EP2941250A1 - Insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète à l'aide d'une combinaison de ppi in avec un agent de tolérance immunitaire - Google Patents

Insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète à l'aide d'une combinaison de ppi in avec un agent de tolérance immunitaire

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Publication number
EP2941250A1
EP2941250A1 EP13840277.1A EP13840277A EP2941250A1 EP 2941250 A1 EP2941250 A1 EP 2941250A1 EP 13840277 A EP13840277 A EP 13840277A EP 2941250 A1 EP2941250 A1 EP 2941250A1
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Prior art keywords
diabetes
beta
cells
immune tolerance
insulin
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EP13840277.1A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2941250A4 (fr
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Claresa LEVETAN
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Individual
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2013/061972 external-priority patent/WO2014052625A1/fr
Publication of EP2941250A1 publication Critical patent/EP2941250A1/fr
Publication of EP2941250A4 publication Critical patent/EP2941250A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/37—Digestive system
    • A61K35/39—Pancreas; Islets of Langerhans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
    • A61K38/212—IFN-alpha
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/55—Protease inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0676—Pancreatic cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/40—Regulators of development

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating conditions that are associated with or are a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis utilizing a proton pump inhibitor alone or in combination with an immune tolerance agent.
  • an immune tolerance agent e.g., a proton pump inhibitor alone or in combination with an immune tolerance agent.
  • This invention provides for novel methods and
  • compositions to provide insulin independence among patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes.
  • Diabetes is one of the most serious health issues facing humanity with The World Health Organization reporting that approximately 346 million people worldwide have already been diagnosed with diabetes, making it a global challenge. Despite all of the new technologies and therapies diabetes remains the leading cause of blindness, amputations and kidney failure necessitating dialysis.
  • This invention specifically provides new art that distinguishes the vast differences between the islets of Langerhans in men and mice, including the specific neuronal, vascular and cellular differences and differences in beta cell turnover rates. These differences account for why immune therapy successes in mice are not seen in men, and this invention addresses this lack of success by demonstrating that a beta regeneration agent is required with an immune tolerance agent to render humans with diabetes, insulin- ree (Levetan CS Endocr Pract. 2012 Nov 27:1-36. [Epub ahead of print]).
  • This inventor hypothesizes that the faster beta cell turnover rate in rodents compared to man may be due to the continuous eating patterns in rodents compared to man and also the greater percentage of beta cells compared to other cell types in rodents compared to man.
  • Combination Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes Recommendations from the ITN-JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group," which provides recommendations on reversing diabetes from thought leaders in the field of diabetes, with the conclusions that combination therapy consists of two immune tolerance agents without any mention of use of a beta regeneration agent.
  • This invention describes new methods for reversing type 1 diabetes in human that specifically requires both an immune tolerance agent and a beta regeneration agent, which has not been discussed or studied or written about by previous investigators in the diabetes field.
  • This invention provides methods for the treatment of diabetes wherein new islets can be formed from human ductal progenitors in the presence of a regeneration agent such as proton pump inhibitors, which increase gastrin, resulting in the formation of new islets containing new pools of beta cells.
  • a regeneration agent such as proton pump inhibitors, which increase gastrin, resulting in the formation of new islets containing new pools of beta cells.
  • sympathetic nerves may regulate the secretion of several hormones within human islets via the regulation of local blood flow, and play a greater role in human islets compared to rodents. Due to these differences, rodent models that have been successful using a sole immune tolerance agent may not apply to, and have been shown not to work in man for reversal of type 1 diabetes.
  • type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease
  • this inventor has demonstrated distinct differences and complexities in islets of humans as compared to rodents and why insulin independence requires more than a single or even multiple immune tolerance agent(s) to reverse the disease.
  • This inventor specifically identifies that in humans, as compared to rodents, an immune tolerance agent(s) is/are not enough to sustain insulin independence, and specifically demonstrates, which is new to the art, that therapy with both an immune tolerance agent and a beta regeneration/islet neogenesis agent are required to sustain insulin- independence in man.
  • islet neogenesis or beta regeneration agents have not been considered in the prior art because the concept of islet neogenesis and beta regeneration from ductal progenitors is very novel and does not fit in with the current convention that a disease like diabetes has an underlying autoimmune etiology.
  • This inventor maintains that the past and present thinking that type 1 diabetes requires only targeted immunotherapy is incorrect, and new to the art is the concept that permanent diabetes remission requires both beta regeneration agents and autoimmune agents for insulin-independence.
  • the cyclosporine-treated group kept plasma C-peptide at levels twice as high as the control group (P ⁇ 0.02) indicating that an immune tolerance agent plays a key role in diabetes reversal, but could not sustain the insulin- free state over time because there was no beta regeneration as indicated by the loss of C-peptide over time down to the levels of the insulin-requiring control group.
  • Immune tolerance agents utilized among recent onset type 1 patients that have shown a potential immune benefit but have not resulted in significant or sustained insulin independence include, but are not limited to the heat shock protein 60, Diapep 277, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (also known as the BCG vaccine and commonly known as the vaccine against tuberculosis), mycophenolate mofetil, daclizumab, rituximab (anti CD20), anti CD3 antibodies including hOKT3 gammal (Ala-Ala), and the monoclonal antibody TRX4 (ChAglyCD3), CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) a selective co-stimulation modulator as it inhibits the co-stimulation of T cells, campath-lH, anti-CD52 antibody, a humanized monoclon
  • This inventor specifically identifies cyclosporine as the best agent for initial remission for type 1 diabetes and methods of this invention demonstrate that the combination of cyclosporine and a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) result in insulin independence among new onset and existing type 1 diabetes.
  • PPI proton-pump inhibitor
  • This invention contradicts the recent consensus panels (Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, Immune Tolerance Network) recommendations that propose that diabetes can only be reversed with a combination of two targeted immune tolerance agents.
  • this invention specifically claims that the general immune tolerance agent cyclosporine is the best agent when combined with a PPI and/or other islet neogenesis agents for initial insulin independence among recent onset and existing type 1 diabetes. Because diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease, the diabetes community has yet to consider that combination therapy for reversal of type 1 diabetes could be defined as being a combination of an immune inhibitor and a beta regeneration agent.
  • Gastrin alone has been shown to induce beta cell neogenesis from human pancreatic ductal tissue without epidermal growth factor in in vitro studies (Suarez-Pinzon WL et al.
  • This inventor also disagrees with the current convention that proton pump inhibitors do not play a role in the diabetes armamentarium.
  • This invention specifically provides methods for usage of proton pump inhibitors for insulin independence in type 1 and 2 diabetes and for usage in type 2 diabetes and PreDiabetes by the mechansim of action of increasing gastrin levels.
  • gastrin Among the gastrointestinal hormones demonstrated to result in new beta cell formation is gastrin, which was first described in the process of transforming human exocrine tissue to human endocrine tissue by Zollinger and Ellison in 1955. Zollinger RM and Ellison EH, Ann Surg. 1955 ;142(4):709-28. Administration of gastrin has been shown both in rodents and humans to stimulate beta cell neogenesis and expansion of the beta cell mass in rodents. Suarez- Pinzon WL et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:3401-3409, Rooman I, et al. Diabetes 2002;51 :686-690, Wang TC. J Clin Invest. 1993;92(3):1349-56.
  • Proton pump inhibitors in addition to their primary usage for reducing gastric acid, also secondarily increase gastrin.
  • Studies conducted among patients on a high-range dosage of the PP1 Lansoprazole (90 mg/day) for 6 years or greater resulted in a sustained safety profile and gastrin levels that were nearly 7-fold higher than normal.
  • Cadiot G et al. Cadiot G et al.,
  • Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1995;19(10):811-7 The range of normal gastrin values may vary from lab to lab with normal values that may be higher in very young children and older adults, but are generally ⁇ 100 pg/mL.
  • Hove and colleagues in a randomized prospective clinical trial among patients with type 2 diabetes u tilizing the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole concluded that "Treatment with esomeprazole over 12 weeks did not improve insulin secretion, glycaemic control or cardiovascular disease biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
  • Type 2 diabetes results from a different etiology, but similar to type 1 diabetes there is a substantial loss of 50-75% of beta cell mass at the time of diagnosis; however, the loss is not as acute as that seen from the autoimmune destruction in type 1 diabetes.
