EP2877556A1 - Procédés de valorisation de flux hydrocarbonés contaminés - Google Patents

Procédés de valorisation de flux hydrocarbonés contaminés

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Publication number
EP2877556A1
EP2877556A1 EP12881597.4A EP12881597A EP2877556A1 EP 2877556 A1 EP2877556 A1 EP 2877556A1 EP 12881597 A EP12881597 A EP 12881597A EP 2877556 A1 EP2877556 A1 EP 2877556A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heteroatom
caustic
selectivity promoter
hydrocarbon feed
containing hydrocarbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12881597.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2877556A4 (fr
Inventor
Kyle E. Litz
Jennifer L. Vreeland
Jonathan P. Rankin
Mark N. Rossetti
Tracey M. Jordan
Trent A. Mccaskill
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Auterra Inc
Original Assignee
Auterra Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/560,584 external-priority patent/US8764973B2/en
Application filed by Auterra Inc filed Critical Auterra Inc
Publication of EP2877556A1 publication Critical patent/EP2877556A1/fr
Publication of EP2877556A4 publication Critical patent/EP2877556A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/123—Organometallic polymers, e.g. comprising C-Si bonds in the main chain or in subunits grafted to the main chain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G19/00—Refining hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment
    • C10G19/02—Refining hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment with aqueous alkaline solutions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G27/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation
    • C10G27/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen
    • C10G27/12—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen with oxygen-generating compounds, e.g. per-compounds, chromic acid, chromates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/007—Visbreaking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/70—Oxidation reactions, e.g. epoxidation, (di)hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and analogues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
    • C10G2300/201—Impurities
    • C10G2300/202—Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials

Definitions

  • the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for upgrading crude oil, refinery intermediate streams, and refinery products to substantially decrease the content of undesired heteroatom contaminants, including, but not limited to, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, nickel, vanadium, iron, with the added benefit of decreasing the total acid number and increasing the API gravity.
  • a heteroatom contaminated hydrocarbon feed stream is subjected to heteroatom oxidizing conditions to produce an oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon intermediate stream and then contacting said stream with a selectivity promoter and caustic thereby removing the heteroatom contaminants from the hydrocarbon stream and thereby increasing the API gravity and decreasing the total acid number relative to the initial contaminated hydrocarbon feed stream.
  • heteroatom contaminants including, but not limited to, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, nickel, vanadium, and iron and acidic oxygenates in quantities that negatively impact the refinery processing of the crude oil fractions.
  • Light crude oils or condensates contain heteroatoms in concentrations as low as 0.001 wt %.
  • heavy crude oils contain heteroatoms as high as 5-7 wt %.
  • the heteroatom content of crude oil increases with increasing boiling point and the heteroatom content increases with decreasing API gravity.
  • Sulfur is widely recognized as the most egregious heteroatom contaminant as a result of the environmental hazard caused by its release into the environment after combustion. It is believed, sulfur oxides from combustion (known collectively as SO x emissions) contribute to the formation of acid rain and also to the reduction of the efficiency of catalytic converters in automobiles. Furthermore, sulfur compounds are thought to ultimately increase the particulate content of combustion products. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and other heteroatom contaminants present similar environmental risks.
  • HDS hydrodesulfurization
  • Refiners typically use catalytic hydrodesulfurizing (“HDS", commonly referred to as “hydrotreating”) methods to lower the sulfur content of hydrocarbon fuels, decrease the total acid number, and increase the API gravity.
  • HDS catalytic hydrodesulfurizing
  • a hydrocarbon stream that is derived from petroleum distillation is treated in a reactor that operates at temperatures ranging between 575 and 750 °F. (about 300 to about 400 °C), a hydrogen pressure that ranges between 430 to 14,500 psi (3000 to 10,000 kPa or 30 to 100 atmospheres) and hourly space velocities ranging between 0.5 and 4 h 1 .
  • Dibenzothiophenes in the feed react with hydrogen when in contact with a catalyst arranged in a fixed bed that comprises metal sulfides from groups VI and VIII (e.g., cobalt and molybdenum sulfides or nickel and molybdenum sulfides) supported on alumina. Because of the operating conditions and the use of hydrogen, these methods can be costly both in capital investment and operating costs.
  • groups VI and VIII e.g., cobalt and molybdenum sulfides or nickel and molybdenum sulfides
  • HDS or hydrotreating may provide a treated product in compliance with the current strict sulfur level targets.
