Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
  • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
  • H04W28/06—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information
  • H04W28/065—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information using assembly or disassembly of packets
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/1607—Details of the supervisory signal
  • H04L1/1614—Details of the supervisory signal using bitmaps
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
  • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
  • H04L1/1854—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
  • H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
  • H04L1/1896—ARQ related signaling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/1607—Details of the supervisory signal
  • H04L1/1621—Group acknowledgement, i.e. the acknowledgement message defining a range of identifiers, e.g. of sequence numbers

Definitions

• the present application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to systems, methods, and devices for fragmentation of packets in low-speed wireless networks.
• Networks are used to exchange messages among several interacting spatially-separated devices.
• Networks may be classified according to geographic scope, which could be, for example, a metropolitan area, a local area, or a personal area. Such networks would be designated respectively as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), or personal area network (PAN).
• WAN wide area network
• MAN metropolitan area network
• LAN local area network
• PAN personal area network
• Networks also differ according to the switching/routing technique used to interconnect the various network nodes and devices (e.g. circuit switching vs. packet switching), the type of physical media employed for transmission (e.g. wired vs. wireless), and the set of communication protocols used (e.g. Internet protocol suite, SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking), Ethernet, etc.).
• SONET Synchronous Optical Networking
• Wireless networks are often used when the network elements are mobile with dynamic connectivity, or if the network architecture is formed in an ad hoc, rather than fixed, topology.
• Wireless networks may use electromagnetic waves in the radio, microwave, infra-red, optical, etc. frequency bands. Wireless networks may facilitate improved user mobility and rapid field deployment as compared to fixed wired networks.
• the devices in a wireless network may transmit and/or receive information.
• the information may include packets, which may be referred to as data units (e.g., MAC Service Data Units (MSDUs)).
• the packets may include overhead information (e.g., header information, packet properties, etc.) that helps in routing the packet through the network, identifying the data in the packet, and processing the packet.
• the packets may also include a payload that includes data such as user data, multimedia content, etc.
• Certain wireless networks have relatively low data transmission rates and may be described as "low-speed" networks. Devices participating in those networks may be constrained to only transmit small packets within a given transmission opportunity window (TXOP). However, data packets, such as those used for Ethernet, are larger than those that can be transmitted in a single TXOP on a low-speed network and therefore such packets may be fragmented and sent piecemeal. Each of the data fragments may be sent in a packet or data frame (e.g., a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)).
• MPDU MAC Protocol Data Unit
• a block acknowledgment (ACK) may be sent to acknowledge up to 16 fragments of each of up to 64 data units using a fixed size bitmap (i.e., 64x16 bits or 128 bytes).
• setup and tear down phases associated with using block acknowledgments.
• capability information such as buffer size and block acknowledgment policy are negotiated between the transmitter and the receiver.
• the transmitter may send fragments without waiting for an acknowledgment (ACK) frame.
• ACK acknowledgment
• Using the block ACK may be less efficient when acknowledging fragments of a few data units because of the large size of the block ACK's bitmap.
• the overhead associated with the setup and teardown phases of the block ACK may also reduce efficiency.
• Current fragmentation schemes in low-speed (and other) networks may have a receiver transmit an acknowledgment (ACK) after each fragment is received. Because of the increased rate of packet fragmentation in low-speed networks, the number of ACKs transmitted in such networks is proportionally increased. The increase in the number of ACKs lowers the efficiency of the data traffic on the network because a larger portion of each TXOP is dedicated to overhead (e.g. ACK transmittal and various frame spaces).
• One aspect of the disclosure provides a method including determining, at a transmitter, whether the transmitter supports multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) based on a parameter of the transmitter.
• the method also includes transmitting a first frame to a receiver.
• a fragment block acknowledgement (BA) support sub-field of a sub-1 gigahertz (SIG) capabilities information field of a SIG capabilities element of the first frame has a first value in response to determining that the transmitter supports MFA.
• the fragment BA support sub-field has a second value in response to determining that the transmitter does not support MFA.
• Another aspect is a method including determining, at a transmitter, whether the transmitter supports multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) based on a parameter of the transmitter.
• the method also includes determining, at the transmitter, whether a receiver supports MFA based on a value of a fragment block acknowledgment (BA) support field of a frame received from the receiver.
• the method further includes, in response to determining that the transmitter and the receiver support MFA, creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit and transmitting the plurality of data fragments to the receiver.
• a particular data fragment of the plurality of data fragments indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• Each of a first plurality of data fragments of the plurality of data fragments indicates a block acknowledgment policy.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• Another aspect is a method including creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit and transmitting the plurality of data fragments to a receiver.
• a particular data fragment of the plurality of data fragments indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• Each of a first plurality of data fragments of the plurality of data fragments indicates a block acknowledgment policy.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• Another aspect is a method including creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit and transmitting the plurality of data fragments to a receiver.
• the method also includes, after transmitting a particular data fragment of the plurality of data fragments to the receiver, receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) from the receiver.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the MFA indicates receipt or non-receipt by the receiver of each of a first plurality of data fragments and of the particular data fragment.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• the MFA includes a null data packet ( DP) media access control (MAC) frame type field, a block acknowledgment identifier field, a starting sequence control field, and a block acknowledgment bitmap.
• DP null data packet
• MAC media access control
• Another aspect is a method including creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit and transmitting the plurality of data fragments to a receiver.
• a particular data fragment (e.g., last) of the plurality of data fragments indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• Each of a first plurality of data fragments of the plurality of data fragments indicates a block acknowledgment policy.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• the method also includes requesting an individual acknowledgment of each of the remaining data fragments of the plurality of data fragments.
• Another aspect is a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations.
• the operations include creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit and transmitting the plurality of data fragments to a receiver.
• the operations also include, after transmitting a particular data fragment of the plurality of data fragments to the receiver, receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) from the receiver.
• MFA indicates receipt or non-receipt by the receiver of each of a first plurality of data fragments of the plurality of data fragments and of the particular data fragment. Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• the MFA includes a null data packet (NDP) media access control (MAC) frame type field, a block acknowledgment identifier field, a starting sequence control field, and a block acknowledgment bitmap.
• NDP null data packet
• MAC media access control
• Another aspect is an apparatus including a processor and a memory.
• the memory stores instructions that are executable by the processor to perform operations.
• the operations include receiving a particular data fragment of a single data unit from a wireless device.
• the operations also include, in response to determining that the particular data fragment indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request, initiating transmission of an acknowledgment to the wireless device.
• the acknowledgment indicates that the particular data fragment was received from the wireless device.
• the acknowledgment indicates whether each of a first plurality of data fragments of the single data unit was received from the wireless device.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments includes a particular fragment sequence number (FGSN) prior to a FGSN of the particular data fragment.
• the operations further include refraining from initiating transmission of the acknowledgment to the wireless device in response to determining that the data fragment does not indicate an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• FGSN fragment sequence number
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed.
• FIG. 2 illustrates various components, including a receiver, which may be utilized in a wireless device that may be employed within the wireless communication system of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device of FIG. 2 to transmit wireless communications.
• FIG. 4 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device of FIG. 2 to receive wireless communications.
• FIG. 5 a illustrates a method for data fragmentation in a low-speed network.
• FIG. 5b illustrates aspects of a fragmentation method using a multi-fragment acknowledgment.
• FIG. 6 illustrates aspects of a method for distinguishing successive blocks of fragments using MFAs.
• FIG. 7a illustrates aspects of a method for using a last fragment of a sequence of fragments to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 7b illustrates aspects of a method for using a particular fragment of a sequence of fragments to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 8a illustrates a fragment ACK, as may be used by the method in FIG. 5a.
• FIG. 8b illustrates aspects of a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA), as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• FIG. 8c illustrates aspects of another multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA), as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• FIG. 9 illustrates aspects of another multi-frag acknowledgment (MFA), as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• MFA multi-frag acknowledgment
• FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of a sub-1 gigahertz (S 1G) capabilities information field, as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• S 1G sub-1 gigahertz
• FIG. 11 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments and receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 12 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a plurality of data fragments and transmitting a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 13 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments.