  • the beta cell loss seen in type 2 diabetes is due to a more chronic beta cell loss that is impacted by a number of factors including lifestyle, free fatty acids and genetics.
  • beta call loss is not due to sudden autoimmune destruction as in type 1 diabetes, there is still the need for beta cell regeneration and sustained beta cell mass.
  • beta cell mass may expand several fold from birth to adulthood, this is not enough to compensate for the greater rate of beta cell loss than generation than occurs in both type 1 and 2 diabetes.
  • the TODAY study illustrates the need for new insulin- secreting beta cells to delay or prevent the adverse vascular complications of diabetes.
  • diabetes-related complications including retinopathy, blindness, neuropathy, amputations, renal insufficiency and dialysis, along with macrovascular complications including heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, continue to rise among patients with diabetes.
  • recent studies among patients with type 1 utilizing the newest technological advances including the use of glucose sensors that are located within the insulin pump that measure 288 glucose levels per day have not improved hemoglobin AIC levels as much as those seen in the DCCT trial conducted more two decades ago when sensor technology was not available and shorter acting insulin analogs were also not on the market.
  • the DCCT Research Group N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986, Bergenstal RM et al, N Engl J Med, 2010;363(4):311-320. Bergenstal RM, et al, Diabetes Care.
  • beta regeneration is in its infancy and the concept of a beta regeneration is still very new.
  • This inventor has previously shown that the human Reg gene peptides are directly involved in new beta cell formation from extra-islet ductal tissue. Gastrin has also been shown to generate new islets from ductal tissue. Others have confirmed the presence of Reg in the pancreas of newly diagnosed human diabetes, with subsequent data in both human ductal tissues and from BrdU studies showing that Reg serves to directly form new beta cells from extra-islet ductal tissue, as is the case with gastrin. Levetan CS et al, Endocr Pract.
  • This invention provides new methods to the art of the combination of gastrin or usage of a PPI with an immune tolerance agent.
  • the clinical trials set forth by this inventor are completely new to the art in the approach of using a beta regeneration agent with an immune tolerance agent, as well as using a general immune tolerance, cyclosporine, which has not been considered as possible therapy for diabetes for decades.
  • the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine has been shown to have long-term safety and short-term efficacy for rendering new onset patients with type 1 diabetes insulin-independent.
  • the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine were discovered in 1972 in a screening test on immune suppression designed and implemented by Dr. Hartmann Stahelin.
  • the success of cyclosporine in preventing organ rejection was later shown in kidney transplants by Calne and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and in liver transplants performed initially at the University of Pittsburgh Hospital. Cyclosporine was subsequently approved for use in 1983. Since then, it has been used to prevent and treat graft- versus-host reactions in bone marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplantation.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide for novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence utilizing PPIs and immune tolerance agents in combination, which have never previously been used together for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
  • Methods, pharmaceutical compositions and therapies novel to the prior art are utilized to render patients with recent onset and existing type 1 diabetes insulin independent by utilizing PPIs and an immune tolerance agent.
  • PPIs may increase beta cell generation by their properties of increasing plasma gastrin levels as much as 9-fold, which in turn, transforms extra-islet pancreatic ductal tissue into new beta cells.
  • This invention identifies for the first time that the combination of therapies that includes a PPI as a beta regeneration agent in combination with an immune tolerance agent for the protection of the new beta cells generated by the PPI results in insulin-independence for patients with type 1 diabetes.
  • the therapeutic methods described in this invention are not contained within the prior art, and specifically include, but are not limited to the usage of a PPI in combination with an immune tolerance agent, and includes the usage of cyclosporine, which has not been considered a potential agent to be used for type 1 diabetes in more than two decades with the convention being to utilize one or more targeted immune therapy(s) (Fig. 1), which have not had the impact on rendering patients insulin-free as cyclosporine has. Due to the lack of the ability to sustain the insulin- free state, over time with cyclosporine, it was given up as having a role in insulin-independence.
  • this invention finds that cyclosporine combined with a PPI may increase gastrin levels and increase The PPI increases plasma levels of gastrin, resulting in new beta cell formation, while the immune tolerance agent protects the new insulin- secreting cells from autoimmune destruction. PPIs have never been utilized with an immune tolerance agent, which this invention demonstrates is required to protect new beta cells formed by the PPI from autoimmune destruction.
  • This invention also provides for novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence among type 2 diabetes patients using PPIs alone or in combination with therapies.
  • gastrin has been used alone and in combination with other growth factors in clinical trials among patients with type 1 diabetes
  • the combination of gastrin or usage of a PPI with an immune tolerance agent has never previously been proposed or utilized in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes patients.
  • One of the reasons that this combination of an immune tolerance agent with gastrin or a PPI has not previously been considered is because dozens of preclinical trials with rodent type 1 diabetes models including NOD mouse models have shown only the need for gastrin and other beta cell growth factors for reversal of diabetes.
  • rodent type 1 diabetes models including NOD mouse models have shown that using a immune tolerance agents alone is all that is needed to reverse type 1 diabetes in mice.
  • This inventor has shown great distinctions between the insulin-producing islets of mice and men with humans having much more complex islet structures with respect to composition of cell type, neural and vascular innervation and unique paracrine interactions that are not found in rodents.
  • This invention provides a new model for treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Based upon the complexity and distinctions between the islets of mice and men, this invention provides for novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence and provides a methodology for treating patients requiring insulin that have not previously been described.
  • the composition of a PPI and an immune tolerance agent in this invention also is used as new single product capsule and suspension.
  • This invention also includes methods for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or other conditions of reduced beta cells, which include the usage of a PPI in combination with another beta regeneration agent.
  • in vivo methods for direct delivery of agents specified in this invention for generation of new beta cells from extra-islet ductal cells within the pancreas and provided to patients via oral delivery with and without organ specific targeting such as direct delivery to the pancreas This invention also includes methods of ex vivo transformation of extra-islet ductal cells or pluripotent stem cells into new beta cells that are then administered to patients with new and existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism.
  • This invention includes methods for pancreatic beta cell generation and include both in vivo and ex vivo beta cell generation and methods for treating new onset and previously existing type 1 and type 2 diabetes, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LAD A), those at risk for type 1 diabetes, including but not limited to those with positive autoimmune antibodies markers including Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 antibody, those with PreDiabetes or diseases of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and beta cell impairment or deficiency, insulin resistance, associated conditions including, obesity, obesity prior to the development of diabetes, obesity in children leading to PreDiabetes, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood and adolescence and include, but are not limited to conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia and other conditions related to the deficiency or lack of effective amounts of insulin.
  • LAD A Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood
  • compositions comprising a PPI(s), immune tolerance agent(s), and optionally, other beta regeneration agent(s) as well as kits comprising the same.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the current guidelines for combination therapy for type 1 diabetes as established by Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International and Immune Tolerance Network, which not include combination of an immune tolerance agent with an beta regeneration agent or PPI.
  • FIG. 2 demonstrates human ductal tissue in culture on the left with the trasnformation into new islets containing glucagon, insulin and somatostatin shown in the right panel in the presence of a regeneration agent.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the structure of the exemplary PPI, Lansoprazole.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the structure of the exemplary immune tolerance agent, Cyclosporine.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the structure of the exemplary immune tolerance agent, Cyclosporine formulated in one capsule and oral suspension with exemplary PPI, Lansoprazole enabling protect new beta cells that are formed by the PPI from autoimmune attack.
  • the physical and chemical properties of these two drugs are compatible for co-formulation in pill/capsule and oral suspension form.
  • FIG. 6 demonstrates the plasticity of the human ductal tissue and role of PPI-induced gastrin illustrated by the black circle binding to a progenitor cell found within the pancreatic extra-islet ductal tissue.
  • the interaction of gastrin indicated by the black circle, with the progenitor begins a transformation process of exocrine tissue transformation into endocrine tissue transformation with the new pancreatic beta cells shown inside the new islet with surrounding alpha cells.
  • FIG. 7 demonstrates an actual islet containing islet structure that has been generated from the surrounding extra-islet ductal tissue in the presence of gastrin.
  • FIG. 8 demonstrates the methods for treating a patient with type 1 diabetes with an immune tolerance agent and a PPI for insulin independence.
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration of the methodology to reverse new onset or existing type 2 diabetes utilizing a PPI for insulin independence.
  • FIG. 10 is an illustration of the potential of the currently PPI and immune tolerance agents in combination with one another as a platform for the development of many future therapies for insulin independence among type 1 patients as better and more potent beta regeneration and immune tolerance become available.