  • sterically hindered refractory sulfur compounds such as substituted dibenzothiophenes
  • the process is not without issues. For example, it is particularly difficult to eliminate traces of sulfur using such catalytic processes when the sulfur is contained in molecules such as dibenzothiophene with alkyl substituents in position 4-, or 4- and 6-positions of the parent ring.
  • One attempt at solving the problem discussed above includes selectively desulfurizing dibenzothiophenes contained in the hydrocarbon stream by oxidizing the dibenzothiophenes into a sulfone in the presence of an oxidizing agent, followed by optionally separating the sulfone compounds from the rest of the hydrocarbon stream and further reacting the sulfones with a caustic to remove the sulfur moiety from the hydrocarbon fragment.
  • Oxidation has been found to be beneficial because oxidized sulfur compounds can be removed using a variety of separation processes that rely on the altered chemical properties such as the solubility, volatility, and reactivity of the sulfone compounds.
  • An important consideration in employing oxidation is chemical selectivity. Selective oxidation of sulfur heteroatom moieties without oxidizing the plethora of olefins and benzylic hydrocarbons found in crude oils, refinery intermediates, and refinery products remains a significant challenge.
  • One selective sulfoxidation method and system is disclosed in International Publication Number WO 2009/120238 Al, to Litz et al.
  • the catalyst of the above-mentioned international publication number is further capable of oxidizing additional heteroatoms, including, but not limited to nitrogen and phosphorus found as naturally abundant contaminants in crude oils, refinery intermediates, and refinery products as organic heteroatom-containing compounds.
  • Figure 1 describes a table of available oxidation states for organic heteroatom compounds.
  • heteroatom oxidation lies in the fate of the oxidized organic heteroatom compounds produced. If the oxidized organic heteroatom compounds are hydrotreated, they may be converted back to the original heteroatom compounds thereby regenerating the original problem.
  • the feed heteroatom content may be likely to be in the range of 0% to 10% by weight heteroatom.
  • Heteroatoms on average, comprise about 15 wt % of substituted and unsubstituted organic heteroatom molecules. Therefore, up to 67 wt % of the oil may be removed as oxidized organic heteroatom extract if not removed from the organic molecules.
  • oxidized organic heteroatom oil For a typical refinery processing 40,000 barrels per day of crude oil, up to 27,000 barrels per day of oxidized organic heteroatom oil will be generated, which is believed to be too much to dispose conventionally as a waste product. Further, the disposal of oxidized organic heteroatom oil also wastes valuable hydrocarbons, which could theoretically be recycled if an efficient process were available.
  • hydrocarbon streams with the added benefit of decreasing the total acid number and increasing the API gravity of the resulting product relative to the contaminated hydrocarbon feed stream.
  • the present invention relates to a method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants, the method comprising: contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant; contacting the oxidized heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed with at least one caustic and at least one selectivity promoter, said at least one selectivity promoter comprising an organic compound having at least one acidic proton; and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed.
  • the oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.
  • the invention further provides a method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants, the method comprising:
  • the invention still further provides a method of upgrading a heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants, the method comprising oxidizing dibenzothiophenes to sulfones, reacting the sulfones with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and separating a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product for fuel.
  • Figure 1 is a graphic representation of the various oxidation states of certain heteroatoms, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a generic process flow diagram of an embodiment of a combination heteroatom oxidation process followed by heteroatom cleavage, in accordance with
  • Figure 3 A is a more detailed process flow diagram of an embodiment of a combination heteroatom oxidation process followed by heteroatom cleavage, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 3 B is an alternative more detailed process flow diagram of an embodiment of a combination heteroatom oxidation process followed by heteroatom cleavage, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 4 is an even more detailed process flow diagram of an embodiment of a combination heteroatom oxidation process followed by heteroatom cleavage, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 5 is an alternative even more detailed process flow diagram of an embodiment of a combination heteroatom oxidation process followed by heteroatom cleavage, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • hydrocarbon streams including crude oil, refinery intermediate streams, and refinery products, and they relate to systems and methods for the removal of said oxidized heteroatoms from said hydrocarbon streams.
  • promoted-caustic visbreaker means a heated reactor that contains a caustic and a selectivity promoter that react with oxidized heteroatoms to remove sulfur, nickel, vanadium, iron and other heteroatoms, increase API gravity and decrease total acid number.
