EP2933115A1 - Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données - Google Patents

Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2933115A1
EP2933115A1 EP14305561.4A EP14305561A EP2933115A1 EP 2933115 A1 EP2933115 A1 EP 2933115A1 EP 14305561 A EP14305561 A EP 14305561A EP 2933115 A1 EP2933115 A1 EP 2933115A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
data carrier
protrusions
elements
background
recesses
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14305561.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jukka Möksy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales DIS France SA
Original Assignee
Gemalto SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gemalto SA filed Critical Gemalto SA
Priority to EP14305561.4A priority Critical patent/EP2933115A1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2015/058078 priority patent/WO2015158714A1/fr
Publication of EP2933115A1 publication Critical patent/EP2933115A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40—Manufacture
    • B42D25/405—Marking
    • B42D25/41—Marking using electromagnetic radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/324—Reliefs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40—Manufacture
    • B42D25/405—Marking
    • B42D25/425—Marking by deformation, e.g. embossing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40—Manufacture
    • B42D25/405—Marking
    • B42D25/43—Marking by removal of material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/003—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using security elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a data carrier and more particularly to improving the security of a data carrier by making forgery more difficult.
  • Secure documents such as identification documents may include different techniques for anti-counterfeiting the documents. These techniques include surface embossings (e.g. obtained mechanically or by etching).
  • DOVIDs are diffractive separately originated elements based on separated material patches applied inside or onto the surface of e.g. cards. DOVIDs enable producing various visual effects: movement, colours, morphing, and hiding and revealing texts/graphics depending on the orientation of light or viewing angle.
  • DOVIDs are expensive to produce and typically need to be applied one by one as patches originated onto a specific material other than a typical plastic substrate of a data carrier.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method and an arrangement so as to alleviate the above disadvantages.
  • the objects of the invention are achieved by a method and a data carrier which are characterized by what is stated in the independent claims. Further embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims.
  • An aspect of the invention relates to a data carrier comprising one or more elements comprising symbols, text, graphics or combinations thereof arranged on a surface, wherein the elements are arranged on the surface as microscopic surface irregularities including protrusions, recesses or protrusions and recesses as compared to other parts of the element, said recesses or protrusions have a different recess depth or protrusion height respectively in at least one first element as compared to a corresponding background element, wherein the at least one first element is visible to a viewer only at predetermined angles of light reflection, wherein the at least one first element and the corresponding background element are arranged on the surface as an array of pixels.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a data carrier, the method comprising generating one or more elements comprising symbols, text, graphics or combinations thereof arranged on a surface, wherein the elements are arranged on the surface as microscopic surface irregularities including protrusions, recesses or protrusions and recesses as compared to other parts of the element, said recesses or protrusions have a different recess depth or protrusion height respectively in at least one first element as compared to a corresponding background element, wherein the at least one first element is visible to a viewer only at predetermined angles of light reflection, wherein the at least one first element and the corresponding background element are arranged on the surface as an array of pixels.
  • Optical variable devices are images/patterns/elements that exhibit various optical effects, such as movement or colour changes.
  • DOVIDs diffractive optical variable image device
  • DOVIDs and DOVIDs may be manufactured by printing and/or embossing. It is not possible to photocopy or scan OVDs/DOVIDs, and they cannot be accurately replicated or reproduced.
  • OVDs/DOVIDs may be used as security devices and anti-counterfeiting measures on money, credit cards, passports, health insurance cards, driver's licences, and identification cards.
  • An exemplary embodiment relates to a technology based on material (lamination plate) processing accuracy of picoseconds lasers.
  • Laser processing is a form of laser-assisted etching or engraving removing copper or other metal from a plate's surface.
  • a laser beam may have a spot size of 20 ⁇ m and may be moved with far smaller steps.
  • the spot may have e.g. a Gaussian (i.e. TEM 00 ) power distribution, and due to a threshold power for the engraving to start, the actual marking may be much finer as well.
  • depth accuracy e.g. 1 ⁇ m deep grooves or spots may be obtained. Such shallow grooves reflect light only in limited angles, and the maximum angle of reflection grows with increasing groove depth.
  • groove depth and angle By alternating groove depth and angle, it is possible to achieve effects visible at or within well controlled angles. These characteristics may be repeated onto a surface of plastic laminates and in case of transparent plastics (a window element for example) the transmitted light provides further effects at different viewing/lighting angles. Further strengths of such features are that dimensions of the grooves are so small that these are not visible to a naked eye and not even with a loupe, and that the grooves may be integrated directly into an otherwise normal looking surface as surface embossing (i.e. surface relief) having a sort of finishing touch. If the grooves are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye, they may be added to a smooth surface, and/or to be a part of another surface embossing design.
  • Appearance of an optically variable surface embossed element depends on the angle and direction of observation.
  • the change of appearance is achieved by surface embossed gratings with different grating directions.
  • two or more different design elements are surface embossed on an area such that they appear on the surface (at least partly) on top of each other.
  • the area into which these images are surface embossed is divided into pixels (e.g. square shaped pixels).
  • Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary surface embossed area divided into pixels. These pixels are then distributed between the images. For example, when two different images are embossed on the same area, one image may use every other pixel.