  • FIG. 11 is an illustration of the methodology for delivering newly formed beta cells to patients that are generated ex vivo by using a PPI used alone or in combination with other beta regeneration agents, which may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor for the ex vivo transformation of new beta cells from pluripotent stem cells.
  • a PPI used alone or in combination with other beta regeneration agents
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms of diabetes, diminishment of extent of disease, delay, slowing, or prevention of disease progression, amelioration, palliation or stabilization of the disease state, and other beneficial results described below.
  • Symptoms of diabetes include low or inadequate levels of insulin or insulin activity, frequent urination, excessive thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weight loss, increased fatigue, irritability, blurry vision, genital itching, odd aches and pains, dry mouth, dry or itchy skin, impotence, vaginal yeast infections, poor healing of cuts and scrapes, excessive or unusual infections, hyperglycemia, loss of glycemic control, fluctuations in postprandial blood glucose, fluctuations in blood glucagon, fluctuations in blood triglycerides. Diabetes may be diagnosed by methods well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, commonly, diabetics have a plasma blood glucose result of greater than 126 mg/dL of glucose.
  • Pre-diabetes which may also be treated by the compositions and methods of the invention is commonly diagnosed in patients with a blood glucose result between 100 and 125 mg/dL of glucose. Other symptoms may also be used to diagnose diabetes, related diseases and conditions, and diseases and conditions affected by diminished pancreatic function.
  • impaired glucose homeostasis is a diminished capacity in a subject for regulating glucose by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning.
  • Conditions that are associated with or are a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis include new onset type 1 and 2 diabetes, previously existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA), glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoimmunity, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, beta cell impairment or deficiency, insulin resistance, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.
  • LADA latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood
  • glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoimmunity prediabetes
  • metabolic syndrome hyperglycemia
  • glucose intolerance glucose intolerance
  • beta cell impairment or deficiency insulin resistance
  • obesity polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • administering or “administration of a drug to a subject (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) includes both direct administration, including self- administration, and indirect administration, including the act of prescribing a drug.
  • direct administration including self- administration
  • indirect administration including the act of prescribing a drug.
  • a physician who instructs a patient to self-administer a drug and/or provides a patient with a prescription for a drug is administering the drug to the patient.
  • a "subject” or “patient” is a mammal, typically a human, but optionally a mammalian animal of veterinary importance, including but not limited to horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and cats. "Patient” and “subject” may be used interchangeably herein.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a drug or agent is an amount of a drug or agent that, when administered to a subject with a disease or condition, will have the intended therapeutic effect, e.g., alleviation, amelioration, palliation or elimination of one or more manifestations of the disease or condition in the subject.
  • the full therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose and may occur only after administration of a series of doses.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a drug may also be an amount of a drug that when administered to a subject, will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (or reoccurrence) of disease or symptoms, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of disease or symptoms.
  • the full prophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose and may occur only after
  • a therapeutically effective amount may be any therapeutically effective amount.
  • an “effective amount” of a drug or agent is an amount of a drug or agent that will have the intended pharmacological or pharmacodynamic effect.
  • the “effective amount” may apply to in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo applications of the drug or agent.
  • ex vivo is a cell that has been removed from the body of a subject and in vivo is within the body of a subject.
  • Abbreviations used herein include PPI for proton pump inhibitor and NOD for non-obese diabetic.
  • the present invention relates to novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence utilizing PPIs and immune tolerance agents in combination, which have never previously been used together for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
  • PPIs may increase beta cell generation by their properties of increasing plasma gastrin levels, which in turn transforms extra-islet pancreatic ductal tissue into new beta cells.
  • PPIs have never been utilized with an immune tolerance agent, which this invention demonstrates is required to protect new beta cells formed by the PPI from autoimmune destruction.
  • This invention also provides for novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence among type 2 diabetes patients using PPIs alone or in combination with other therapies.
  • gastrin has been used alone and in combination with other growth factors in clinical trials among patients with type 1 diabetes, the combination of gastrin or usage of a PPI with an immune tolerance agent has never previously been proposed or utilized in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes patients.
  • This invention describes therapeutics and pharmaceutical compositions and therapeutic combinations that have not been described in the prior art for insulin-independence among type 1 and type 2 diabetes, utilizing PPIs as a novel usage for stimulating the formation of new beta cells for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes.
  • the usage of gastrin and other beta regeneration agents has shown the ability to reverse type 1 mouse models (NOD) alone without an immune tolerance agent to protect new beta cells formed from gastrin.
  • NOD type 1 mouse models
  • Suarez-Pinzon WL et al. Diabetes. 2005 ;54(9):2596-601 This inventor does not find that gastrin alone or even a combination of beta cell growth factors are enough to sustain insulin independence in men.
  • mice and men Complex differences exist between mice and men, including the much faster beta cell turnover rates among beta cells in mice compared to men.
  • Levetan C. J Diabetes. 2010;2(2):76-84 This invention provides a new model for treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes, and based upon the complexity and distinctions between the islets of mice and men, this invention provides for novel therapies, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for insulin independence and provides a methodology for treating patients requiring insulin that have not previously been described.
  • FIG. 1 shows the prior art therapy considered as "combination therapy" by the Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and the International, Immune Tolerance Network, which do not include the combination of an immune tolerance agent with a beta regeneration agent or a proton pump inhibitor.
  • FIG. 1 lists two columns of immune tolerance agents to be placed in combination with one another with no mention whatsoever for the need of a beta regeneration agent, or any other agents for the treatment of type 1 diabetes other than immune modulation agents.
  • This invention redefines combination therapy in type 1 diabetes, which has been considered a combination of more than one immune tolerance agents, whereas this invention defines combination therapy as being an immune tolerance agent and a regeneration agent.
  • This invention finds that among patients with type 1 diabetes, endogenous insulin production generated by PPIs must be used in combination with an immune tolerance agent to protect the new beta cells formed from PPIs and together there is the ability to generate new and protected beta cells that render patients insulin-free.
  • This invention provides new and unique methods, therapeutics and pharmaceutical compositions for insulin-independence among patients with type 1 diabetes.
  • This invention provides new art providing for the usage of PPIs, when added to diabetes therapeutics, to allow for insulin-independence among patients with type 2 diabetes.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating recent onset, existing type 1 diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LAD A) by administration of a PPI in combination with an immune tolerance agent to a patient in need thereof.
  • LAD A Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood
  • the use of a PPI may generate an increase in plasma gastrin that transforms pancreatic extra-islet ductal tissue into new beta cells and confers specific regenerative capacity on the human pancreas, while the use of an immune tolerance agent may protect the newly formed beta cells from destruction.
  • the combination of a PPI and an immune tolerance agent may reduce or eliminate the need for exogenous insulin dependence in these patients.
  • the PPI may also be used in combination with other beta regeneration agents including, but not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • Other beta regeneration agents including, but not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • a combination of the PPI alone or with other beta regeneration agents AND one or more immune tolerance agent(s) is used in this invention to generate new beta cells and protect newly formed beta cells from autoimmune destruction.
  • Exemplary PPIs that may be used in the invention include, but are not limited to
  • Omeprazole brand names: GASEC, LOSEC, PRILOSEC, ZEGERID, OCID, LOMAC, OMEPRAL, OMEZ
  • Lansoprazole brand names: PREVACID, ZOTON, MONOLITUM, INHIBITOL, LEVANT, LUPIZOLE
  • Dexlansoprazole brand name: KAPIDEX, DEXILANT
  • Esomeprazole brand names: NEXIUM, ESOTREX, ESSO
  • Pantoprazole brand names:
  • PROTONIX SOMAC
  • PANTOLOC PANTOZOL
  • ZURCAL ZENTRO
  • PAN PAN
  • FIG. 2 shows the ability of human ductal tissue to be transformed into insulin- secreting islets in presence of gastrin and other regenerating agents.
  • FIG 3 shows the structure of the exemplary PPI, Lansoprazole (lH-Benzimidazole,2- [[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]-2 [[3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl]-methyl]sulfinyl]benzimidazole).