  • contaminated hydrocarbon stream is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing heteroatom constituents.
  • Heteroatoms is intended to include all elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
  • sulfoxidation is a reaction or conversion, whether or not catalytic, that produces organo-sulfoxide, organo-sulfone, organo-sulfonate, or organo-sulfonic acid compounds (and/or mixtures thereof) from organosulfur compounds.
  • the oxidation reaction may be carried out at a temperature of about 20°C to about 120°C, at a pressure of about 0.5 atmospheres to about 10 atmospheres, with a contact time of about 2 minutes to about 180 minutes.
  • the oxidant employed may be any oxidant which, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, oxidizes heteroatoms in the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed, for example, but not limited to, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, benzyl hydroperoxide, ethylbenzene hydroperoxide, cumyl hydroperoxide, sodium hypochlorite, oxygen, air, etc, and more presently preferably an oxidant which does not oxidize the heteroatom-free hydrocarbons in the contaminated hydrocarbon feed.
  • the catalyst employed therein may be any catalyst capable of utilizing an oxidant to oxidize heteroatoms in the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed
  • Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, catalyst compositions represented by the formula M m O m (OR) n , where M is a metal complex, such as, for example, titanium or any metal, including, but not limited to, rhenium, tungsten or other transition metals alone or in combination that causes the chemical conversion of the sulfur species, as described herein.
  • M is a metal complex, such as, for example, titanium or any metal, including, but not limited to, rhenium, tungsten or other transition metals alone or in combination that causes the chemical conversion of the sulfur species, as described herein.
  • R is carbon group having at least 3 carbon atoms, where at each occurrence R may individually be a substituted alkyl group containing at least one OH group, a substituted cycloalkyl group containing at least one OH group, a substituted cycloalkylalkyl group containing at least one OH group, a substituted heterocyclyl group containing at least one OH group, or a heterocyclylalkyl containing at least one OH group.
  • the subscripts m and n may each independently be integers between about 1 and about 8.
  • R may be substituted with halogens such as F, CI, Br, and I.
  • the metal alkoxide comprises bis(glycerol)oxotitanium(IV)), where M is Ti, m is 1, n is 2, and R is a glycerol group.
  • metal alkoxides include bis(ethyleneglycol)oxotitanium (IV),
  • Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, catalyst compositions prepared by the reaction of Q-R-Q' with a bis(polyol)oxotitanium(IV) catalyst, wherein Q and Q' each independently comprise an isocyanate, anhydride, sulfonyl halide, benzyl halide, carboxylic acid halide, phosphoryl acid halide, silyl chloride, or any chemical functionality capable of reacting with the -OH pendant group of the catalyst, and wherein R comprises a linking group.
  • the R linking group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups (including linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, and substituted alkyl groups, and wherein hetero atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and the like can be present in the alkyl group), typically with from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, preferably with from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, and more preferably with from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, aryl groups (including substituted aryl groups), typically with from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably with from about 6 to about 15 carbon atoms, and more preferably with from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms, although the number of carbon atoms can be outside of these ranges, arylalkyl groups (including substituted arylalkyl groups), typically with from about 7 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably with from about 7 to about 15 carbon atoms, and more
  • polyethyleneoxy groups, polypropyleneoxy groups, polybutyleneoxy groups, and the like typically with from about 3 to about 60 repeat alkyleneoxy units, preferably with from about 3 to about 30 repeat alkyleneoxy units, and more preferably with from about 3 to about 20 repeat alkyleneoxy units, although the number of repeat alkyleneoxy units can be outside of these ranges, as disclosed in International Publication Number WO 2009/120238 Al, to Litz et al.
  • the solvent used in extracting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon stream after the oxidation reaction may be any solvent with relatively low solubility in oil but relatively high solubility of oxidized heteroatom-containing
  • hydrocarbons including, but not limited to, acetone, methanol, ethanol, ethyl lactate, N- methylpyrollidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, liquid sulfur dioxide, etc, which is capable of extracting the heteroatoms from the heteroatom containing hydrocarbon stream and producing a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product.