  • Figure 2 illustrates distribution of the pixels between the images. In Figure 2 , a first image 1 may use the pixels shown as white and the other image 2 may use the pixels shown as black.
  • two or more different design elements are surface embossed on an area such that they appear on the surface separately from each other (i.e. they do not appear on the surface on top of each other).
  • a single design element is surface embossed on an area as pixels (in addition to a corresponding background element).
  • Figure 3a illustrates surface embossed gratings.
  • Figure 3a illustrates the grating directions of the surface embossed gratings.
  • Figure 3b illustrates embossed gratings showing the outline of a first image 1. The higher embossing becomes visible only at a specific angle of light reflection.
  • a second image 2 may be surface embossed in the same way as the first image 1, but the grating direction is changed e.g. by 90 degrees compared to the grating direction of the first image 1 (see Figure 3a and 3b , "white” and "black” pixels).
  • the images 1, 2 are formed by surface embossed gratings with a surface embossing height different from the surface embossing height of the background B1, B2.
  • the grating comprises elongated surface embossings of different heights (e.g. 1,5 ⁇ m and 3 ⁇ m).
  • the actual images 1, 2 are formed by a higher surface embossing, and lower surface embossings act as backgrounds B1, B2 (or vice versa), respectively.
  • a second image 2 may be surface embossed with the same or different recess depth/protrusion height, and/or with same or different distance between protrusion apexes/recess valleys, as the first image 1.
  • the grating direction in image 2 may differ from the grating direction of the first image 1 e.g. by 90 degrees or by any other number of degrees.
  • Figure 4a and 4b illustrate optically variable surface embossed images observed with slightly different angle of light reflection.
  • the different grating direction makes the first image 1 and second image 2 to appear/disappear at different angles of light reflection. While one image (e.g. image 1) is visible to a viewer, the background grating blends the other image (e.g. image 2) into the background B2 (and while image 2 is visible to a viewer, the background grating blends image 1 into the background B1). This makes the effect very strong since the "hidden" image disappears almost completely.
  • an enhanced laser processing capability enables introducing the above effects onto a laminate surface of cards and datapages (e.g. a paper-like document), potentially also other than polycarbonate.
  • the effect is obtained onto the plastic surface by hot-embossing using a tool with the above effects arranged to the tool surface, by lamination with the above effects arranged into the surface of the lamination plate, by introducing a separate film onto the surface (before or after lamination), the film comprising these effects, or by injection moulding from a surface of a mould.
  • a tool with the above effects arranged to the tool surface by lamination with the above effects arranged into the surface of the lamination plate, by introducing a separate film onto the surface (before or after lamination), the film comprising these effects, or by injection moulding from a surface of a mould.
  • a surface layer typically comprises plastics.
  • coated paper may be used instead, having a surface structure with a desired effect stamped on it (by printing with engraving press, where printing plates may be used that are manufactured in the same way as the lamination plates disclosed herein).
  • so called security foils may be used that are laminated onto the surface of the paper after individualized printing.
  • the surface embossed image provides a surface embossed security feature for anti-counterfeiting of secure documents (data carriers) such as identification cards, passports, health insurance cards, driver's licences, money, credit cards etc.
  • secure documents data carriers
  • data carriers such as identification cards, passports, health insurance cards, driver's licences, money, credit cards etc.
  • An exemplary embodiment enables implementing optical variability into surface embossed elements, thus making surface embossing/surface reliefs more difficult to replicate.
  • An exemplary embodiment enables improving protection against removal attempts on graphical personalization.
  • latent images may be taken to a completely different level with the image disappearing from selected angles and different designs appearing from others.
  • An exemplary embodiment allows combining the latent imagery with tactile features (sensed with finger tips) while one normally is not able to achieve both in one.
  • An exemplary embodiment enables a low budget manufacturing process by preparing the lamination plates (or moulds) and performing a normal lamination process of the secure document.
  • surface embossings refer to surface irregularities comprising protrusions.
  • grooves refer to surface irregularities comprising recesses.
  • these surface irregularities are of microscopic scale.
  • the surface irregularities are elongated.
  • a data carrier comprises one or more elements comprising e.g. symbols, text, graphics or combinations thereof arranged on a surface.
  • the elements are arranged on the surface as microscopic surface irregularities.
  • These surface irregularities may include grooves (i.e. recesses) that deviate from other parts of the element and/or from the surface (e.g. the actual surface level of the data carrier).
  • the surface irregularities may include surface embossings (i.e. protrusions) deviating from the other parts of the element and/or from the surface, or a combination of recesses and protrusions.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a different recess depth or protrusion height respectively in at least one first element 1 and at least one second element 2 as compared to a corresponding background element B1, B2.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a different grating direction in the at least one first element as compared to the at least one second element.
  • the at least one first element and the at least one second element are visible to a viewer only at predetermined angles of light reflection at least partly deviating from each other.
  • the at least one first element, the at least one second element, and the corresponding background elements are arranged on the surface as an array of pixels, such that the at least one first element and the at least one second element are represented by predetermined, different pixels.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a different grating direction in a first background element B1 as compared to a second background element B2.
