were stacked on each other resulting in a stacked 2L-UD panel.
  • Said stacked 2L-UD panel was put into a press and pressed at 150 °C and 50 bar for 20 minutes resulting in a pressed 2L-UD panel.
  • the pressed 2L-UD panel remained in the press under pressure until the press was cooled down. Then the press was opened and a pressed monolithic 2L-UD panel was obtained.
  • the pressed monolithic 2L-UD panel was joined to a 7 mm thick ALOTEC ® 96 SB ceramic front plate (500 x 500 mm) obtainable from Etec Deutschen fur Technische Keramik GmbH, DE to produce a hard-ballistic article with a monolithic 2L-UD panel.
  • the areal density of the ceramic plate was 26.3 kg/m 2 .
  • both the ceramic front plate and the joining side of the panel, i.e. the top UD layer were coated with Sika ® 209 as primer and then both with Biresin ® U-1305. Both Sika ® 209 and Biresin ® U-1305 are available from SIKA Deutschland GmbH, DE.
  • Said hard ballistic article was evaluated for its anti-ballistic capability by measuring v 50 as described in f) of example 1. The result is shown in table 1, wherein the areal density excludes the areal density of the ceramic plate being 26.3 kg/m 2 .
  • Comparative example 2 Hard-ballistic article with a monolithic woven panel
  • Comparative example 2 differs from example 1 in that no UD layers have been used and instead of 7 neoprene-impregnated woven fabric layers, 15 neoprene-impregnated woven fabric layers have been used. The impregnation was performed as in c) of example 1, but at both sides of the woven fabrics.
  • each side of a woven fabric was impregnated with 40 g/m 2 of a neoprene IMP361 film from Impregnatex resulting in a woven fabric with 80 g/m 2 neoprene, wherein the neoprene is distributed across the thickness of the fabric in the kind of a concentration gradient decreasing along the thickness of the woven fabric layer and becoming zero at least in the middle of the fabric thickness.
  • Said 15 both-side neoprene impregnated woven fabrics were stacked on one another resulting in a stacked woven panel.
  • Said stacked woven panel was put into a press and pressed at 150 °C and 50 bar for 20 minutes resulting in a pressed woven panel.
  • the pressed woven panel remained in the press under pressure until the press was cooled down. Then the press was opened and a pressed monolithic woven panel was obtained.
  • the pressed monolithic woven panel was joined to a 7 mm thick ALOTEC ® 96 SB ceramic front plate (500 x 500 mm) obtainable from Etec Deutschen fur Technische Keramik GmbH, DE to produce a hard-ballistic article with a monolithic woven panel.
  • the areal density of the ceramic plate was 26.3 kg/m 2 .
  • both the ceramic front plate and the joining side of the panel, i.e. the top woven fabric were coated with Sika ® 209 as primer and then both with Biresin ® U-1305. Both Sika ® 209 and Biresin ® U-1305 are available from SIKA Deutschland GmbH, DE.
  • Said hard ballistic article was evaluated for its anti-ballistic capability by measuring v 50 as described in f) of example 1. The result is shown in table 1, wherein the areal density excludes the areal density of the ceramic plate being 26.3 kg/m 2 .
  • Comparative example 1a Hard-ballistic article with ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel exhibiting the same matrix material in the UD-package and in the woven package
  • Comparative example 1a differs from example 1 in that impregnation of the woven fabrics with the neoprene IPM361 was replaced by impregnation of the woven fabric with Rovene ® 4019 so that the woven fabrics contained 16 wt.-% based on the total weight of the woven fabrics and exhibited an areal weight of 74 g/m 2 per woven fabric layer.
  • the UD-layers contained 13 wt.-% Rovene ® 4019 based on the total weight of the UD-layers.
  • the obtained hard ballistic article was evaluated for its anti-ballistic capability by measuring v 50 as described in f) of example 1.
  • the hard-ballistic article with a ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel from example 1 exhibits a higher v 50 -value than both the hard ballistic articles of comparative examples 1 and 2 each with a ceramic front plate but with a monolithic panel, even though the ballistic article of example 1 has a lower areal weight.