• FIG. 14 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments.
• FIG. 15 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 16 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a data fragment and determining whether to initiate transmission of an acknowledgment.
• FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example wireless device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
• WLAN wireless local area networks
• a WLAN may be used to interconnect nearby devices together, employing widely used networking protocols.
• the various aspects described herein may apply to any communication standard, such as WiFi or, more generally, any member of the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless protocols.
• the various aspects described herein may be used as part of the IEEE 802.1 lah protocol, which uses sub- 1 GHz frequency bands.
• Wireless signals in a sub-gigahertz band may be transmitted according to the 802.1 lah protocol using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), direct- sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communications, a combination of OFDM and DSSS communications, or other schemes.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
• DSSS direct- sequence spread spectrum
• Implementations of the 802.1 lah protocol may be used for sensors, metering devices, and smart grid networks.
• aspects of certain devices implementing the 802.11 ah protocol may consume less power than devices implementing other wireless protocols, and/or may be used to transmit wireless signals across a relatively long range, for example about one kilometer or longer.
• a WLAN includes various devices that access the wireless network.
• two types of devices are access points ("APs") and clients (also referred to as stations, or "STAs").
• APs access points
• STAs stations
• an AP serves as a hub or base station for the WLAN and a STA serves as a user of the WLAN.
• a STA may be a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, etc.
• PDA personal digital assistant
• a STA connects to an AP via a WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.1 1 protocol) compliant wireless link to obtain general connectivity to the Internet or to other wide area networks.
• a STA may also be used as an AP.
• An access point may also include, be implemented as, or known as a NodeB, Radio Network Controller (“RNC”), eNodeB, Base Station Controller (“BSC”), Base Transceiver Station (“BTS”), Base Station (“BS”), Transceiver Function (“TF”), Radio Router, Radio Transceiver, or some other terminology.
• RNC Radio Network Controller
• BSC Base Station Controller
• BTS Base Transceiver Station
• BS Base Station
• Transceiver Function TF
• Radio Router Radio Transceiver
• a station “STA” may also include, be implemented as, or known as an access terminal ("AT”), a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, user equipment, or some other terminology.
• an access terminal may include a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol ("SIP”) phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem.
• SIP Session Initiation Protocol
• WLL wireless local loop
• PDA personal digital assistant
• a phone e.g., a cellular phone or smartphone
• a computer e.g., a laptop
• a portable communication device e.g., a headset
• a portable computing device e.g., a personal data assistant
• an entertainment device e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio
• a gaming device or system e.g., a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.
• APs and stations may be referred to generally as transmitting or receiving nodes in a wireless communication network.
• certain of the devices described herein may implement one or more of the 802.1 1 family of standards, including existing standards such as 802.11 g and developing standards such as 802.1 lah.
• Such devices whether used as a STA or AP or other device, may be used for smart metering or in a smart grid network.
• Such devices may provide sensor applications or be used in home automation.
• the devices may instead or in addition be used in a healthcare context, for example for personal healthcare. They may also be used for surveillance, to enable extended-range Internet connectivity (e.g. for use with hotspots), or to implement machine-to-machine communications.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed.
• the wireless communication system 100 may operate pursuant to a wireless standard, for example the 802.1 lah standard.
• the wireless communication system 100 may include an AP 104 which communicates with STAs 106.
• a variety of processes and methods may be used for transmissions in the wireless communication system 100 between the AP 104 and the STAs 106. For example, signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 in accordance with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) techniques.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
• OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
• the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as an OFDM/OFDMA system.
• signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 in accordance with code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as a CDMA system.
• CDMA code division multiple access
• a communication link that facilitates transmission from the AP 104 to one or more of the STAs 106 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) 108, and a communication link that facilitates transmission from one or more of the STAs 106 to the AP 104 may be referred to as an uplink (UL) 110.
• DL downlink
• UL uplink
• a downlink 108 may be referred to as a forward link or a forward channel
• an uplink 110 may be referred to as a reverse link or a reverse channel.
• a “data unit” may be a MAC service data unit (MSDU).
• a “data frame” (alternatively referred to as a fragment or data fragment) may be a MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) that includes a portion or all of the MSDU.
• MPDU MAC protocol data unit
• a single data unit may be partitioned into one or more data frames or fragments and the one or more data frames or fragments may collectively represent the single data unit.
• the AP 104 may transmit fragments (e.g., data fragment 112) of a single data unit to one or more of the STAs 106 and receive a multi- fragment acknowledgment (e.g., MFA 114), which may also be referred to as a multi-frame acknowledgment when one frame is communicated per frame, from the one or more of the STAs 106, as described with reference to FIGS. 5b, 6, and 7b-7c.
• MFA 114 multi- fragment acknowledgment
• the AP 104 may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a basic service area (BSA) 102.
• the AP 104 along with the STAs 106 associated with the AP 104 and that use the AP 104 for communication may be referred to as a basic service set (BSS).
• BSS basic service set
• the wireless communication system 100 may not have a central AP 104, but rather may function as a peer-to-peer or ad-hoc network between the STAs 106. Accordingly, the functions of the AP 104 described herein may alternatively be performed by one or more of the STAs 106.
• FIG. 2 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a wireless device 202 that may be employed within the wireless communication system 100.
• the wireless device 202 is an example of a device that may be configured to implement the various methods described herein.
• the wireless device 202 may be the AP 104 or one of the STAs 106.
• the wireless device 202 may receive/transmit fragments (e.g., the data fragment 112 of FIG. 1) of a data unit and transmit/receive an MFA (e.g., the MFA 114 of FIG. 1), as described with reference to FIGS. 5b, 6, and 7b-7c.
• the wireless device 202 may include a processor 204 which controls operation of the wireless device 202.
• the processor 204 may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU).
• Memory 206 which may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), provides instructions and data to the processor 204.
• a portion of the memory 206 may also include non- volatile random access memory (NVRAM).
• the processor 204 typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on program instructions stored within the memory 206.
• the instructions in the memory 206 may be executable to implement the methods described herein.
• the processor 204 may include or be a component of a processing system implemented with one or more processors.
• the one or more processors may be implemented with any combination of general-purpose microprocessors,
• microcontrollers digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate array (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.
• DSPs digital signal processors
• FPGAs field programmable gate array
• PLDs programmable logic devices
• controllers state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.
• the processing system may also include machine-readable media for storing software.
• Software shall be construed broadly to mean any type of instructions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code). The instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processing system to perform the various functions described herein.
• the wireless device 202 may also include a housing 208 that may include a transmitter 210 and a receiver 212 to enable transmission and reception of data between the wireless device 202 and a remote device.
• the transmitter 210 and receiver 212 may be combined into a transceiver 214.
• An antenna 216 may be attached to the housing 208 and electrically coupled to the transceiver 214.
• the wireless device 202 may also include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, multiple transceivers, and/or multiple antennas.
• the wireless device 202 may also include a signal detector 218 that may be used in an effort to detect and quantify the level of signals received by the transceiver 214.
• the signal detector 218 may detect such signals as total energy, energy per subcarrier per symbol, power spectral density and other signals.
• the wireless device 202 may also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 220 for use in processing signals.
• DSP 220 may be configured to generate a data frame for transmission.
• the data frame may include a physical layer data unit (PPDU).
• PPDU physical layer data unit
• the PPDU is referred to as a packet.
• the wireless device 202 may further include a user interface 222 in some aspects.
• the user interface 222 may include a keypad, a microphone, a speaker, and/or a display.
• the user interface 222 may include any element or component that conveys information to a user of the wireless device 202 and/or receives input from the user.
• the various components of the wireless device 202 may be coupled together by a bus system 226.
• the bus system 226 may include a data bus, for example, as well as a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus.