  • Exemplary immune tolerance agent(s) that may be used include, but are not limited to: Cyclosporine, Anti CD-3 antibodies including hOKT3yl(Ala-Ala) and ChAglyCD3 that target the immune response and specifically block the T-lymphocytes that cause beta cell death in type 1 diabetes; Sirolimus (Rapamycin); Tacrolimus (FK506);Etanercept, Alefacept, Belatacept, a heat-shock protein 60 (Diapep277); a tuberculosis vaccine, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) vaccine; the BCG tuberculosis vaccine also known as Bacillus Calmette- Guerin or Bacille Calmette-Guerin/BCG Vaccine, Mycophenolate Mofetil alone or in combination with Daclizumab; the anti-CD20 agent, Rituximab; Campath-1H (Anti-CD52 Antibody), lysofylline; antithymocyte globulin (ATG
  • FIG. 4 shows the structure of the exemplary immune tolerance agent, Cyclosporine ((E)- 14,17,26,32-tetrabutyl-5-ethyl-8-(l -hydroxy-2-methylhex-4-enyl)- l ,3,9,12,15, 18,20,23,27- nonamethyl- 11 ,29-dipropyl- 1 ,3,6,9, 12, 15, 18,21 , 24,27,30-undecaazacyc lodotriacontan- 2,4,7,10, 13, 16,19,22,25 ,28,31-undecaone).
  • FIG. 5 demonstrates the structures of an immune tolerance agent, Cyclosporine, formulated in combination with the PPI, Lansoprazole, to protect new beta cells that are formed by a PPI from autoimmune attack.
  • the physical and chemical properties of these two drugs are compatible for co-formulation in pill/capsule and oral suspension form.
  • FIG. 6 demonstrates the role of PPI-induced gastrin illustrated by the black circle binding to a progenitor cell found within the pancreatic extra-islet ductal tissue. The interaction of gastrin with the progenitor begins a transformation process of exocrine tissue transformation into endocrine tissue transformation with the new pancreatic beta cells shown inside the new islet with surrounding alpha cells.
  • This invention identifies that the class of drugs known as PPIs can also be used in the treatment of diabetes, and specifically among patients requiring insulin.
  • an immune tolerance agent may be required for effectiveness with a PPI in order to protect new beta cells formed from the PPI from autoimmune destruction.
  • the methods of utilizing a PPI with an immune tolerance agent may render patients with diabetes with more permanent independence than that seen with either an immune tolerance agent alone or gastrin alone.
  • the PPI may also be used in combination with other beta regeneration agents such as a Reg peptide or Reg peptide derivative or Reg peptidomimetic acting on the Reg receptor.
  • FIG. 7 demonstrates an actual islet containing islet structure that has beers generated from the surrounding extra-islet ductal tissue in the presence of gastrin.
  • methods for treating a pathology associated specifically with impaired pancreatic function in a subject comprises the steps of administering a PPI with an immune tolerance agent.
  • the method may further comprise one or more of the steps of (1) intensifying glycemic control (2) administering oral vitamin D to maintain 25 -hydro xyvitamin levels above 40 mg/ml; (3) reducing, or tapering off of other diabetes therapies as new beta cell populations are restored (4) lowering the dosage of the immune tolerance agent and the PPI as dosages of other diabetes medication, including insulin, are tapered off and (5) administering the lowest dosage formulations of PPIs alone and in combination with immune tolerance agents at intervals to maintain a minimum number of beta cells for normal glucose metabolism.
  • FIG. 8 demonstrates exemplary methods for using a PPI in combination with an immune tolerance agent among patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin.
  • the PPIs may be used alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent, such as a Reg peptide or Reg peptide derivative or Reg peptidomimetic acting on the Reg receptor and then added to the patient's current diabetes drug regiment, with the ability to taper insulin as a result of new insulin- producing beta cells being generated.
  • FIG. 9 demonstrates an exemplary method for treating patients with type 2 diabetes using a PPI.
  • FIG. 10 is an illustration of the potential of the currently PPI and immune tolerance agents in combination with one another as a platform for the development of many future therapies for insulin independence among type 1 patients as better and more potent beta regeneration and immune tolerance become available.
  • hypoglycemia is a mechanism for protecting against hypoglycemia. Because of the many redundant mechanisms in the body to prevent hypoglycemia including the secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, Cortisol and growth hormone to protect against hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia is a mechanism for protecting against hypoglycemia.
  • beta regeneration in the presence of a beta promoting agent like gastrin is best given with a meal when there will be a peak post-meal glucose level.
  • the PPI, for beta regeneration is dosed with breakfast and dinner.
  • hypoglycemia in patients would not be optimal for beta regeneration outcomes from gastrin.
  • glucose levels are slightly lower in humans.
  • homeostasis is maintained within a very narrow range in both species, due to the extraordinarily intercommunication within the islet complex.
  • Sensor data from non-diabetic humans demonstrate that 80% of all measured glucose levels lie within 60-100 mg/dL, with mean peak glucose levels after meals of ⁇ 120 mg/dL. Linear regression curves from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
  • Glucose homeostasis requires an adequate number of completely functional islets, as illustrated by the inability to restore normoglycemia among diabetic patients even when intensive regimens of insulins are utilized.
  • the DCCT investigators set, as a major treatment outcome goal, a mean AIC over the trial period of ⁇ 6.05% without an increased risk for hypoglycemia This goal was not achieved with only replacing insulin, that is, only one of the multiple hormones missing in diabetes.
  • the relationship between distinct cell types within the islet and the accompanied islet abnormalities in resulting from beta cell loss, including dysfunction with amylin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and islet ghrelin had yet to be and continues to be elucidated.
  • insulin could be tapered if premeal glucose levels are less than 100 mg/dL and hypoglycemia episodes occur. If the fasting glucose if less than 80 mg/dL, the basal insulin will be decreased by 10% and if the premeal glucose level is ⁇ 80 mg/dL, there would be a 10% lowering of insulin at both the present meal and the prior meal.
  • Glucagon Like Peptide- 1 GLP-1 receptor analogs Liraglutide and Exenatide
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors DPP-4 inhibitors
  • Sitagliptin Saxagliptin, Linagliptin
  • the Amylin analog pramlintide, acarbose, orlistat
  • colesevelam bromocriptine, orlistat
  • combination therapies with the biguanide, metformin, and combinations of with thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors and new agents SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and canagliflozin).
  • the goal in adding a PPI is the ability to taper insulin due to the generation of new beta cells.
  • the ability to provide patients with type 2 diabetes with new beta cells may enable tapering of their insulin and other agents and may potentially be tapered later if glucose levels and hemoglobin AIC fall into the normal range.
  • the present invention provides for methods of treating new and existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism by use of a PPI alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent or agent for the ex vivo transformation of new beta cells from extra-islet ductal cells.
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) may include but is not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • the extra-islet ductal cells may be obtained from a subject by any technique known in the art, including, but not limited to, biopsies, scrapings, and surgical tissue removal.
  • the isolated extra-islet ductal cells may be transformed into beta cells by contacting them in culture with a PPI alone or combination with other beta regeneration agents for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, hours or more, and in a sufficient amount to allow transformation into beta cells.
  • Methods for culturing primary cells for short periods of time are well known in the art. For example, cells may be cultured in plates (e.g., in microwell plates) either attached or in suspension.
  • the invention provides methods of using a PPI for the ex vivo transformation of new beta cells from pluripotent stem cells.
  • Methods for the formation and delivery of new beta cells generated ex vivo by utilizing gastrin to stimulate new beta cells from pluripotent stem cells are shown in FIG 11.
  • the pluripotent stem cells may include embryonic cells, adult somatic stem cells, human adult bone-marrow derived stem cells, umbilical cord stems cells, mesenchymal stem cells, human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells, mammalian stem cells, ectodermal stem cells or other stem cells and may include resident populations of endogenous stem cells that exist within the adult pancreas.
  • the PPI may be used alone or in combination with other beta regeneration agents, which may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • the pluripotent cells may be obtained from a subject by any technique known in the art.
  • the isolated pluripotent cells may be transformed into beta cells by contacting them in culture with a PPI alone or combination with another beta regeneration agent for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, hours or more, and in a sufficient amount to allow transformation into beta cells.
  • a sufficient amount of time e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, hours or more.
  • Transformation of extra-islet ductal tissue or pluripotent cells into beta cells may be confirmed by measuring insulin secretion into the culture media.
  • the new beta cells are introduced into the subject.
  • the new beta cells are administered to patients with new and existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, with routes of delivery to include, but are not limited to the portal and umbilical vein, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous delivery with and without organ specific targeting and may include direct administration to the pancreas or liver.