  • the hard-ballistic article of example 1 with a ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel exhibits a v 50 -value which is 3.7 % higher than the v 50 -value of the hard ballistic article of comparative example 1 with a monolithic UD panel, even though the areal density of the hard-ballistic article of example 1 is 8.6 % lower.
  • the hard-ballistic article of example 1 with a ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel exhibits a v 50 -value which is 12.4 % higher than the v 50 -value of the hard ballistic article of comparative example 2 with a monolithic woven fabric panel, even though the areal density of the hard-ballistic article of example 1 is 8.6 % lower.
  • results of table 1 indicate that the ballistic superiority of a hard-ballistic article with a ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel like that of example 1 but having some more 2L-UDs and/or some more woven fabrics so that its areal density without the ceramic front plate is 8.1 kg/m 2 is even more pronounced if compared with a hard-ballistic article with a monolithic panel of the same areal density.
  • the hard-ballistic article with a ceramic front plate and a hybrid panel from example 1 with different matrix materials in the package of consolidated cross-plies and in the package of woven fabric layers exhibits an 11.2 % higher v 50 -value than the hard ballistic article of comparative example 1a) with a ceramic front plate and with a hybrid panel but with the same matrix material in the package of consolidated cross-plies and in the package of woven fabric layers, even though the ballistic article of example 1 has a 2.6 % lower areal weight than the ballistic article of comparative example 1a).
  • Example 2 Hard-ballistic article only with hybrid panel
  • Example 2 differs from example 1 only in that
  • Comparative example 3 differs from example 2 in that no neoprene-impregnated woven fabric has been used and instead of 16 2L-UD cross-plies 32 2L-UD cross-plies have been used which were manufactured as in a) and b) of example 1. Said 32 2L-UD cross-plies were stacked on each other resulting in a stacked 2L-UD panel.
  • Said stacked 2L-UD panel was put into a press and pressed at 150 °C and 50 bar for 20 minutes resulting in a pressed 2L-UD panel.
  • the pressed 2L-UD panel remained in the press under pressure until the press was cooled down. Then the press was opened and a pressed monolithic 2L-UD panel was obtained.
  • This example differs from example 2 in that in that no UD layers have been used and instead of 8 neoprene-impregnated woven fabric layers, 15 neoprene-impregnated woven fabric layers have been used.
  • the impregnation was performed as in c) of example 1, but at both sides of the woven fabrics. So, each side of a woven fabric was impregnated with 40 g/m 2 of a neoprene IMP361 film from Impregnatex resulting in a woven fabric with 80 g/m 2 neoprene. Said 15 both-side neoprene impregnated woven fabrics were stacked on one another resulting in a stacked woven panel.
  • Said stacked woven panel was put into a press and pressed at 150 °C and 50 bar for 20 minutes resulting in a pressed woven panel.
  • the pressed woven panel remained in the press under pressure until the press was cooled down. Then the press was opened and a pressed monolithic woven panel was obtained.
  • the panels resulting from example 2 and comparative examples 3 and 4 were evaluated for their anti-ballistic capability by measuring v 50 , i.e. the velocity in m/s, at which 50 % of the projectiles were stopped.
  • the projectiles used were FSP according to STANAG 2920 with a weight of 1.102 g, 0° obliquity.
  • the evaluation of v 50 is described e.g. in STANAG 2920.
  • 1 panel from each example was used with at least 6 shots fired at an 90° angle on the ceramic front plate of the respective hard-ballistic article.
  • the hybrid panel of example 2 was directed with its UD-panel to the ballistic attack. The results are shown in table 2.
  • the hard-ballistic article with a hybrid panel from example 1 exhibits a higher v 50 -value then both the hard ballistic articles of comparative examples 1 and 2 each with a monolithic panel, even though the ballistic article of example 1 has a lower areal weight than the hard-ballistic article of comparative example 3.
  • the hard-ballistic article of example 2 consisting of a hybrid panel exhibits a v 50 -value which is 3.8 % higher than the v 50 -value of the hard ballistic article of comparative example 3 with a monolithic UD panel, even though the areal density of the hard-ballistic article of example 2 is 2.4 % lower.