  • the caustic of the present invention may be any compound which exhibits basic properties including, but not limited to, metal hydroxides and sulfides, such as alkali metal hydroxides and sulfides, including, but not limited to, LiOH, NaOH, KOH and Na 2 S; alkali earth metal hydroxides, such as Ca(OH) 2 , Mg(OH) 2 and Ba(OH); carbonate salts, such as alkali metal carbonates, including, but not limited to, Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3; alkali earth metal carbonates, such as CaC0 3 , MgC0 3 and BaC0 3 ; phosphate salts, including, but not limited to, alkali metal phosphates, such as sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate; and alkali earth metal phosphates, such as calcium
  • silicate salts such as, alkali metal silicates, such as sodium silicate and potassium silicate, and alkali earth metal silicates, such as calcium silicate, magnesium silicate and barium silicate, organic alkali compounds expressed by the general formula : R-E n M m Q m l , where R is hydrogen or an organic compound (which may be further substituted) including, but not limited to, straight, branched and cyclic alkyl groups; straight, branched and cyclic alkenyl groups; and aromatic or polycyclic aromatic groups.
  • R is an organic
  • R may include hydroxide groups, carbonyl groups, aldehyde groups, ether groups, carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups, phenol or phenolate groups, alkoxide groups, amine groups, imine groups, cyano groups, thiol or thiolate groups, thioether groups, disulfide groups, sulfate groups, and phosphate groups.
  • alkali metals such as Li, Na, and K
  • alkali earth metals such as Mg and Ca
  • transition metals such as Zn, and Cu.
  • Q may be the same as E n -R or an atom with a negative charge such as Br-, C1-, I, or an anionic group that supports the charge balance of the cation M m ' including but not limited to, hydroxide, cyanide, cyanate, and carboxylates.
  • Examples of the straight or branched alkyl groups may include methyl, ethyl, n- , i-, sec- and t-butyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl and octadecyl.
  • Examples of the straight or branched alkenyl groups may include vinyl, propenyl, allyl and butenyl.
  • Examples of the cyclic alkyl and cyclic alkenyl groups may include cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexene.
  • aromatic or polycyclic aromatic groups may include aryl groups, such as phenyl, naphthyl, andanthracenyl; aralkyl groups, such as benzyl and phenethyl; alkylaryl groups, such as methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, nonylphenyl, methylnaphthyl and ethylnaphthyl.
  • Preferred caustic compounds are alkali metal hydroxides and sulfides, such as NaOH, KOH, Na 2 S, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • the caustic may be in the molten phase.
  • Presently preferred molten phase caustics include, but are not limited to, eutectic mixtures of the inorganic hydroxides with melting points less than 350°C, such as, for example, a 51 mole % NaOH / 49 mole % KOH eutectic mixture which melts at about 170°C.
  • the caustic may be supported on an inorganic support, including, but not limited to, oxides, inert or active, such as, for example, a porous support, such as talc or inorganic oxides.
  • an inorganic support including, but not limited to, oxides, inert or active, such as, for example, a porous support, such as talc or inorganic oxides.
  • Suitable inorganic oxides include, but are not limited to, oxides of elements of groups IB, II-A and II-B, III-A and II-B, ⁇ - ⁇ and ⁇ - ⁇ , V-A and V-B, VI-B, of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
  • oxides preferred as supports include copper oxides, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and/or mixed oxides of copper, silicon and aluminum.
  • Other suitable inorganic oxides which may be used alone or in combination with the abovementioned preferred oxide supports may be, for example, MgO, Zr0 2 , Ti0 2 , CaO and/or mixtures thereof.
  • the support materials used may have a specific surface area in the range from 10 to 1000 m 2 /g, a pore volume in the range from 0.1 to 5 ml/g and a mean particle size of from 0.1 to 10 cm. Preference may be given to supports having a specific surface area in the range from 0.5 to 500 m 2 /g, a pore volume in the range from 0.5 to 3.5 ml/g and a mean particle size in the range from 0.5 to 3 cm. Particular preference may be given to supports having a specific surface area in the range from 200 to 400 m 2 /g, and a pore volume in the range from 0.8 to 3.0 ml/g.
  • the selectivity promoter of the present invention may be any organic compound having at least one acidic proton.
  • the selectivity promoter has a pKa value (as measured in DMSO) in the range of from about 9 to about 32, preferably in the range of from about 18 to about 32.
  • Examples of the selectivity promoter include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl-functional organic compounds; straight, branched, or cyclic amines having at least one H substituent; and/or mixtures thereof.
  • the selectivity promoter may further include crown ethers.