• the components of the wireless device 202 may be coupled together or accept or provide inputs to each other using some other mechanism.
• processor 204 may be used to implement not only the functionality described above with respect to the processor 204, but also to implement the functionality described above with respect to the signal detector 218 and/or the DSP 220. Further, each of the components illustrated in FIG. 2 may be implemented using a plurality of separate elements.
• the wireless device 202 may include an AP 104 or a STA 106, and may be used to transmit and/or receive communications.
• FIG. 3 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device 202 to transmit wireless communications. The components illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used, for example, to transmit OFDM communications.
• the wireless device 202 configured with the components illustrated in FIG. 3 is hereinafter referred to as a wireless device 202a.
• the wireless device 202a may include a modulator 302 configured to modulate bits for transmission.
• the modulator 302 may determine a plurality of symbols from bits received from the processor 204 or the user interface 222, for example by mapping bits to a plurality of symbols according to a constellation.
• the bits may correspond to user data or to control information.
• the bits are received in codewords.
• the modulator 302 includes a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) modulator, for example a 16-QAM modulator or a 64-QAM modulator.
• the modulator 302 includes a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulator or a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator.
• BPSK binary phase-shift keying
• QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
• the wireless device 202a may further include a transform module 304 configured to convert symbols or otherwise modulated bits from the modulator 302 into a time domain.
• the transform module 304 is illustrated as being implemented by an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) module.
• IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
• the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 are illustrated as being implemented in the DSP 220. In some aspects, however, one or both of the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 are implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202.
• the DSP 220 may be configured to generate a data frame for transmission.
• the DSP 220 may be configured to generate fragments (e.g., the data fragment 112 of FIG. 1) of a data unit and/or to generate an MFA (e.g., the MFA 1 14 of FIG. 1), as described with further reference to FIGS. 5b, 6, and 7b-7c.
• the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 may be configured to generate a data frame including a plurality of fields including control information and a plurality of data symbols.
• the fields including the control information may include one or more training fields, for example, and one or more signal (SIG) fields.
• Each of the training fields may include a known sequence of bits or symbols.
• Each of the SIG fields may include information about the data frame, for example a description of a length or data rate of the data frame.
• the DSP 220 is configured to insert one or more training fields between a plurality of data symbols.
• the DSP 220 may determine a position or location of the one or more training fields in the data frame based on information received from the processor 204, and/or stored in the memory 206 or in a portion of the DSP 220.
• the wireless device 202a may further include a digital to analog converter 306 configured to convert the output of the transform module 304 into an analog signal.
• a digital to analog converter 306 configured to convert the output of the transform module 304 into an analog signal.
• the time-domain output of the transform module 304 may be converted to a baseband OFDM signal by the digital to analog converter 306.
• the digital to analog converter 306 may be implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202. In some aspects, the digital to analog converter 306 is
• transceiver 214 implemented in the transceiver 214 or in a data transmit processor.
• the analog signal may be wirelessly transmitted by the transmitter 210.
• the analog signal may be further processed before being transmitted by the transmitter 210, for example by being filtered or by being upconverted to an intermediate or carrier frequency.
• the transmitter 210 includes a transmit amplifier 308.
• the analog signal Prior to being transmitted, the analog signal may be amplified by the transmit amplifier 308.
• the amplifier 308 may be a low noise amplifier (LNA).
• the transmitter 210 is configured to transmit one or more packets or data frames via a wireless signal based on the analog signal.
• the data frames may be generated using the processor 204 and/or the DSP 220, for example using the modulator 302 and the transform module 304.
• the transmitter 210 is configured to transmit the data frames over a bandwidth of approximately 2.5 MHz or 1.25 MHz, or lower.
• transmission of the data frame may be performed over a relatively lengthy period of time.
• a data frame composed of 500 bytes may be transmitted over a period of approximately 1 1 milliseconds.
• Such transmission is approximately sixteen times slower than comparable transmissions implemented pursuant to the 802.1 lac standard over bandwidths of approximately 20 MHz.
• FIG. 4 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device 202 to receive wireless communications.
• the components illustrated in FIG. 4 may be used, for example, to receive OFDM communications.
• the components illustrated in FIG. 4 may be used to receive data frames transmitted by the components described above with respect to FIG.
• the wireless device 202 configured with the components illustrated in FIG. 4 is hereinafter referred to as a wireless device 202b.
• the receiver 212 is configured to receive one or more packets or data frames via a wireless signal. Data frames that may be received and decoded or otherwise processed are described in additional detail with respect to FIGS. 5-10.
• the receiver 212 is configured to receive the data frames using a bandwidth of approximately 2.5 MHz or 1.25 MHz, or lower.
• the data frame may be received over a relatively lengthy period of time, for example approximately 11 milliseconds when the data frame is composed of 500 bytes.
• the channel over which the data frame is received may be changing. For example, conditions of the channel may change due to movement of the wireless device 202b or of a device transmitting the data frame, or due to weather or other environmental conditions such as the introduction of various obstacles. In such circumstances, information received near the end may not be correctly decoded if the wireless device 202b uses settings determined when reception of the data frame began.
• the wireless device 202b may use the training fields interposed between the plurality of data symbols to form an updated estimate of the channel in order to properly decode one or more of the data symbols.
• the receiver 212 includes a receive amplifier 401.
• the receive amplifier 401 may be configured to amplify the wireless signal received by the receiver 212.
• the receiver 212 is configured to adjust the gain of the receive amplifier 401 using an automatic gain control (AGC) procedure.
• the automatic gain control uses information in one or more received training fields, such as a received short training field (STF) for example, to adjust the gain.
• the amplifier 401 may be an LNA.
• the wireless device 202b may include an analog to digital converter 402 configured to convert the amplified wireless signal from the receiver 212 into a digital representation thereof.
• the wireless signal may be processed before being converted by the digital to analog converter 402, for example by being filtered or by being downconverted to an intermediate or baseband frequency.
• the analog to digital converter 402 may be implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202. In some aspects, the analog to digital converter 402 is implemented in the transceiver 214 or in a data receive processor.
• the wireless device 202b may further include a transform module 404 configured to convert the representation the wireless signal into a frequency spectrum.
• the transform module 404 is illustrated as being implemented by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module.
• FFT fast Fourier transform
• the transform module may identify a symbol for each point that it uses.
• the wireless device 202b may further include a channel estimator and equalizer 405 configured to form an estimate of the channel over which the data frame is received, and to remove certain effects of the channel based on the channel estimate.
• the channel estimator may be configured to approximate a function of the channel
• the channel equalizer may be configured to apply an inverse of that function to the data in the frequency spectrum.
• the channel estimator and equalizer 405 uses information in one or more received training fields, such as a long training field (LTF) for example, to estimate the channel.
• the channel estimate may be formed based on one or more LTFs received at the beginning of the data frame. This channel estimate may thereafter be used to equalize data symbols that follow the one or more LTFs.
• LTF long training field
• one or more additional LTFs may be received in the data frame.
• the channel estimate may be updated or a new estimate formed using the additional LTFs. This new or update channel estimate may be used to equalize data symbols that follow the additional LTFs.
• the wireless device 202b may further include a demodulator 406 configured to demodulate the equalized data.
• the demodulator 406 may determine a plurality of bits from symbols output by the transform module 404 and the channel estimator and equalizer 405, for example by reversing a mapping of bits to a symbol in a constellation.
• the bits may be processed or evaluated by the processor 204, or used to display or otherwise output information to the user interface 222. In this way, data and/or information may be decoded.
• the bits correspond to codewords.
• the demodulator 406 includes a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) demodulator, for example a 16-QAM demodulator or a 64-QAM demodulator.
• the demodulator 406 may be a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) demodulator or a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) demodulator.
• BPSK binary phase-shift keying
• QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
• the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406 are illustrated as being implemented in the DSP 220. In some aspects, however, one or more of the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406 are implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202.
• the wireless signal received at the receiver 212 includes one or more data frames.