  • the first background element B1 and the second background element B2 are represented by predetermined, different pixels.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a same grating direction in the first element 1 as compared to the first background element B1, and the recesses or protrusions have a same grating direction in the second element 2 as compared to the second background element B2.
  • the data carrier comprises elongated (longitudinal) surface irregularities. Variations between darker and lighter parts of the elements are achievable having areas that are not grooved/surface embossed. Areas that are not grooved/surface embossed are visible to a viewer as lighter areas, and the areas with grooves/surface embossings are visible to a viewer as darker areas. This is the case if the support is of light colour, e.g. white (the surface (and the surface irregularities) may be transparent). If the support is of dark colour, e.g. black, the areas that are not grooved/surface embossed are visible to a viewer as darker areas, and the areas with grooves/surface embossings are visible to a viewer as lighter areas. If the support is transparent, the grooved/embossed areas may be visible to a viewer as lighter areas. Basically areas without surface irregularities are visible to a viewer as areas with a different tone value compared to areas having exemplary microscopic surface irregularities.
  • the surface irregularities are light diffractive.
  • diffractive grooves/surface embossings a coloured effect is achievable.
  • the diffractive effect may be achieved by selecting a suitable (small enough) size of the grooves/surface embossings and/or between the grooves/surface embossings (which size/distance may be material-dependent).
  • the surface irregularities are light dispersive (they act like prisms).
  • every Nth element is represented by every Nth pixel at the area of the corresponding element.
  • the data carrier comprises two elements 1, 2 (in addition to the corresponding background elements B1, B2)
  • the second element 2 is represented by every second pixel 2 at the area of the second element 2, etc.
  • the fourth element is represented by every fourth pixel at the area of the fourth element, etc.
  • the pixels may be divided unevenly between the images. For example, a first image may use 50% of the pixels, a second image may use 20% of the pixels, a third image may use 15% of the pixels, and a fourth image may use 15% of the pixels, at the area.
  • every N th background element is represented by every N th pixel outside the area of the corresponding element.
  • the data carrier comprises two elements 1, 2 (in addition to the corresponding background elements B1, B2)
  • the second background element B2 is represented by every second pixel 2 outside the area of the second element 2, etc.
  • the fourth background element is represented by every fourth pixel outside the area of the fourth element, etc.
  • the data carrier comprises e.g. polycarbonate material, PVC material and/or polyester material.
  • the pixels are square-shaped.
  • pixels instead of square-shaped pixels pixels of any other desired shape may be used, such as circular pixels.
  • the array of pixels has a pixel size of about 5 ⁇ m x 5 ⁇ m to about 500 ⁇ m x 500 ⁇ m, preferably about 50 ⁇ m x 50 ⁇ m to about 250 ⁇ m x 250 ⁇ m.
  • the surface irregularities are of a microscopic size.
  • a recess depth/protrusion height of about 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, preferably about 1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, may be used.
  • the distance between protrusion apexes (the highest point) may be about 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably about 12 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
  • the distance between recess valleys (the lowest point) may be about 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably about 12 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
  • a method for manufacturing a data carrier comprises generating one or more elements comprising e.g. symbols, text, graphics or combinations thereof on a surface.
  • the elements are arranged on the surface as microscopic surface irregularities.
  • These surface irregularities may include grooves (i.e. recesses) that deviate from other parts of the element and/or from the surface (e.g. the actual surface level of the data carrier).
  • the surface irregularities may include surface embossings (i.e. protrusions) deviating from the other parts of the element and/or from the surface, or a combination of recesses and protrusions.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a different recess depth or protrusion height respectively in at least one first element 1 and at least one second element 2 as compared to background elements B1, B2.
  • the recesses or protrusions have a different grating direction in the at least one first element as compared to the at least one second element.
  • the at least one first element and the at least one second element are visible to a viewer only at predetermined angles of light reflection at least partly deviating from each other.
  • the at least one first element, the at least one second element, and the background elements are arranged on the surface as an array of pixels, such that the at least one first element and the at least one second element are represented by predetermined, different pixels.
  • the method comprises providing a laser-engraved metal plate (i.e. a lamination plate).
  • a laser-engraved metal plate i.e. a lamination plate
  • a plastic body is pressed by the metal plate under high temperature and pressure to generate the elements.
  • a laser-engraved lamination plate an etched or mechanically obtained engraved lamination plate may be used.
  • the method comprises laser-engraving a plastic body to generate the elements.
  • etching or mechanical engraving of the plastic may be utilized.
  • the method comprises providing a laser-engraved injection mould, and injection moulding a plastic body by the laser-engraved injection mould to generate the elements.
  • a laser-engraved injection mould an etched or mechanically obtained engraved injection mould may be used.
  • a spot size of e.g. about 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably about 6 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, of a laser beam is used for laser-engraving.
  • the spot may have a Gaussian power distribution (i.e. TEM 00 ), for example.
  • TEM 00 Gaussian power distribution
  • Another option is that the spot has e.g. a TEM 10 or any other suitable power distribution.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
EP14305561.4A 2014-04-15 2014-04-15 Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données Withdrawn EP2933115A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14305561.4A EP2933115A1 (fr) 2014-04-15 2014-04-15 Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données
PCT/EP2015/058078 WO2015158714A1 (fr) 2014-04-15 2015-04-14 Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14305561.4A EP2933115A1 (fr) 2014-04-15 2014-04-15 Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2933115A1 true EP2933115A1 (fr) 2015-10-21