  • Suitable hydroxyl-functional organic compounds include, but are not limited to: (i) straight-, branched-, or cyclic-alkyl alcohols (which may be further substituted) such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylhexanol, cyclohexanol, ethanolamine, di-, and tri- ethanolamine, mono- and di-methylaminoethanol; including -diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3 -propanediol, and 1,2-cyclohexanediol; and -polyols, such as glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, etc; -monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, galactose, etc; - disaccharides, such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose; -polysaccharides
  • Examples of straight or branched alkyls may include: methyl, ethyl, n-, i-, sec- and t-butyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl and octadecyl.
  • Examples of the straight or branched alkenyls may include: vinyl, propenyl, allyl and butenyl.
  • Examples of the cyclic-alkyls may include: cyclohexyl, and cyclopentyl.
  • aryls, aralkyls and polycyclics include: aryls, such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl; aralkyls, such as benzyl and phenethyl; alkylaryl, such as methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, nonylphenyl, methylnaphthyl and ethylnaphthyl.
  • Suitable amines include, but are not limited to, straight-, branched-, and cyclic- amines having at least one H substituent, which may be further substituted, including, but not limited to, mono-, or di-substituted amines, such as methylamine, ethylamine, 2- ethylhexylamine, piperazine, 1,2-diaminoethane and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable crown ethers which may be further substituted, include, but are not limited to, 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5, etc; and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred selectivity promoters are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethanolamine, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • the selectivity promoter is believed to decrease the likelihood of oxygenated byproduct formation as a result of the oxidized heteroatom removal.
  • the at least one caustic and the at least one selectivity promoter may be different components. In another embodiment of the present invention the at least one caustic and the at least one selectivity promoter may be the same component. When the at least one caustic and the at least one selectivity promoter are the same component they may be referred to as a caustic selectivity promoter. Moreover, a suitable caustic selectivity promoter may possess the properties of both the at least one caustic and the at least one selectivity promoter. That is, combinations of caustics with selectivity promoters may react (in situ or a priori) to form a caustic selectivity promoter which has the properties of both a caustic and a selectivity promoter.
  • the caustic selectivity promoter may react with the oxidized heteroatom- containing compounds, such as dibenzothiophene sulfoxides, dibenzothiophene sulfones, and/or mixtures thereof, to produce substantially non-oxygenated hydrocarbon products, such as biphenyls.
  • the oxidized heteroatom- containing compounds such as dibenzothiophene sulfoxides, dibenzothiophene sulfones, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of caustic selectivity promoters include, but are not limited to, sodium ascorbate, sodium erythorbate, sodium gluconate, 4-hydroxyphenyl glycol, sodium salts of starch or cellulose, potassium salts of starch or cellulose, sodium salts of chitan or chitosan, potassium salts of chitan or chitosan, sodium glycolate, glyceraldehyde sodium salt, 1- thio-beta-D-glucose sodium salt, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • the caustic such as sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide and the selectivity promoter, such as ethylene glycol
  • the selectivity promoter such as ethylene glycol
  • a caustic selectivity promoter such as the sodium or potassium salt of ethylene glycol.
  • an excess molar ratio of selectivity promoter hydroxyl groups to caustic cations is preferred for conversion and selectivity.
  • the promoted-caustic visbreaker reaction may take place at a temperature in the range of from about 150°C to about 350°C, at a pressure in the range of from about 0 psig to about 2000 psig, with a contact time in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 180 minutes.
  • the reaction mechanism is believed to include a solvolysis reaction; particularly alcoholysis when the selectivity promoter is an alcohol, and amino lysis when the selectivity promoter is an amine; without the selectivity promoter of the present invention, the reaction mechanism may involve hydrolysis which leads to the undesirable formation of substantially oxygenated product.
  • the mole ratio of caustic to selectivity promoter is in the range of from about 10: 1 to about 1 : 10, preferably the mole ratio of caustic to selectivity promoter is in the range of from about 3: 1 to about 1 :3, and more preferably the mole ratio of caustic to selectivity promoter is in the range of from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2.
  • the mole ratio of caustic and selectivity promoter to heteroatom in the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed oil is in the range of from about 100 : 1 to about 1 : 1, preferably the mole ratio of caustic and selectivity promoter to heteroatom in the heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed oil is in the range of from about 10: 1 to about 1 : 1, and more preferably the mole ratio of caustic and selectivity promoter to heteroatom in the heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed oil is in the range of from about 3 : 1 to about 1 : 1.