• the data frames or data symbols therein may be decoded evaluated or otherwise evaluated or processed.
• the processor 204 and/or the DSP 220 may be used to decode data symbols in the data frames using the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406.
• Data frames exchanged by the AP 104 and the STA 106 may include control information or data, as described above.
• these data frames may be referred to as physical layer protocol data units (PPDUs).
• PPDUs physical layer protocol data units
• Each PPDU may include a preamble and a payload.
• the preamble may include training fields and a SIG field.
• the payload may include a Media Access Control (MAC) header or data for other layers, and/or user data, for example.
• the payload may be transmitted using one or more data symbols.
• the systems, methods, and devices herein may utilize data frames with training fields that are also interposed between data symbols in the payload.
• FIG. 5 a illustrates a method for data fragmentation in a low-speed network.
• a wireless device (not shown) prepares a data unit to be sent on a network. Because the network transmission speed is limited, the wireless device breaks the data unit into three data fragments: 501, 509 and 513. Each data fragment may be a packet or data frame with header data as well as content data. Collectively the fragments represent the single data unit.
• data fragment 501 is first transmitted. After data fragment 501 is transmitted, the receiver waits a period of time 503 before transmitting an acknowledgment (assuming the data fragment is received). This period of time is referred to as the Short Interframe Space (SIFS).
• SIFS Short Interframe Space
• SIFS is a short time interval between a data frame
• SIFS are used in, for example, 802.11 compliant networks.
• the value of the SIFS (usually measured in microseconds) may be fixed per physical layer (PHY) and may be calculated so that a transmitting node will be able to switch back to receive mode and be capable of decoding an incoming packet.
• PHY physical layer
• a SIFS may be set at 10 ⁇ $.
• ACK 505 is received by the wireless device.
• the ACK acknowledges that the receiver received data fragment 501.
• the time spent transmitting data fragment 501 plus SIFS 503 and the time receiving ACK 505 takes up the entire transmit opportunity window (TXOP) 517.
• the TXOP may be set by a standard, such as 802.11, and may be measured in, for example, milliseconds.
• a TXOP for a particular network may be 10 ms.
• the total amount of data that can be sent with a data fragment is limited by the need to include SIFS 503 and ACK 505 into the single TXOP window 517.
• the wireless device waits a period of time defined by the Distributed Coordination Function Interframe Space (DIFS) plus a randomized backoff period.
• the Distributed Coordination Function requires a node participating in a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) network to first sense the medium and if the medium is busy then to defer from transmitting for a period of time.
• the period of deferral (the DIFS) is followed by a randomized backoff period i.e. an additional period of time in which the node wishing to transmit will not attempt to access the medium.
• the backoff period is used to resolve contention between different nodes (e.g. wireless devices) trying to access a medium (e.g.
• the backoff period may also be referred to as a contention window.
• Backoff requires each node trying to access a medium to choose a random number in a range and wait for the chosen number of time slots before trying to access the medium, and to check whether a different node has accessed the medium before.
• the slot time is defined in such a way that a node will always be capable of determining if another node has accessed the medium at the beginning of the previous slot.
• the 802.1 1 standard uses an exponential backoff algorithm where each time a node chooses a slot and collides with another node, it will increase the maximum number of the range exponentially.
• the node may transmit on the medium.
• the DIFS may be calculated, for example, as the SIFS plus a certain number of additional time slots.
• the wireless device After the DIFS plus backoff period 507, the wireless device transmits data fragment 509 and then receives ACK 511 after a SIFS period (not shown). Finally, after another DIFS and random backoff period (not shown), the wireless device transmits data fragment 513 and then receives ACK 515 after a SIFS period (not shown). At this point, the entire data unit has been sent. Notably, during the three TXOPs it took to send the single data unit, there were three SIFS periods, two DIFS periods plus random backoffs and three ACKs, and during all of these periods, the wireless device was not able to transmit content data (i.e. non-overhead data).
• FIG. 5b illustrates aspects of a fragmentation method using a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• the method of FIG. 5b substitutes individual ACKs after each fragment is transmitted for an MFA, which acknowledges multiple fragments at once after the transmission of two or more successive fragments.
• the length of TXOP 517 and DIFS plus backoff period 507 is the same as that of FIG. 5a.
• the wireless device (not shown) is able to transmit data fragments 519, 521 and 523 without intervening ACKs or SIFS periods. As a result, the length of data fragments 519, 521 and 523 are longer (i.e.
• FIG. 5b fewer fragments may be needed to transmit the same amount of data because the data fragments include more data per fragment. This increases the efficiency of the medium use.
• the overhead e.g. SIFS, DIFS and ACKs
• FIG. 5b two SIFS periods and two ACKs are eliminated as compared to FIG. 5 a. This reduction in overhead may shorten the total duration of the medium use, which may correspondingly increase the efficiency of the medium use because it is dedicated for fewer time slots to a wireless device for a given amount of data.
• MFA 527 follows the transmission of data fragment 523 and SIFS period 525. MFA 527 acknowledges the receipt of fragments 519, 521 and 523, thus eliminating the need for individual fragment ACKs. An implementation of MFA 527 is described in more detail with reference to FIG. 8b, below.
• the data fragments may be modified so that a receiver may determine which fragments have been received and request any missing or corrupt data.
• the sequence control field of the MAC header for each data fragment may be modified such that, for example, four bits of the existing Frame Sequence Number (FSN) field are allocated to a Fragment Sequence Number (FGSN) and the remaining twelve bits are retained for the FSN. With four bits allocated to the FGSN, up to sixteen different fragments may be identified (i.e., fragment 0 to fragment 15).
• fragments it is possible to identify more fragments by, for example, increasing the number of bits allocated to the FGSN in the sequence control field (at the expense of the FSN) or by adding additional bits to each fragment header (at the expense of overhead). For example, six bits may be allocated to the FGSN, which would enable a receiver to uniquely identify up to sixty-four different fragments. Generally, where n is the number of bits dedicated to the FGSN, 2" unique fragments may be identified.
• a receiver may determine that the last fragment of a data unit has been sent (e.g. fragment 523 of FIG. 5b) by setting a "More Fragment" bit in the Frame Control (FC) field to indicate that there are or are not more fragments.
• the "More Fragment” bit may be set to '0' to indicate no more fragments or ⁇ ' to indicate more fragments, or vice versa.
• FIG. 6 illustrates aspects of a method 600 for distinguishing successive blocks of fragments using MFAs. It may be the case that a data unit has more data fragments than can be uniquely identified by the FGSN. For example, a data frame may need to be split into thirty-eight fragments (i.e., fragment 0 to fragment 37), but the FGSN may be able to distinguish sixteen unique fragments (i.e., fragment 0 to fragment 15), as described in the example above.
• the FGSN may be calculated for a group of fragments representing a single data unit using the modulus function so that the FGSN does not exceed the maximum FGSN as dictated by the number of bits dedicated to the FGSN.
• the first two blocks of fragments (601 and 607) will each include sixteen fragments with FGSNs 0-15.
• the last block of fragments (609) will include six fragments with FGSNS 0-5.
• Each of the first thirty-seven fragments (i.e., fragment 0 to fragment 36) of the data unit will have the "More Fragment” bit set to 1.
• the last fragment (i.e., fragment 37) of the data unit will have the "More Fragment” bit set to 0.
• fragments 15 and 31 will trigger a MFA as the last fragments of blocks 601 and 607 respectively.
• Fragment 37 will trigger a MFA as the last fragment of the data unit.
• Successive blocks of fragments (e.g.
• an indication of order of the successive blocks of fragments may be added to the fragment headers. For example, an additional bit may be added to the fragment header to distinguish successive fragment blocks as "odd” or "even” blocks.
• a bit in the existing fragment header may be repurposed. For example, a bit in the "Power Management” or “More Data” field may be used (e.g., repurposed) to indicate each successive fragment as either an "odd" or "even” fragment. As shown in FIG.