  • the hard-ballistic article of example 2 consisting of a hybrid panel exhibits a v 50 -value which is 10.0 % higher than the v 50 -value of the hard ballistic article of comparative example 4 with a monolithic woven fabric panel, even though the areal density of the hard-ballistic article of example 2 is only 2.6 % higher.
  • Table 2 2L-UDs Woven fabric layers v 50 [m/s] Areal weight of the hybrid panel [kg/m 2 ] Number of 2L-UDs Number of woven layers Neoprene per woven fabric layer Example 2 16 8 1 x 40 g/m 2 606 8.0 Comparative example 3 32 - - 584 8.2 Comparative example 4 - 15 2 x 40 g/m 2 551 7.8

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Hartballistischer Artikel, umfassend eine Hybridplatte, wobei die Hybridplatte Folgendes umfasst:
    a) ein erstes Paket aus einer Vielzahl von verfestigten Kreuzlagen, wobei jede verfestigte Kreuzlage mindestens zwei Schichten aus unidirektional angeordneten Aramid-Fasern enthält, wobei die Aramid-Fasern mit einem ersten Matrixmaterial versehen werden, wobei das erste Matrixmaterial ein erstes Polymer umfasst, wobei das erste Paket eine in Richtung eines ballistischen Angriffs gewandte Oberfläche und eine von der Richtung des ballistischen Angriffs abgewandte Oberfläche aufweist, und
    b) ein zweites Paket, das eine Vielzahl von Gewebelagen enthält, wobei die Gewebelagen aus Aramid-Fasern bestehen, die mit einem zweiten Matrixmaterial versehen sind, wobei sich das zweite Matrixmaterial von dem ersten Matrixmaterial unterscheidet, wobei das zweite Matrixmaterial ein zweites Polymer umfasst, wobei das zweite Polymer sich von dem ersten Polymer unterscheidet,
    und wobei das erste Paket mit seiner von der Richtung des ballistischen Angriffs abgewandten Oberfläche mit dem zweiten Paket verbunden ist.
  2. Hartballistischer Artikel nach Anspruch 1, wobei eine metallische oder keramische Aufprallseite mit der in Richtung des ballistischen Angriffs gewandten Oberfläche des ersten Pakets verbunden ist.
  3. Hartballistischer Artikel nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Vielzahl von verfestigten Kreuzlagen eine Anzahl n von verfestigten Kreuzlagen meint und n im Bereich von 1 bis 50 liegt.
  4. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 oder 3, wobei jede verfestigte Kreuzlage aus 2 bis 10 Schichten von unidirektional angeordneten Aramid-Fasern besteht.
  5. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei eine Konzentration des ersten Polymers in jeder Schicht der unidirektional angeordneten Aramid-Fasern bezogen auf das Gewicht der Aramid-Fasern plus das Gewicht des ersten Polymers ohne Feuchtigkeit im Bereich von 2 bis 50 Gew.-% liegt.
  6. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei eine Flächendichte von jeder Schicht der unidirektional angeordneten Aramid-Fasern einschließlich des ersten Polymers im Bereich von 10 bis 250 g/m2 liegt.
  7. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei das erste Polymer ein statistisches Styrol-Butadien-Copolymer ist.
  8. Hartballistischer Artikel nach Anspruch 7, wobei das statistische Styrol-Butadien-Copolymer ein carboxyliertes statistisches Styrol-Butadien-Copolymer ist.
  9. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei das erste Matrixmaterial ein erstes Polymer und einen Klebrigmacher umfasst.
  10. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, wobei die Vielzahl von Gewebelagen eine Anzahl m von Gewebelagen meint und m im Bereich von 1 bis 30 liegt.
  11. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, wobei das zweite Polymer ein Polychloropren ist.
  12. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, wobei eine Konzentration des zweiten Polymers in jeder der Gewebeschichten aus Aramid-Fasern bezogen auf das Gewicht der Aramid-Fasern in dieser Gewebelage plus das Gewicht des zweiten Polymers im Bereich von 2 bis 32 Gew.-% liegt.