  • Separation of the heavy caustic phase from the light oil phase may be by gravity.
  • suitable methods include, but are not limited to, solvent extraction of the caustic or oil phases, such as by washing with water, centrifugation, distillation, vortex separation, and membrane separation and combinations thereof. Trace quantities of caustic and selectivity promoter may be removed according to known methods by those skilled in the art.
  • the light oil phase product has a lower density and viscosity than the untreated, contaminated feed.
  • the heavy caustic phase density is generally in the range of from about 1.0 to about 3.0 g/mL and the light product oil phase density is generally in the range of from about 0.7 to about 1.1 g/mL.
  • the treated stream contains substantial oxygenated by-products.
  • the method of the present invention produces less than about 70% oxygenated by-products, preferably less than about 40% oxygenated by-products, and more preferably less than about 20% oxygenated by-products in the treated stream. This beneficial effect is more clearly demonstrated in the non-limiting examples below.
  • a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed 10 may be combined with an oxidant 11 and subjected to an oxidizing process in an oxidizer vessel 12 in order to meet current and future environmental standards.
  • the oxidizer vessel 12 may optionally contain a catalyst or promoter (not shown).
  • a first intermediate stream 13 may be generated.
  • the first intermediate stream 13 may be reacted with caustic (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, eutectic mixtures thereof etc.) and a selectivity promoter 24 to produce a biphasic second intermediate stream 16.
  • caustic e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, eutectic mixtures thereof etc.
  • Second intermediate stream 16 may be transferred to a product separator 18 from which a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product 20 may be recovered from the light phase.
  • the denser phase 21 containing the selectivity promoter and caustic and heteroatom by-products may be transferred to a recovery vessel 22 in which the selectivity promoter and caustic 24 may be recovered and recycled to reactor 14 and the heteroatom-containing byproduct 26 may be sent to a recovery area for further processing, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • a heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed 30 may be combined with a hydroperoxide 32 in a catalytic oxidizer 34 thereby oxidizing the heteroatoms yielding a first intermediate stream 36.
  • First intermediate stream 36 may be fed to a by-product separator 38 from which the hydroperoxide by-product may be recovered and recycled for reuse in catalytic oxidizer 34 (as would be understood by those skilled in the art) yielding a second intermediate stream 39.
  • the second intermediate stream 39 may be reacted with a selectivity promoter and caustic feed 42 in promoted-caustic visbreaker 40 producing a third intermediate biphasic stream 44 that may be separated in product separator 46 to produce a substantially heteroatom- free hydrocarbon product 48 from the light phase.
  • the dense phase 49 from product separator 46 may be transferred to heteroatom by-product separator 50 from which a heteroatom-containing byproduct stream 52 and selectivity promoter and caustic feed 42 may be independently recovered, as would be known by those skilled in the art.
  • the heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed 30 may be combined with hydroperoxide 32 and contacted with a catalyst in catalytic oxidizer 34 yielding first intermediate stream 60 which may be transferred to a promoted- caustic visbreaker 40 where it reacts with selectivity promoter and caustic feed 42 producing a biphasic second intermediate stream 62.
  • Second intermediate stream 62 may be transferred to a product separator 38 from which a substantially heteroatom- free hydrocarbon product stream 48 may be removed as the light phase and transported to storage or commercial use.
  • the byproduct separator 54 may separate the dense phase 64 into two streams: a heteroatom-containing by-product stream 52 (which may be transported to storage or commercial use) and a by-product mixture stream 66 containing the selectivity promoter, caustic, and hydroperoxide by-products for recovery and recycle, as would be known by those skilled in the art.
  • the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed 30 may be mixed with a hydroperoxide feed 32 and may be reacted with a catalyst or promoter (not shown) in the catalytic oxidizer 34 producing a first intermediate stream 36.
  • Stream 36 may be transferred to a by-product separator 38 from which the hydroperoxide by-product 37 may be separated producing a second intermediate stream 70.
  • Stream 70 may be extracted by solvent 78 in product separator 46 (e.g. a liquid-liquid extraction column) from which a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product 72 may be withdrawn resulting in a third intermediate stream 74.