• the "More Data” field of each fragment in block 601 is set as T
• the "More Data” field of each fragment in block 607 is set as '0'
• the "More Data” field of each fragment in block 609 is set as ⁇ '. It does not matter whether ' 1 ' refers to "odd” or “even” or otherwise, so long as the bit can be set to distinguish between successive blocks. In this way, if MFA 611 indicates that a fragment in block 601 was not received successfully, then the missing or corrupted fragment can be resent as part of block 607 because the resent fragment will have an indication (e.g.
• the "More Data" field being set to ' ⁇ ) that it is from a previous block 601 and not a part of the current block 607. That is, the receiver will be able to distinguish the retransmitted data fragment from the newly transmitted data fragments so that the data unit can be rebuilt successfully.
• no new overhead is added by using this method.
• FIG. 7a illustrates aspects of a method 700 for using a "last" fragment to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• a wireless device may transmit a plurality of data fragments of a data frame.
• Each of the plurality of data fragments, except the last data fragment (e.g., a last data fragment 703), may indicate an acknowledgment policy of "block acknowledgment.”
• the last data fragment 703 may indicate an acknowledgment policy of "implicit block acknowledgment request.”
• a data frame may be split into ten data fragments.
• the first 9 data fragments may indicate an acknowledgment policy of "block acknowledgment” and the last data fragment 703 may indicate an acknowledgment policy of "implicit block acknowledgment request.”
• the wireless device may set one or more bits of the fragment header of each of the plurality of data fragments to a particular value indicating the particular acknowledgment policy.
• the wireless device may set one or more bits (e.g., 2 bits, such as bit 5 and bit 6) of a quality of service (QoS) field of a data fragment to represent a particular value (e.g., "00") indicating the particular acknowledgment policy (e.g., implicit block acknowledgment request).
• the data fragment may include a QoS data frame.
• the wireless device may set one or more bits of an acknowledgment policy field of a data fragment to represent a particular value (e.g., "0") indicating the particular acknowledgment policy (e.g., implicit block acknowledgment request).
• the data fragment may include a "short" frame, e.g., a frame having a protocol version field in a frame control field set to 1.
• a short frame may include the acknowledgment policy field in the frame control field.
• a more fragment field of the data fragments 701 may be set to a first value indicating more fragments.
• a more fragment field of the last data fragment 703 may be set to a second value indicating no more fragments.
• a "More Fragment" bit of a particular data fragment may be set to "1" to indicate more fragments or may be set to "0" to indicate that the plurality of data fragments does not include more fragments subsequent to the particular data fragment.
• the data fragments 701 may include FGSNs representing values "0" to "8".
• the last data fragment 703 may include a FGSN representing "9".
• the data fragments 701 and the last data fragment 703 may indicate a FSN (e.g., "1") of the single data unit.
• a receiver may transmit a multi- fragment acknowledgment (MFA) 705.
• the MFA frame may be a null data packet (NDP) block acknowledgment.
• NDP null data packet
• the receiver may transmit the MFA 705 in response to the last data fragment 703 that indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request, where the last data fragment 703 includes a more fragment field indicating a particular value, or both.
• the receiver may transmit the MFA 705 a SIFS time after receiving the last data fragment 703 without regard to the idle/busy state of the wireless medium.
• the MFA 705 may indicate (e.g., via a bitmap) receipt or non-receipt by the receiver of each of the data fragments 701 with a FGSN less than the FGSN of the last data fragment 703 and whether the receiver received the last data fragment 703 for which the transmitter solicits a response by setting the acknowledgment policy to implicit block acknowledgment request.
• a last data fragment may be used by a transmitter to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) by setting values of one or more fields of the last data fragment.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• fragments other than a "last" data fragment may also be used to elicit a MFA.
• FIG. 7b illustrates aspects of a method 710 for using a particular fragment other than a "last" data fragment to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• a wireless device may transmit a plurality of data fragments 71 1, 713, 717, and 721 of a data frame.
• a first plurality or set of data fragments (e.g., data fragments 71 1) of the plurality of data fragments may indicate an acknowledgment policy of block acknowledgment.
• a particular (e.g., non-last) data fragment of the plurality of data fragments (e.g., a data fragment 713) may indicate an acknowledgment policy of implicit block acknowledgment request.
• the data fragments 71 1 may be transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the first data fragment 713 to the receiver, as shown.
• the data fragments 71 1 may include FGSNs representing values "0" to "6".
• the data fragment 713 may include a FGSN representing "7”
• the data fragment 717 may include a FGSN representing "8”
• the data fragment 721 may include a FGSN representing "9”.
• the data fragments 711, 713, 717, and 721 may indicate a FSN (e.g., "1") of the single data unit.
• the FGSNs of the data fragments may indicate an order of transmission. For example, data fragments may be transmitted to the receiver in order of the corresponding FGSNs.
• the data fragment 713 may elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) 715 from the receiver.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the receiver may send the MFA 715 in response to determining that the data fragment 713 indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request policy.
• the MFA 715 may indicate whether the receiver received each of the data fragments 711 with a FGSN less than a FGSN of the data fragment 713 and whether the receiver received the first data fragment 713.
• the receiver may transmit the MFA indicating whether up to a particular fragment number (e.g., 7 or 15) of data fragments were received or not received by the receiver.
• each of the remaining data fragments may indicate that an individual acknowledgment is requested.
• the receiver may determine that an individual
• the receiver may determine the order of transmission of the data fragments based on the sequence of FGSNs of the data fragments. For example, the data fragment 717 and the data fragment 721 may indicate an individual acknowledgment policy.
• the receiver may transmit a first individual acknowledgment 719 indicating that the data fragment 717 was received.
• the receiver may transmit a second individual
• the transmitter may determine a number of data fragments to include in the first plurality of data fragments based on a threshold number of data fragments.
• the threshold number of data fragments may indicate a maximum number of data fragments that may be acknowledged using a MFA.
• the threshold number of data fragments may be 8.
• the threshold number of data fragments may be 8 when the MFA is transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 1 megahertz (MHz).
• the threshold number of data fragments may be 16.
• the threshold number of data fragments may be 16 when the MFA is transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 2 MHz or greater.
• a MFA transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 1 MHz may have a smaller bitmap (e.g., a block acknowledgment bitmap) than a bitmap of a MFA transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 2 MHz or greater.
• the first plurality of data fragments may include up to the threshold number of data fragments minus 1.
• the first plurality of data fragments may include 7 data fragments when the MFA is transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 1 MHz.
• the first plurality of data fragments may include 15 data fragments when the MFA is transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 2MHz or greater.
• the MFA may be used to acknowledge the first plurality of data fragments and the particular data fragment that elicited the MFA. Each of any remaining data fragments of the plurality of data fragments may indicate that an individual acknowledgment is requested.
• a data fragment may be used by a transmitter to elicit a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) indicating whether the receiver received data fragments transmitted prior to and including the data fragment. Subsequent data fragments may be acknowledged using individual acknowledgments when a block acknowledgment bitmap is too small to accommodate the receipt status of part of all fragments.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• FIG. 8a illustrates a fragment ACK 800, as may be used by the method in FIG. 5a.
• Fragment ACK 800 includes a frame control field (FC) 801, which is two bytes long, a receiver address (RA) 803 field which is six bytes long and a frame check sequence (FCS) field 805 that is four bytes long, totaling twelve bytes.
• FC frame control field
• RA receiver address
• FCS frame check sequence
• an 802.1 1 ACK for example an 802.1 In ACK, is fourteen bytes long.
• the fragment ACK 800 may be included in a MAC frame and may have a PHY preamble (not shown).
• FIG. 8b illustrates aspects of a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) 810, as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• the MFA 810 may be a modified ACK that has the same FC 801, RA 803 and FCS 805 fields as the fragment ACK 800, but also includes MFA bitmap field 807.