  • this invention provides a method for treating new onset or existing type 1 diabetes and LADA through ex vivo administration of new beta cells formed by contacting extra-ductal cells or pluripotent stem cells in culture with a PPI used alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent or agents.
  • the new beta cells are administered to a patient in combination with one or more immune tolerance agents to protect the new beta cells delivered to the patient with diabetes from autoimmune destruction.
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) may include, but is not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • the immune tolerance agents may include, but are not limited to Cyclosporine, Anti CD-3 antibodies including
  • hOKT3yl(Ala-Ala) and ChAglyCD3 that target the immune response and specifically block the T-lymphocytes that cause beta cell death in type 1 diabetes; Sirolimus (Rapamycin); Tacrolimus (FK506); Etanercept, Alefacept, Belatacept, a heat-shock protein 60 (Diapep277); a tuberculosis vaccine, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) vaccine; the BCG tuberculosis vaccine also known as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Bacille Calmette-Guerin/BCG Vaccine, Mycophenolate Mofetil alone or in combination with Daclizumab; the anti-CD20 agent, Rituximab; Campath- 1H (Anti-CD52 Antibody), lysofylline; antithymocyte globulin (ATG), Proleukin and those the combination of Proleukin and Rapamune, Vitamin D (Vitamin D2, D3,
  • the immune tolerance agent is administered to patients with type 1 diabetes or LADA simultaneously with the administration of new beta cells generated by ex vivo production to protect the new beta cells from autoimmune destruction.
  • an immune tolerance agent is administered to patients with type 1 diabetes or LADA beginning prior to the time that they are administered the new beta cells generated by ex vivo production to protect the new beta cells from autoimmune destruction.
  • the invention provides a method for treating PreDiabetes, new onset or pre-existing type 2 diabetes comprising administration of a PPI to a patient alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent or agents to accelerate the formation of new pancreatic beta cells generated ex vivo that are administered to patients who are diabetes-drug naive.
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) may include, but is not limited to Reg Peptide(s) and includes formulations, derivatives, optimized forms and peptidomimetics of Reg Peptides.
  • This invention also includes methods for pancreatic beta cell generation and include both in vivo and ex vivo beta cell generation and methods for treating a condition that is associated with or is a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis.
  • the condition that is associated with or is a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis may include, but is not limited to new onset and previously existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LAD A), those at risk for type 1 diabetes, including but not limited to those with positive autoimmune antibodies markers including who are Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 antibody, those with PreDiabetes or diseases of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and beta cell impairment or deficiency, insulin resistance, associated conditions including, obesity, obesity prior to the development of diabetes, obesity in children leading to PreDiabetes, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood and adolescence and include, but are not limited to conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia and
  • hypertriglyceridemia and other conditions related to the deficiency or lack of effective amounts of insulin are associated with hypertriglyceridemia and other conditions related to the deficiency or lack of effective amounts of insulin.
  • patients with a condition that is associated with or is a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis are administered beta cells generated from ex vivo production induced by a PPI alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent or agents.
  • the beta cells may be generated from extra-islet ductal tissue or pluripotent cells contacted in an ex vivo culture with a sufficient amount of a PPI alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent(s) using cell culture techniques known in the art.
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) may include, but is not limited to Reg Peptide(s) and includes formulations, derivatives, optimized forms and peptidomimetics of Reg Peptides.
  • patients receiving beta cells generated from ex vivo production induced by PPIs alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent(s) are also administered an immune tolerance agent to protect new ex v vo-generated beta cells from immune attack.
  • the immune tolerance agent may be administered to the patient before and/or in parallel with the administration of the new beta cells.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a condition that is associated with or is a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis comprising administration of a PPI to a patient to generate new beta cells in vivo.
  • the condition of impaired glucose homeostasis may include, but is not limited to new onset and previously existing type 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, syndromes of insulin resistance and glucose impairment, diseases of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and beta cell impairment or deficiency, insulin resistance and associated conditions including: obesity, obesity prior to the development of diabetes, obesity in children leading to PreDiabetes, childhood diabetes (both type 1 and 2) and other conditions including but not limited to polycystic ovarian syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia and other conditions related to the deficiency or lack of effective amounts of insulin.
  • the PPI is administered to the subject in an amount that is effective for generating new beta cells in the pancreas of the subject and/or reducing or preventing symptoms of the condition.
  • the PPI may be administered alone or in combination with another beta regeneration agent or agents which may include, but is not limited to Reg Peptide(s), including formulations, derivatives, optimized forms and
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) is administered to the subject in an amount that is effective for generating new beta cells in the pancreas of the subject and/or reducing or preventing symptoms of the condition.
  • the patient may be diabetes drug naive or on one or more diabetes agents, which may include all types of insulin, sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, pramlintide, Vitamin D and/or lifestyle modifications and other agents utilized to improve glucose in order to prevent and limit the destruction of the new beta cells formed by this invention.
  • the PPI is administered with an immune tolerance agent.
  • the immune tolerance agent is administered to the patient in an amount that is effective for protecting the new beta cells from destruction from the immune system and/or reducing or preventing symptoms of the condition.
  • the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) described herein may be administered to a patient in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as, for example, solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules, ointments, elixirs, and injectable compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as, for example, solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules, ointments, elixirs, and injectable compositions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may contain from 0.01 % to 99% by weight of the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s).
  • compositions may be either in single or multiple dose forms.
  • the amount of PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) in any particular pharmaceutical composition will depend upon the effective dose, that is, the dose required to regenerate new beta cells and protect them from destruction by the immune system.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include fillers such as saccharides, for example lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
  • fillers such as saccharides, for example lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
  • disintegrating agents may be added such as the above- mentioned starches and also carboxymethyl- starch, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
  • Auxiliaries are flow-regulating agents and lubricants, for example, silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol.
  • dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices.
  • concentrated saccharide solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • suitable cellulose preparations such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose phthalate, are used.
  • Dye stuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example, for identification or in order to characterize combinations of active compound doses.
  • Other pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push- fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active compounds in the form of granules or nanoparticles which may optionally be mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) are dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, or liquid paraffin, optionally with stabilizers.
  • Fatty oils may comprise mono-, di- or triglycerides.
  • Mono-, di- and triglycerides include those that are derived from C6, C8, CIO, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20 and C22 acids.
  • Exemplary diglycerides include, in particular, diolein, dipalmitolein, and mixed caprylin-caprin
  • triglycerides include vegetable oils, fish oils, animal fats, hydrogenated vegetable oils, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, synthetic triglycerides, modified triglycerides, fractionated triglycerides, medium and long-chain triglycerides, structured triglycerides, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary triglycerides include: almond oil; babassu oil; borage oil; blackcurrant seed oil; canola oil; castor oil; coconut oil; corn oil; cottonseed oil; evening primrose oil; grapeseed oil; groundnut oil; mustard seed oil; olive oil; palm oil; palm kernel oil; peanut oil; rapeseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; shark liver oil; soybean oil;
  • sunflower oil hydrogenated castor oil; hydrogenated coconut oil; hydrogenated palm oil;
  • glyceryl tricaprylate glyceryl tricaprate; glyceryl triundecanoate; glyceryl trilaurate; glyceryl trioleate; glyceryl trilinoleate; glyceryl trilinolenate; glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate; glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate/laurate; glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate/linoleate; and glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate/stearate.
  • the triglyceride is the medium chain triglyceride available under the trade name LABRAFAC CC.
  • Other triglycerides include neutral oils, e.g., neutral plant oils, in particular fractionated coconut oils such as known and commercially available under the trade name MIGLYOL, including the products: MIGLYOL 810; MIGLYOL 812; MIGLYOL 818; and CAPTEX 355.
  • Other triglycerides are caprylic-capric acid triglycerides such as known and commercially available under the trade name MYRITOL, including the product MYRITOL 813.
  • Further triglycerides of this class are CAPMUL MCT, CAPTEX 200, CAPTEX 300, CAPTEX 800, NEOBEE M5 and MAZOL 1400.
  • compositions comprising triglycerides may further comprise lipophilic and/or hydrophilic surfactants which may form clear solutions upon dissolution with an aqueous solvent.
  • a surfactant is tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS). Examples of such compositions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,985.
  • Possible pharmaceutical preparations which can be used rectally include, for example, suppositories, which consist of a combination of one or more of the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) with a suppository base.