  • product separator 46 e.g. a liquid-liquid extraction column
  • Stream 74 may be fed to solvent recovery 76 from which solvent 78 may be recovered and recycled to product separator 46, producing a fourth intermediate stream 80.
  • Stream 80 may be treated in the promoted-caustic visbreaker 40 containing selectivity promoter and caustic feed 42 producing a biphasic fifth intermediate stream 82.
  • the two phases of stream 82 may be separated in product separator 84 as a light phase 48 and a dense phase 86.
  • the light phase 48 may comprise a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product that may be shipped to storage or commercial use.
  • the dense phase 86 may be transferred to a heteroatom by-product separator 88 from which a heteroatom-containing byproduct stream 52 may be separated from resulting in a stream 42 containing a selectivity promoter and caustic that may be recovered and recycled for reuse in the promoted-caustic visbreaker 40, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the heteroatom- containing hydrocarbon feed 30 may be fed to a catalytic oxidizer 34 where it may be reacted with catalyst stream 90 in the catalytic oxidizer 34 producing a first intermediate stream 92.
  • Stream 92 may be transferred to catalyst separator 94 from which a second intermediate stream 70 and a depleted catalyst stream 96 may be separated.
  • Stream 96 may be fed to catalyst regenerator 98 for regeneration by oxidant feed 100 producing catalyst stream 90 and an oxidant by-product stream 102.
  • Oxidant by-product stream 102 may be optionally recovered, recycled, and reused as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • Stream 70 may be extracted by solvent 78 in product separator 46 (e.g.
  • Stream 74 may be fed to solvent recovery 76 from which solvent 78 may be recovered and recycled to product separator 46, producing a fourth intermediate stream 80.
  • Stream 80 may be treated in the promoted-caustic visbreaker 40 containing selectivity promoter and caustic feed 42 producing a biphasic fifth intermediate stream 82.
  • the two phases of stream 82 may be separated in product separator 84 as a light phase 48 and a dense phase 86.
  • the light phase 48 may comprise a substantially heteroatom-free hydrocarbon product that may be shipped to storage or commercial use.
  • the dense phase 86 may be transferred to a heteroatom by-product separator 88 from which a heteroatom-containing byproduct stream 52 may be separated from resulting in a stream 42 containing a selectivity promoter and caustic that may be recovered and recycled for reuse in the promoted-caustic visbreaker 40, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of co-monomer e.g. 4,4'-bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA)
  • BPADA 4,4'-bisphenol A dianhydride
  • a DMSO solution of the titanyl e.g. bis(glycerol)oxotitanium(IV)
  • the solution is cooled to room temperature, and the polymer product is precipitated with excess acetone.
  • the polymeric precipitate is collected by vacuum filtration and is dried.
  • the yield of precipitated polymeric titanyl catalyst is greater than 90%.
  • a blend of bonding agent (Kynar®), optional inert filler (silica or alumina), and the polymeric titanyl catalyst is prepared in a solid mixer or blender. The blended mixture is then extruded or pelletized by compression producing uniform catalyst pellets with hardness test strength preferably greater than 2 kp.
  • LAGO Straight- run light atmospheric gas oil
  • cumene hydroperoxide (30% in cumene, fed at a rate of 2.1 mole equivalents to sulfur in LAGO feed) are fed to a fixed bed reactor containing pelletized titanyl polymeric catalyst, prepared in accordance with Example 1, at about 85°C with a combined LHSV of about 1.0 hr "1 producing a first intermediate stream.
  • the first intermediate stream is vacuum distilled at -25 in Hg to remove and recover a low boiling distillate comprising cumene, cumyl alcohol, alpha-methylstyrene, and acetophenone from a heavy second intermediate stream.
  • the heavy second intermediate stream essentially comprises light atmospheric gas oil with oxidized heteroatom compounds.
  • the second intermediate stream is then fed into a heated reactor wherein it combines with a feed stream containing caustic and ethylene glycol (the combined liquid residence time is 1.0 hr "1 ) to produce a biphasic mixture that exits the reactor.
  • the biphasic mixture is then separated by gravity to produce a light phase product comprising essentially heteroatom-free LAGO and a heavy phase by-product stream comprising essentially caustic, ethylene glycol, and heteroatom- containing salts.
  • Sulfur removal from the light phase product is greater than 50%
  • nitrogen removal is greater than 50%
  • vanadium removal is greater than 50%
  • nickel removal is greater than 50%
  • iron removal is greater than 50% when the samples are measured for elemental composition and compared against the LAGO feed composition.