• the MFA bitmap field 807 is two bytes (16 bits) long and can accordingly acknowledge up to sixteen different fragments. This may be a preferred implementation where each data fragment may have a FGSN that is four bits long, such that the FGSN can indicate sixteen different fragments.
• Each bit in the MFA bitmap field 807 may, for example, be set as a T if the corresponding fragment was received successfully or '0' if not received successfully, or vice versa.
• the MFA bitmap field 807 may be increased in length so that more fragments can be acknowledged with a single MFA.
• the MFA bitmap field may instead by eight bytes long (64 bits) so that 64 unique fragments may be acknowledged.
• each bit dedicated to the MFA bitmap field 807 will be able to acknowledge a single fragment.
• increasing the MFA length does come at the expense of more overhead; however, the increased overhead may be offset in a robust network by the additional data fragments that can be sent consecutively.
• the MFA 810 may be included in a MAC frame and may have a PHY preamble (not shown).
• Additional modifications to MFAs may be made by, for example, moving the RA 803 into the FCS field 805. This would save six bytes of overhead, giving a total MFA length of eight bytes.
• FIG. 8c illustrates aspects of another multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) 820, as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 5b and 7.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the MFA 820 may be entirely included in a physical layer (PHY) preamble.
• the PHY preamble includes a STF 812, a LTF 814, and a SIG field 822.
• the SIG field 822 may include the same MFA bitmap field 807 as in MFA 810.
• the MFA bitmap field 807 may be of a smaller size depending on the bit availability in the SIG field 822.
• the SIG field 822 may also include an MFA identifier (ID) field 816 that indicates a sequence number associated with the MFA 810.
• the SIG field 822 may include a starting sequence control (SSC) field 818 that indicates a sequence number of the data unit whose fragments are being acknowledged.
• SIG field 822 may contain one or more additional fields, e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and tail.
• MCS modulation and coding scheme
• CRC cyclic redundancy check
• the SIG field 822 may contain fewer of the described fields.
• the MFA 820 does not include MAC layer data and may thus be smaller than the MFA 810.
• the MFA may include an ACK mode indication bit (not shown) to distinguish the MFA from a "conventional" block acknowledgment (ACK) that acknowledges multiple data frames.
• the MFA may include an ACK mode field.
• the ACK mode field may have a first value (e.g., 0) to indicate that the packet is an MFA and a second value (e.g., 1) to indicate that the packet is a block ACK.
• distinguishing between the MFA and a block ACK may be a two-step process.
• the ACK mode field may distinguish between a "conventional" ACK (i.e., part of a session in which an ACK is to be received in response to each MPDU prior to transmission of the next MPDU) and a "block-type" ACK.
• the ACK mode field may have a first value (e.g., a first reserved MCS value) to indicate that the packet is an ACK and a second value (e.g., a second reserved MCS value) to indicate that the packet is a "block-type" ACK.
• a "block-type" ACK may be a block ACK (i.e., part of a session in which multiple MPDUs that include data from multiple data units will be acknowledged using a single block ACK) or a MFA (i.e., a MFA that acknowledges multiple fragments of a single data unit that were sent in multiple MPDUs).
• the MFA may be distinguished from a block ACK based on the data fragment to which the packet is a response to. If the data fragment indicates that the data fragment requests a block ACK as a response and a fragment number (e.g., FGSN) associated with the data fragment is greater than 0, then the packet is to be interpreted as a MFA. On the other hand, if the fragment number is 0 (or has no fragment number) then the packet is to be interpreted as a block ACK.
• a fragment number e.g., FGSN
• An MFA may be solicited (e.g., the receiver may be signaled to send an MFA) based on different conditions. For example, if the last fragment of a data unit is received, as described above with respect to FIG. 5b, the "More Fragment" bit in the frame control portion of the fragment header may be set to indicate it is the last fragment of the data unit and that an MFA should be sent. For example, as illustrated in block 609 of FIG. 6, the "More Fragment" bit of the last data fragment may be set to '0' to indicate an MFA should be sent. Alternatively, if the FGSN of a received fragment in a block of fragments (e.g. block 601 in FIG.
• FGSN available (e.g., 15) that can be accommodated by a FGSN field of the last data fragment, it may indicate to the receiver that an MFA should be sent.
• FGSN available
• a largest FGSN value that can be accommodated by the 4-bit field may be ⁇ 11 1 ' or 15. Because in this situation the FGSN may reset to a lowest FGSN value (e.g., after the highest value is reached) to indicate a beginning of a sequence of fragments in the next block, then an MFA should be sent so that a successive block of fragments may begin transmitting.
• the wireless device may, for example, retransmit the last fragment to re- solicit the receiver to send an MFA.
• the indicated fragments may be retransmitted by the wireless device.
• the receiver may acknowledge the receipt of the retransmitted fragments by, for example, responding with an ACK (rather than a MFA) for each retransmitted fragment, or may instead use an MFA to acknowledge multiple retransmitted fragments, or may use an MFA to acknowledge one or more retransmitted fragments as well as new fragments.
• ACK also than a MFA
• fragments from successive blocks may be distinguished by using an indication of their send order (e.g. "odd” or "even").
• Two successive blocks of fragments may be transmitted before an MFA is received that acknowledges receipt of the fragments of the first block in the case where the bitmap of the MFA has enough (e.g., 32) bits to acknowledge fragments associated with two blocks of fragments (e.g., 16 fragments in each block or 32 fragments in total).
• the wireless device may initiate transmission of a next data unit.
• MFAs instead of fragment ACKs may increase overall transmission efficiency.
• the transmission efficiency increase may be approximately 18 percent.
• the transmission efficiency increase may be approximately 55 percent.
• FIG. 9 illustrates aspects of another multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) 900, as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 7a and 7b.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the MFA 900 may be entirely included in a physical layer (PHY) preamble of a packet.
• the MFA 900 may be included in a signal (SIG) field of the (PHY) preamble.
• the MFA 900 includes a null data packet ( DP) media access control (MAC) frame type field 912, a block acknowledgment (ack) identifier (ID) field 914, the SSC field 818 as in MFA 820, and a block ack bitmap field 918.
• the MFA 900 may contain one or more additional fields.
• the block ack ID field 914 may include an identifier of the MFA 900.
• the block ack ID field 914 may represent a scrambler initialization value of a service field of a data fragment (e.g., the last data fragment 703 of FIG. 7a or the data fragment 713 of FIG. 7b) that elicited the MFA 900.
• the SSC field 818 may represent a sequence number of the data frame the single data unit.
• the SSC field 818 may represent the frame sequence number (FSN) of the single data unit.
• Each bit of the block ack bitmap field 918 may indicate whether a corresponding data fragment was successfully received.
• the block ack bitmap field 918 may correspond to the MFA bitmap field 807 as in MFA 820.
• the NDP MAC frame type field 912 may have a value of 4 and may have a length of 3 bits.
• the SSC field 818 may have a length of 12 bits.
• the block ack ID field 914 may have a length of 2 bits, the block ack bitmap field 918 may have a length of 8 bits, and the MFA 900 may be transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 1 megahertz (MHz).
• the block ack ID field 914 may have a length of 6 bits, the block ack bitmap field 918 may have a length of 16 bits, and the MFA 900 may be transmitted over a bandwidth of approximately 2 megahertz (MHz) or greater.
• FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of a sub-1 gigahertz (S 1G) capabilities information field 1000, as may be used by the methods in FIGS. 7a and 7b.
• a wireless device may transmit a frame including a S1G capabilities element.
• the S1G capabilities element may include the S1G capabilities information field 1000.
• the S 1G capabilities information field 1000 includes a fragment BA support field 1012.
• the wireless device may determine whether multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) is supported by the wireless device based on a particular value (e.g., "1" or true) of a parameter (e.g., dotl IFragmentBAOptionlmplemented) of the wireless device.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the wireless device may transmit the frame with the fragment BA support field 1012 indicating whether MFA is supported by the wireless device.