  • Suitable suppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides, or paraffin hydrocarbons.
  • gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) with a base.
  • Possible base materials include, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, or paraffin hydrocarbons.
  • Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) in water-soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts and alkaline solutions.
  • suspensions of the PPI, other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides or polyethylene glycol-400.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
  • the topical compositions may be formulated as oils, creams, lotions, ointments and the like by choice of appropriate carriers.
  • suitable carriers include vegetable or mineral oils, white petrolatum (white soft paraffin), branched chain fats or oils, animal fats and high molecular weight alcohol (greater than C12).
  • Emulsifiers, stabilizers, humectants and antioxidants may also be included as well as agents imparting color or fragrance, if desired.
  • transdermal penetration enhancers can be employed in these topical formulations. Examples of such enhancers can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,989,816 and 4,444,762.
  • Creams may be formulated from a mixture of mineral oil, self-emulsifying beeswax and water in which the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s), dissolved in a small amount of an oil such as almond oil, is admixed.
  • a typical example of such a cream is one which includes about 40 parts water, about 20 parts beeswax, about 40 parts mineral oil and about 1 part almond oil.
  • Ointments may be formulated by mixing a suspension of the PPI(s), immune tolerance agent(s), or additional beta regeneration agent(s) in a vegetable oil such as almond oil with warm soft paraffin and allowing the mixture to cool.
  • a vegetable oil such as almond oil
  • a typical example of such an ointment is one which includes about 30% almond oil and about 70% white soft paraffin by weight.
  • Lotions may be conveniently prepared by preparing a suspension of the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) in a suitable high molecular weight alcohol such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
  • Suitable routes of administering the pharmaceutical preparations include oral, rectal, topical (including dermal, buccal and sublingual), vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal, intratumoral, and epidural) and by nasogastric tube. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the preferred route of administration will depend upon the condition being treated and may vary with factors such as the condition of the recipient.
  • the PPI(s), other beta regeneration agent(s), and immune tolerance agent(s) may be administered with other diabetes agents including, but not limited to, all types of insulin, Glucagon Like Peptide- 1 (GLP-1) receptor analogs Liraglutide and Exenatide, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, (DPP-4 inhibitors), and including (Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin), the Amylin, analog, pramlintide, acarbose, orlistat, colesevelam, bromocriptine, orlistat, combination therapies with the biguanide, metformin, and combinations of with
  • diabetes agents including, but not limited to, all types of insulin, Glucagon Like Peptide- 1 (GLP-1) receptor analogs Liraglutide and Exenatide, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, (DPP-4 inhibitors), and including (Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin,
  • thiazolidinediones sulfonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors and new agents SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and canagliflozin).
  • This invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition which formulates a PPI with an immune tolerance agent.
  • the invention provides a combination product capsule and suspension comprising at least one PPI and at least one immune tolerance agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier designed uniquely for oral delivery of therapy to patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes, existing type 1 diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood.
  • Lansoprazole a PPI
  • Lansoprazole may be selected and formulated with the immune tolerance agent cyclosporine.
  • the physical and chemical properties of Lansoprazole and cyclosporine are compatible for co-formulation in pill/capsule and oral suspension or solution form.
  • a unit dose form of a PPI may be combined with a unit dose form of an immune tolerance agent as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in one formulated capsule and as one formulated suspension or solution.
  • APIs active pharmaceutical ingredients
  • An exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 60 mg Lansoprazole and 100 mg Cyclosporine enclosed in a hard gelatin capsule with lactose as a filler.
  • Another exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 60 mg Lansoprazole, 100 mg Cyclosporine, QS to 1 ml the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier LABRASOL (Gattefosse SA), which is PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides, enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule.
  • Another exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 30 mg Lansoprazole, 50 mg Cyclosporine, QS to 1 ml the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier Miglyol 812N (medium chain triglycerides), enclosed in a hard gelatin capsule.
  • Another exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 60 mg Lansoprazole, 100 mg Cyclosporine, and alcohol, USP, absolute, 12.7% v/v, enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule.
  • Another exemplary composition is an oral solution wherein each ml contains 60 mg Lansoprazole, 100 mg Cyclosporine, alcohol, Ph. Helv. 12.5% by volume dissolved in an olive oil, Ph. Helv./Labrafil M 1944 CS (polyoxyethylated oleic glycerides) vehicle which must be further diluted with milk, chocolate milk, or orange juice before oral administration.
  • compositions are an oral suspension wherein each ml contains 3 mg Lansoprazole and 5 mg Cyclosporine, QS to 1 ml 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (aqueous solution).
  • Another exemplary composition is 30 mg Lansoprazole and 50 mg Cyclosporine formulated in a pill comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as fillers (e.g.
  • the invention provides a combination product comprising at least one PPI combined with another beta regeneration agent or agents inclusive but not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • the combination product may be used in type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism.
  • An exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 60 mg Lansoprazole, 50 mg human Reg3a peptide (HIP), and alcohol, USP, absolute, 12.8% v/v, enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule.
  • the invention provides a combination product comprising at least one PPI combined with another beta regeneration agent or agents as a new pharmaceutical composition with one or more immune tolerance agents for usage in new onset type 1, existing type 1 diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood.
  • the other beta regeneration agent(s) may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • this invention designs a pharmaceutical composition of one PPI and one or more immune tolerance agents for insulin independence among patients with type 1 diabetes.
  • An exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 60 mg Lansoprazole, 100 mg Cyclosporine, 50 mg human Reg3a peptide (HIP), and alcohol, USP, absolute, 12.8% v/v, enclosed in a gelatin capsule.
  • the PPI(s) used in the compositions and methods of the present invention may include, but is not limited to Omeprazole (brand names: GASEC, LOSEC, PRILOSEC, ZEGERID, OCID, LOMAC, OMEPRAL, OMEZ), Lansoprazole (brand names: PREVACID, ZOTON, MONOLITUM, INHIBITOL, LEVANT, LUPIZOLE), Dexlansoprazole (brand name:
  • KAPIDEX, DEXILANT), Esomeprazole brand names: NEXIUM, ESOTREX, ESSO
  • Pantoprazole brand names: PROTONIX, SOMAC, PANTOLOC, PANTOZOL, ZURCAL, ZENTRO, PAN, CONTROLOC
  • Rabeprazole brand names: ACIPHEX, PARIET, ERRAZ, ZECHIN, RABECID, NZOLE-D, RABELOC, RAZO. DORAFEM
  • Ilaprazole brand names: ACIPHEX, PARIET, ERRAZ, ZECHIN, RABECID, NZOLE-D, RABELOC, RAZO. DORAFEM
  • the immune tolerance agent(s) used in the compositions and methods of the present invention may include, but is not limited to cyclosporine, heat shock protein 60, Diapep 277, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (also known as the BCG vaccine and commonly known as the vaccine against tuberculosis), mycophenolate mofetil, daclizumab, rituximab (anti CD20), anti CD3 antibodies including hOKT3 gammal (Ala-Ala), and the monoclonal antibody TRX4
  • ChAglyCD3 CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) a selective co-stimulation modulator as it inhibits the co- stimulation of T cells
  • campath-lH anti-CD52 antibody
  • a humanized monoclonal antibody to T-cells polyclonal anti-T-lymphocyte globulin (ATG)
  • GAD antibody vaccine based on the 65 kDa isoform of the recombinant human glutamic acid decarboxylase protein (rhGAD65), diazoxide and Alpha- 1 Antitrypsin.
  • the other beta regeneration agents used in the compositions and methods of the present invention may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor.
  • Embodiments of the invention also provide kits for treating a patient having type 1 or type 2 diabetes or other condition which is associated with or is a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis.
  • the kits may be used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, syndromes of insulin resistance and glucose impairment, diseases of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and beta cell impairment or deficiency, insulin resistance and associated conditions including: obesity, obesity prior to the development of diabetes, obesity in children leading to PreDiabetes, childhood diabetes (both type 1 and 2) and other conditions including but not limited to polycystic ovarian syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia and other conditions related to the deficiency or lack of effective amounts of insulin, for patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes, existing type 1 diabetes and patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood.
  • kits of the present invention comprise one or more compositions of the present invention together with information which informs a user of the kit, by words, pictures, and/or the like, that use of the kit will treat various conditions associated with or a risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis (e.g. type 1 or type 2 diabetes).