  • the heavy phase by-product is further treated according to known methods to recover and recycle the caustic and ethylene glycol from the heteroatom by-products.
  • a mixture of dibenzothiophene sulfone in 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with six molar equivalents of various alcohols, three molar equivalents sodium hydroxide, and three molar equivalents potassium hydroxide. Reactions are performed at 275°C for one hour. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine percent conversion of dibenzothiophene sulfone, and mole percent yield of biphenyl and ortho-phenylphenol. The results are given below in Table 1.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • a mixture of dibenzothiophene sulfone in 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with six molar equivalents of various alcohols, and six molar equivalents of sodium phenoxide monohydrate. Reactions are performed at 300°C for fifteen minutes. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with
  • dichloromethane The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by HPLC to determine percent conversion of dibenzothiophene sulfone, and mole percent yield of biphenyl and ortho- phenylphenol. The results are given below in Table 2.
  • a mixture of dibenzothiophene sulfone in 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with six molar equivalents of various alcohols, and six molar equivalents of a salt mixture comprising 57 mole % cesium acetate and 43 mole % potassium acetate. Reactions are performed at 300°C for fifteen minutes. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by HPLC to determine percent conversion of dibenzothiophene sulfone, and mole percent yield of biphenyl and ortho-phenylphenol. The results are given below in Table 3.
  • a mixture of dibenzothiophene sulfone in 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with six molar equivalents of ethylene glycol, and six molar equivalents of various nucleophiles.
  • Example 41 used the following molar equivalents to dibenzothiophene sulfone: 1.8 molar equivalents sodium hydroxide, 1.8 molar equivalents potassium hydroxide, 0.7 molar equivalents sodium sulfide nonahydrate and 3.5 molar equivalents ethylene glycol. Reactions are performed at 300°C for fifteen minutes. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by HPLC to determine percent conversion of dibenzothiophene sulfone, and mole percent yield of biphenyl and ortho-phenylphenol. The results are given below in Table 4.
  • a mixture of an aromatic sulfone in 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with 3.5 molar equivalents of ethylene glycol, 1.8 molar equivalents of a sodium hydroxide, 1.8 molar equivalents of potassium hydroxide, and 0.7 molar equivalents of sodium sulfide nonahydrate. Reactions are performed at 275°C for sixty minutes. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by HPLC to determine percent conversion of sulfone, and mole percent yield of organic products as compared to the initial moles of starting sulfone. The results are given below in Table 5.
  • a mixture of an aromatic sulfone in 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene is reacted with six molar equivalents of propylene glycol, and six molar equivalents of sodium phenoxide monohydrate. Reactions are performed at 275°C for sixty minutes. The products of the reaction are acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract is analyzed by HPLC to determine percent conversion of sulfone, and mole percent yield of organic products as compared to the initial moles of starting sulfone. The results are given below in Table 6.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne un procédé de valorisation d'une charge hydrocarbonée contenant des hétéroatomes par élimination des contaminants de type hétéroatome, ledit procédé comprenant la mise en contact de la charge hydrocarbonée contenant des hétéroatomes avec un oxydant pour oxyder lesdits hétéroatomes, la mise en contact de la charge hydrocarbonée contenant des hétéroatomes oxydée avec un agent caustique et un promoteur de sélectivité, et l'élimination des contaminants de type hétéroatome de la charge hydrocarbonée contenant des hétéroatomes, l'oxydant pouvant être utilisé en présence d'un catalyseur.
EP12881597.4A 2012-07-27 2012-12-18 Procédés de valorisation de flux hydrocarbonés contaminés Withdrawn EP2877556A4 (fr)

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US9061273B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2015-06-23 Auterra, Inc. Sulfoxidation catalysts and methods and systems of using same
US9206359B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2015-12-08 Auterra, Inc. Methods for upgrading of contaminated hydrocarbon streams
US9828557B2 (en) 2010-09-22 2017-11-28 Auterra, Inc. Reaction system, methods and products therefrom
WO2016154529A1 (fr) 2015-03-26 2016-09-29 Auterra, Inc. Absorbants et procédé d'utilisation
US10450516B2 (en) 2016-03-08 2019-10-22 Auterra, Inc. Catalytic caustic desulfonylation
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