• the fragment BA support field 1012 may indicate a first value (e.g., "1" or true) to indicate that MFA is supported.
• the fragment BA support field 1012 may indicate a second value (e.g., "0" or false) to indicate that MFA is not supported.
• the S1G capabilities information field 1000 may include one or more other fields.
• devices receiving a frame including a fragment BA support field 1012 from the wireless device may determine whether the wireless device supports MFA prior to transmitting data fragments to the wireless device. Prior to using MFA, each device may verify whether another device supports MFA. For example, one device may be an access point (AP) and the other device may be a station ("STA").
• a S 1G capabilities element may be transmitted as part of a beacon, a probe request, a probe response, an association request, an association response, a management frame, etc.
• FIG. 1 1 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments and receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• the process flow 1100 includes a step 1103 where a device generates a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit.
• the process flow 1 100 then moves to step 1105 where the device transmits a data fragment to a receiver.
• the process flow 1 100 then moves to step 1 107 where the device determines whether the last transmitted fragment was the last fragment of the data unit or of a block of data fragments of the data unit.
• the device may set the "More Fragment" bit in the Frame Control (FC) field to indicate that there are or are not more fragments forthcoming.
• the device may set the FGSN to a maximum available FGSN to indicate the last data fragment of the block of data fragments.
• FC Frame Control
• step 1 105 If the fragment sent at step 1 105 is not the last fragment, then the process flow 1100 returns to step 1 105 and sends the next fragment of the data unit. If, on the other hand, at step 1 107 the fragment sent at step 1105 is the last fragment, then the process flow 1100 moves to step 1109. At step 1 109, the device receives an acknowledgment, and the process flow 1 100 moves to step 11 11. At step 1 11 1, the device determines whether a fragment sequence number (FGSN) of the last fragment of the data unit is equal to zero (or another value that indicates fragmentation is not in use).
• FGSN fragment sequence number
• step 1 115 the device interprets the acknowledgment as a block ACK (e.g., an uncompressed block ACK with a 128-byte bitmap that indicates receipt/non-receipt for up to 16 fragments for each of up to 64 data units).
• the process flow 1100 then moves to step 11 19.
• step 1 119 the device determines whether each of a plurality of data fragments of a plurality of data units was received by the receiver based on the block ACK (e.g., whether each of up to 16 fragments for each of up to 64 data units was received).
• step 11 11 the process flow 1 100 moves to step 1 113 and the device interprets the acknowledgment as a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) that indicates the status of each transmitted fragment.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the MFA includes a bitmap that indicates receipt or non-receipt of each transmitted fragment of the block of data fragments of the single data unit.
• the process flow 1100 then moves to step 1 117.
• the device determines whether each of the plurality of data fragments of the single data unit was received by the receiver based on the MFA.
• the bitmap included in the MFA may be used to determine whether each transmitted fragment of the block of data fragments of the single data unit was received.
• FIG. 12 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a plurality of data fragments and transmitting a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• the process flow 1200 includes step 1203 where a device receives a data fragment of a block of data fragments of a single data unit from a wireless device.
• the process flow 1200 then moves to step 1205 where the device determines whether the data fragment is a last data fragment of the block of data fragments of the single data unit.
• the FGSN of the data fragment may have a highest available FGSN value indicating that the data fragment is the last data fragment of the block. If the data fragment is the last data fragment of the block, then the process flow 1200 moves to step 1209.
• step 1207 the device determines whether the data fragment is a last data fragment of the single data unit. As described above with reference to FIG. 5b, a "More Fragment" bit of the data fragment may indicate whether the data fragment is the last data fragment of the single data unit. If the data fragment is not the last data fragment of the single data unit, the process flow 1200 moves to step 121 1, and the device refrains from
• FIG. 13 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments.
• the process flow 1300 includes step 1302 where a transmitter determines whether the transmitter supports multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) based on a parameter of the transmitter, as further described with reference to FIG. 10.
• a fragment block acknowledgment (BA) support sub-field of a sub-1 gigahertz (S1G) capabilities information field of a S1G capabilities element of the first frame has a first value in response to the transmitter determining that the transmitter supports MFA, as further described with reference to FIG. 10.
• the fragment BA support sub-field has a second value in response to the transmitter determining that the transmitter does not support MFA.
• the receiver may determine whether the transmitter supports MFA based on a value of the fragment BA support sub-field of the first frame.
• the transmitter may include a S 1G station.
• the process flow 1300 then moves to step 1306 where the transmitter determines whether a receiver supports MFA based on a value of a fragment BA support field of a second frame received from the receiver.
• the receiver may have previously transmitted the second frame including a fragment BA support sub-field indicating whether the receiver supports MFA.
• the process flow 1300 then moves to step 1308 where the transmitter creates a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit.
• the transmitter may split a single data unit into a plurality of data fragments.
• the process flow 1300 then moves to step 1310 where the transmitter generates a fragment sequence number (FGSN) for each of the plurality of data fragments, as further described with reference to FIG. 6.
• FGSN fragment sequence number
• the fragment sequence number may be referred to as a fragment number.
• FIG. 14 illustrates aspects of a method of transmitting a plurality of data fragments.
• the process flow 1400 may continue from the process flow 1300.
• the process flow 1400 includes step 1402 where the transmitter determines whether a data fragment of the plurality of data fragments is a particular data fragment that is to elicit an acknowledgment.
• the particular data fragment corresponds to a last data fragment (e.g., the last data fragment 703) of the plurality of data fragments, as described with reference to FIG. 7a.
• the particular data fragment corresponds to a fragment other than the last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments.
• the particular data fragment may correspond to the data fragment 713, as further described with reference to FIG. 7b.
• step 1404 the transmitter determines whether the data fragment is included in a first plurality of data fragments. Each of the first plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the receiver prior to transmission of the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• step 1406 the transmitter sets the acknowledgment policy of the data fragment to block acknowledgment.
• step 1410 in response to determining that the data fragment is not included in the first plurality of data fragments at step 1404, the process flow 1400 moves to step 1410, where the transmitter sets the acknowledgment policy of the data fragment to individual acknowledgment.
• the process flow 1400 moves to step 1412 where the transmitter sets the acknowledgment policy of the data fragment to implicit block acknowledgment request, and to 1414, where the transmitter sets the more fragment field of the data fragment to a particular value (e.g., zero).
• a particular value e.g., zero
• the process flow 1400 moves from 1408, 1410, and 1414 to step 1408 where the transmitter transmits the data fragment to the receiver.
• the process flow 1400 moves to step 1416 where the transmitter determines whether the data fragment is a last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments.
• the process flow 1400 returns to step 1402 to process a next data fragment.
• the data fragment may be included in the first plurality of data fragments.
• the data fragment may be a non- last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments and there may be subsequent data fragments to be processed.
• FIG. 15 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the process flow 1500 may continue from the process flow 1400.
• the process flow 1500 includes step 1502 where the transmitter determines whether a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) is received during a threshold time period of transmitting the particular data fragment.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the process flow 1500 moves to step 1504 where the transmitter retransmits the particular data fragment to the receiver.
• the particular data fragment may have not been received successfully by the receiver, resending the particular data fragment may elicit the MFA from the receiver.
• the process flow 1500 then returns to step 1502.
• the process flow 1500 moves to step 1506 where the transmitter receives an acknowledgment from the receiver.
• the transmitter may receive the MFA 705 in response to the particular data fragment being a last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments, as described with reference to FIG. 7a.
• the transmitter may receive the MFA 715 in response to the particular data fragment being a non-last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments, as further described with reference to FIG. 7b.
• the process flow 1500 then moves to step 1508, where the transmitter determines that a value of a block acknowledgment identifier field of the acknowledgment corresponds to a scrambler initialization value of a service field of the particular data fragment.
• step 1510 the transmitter determines that a value of a starting sequence control (SSC) field of the SSC
• acknowledgment corresponds to a sequence number of the single data unit.