  • the compositions may comprise a PPI(s) provided in a therapeutically effective dose alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective dose of another beta regeneration agent(s) including but not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptides or Reg Peptide peptidomimetics and other Reg formulations.
  • the compositions may also combine a therapeutically effective dose of a PPI(s) and/or other beta regeneration agent(s) with a therapeutically effective dosage of an immune tolerance agent(s).
  • the information is printed on a container holding the composition(s), e.g., a bottle containing capsule or suspension compositions of the present invention.
  • kits may be in the form of one bottle containing the composition(s), or may be obtained as a plurality of bottles each containing the composition(s). For example, the kits may be obtained as one bottle, or cases of four, six, seven, or eight bottles co-packaged together.
  • the preferred kits may also include one or more dispensing means, such as in the case of where the composition is a suspension, a dispensing cap, dropper, syringe, dispensing pump, small measuring cup, or spoon, for providing a measured amount of the composition into a cup or other suitable quantity of water, juice or other beverage.
  • the preferred kits may also include a set of instructions for dispensing and mixing the composition into a beverage.
  • This invention describes for the first time, methods for insulin independence among new onset, existing type 1 diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood by the use of PPIs with immune tolerance agents, which have not previously been described in the prior art.
  • This patent identifies new methods and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing a PPI with an immune tolerance agent for insulin independence in type 1 diabetes and LADA.
  • the invention specifically includes the PPI, Lansoprazole dosed at 1 mg/kg/day in two divided dosages utilized with the immune tolerance agent, cyclosporine dosed at 7.5 mg/kg/day in two divided dosages for usage among recent onset and existing type 1 diabetes for insulin independence.
  • glucose levels will be monitored carefully with basal insulin levels reduced by 10% when fasting glucose levels fall below 80 mg/dL. If premeal glucose levels are trending downward from baseline a 10% reduction in both the meal in which the premeal glucose level is below 100 mg/dL and the meal prior to that meal. Any symptomatic lows must be immediately reported to the physician, to appropriately lower either the basal or bolus insulin with the goal of glucose levels in the 100 mg/dL range before meals and 140 mg/dL range 2 hours after meals.
  • Lansoprazole nor Cyclosporine have been shown to have any adverse interactions with one another. Both have physical and chemical properties providing for a pharmaceutical composition that both agents can be delivered as a single capsule or pill and single oral suspension or solution. Lansoprazole may be used alone with cyclosporine or in conjunction with other beta regeneration agents, which may include Reg peptides, derivatives, formulations and peptidomimetics to the Reg receptor.
  • This invention also provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions for insulin independence among 2 diabetes utilizing a PPI alone or in conjunction with a beta cell agonist including, but not limited to Reg peptides, derivatives, formulations and peptidomimetics to the Reg receptor.
  • a beta cell agonist including, but not limited to Reg peptides, derivatives, formulations and peptidomimetics to the Reg receptor.
  • diabetes agents including but not limited to sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered as glucose levels and hemoglobin AlC fall into the normal range resulting from usage of a PPI alone or with another beta regeneration agent.
  • This invention also includes methods of utilizing PPIs alone or in combination with a beta cell agonist to improve glycemic control among patient with type 2 diabetes treated with diabetes medications other than insulin including, but not limited to sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti- inflammatory agents and pramlintide.
  • premeal glucose levels are trending downward from baseline a 10% reduction in both the meal in which the premeal glucose level is below 100 mg/dL and the meal prior to that meal. Any symptomatic lows must be immediately reported to the physician, to appropriately lower either the basal or bolus insulin with the goal of glucose levels in the 100 mg/dL range before meals and 140 mg/dL range 2 hours after meals.
  • diabetes agents including but not limited to sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered as glucose levels and hemoglobin AlC fall into the normal range resulting from usage of a PPI alone or with another beta regeneration agent.
  • This invention also includes methods and pharmacologic compositions for improved glycemic control and ability to restore normoglycemic among diabetes drug naive patients.
  • a PPI may utilized with a primary endpoint of glucose levels and Hemoglobin AlC
  • the glucose goals would be 100 mg/dL range before meals and 140 mg/dL two hours after meals.
  • an immune tolerance agent e.g. Cyclosporine initially dosed at 7.5 mg/kg/day in divided dosages at breakfast and dinner and based on peak and trough levels, the dosage will be modified to optimize immune tolerance and limit side effects
  • Lansoprazole will be dosed as 60 mg per day given in two divided dosage of 30 mg each and may be delivered in one capsule/pill or in one suspension per dosage to results in insulin independence.
  • Lansoprazole will be given as 60 mg twice daily by mouth in pill or oral suspension.
  • Exogenous insulin dosages are decreased and able to be tapered off based upon glucose levels before meals and fasting. Modifications made in lowering insulin, will be made based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal insulin vs. the patient having high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect the dosing of insulin at the prior meal, whereas, the 2-hour postprandial glucose levels reflects the insulin given prior to the meal.
  • Lansoprazole Used for Insulin Independence Among Type 2 Diabetes Thirty milligrams of Lansoprazole per day given will be given in two divided (15 mg per dosage) for children less than 11 years old weighing 66 pounds or less, and for children older than 11 years and weighing more than 66 pounds, Lansoprazole will be dosed as 60 mg per day given in two divided dosage of 30 mg each and may be delivered in one capsule/pill or in one suspension per dosage to results in insulin independence. For adults, Lansoprazole will be given as 60 mg twice daily by mouth in pill or oral suspension resulting in insulin independence. Exogenous insulin dosages, whether by injection or pump are decreased based on glucose levels before meals and fasting. Exogenous insulin dosages, whether by injection or pump, are decreased and able to be tapered off based upon glucose levels before meals and fasting.
  • Modifications made in lowering insulin will be made based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal insulin vs. the patient having high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect the dosing of insulin at the prior meal, whereas, the 2-hour postprandial glucose levels reflects the insulin given prior to the meal.
  • diabetes agents such as sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti- inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered based on glucose levels and hemoglobin AIC.
  • Metformin, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors work as basal glucose lowering agents, whereas, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, meglitinides work to reduce postprandial glucose levels, thus modifications made in lowering these agents will be based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal agent vs. the patient has high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect under dosing of a diabetes medication prior to the previous meal.
  • Lansoprazole will be dosed at 30 mg per day given in two divided (15 mg per dosage) for children less than 11 years old weighing 66 pounds or less, and for children older than 11 years and weighing more than 66 pounds Lansoprazole will be dosed as 60 mg per day given in two divided dosage of 30 mg each and may be delivered in one capsule/pill or in one suspension per dosage to results in insulin independence. For adults, Lansoprazole will be given as 60 mg twice daily by mouth in pill or oral suspension. Lansoprazole given in divided dosages in one capsule/pill or in on oral suspension may result in the need to diminish dosages of other diabetes medications utilized and such medications may potentially be tapered off. Medications include: sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors,
  • thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered based on glucose levels and hemoglobin AIC.
  • Metformin, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors work as basal glucose lowering agents, whereas, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, meglitinides work to reduce postprandial glucose levels, thus modifications made in lowering these agents will be based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal agent vs. the patient has high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect under dosing of a diabetes medication prior to the previous meal. Modifications made to the diabetes medication regimen will be made based on whether the patient glucose levels and the need to adjust the basal or postprandial agent will be made.
  • Lansoprazole used for Drug Naive Type 2 Diabetes Lansoprazole dosed at 30 mg per day given in two divided (15 mg per dosage) for children less than 11 years old weighing 66 pounds or less. For children older than 11 years and weighing more than 66 pounds, Lansoprazole will be dosed as 60 mg per day given in two divided dosage of 30 mg each and may be delivered in one capsule/pill or in one suspension per dosage to results in insulin independence. For adults, Lansoprazole will be given as 60 mg twice daily by mouth in pill or oral suspension. Lansoprazole given in divided dosages in one capsule/pill or in on oral suspension results in normalization of blood glucose as measured by fasting glucose and hemoglobin AIC levels.
  • a PPI example Lansoprazole dosed from 30-120 mg daily in two divided dosages
  • the glucose goals would be 100 mg/dL range before meals and 140 mg/dL two hours after meals.