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EP14305561.4A Withdrawn EP2933115A1 (fr) 2014-04-15 2014-04-15 Support de données et procédé de fabrication d'un support de données

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP2933115A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2015158714A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3102402A1 (fr) * 2019-10-29 2021-04-30 Lcsys Procédé et machine de sécurisation de titres mis en œuvre lors de la réalisation de titres sécurisés

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4033059A (en) * 1972-07-06 1977-07-05 American Bank Note Company Documents of value including intaglio printed transitory images
WO2002091041A1 (fr) * 2001-05-08 2002-11-14 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Dispositif optique et ses procedes de fabrication
US7686341B2 (en) * 2000-09-08 2010-03-30 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Data carrier, method for the production thereof and gravure printing plate

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4033059A (en) * 1972-07-06 1977-07-05 American Bank Note Company Documents of value including intaglio printed transitory images
US7686341B2 (en) * 2000-09-08 2010-03-30 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Data carrier, method for the production thereof and gravure printing plate
WO2002091041A1 (fr) * 2001-05-08 2002-11-14 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Dispositif optique et ses procedes de fabrication

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3102402A1 (fr) * 2019-10-29 2021-04-30 Lcsys Procédé et machine de sécurisation de titres mis en œuvre lors de la réalisation de titres sécurisés

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