• the particular data fragment may have included the sequence number of the single data unit.
• the process flow 1500 then moves to step 1512, where the transmitter interprets the acknowledgement as a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) indicating whether the receiver received each of the first plurality of data fragments and the particular data fragment.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the transmitter may determine that the MFA is responsive to the particular data fragment in response to determining that the block acknowledgment identifier field of the acknowledgment corresponds to a scrambler initialization value of a service field of the particular data fragment, that the SSC field of the acknowledgment corresponds to a sequence number of the single data unit, or both.
• each bit of a bitmap (e.g., the block ack bitmap 918) of the MFA may indicate whether a
• step 1516 the transmitter determines whether the MFA indicates that the first plurality of data fragments and the particular data fragment have been received.
• the process flow moves to step 1518 where the transmitter selectively retransmit one or more of the first plurality of data fragments based on the MFA. For example, if there was an error in the receiver receiving one or more of the plurality of data fragments, the transmitter may retransmit the one or more data fragments so that the single data unit may be successfully rebuilt by the receiver.
• a fragment sequence number (FGSN) of a first data fragment of the next data unit may be a lowest FGSN value (e.g., "0") that indicates a beginning of the next sequence of data fragments.
• FIG. 16 illustrates aspects of a method of receiving a data fragment and determining whether to initiate transmission of an acknowledgment.
• a process flow 1600 includes step 1602 where a receiver receives a particular data fragment of a single data unit from a wireless device. The process flow 1600 then moves to step 1604 where the receiver determines whether the data fragment indicates an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• the process flow 1600 moves to step 1606 where the receiver initiates transmission of an acknowledgment to a wireless device.
• the acknowledgment indicates that the particular data fragment was received from the wireless device.
• the acknowledgment indicates whether each of a first plurality of data fragments of the single data unit was received from the wireless device.
• Each of the first plurality of data fragments includes a particular fragment sequence number (FGSN) prior to a FGSN of the particular data fragment, as further described with reference to FIGS. 7a and 7b.
• FGSN fragment sequence number
• step 1608 the receiver refrains from initiating transmission of the
• the receiver may not send a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA) in response to a data fragment that indicates an acknowledgment policy other than implicit block acknowledgment request.
• MFA multi-fragment acknowledgment
• the process flow 1600 then moves to step 1610 where the receiver determines whether the data fragment indicates that an individual acknowledgment is requested (e.g., indicates an individual acknowledgement policy). In response to determining that the data fragment indicates that an individual acknowledgment is requested, the process flow 1600 moves to step 1612 where the receiver initiates transmission of a second acknowledgment to the wireless device. The second acknowledgment indicates that the particular data fragment was received from the wireless device. Alternatively, in response to determining that the particular data fragment does not indicate that an individual acknowledgment is requested, the process flow 1600 returns to step 1602.
• FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example wireless device 1700 in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
• a wireless device may have more components than the simplified wireless device 1700 illustrated in FIG. 17.
• the wireless device 1700 includes only those components useful for describing some prominent features of implementations within the scope of the claims.
• Wireless device 1700 includes a receiver 1701, a processor 1703, a transmitter 1705 and an antenna 1705.
• wireless device 1700 is configured to transmit data frames in a carrier sense multiple access network.
• means for creating a plurality of data fragments from a single data unit includes the processor 1703 (e.g., programmed to determine a size of the MSDU, determine a number of data fragments by dividing the size of the MSDU by a packet payload size, and generate the determined number of data fragments).
• means for initiating transmission of the plurality of data fragments to a wireless device includes the processor 1703 (e.g., programmed to determine that the plurality of data fragments are ready to be transmitted and send a signal to the transmitter 1705 requesting transmission of the plurality of data fragments).
• means for receiving an acknowledgment after a particular data fragment of the plurality of data fragments is transmitted to the wireless devices includes the processor 1703 (e.g., programmed to receive the acknowledgment as a signal from the receiver 1701).
• the particular data fragment may indicate an implicit block acknowledgment request.
• the acknowledgment policy field of any fragment may be set to implicit block acknowledgment request to elicit the acknowledgment.
• a data fragment with an acknowledgment policy field set to implicit block acknowledgment request may elicit the MFA.
• the data fragment that elicits the MFA may be a last data fragment of the plurality of data fragments with a more fragment field set to a first value (e.g., "0" or false) indicating that there are no more fragments, as described with reference to FIG. 7a.
• the data fragment that elicits the MFA is a data fragment other than the last data fragment with the more fragment field set to a second value (e.g., "1" or true) indicating that there are more fragments, as described with reference to FIG. 7b.
• Each of a first plurality of data fragments of the plurality of data fragments may indicate a block acknowledgment policy.
• the acknowledgment may indicate receipt or non-receipt by the wireless device of each of the first plurality of data fragments and of the particular data fragment.
• the acknowledgment may be a multi-fragment acknowledgment (MFA).
• MFA may be included in a signal (SIG) field of a physical layer (PHY) preamble of a packet.
• PHY physical layer
• the MFA may be a NDP block acknowledgement.
• One or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented in a system or an apparatus that may include a communications device, a fixed location data unit, a mobile location data unit, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a computer, a tablet, a portable computer, or a desktop computer.
• the system or the apparatus may include a set top box, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a monitor, a computer monitor, a television, a tuner, a radio, a satellite radio, a music player, a digital music player, a portable music player, a video player, a digital video player, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a portable digital video player, any other device that stores or retrieves data or computer instructions, or a combination thereof.
• PDA personal digital assistant
• DVD digital video disc
• the system or the apparatus may include remote units, such as mobile phones, hand-held personal communication systems (PCS) units, portable data units such as personal data assistants, global positioning system (GPS) enabled devices, navigation devices, fixed location data units such as meter reading equipment, or any other device that stores or retrieves data or computer instructions, or any combination thereof.
• remote units such as mobile phones, hand-held personal communication systems (PCS) units, portable data units such as personal data assistants, global positioning system (GPS) enabled devices, navigation devices, fixed location data units such as meter reading equipment, or any other device that stores or retrieves data or computer instructions, or any combination thereof.
• PCS personal communication systems
• GPS global positioning system
• any reference to an element herein using a designation such as "first,” “second,” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise a set of elements may comprise one or more elements.
• determining encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. Further, a "channel width” as used herein may encompass or may also be referred to as a bandwidth in certain aspects.
• a phrase referring to "at least one of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members.
• "at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c.
• Various illustrative components, blocks, configurations, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or processor executable instructions depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
• any suitable means capable of performing the operations such as various hardware and/or software component(s), circuits, and/or module(s).
• any operations illustrated in the FIGS. 1-17 may be performed by corresponding functional means capable of performing the operations.
• Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array signal
• PLD programmable logic device
• a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
• Computer-readable media includes computer-readable storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
• such computer-readable storage media can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), register(s), hard disk, a removable disk, a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
• the computer-readable media e.g., a storage medium
• the processor and the storage medium may reside in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
• the ASIC may reside in a computing device or a user terminal.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a computing device or user terminal.
• any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
• the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
• the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray® disc (Blu-ray is a registered trademark of Sony Corp.
• computer readable medium may include a non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., tangible media).
• computer readable medium may include a transitory computer readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
• the methods disclosed herein include one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method.
• the method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims.
• the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
• certain aspects may include a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein.
• a computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein.
• the computer program product may include packaging material.
• modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable.
• various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.
• storage means e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.
• CD compact disc
• floppy disk e.g., compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.
• any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized.

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• 2013
  • 2013-08-28 EP EP13762645.3A patent/EP2891358A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-08-28 CN CN201380044729.2A patent/CN104584626B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2013-08-28 JP JP2015530003A patent/JP6356129B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2013-08-28 WO PCT/US2013/057129 patent/WO2014036168A1/en unknown
  • 2013-08-28 BR BR112015003023A patent/BR112015003023A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2013-08-28 KR KR1020157007794A patent/KR20150048830A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation

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