  • PPI Lansoprazole is Used for Ex Vivo Generation of Beta Cells and provided to patients with Labile Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes with Cyclosporine for Insulin Independence
  • a PPI alone or in combination with other beta regeneration agents which may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor are used for the ex vivo transformation of new beta cells from pluripotent stem cells including embryonic cells, adult somatic stem cells, human adult bone- marrow derived stem cells, umbilical cord stems cells, mesenchymal stem cells, human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells, mammalian stem cells, mammalian stem cells, ectodermal stem cells or other stem cells and may include resident populations of endogenous stem cells that exist within the adult pancreas.
  • the new beta cells are then administered to patients with new and existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, with routes of delivery to include, but are not limited to the portal and umbilical vein, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous delivery with and without organ specific targeting and may include direct administration to the pancreas or liver.
  • routes of delivery to include, but are not limited to the portal and umbilical vein, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous delivery with and without organ specific targeting and may include direct administration to the pancreas or liver.
  • Patients receiving ex vivo formulated beta cells will require an immune tolerance agent to prevent autoimmune attack of the newly received beta cells. For example, patients will receive 7.5 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine in divided dosages prior to receiving the ex vivo generated beta cells with dosages of cyclosporine adjusted based upon peak and trough levels to optimize efficacy and reduce risks of side effects.
  • an immune tolerance agent e.g. Cyclosporine initially dosed at 7.5 mg/kg/day in divided dosages at breakfast and dinner and based on peak and trough levels, the dosage will be modified to optimize immune tolerance and limit side effects
  • 40 mg of Pantoprazole given in twice daily (among adults) in one oral capsule/pill or in one oral suspension results in insulin independence.
  • the dosage Pantoprazole is given with cyclosporine is 10 mg twice daily for children between 33 and 87 pounds and children above 87 pounds will be given 20 mg twice daily of Pantoprazole with cyclosporine.
  • Pantoprazole Forty mg given twice daily of Pantoprazole is given in an oral capsule/pill or suspension formulation results in insulin independence in adults and among children, 10-20 mg of
  • Pantoprazole is given twice daily depending on weight with 10 mg twice daily being given to children between 33 and 87 pounds and children above 87 pounds being given 20 mg twice daily of Pantoprazole for insulin independence.
  • Exogenous insulin dosages, whether by injection or pump are decreased based on glucose levels before meals and fasting.
  • Exogenous insulin dosages, whether by injection or pump are decreased and able to be tapered off based upon glucose levels before meals and fasting. Modifications made in lowering insulin, will be made based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal insulin vs. the patient having high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect the dosing of insulin at the prior meal, whereas, the 2-hour postprandial glucose levels reflects the insulin given prior to the meal.
  • diabetes agents such as sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti- inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered based on glucose levels and hemoglobin AIC.
  • Metformin, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors work as basal glucose lowering agents, whereas, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, meglitinides work to reduce postprandial glucose levels, thus modifications made in lowering these agents will be based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal agent vs. the patient has high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect under dosing of a diabetes medication prior to the previous meal.
  • Pantoprazole is given twice daily (among adults) in one oral capsule/pill or in one oral suspension results in insulin independence.
  • the dosage Pantoprazole of 10 mg twice daily for children between 33 and 87 pounds and children above 87 pounds will be given 20 mg twice daily of Pantoprazole in one capsule/pill or in one oral suspension resulting in the need to diminish dosages of other diabetes medications utilized and such medications may potentially be tapered off.
  • Medications include: sulfonylureas, metformin, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents and pramlintide may also be tapered based on glucose levels and hemoglobin AIC.
  • Metformin, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors work as basal glucose lowering agents, whereas, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, meglitinides work to reduce postprandial glucose levels, thus modifications made in lowering these agents will be based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal agent vs. the patient has high or low pre-meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect under dosing of a diabetes medication prior to the previous meal. Modifications made to the diabetes medication regimen will be made based on whether the patient glucose levels and the need to adjust the basal or postprandial agent will be made.
  • the PPI Pantoprazole Used for Drug Naive Type 2 Diabetes Pantoprazole is given in twice daily (among adults) in one oral capsule/pill or in one oral suspension for patients with type 2 diabetes.
  • the dosage pantoprazole is given with cyclosporine is 10 mg twice daily for children between 33 and 87 pounds and children above 87 pounds will be given 20 mg twice daily of pantoprazole in one capsule/pill or in on oral suspension results in normalization of blood glucose as measured by fasting glucose and hemoglobin AIC levels.
  • a PPI (example: Pantoprazole in 10, 20 or 40 mg twice daily) is utilized to assess the safety and efficacy among patients with type 2 diabetes with a primary endpoint of glucose levels and Hemoglobin AIC in the normal range and secondary endpoints of diabetes medication requirements and stimulated C-peptide (under the curve).
  • the glucose goals would be 100 mg/dL range before meals and 140 mg/dL two hours after meals.
  • PPI Pantoprazole is used for Ex Vivo Generation of Beta Cells and provided to patients with Labile Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes with Cyclosporine for Insulin Independence
  • a PPI (such as Pantoprazole) is used alone or in combination with other beta regeneration agents, which may include but are not limited to Reg Peptides, Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor are used for the ex vivo transformation of new beta cells from pluripotent stem cells including embryonic cells, adult somatic stem cells, human adult bone-marrow derived stem cells, umbilical cord stems cells, mesenchymal stem cells, human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells, mammalian stem cells, mammalian stem cells, ectodermal stem cells or other stem cells and may include resident populations of endogenous stem cells that exist within the adult pancreas.
  • Reg Peptides Optimized Reg Peptide formulations and/or agents that bind to the human Reg Receptor are used for
  • the new beta cells are then administered to patients with new and existing type 1 and 2 diabetes, PreDiabetes or diseases of insulin deficiency, beta cell deficiency, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, with routes of delivery to include, but are not limited to the portal and umbilical vein, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous delivery with and without organ specific targeting and may include direct administration to the pancreas or liver.
  • routes of delivery to include, but are not limited to the portal and umbilical vein, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous delivery with and without organ specific targeting and may include direct administration to the pancreas or liver.
  • Patients receiving ex vivo formulated beta cells will require an immune tolerance agent to prevent autoimmune attack of the newly received beta cells. For example, patients will receive 7.5 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine in divided dosages prior to receiving the ex vivo generated beta cells with dosages of cyclosporine adjusted based upon peak and trough levels to optimize efficacy and reduce risks of side effects.
  • Exogenous insulin dosages are decreased and able to be tapered off based upon glucose levels before meals and fasting. Modifications made in lowering insulin, will be made based on whether the patient demonstrates high or low fasting glucose levels, commonly impacted by a basal insulin vs. the patient having high or low pre- meal glucose levels, which may likely reflect the dosing of insulin at the prior meal, whereas, the 2-hour postprandial glucose levels reflects the insulin given prior to the meal.
  • the disclosed invention would be valuable in the treatment of Diabetes.

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Abstract

Jusqu'à ce jour, aucun agent de tolérance immunitaire ou combinaison d'agents de tolérance immunitaire n'a été apte à maintenir une insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète de type 1. Ce brevet concerne des procédés et des compositions pharmaceutiques pour fournir une insulino-indépendance parmi des patients diabétiques de type 1 nouvellement diagnostiqués et existants. L'invention concerne des procédés comprenant l'utilisation de PPI, qui augmentent la gastrine conduisant à la transformation du tissu du canal humain en nouvelles cellules bêta secrétant de l'insuline, utilisé en combinaison avec un agent de tolérance immunitaire, pour protéger les nouvelles cellules bêta produisant de l'insuline générées par PPI de la destruction immunitaire. L'invention concerne des compositions et des procédés pour une thérapie de la génération de cellules bêta comprenant au moins un élément provenant d'un groupe de PPI ayant des formulations choisies parmi des agents de tolérance immunitaire, lorsqu'ils sont utilisés en combinaison, conduisent à une insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète de type 1 nouveaux et existants qui nécessitent actuellement de l'insuline pour rester en vie. L'invention concerne également des compositions et des procédés pour l'insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète de type 2, à l'aide de PPI lorsqu'ils sont combinés avec des agents thérapeutiques utilisés pour le traitement du diabète de type 2.
EP13840277.1A 2013-01-04 2013-09-26 Insulino-indépendance parmi des patients atteints du diabète à l'aide d'une combinaison de ppi in avec un agent de tolérance immunitaire Withdrawn EP2941250A4 (fr)

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