  13. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, wobei eine Flächendichte von jeder Gewebelage von Aramid-Fasern einschließlich des zweiten Polymers im Bereich von 100 bis 1000 g/m2 liegt.
  14. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, wobei der hartballistische Artikel 5 bis 40 verfestigte Kreuzlagen und 2 bis 18 Gewebelagen umfasst.
  15. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 14, wobei der hartballistische Artikel eine Vielzahl von verfestigten Kreuzlagen n und eine Vielzahl von Gewebelagen m in einem Verhältnis n:m umfasst, wobei n:m im Bereich von (27 bis 33):(12 bis 16) liegt.
  16. Hartballistischer Artikel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 15, wobei der hartballistische Artikel ein Gewicht von verfestigten Kreuzlagen w1, angegeben in Gew.-%, und ein Gewicht von Gewebelagen w2, angegeben in Gew.-%, in einem Verhältnis w1:w2 umfasst, wobei w1:w2 im Bereich von (40 bis 70):(30 bis 60) liegt.
  17. Verfahren zur Herstellung des hartballistischen Artikels nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, umfassend die folgenden Schritte:
    i) Herstellen einer Vielzahl von verfestigten Kreuzlagen, wobei jede verfestigte Kreuzlage mindestens 2 Schichten aus unidirektional angeordneten Aramid-Fasern enthält, wobei die Aramid-Fasern mit einem ersten Matrixmaterial versehen sind, wobei das erste Matrixmaterial ein erstes Polymer umfasst,
    ii) Herstellen einer Vielzahl von Gewebelagen, wobei die Gewebelagen aus Aramid-Fasern bestehen, die mit einem zweiten Matrixmaterial versehen sind, wobei das zweite Matrixmaterial sich von dem ersten Matrixmaterial unterscheidet, wobei das zweite Matrixmaterial ein zweites Polymer umfasst, wobei sich das zweite Polymer von dem ersten Polymer unterscheidet,
    iii) Stapeln der Vielzahl von in Schritt ii) hergestellten Gewebelagen, was zu einem Stapel aus dieser Vielzahl von Gewebelagen führt,
    iv) Stapeln der Vielzahl von in Schritt i) hergestellten verfestigten Kreuzlagen über dem aus Schritt iii) resultierenden Stapel aus der Vielzahl von Gewebelagen, was zu einer gestapelten Platte führt,
    v) Überführen der aus Schritt iv) resultierenden gestapelten Platte in eine Presse, Erhitzen der Presse auf eine konstante Temperatur im Bereich von 100 bis 250 °C, Pressen der gestapelten Platte bei dieser konstanten Temperatur bei einem konstanten Druck im Bereich von 5 bis 150 bar über eine Zeit im Bereich von 1 bis 100 Minuten,
    vi) Herunterkühlen der geschlossenen Presse auf Raumtemperatur und dann Öffnen der Presse, um eine Hybridplatte zu erhalten, wobei die Hybridplatte Folgendes umfasst:
    - ein erstes Paket, das eine Vielzahl verfestigter Kreuzlagen enthält und eine äußere Oberfläche aufweist, und
    - ein zweites Paket, das eine Vielzahl von Gewebelagen enthält und - gegebenenfalls -
    vii) Binden der in Schritt vi) erhaltenen Hybridplatte mit der äußeren Oberfläche des ersten Pakets auf eine metallische oder keramische Aufprallseite.
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KR20150124444A (ko) 2015-11-05
AU2014218035B2 (en) 2017-03-23
BR112015019190B1 (pt) 2021-01-05
CA2900800C (en) 2020-07-14
IL240031B (en) 2019-09-26
EP2956737A1 (de) 2015-12-23
IL240031A0 (en) 2015-09-24
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CA2900800A1 (en) 2014-08-21
RU2644499C2 (ru) 2018-02-12
KR102083780B1 (ko) 2020-04-16
MX2015010497A (es) 2015-10-26
BR112015019190A2 (pt) 2017-07-18
US20160025459A1 (en) 2016-01-28

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