EP2857139B1 - Dispositif de traitement laser de matériau avec une tête laser déplaçable dans l'espace - Google Patents

Dispositif de traitement laser de matériau avec une tête laser déplaçable dans l'espace Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2857139B1
EP2857139B1 EP14179121.0A EP14179121A EP2857139B1 EP 2857139 B1 EP2857139 B1 EP 2857139B1 EP 14179121 A EP14179121 A EP 14179121A EP 2857139 B1 EP2857139 B1 EP 2857139B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laser
laser beam
laser head
melting
selective
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP14179121.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2857139A1 (fr
Inventor
Christian Liebl
Steffen Schlothauer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MTU Aero Engines AG
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MTU Aero Engines AG
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Publication of EP2857139A1 publication Critical patent/EP2857139A1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/0869—Devices involving movement of the laser head in at least one axial direction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
    • B22F12/13—Auxiliary heating means to preheat the material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/38—Housings, e.g. machine housings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/46—Radiation means with translatory movement
    • B22F12/47—Radiation means with translatory movement parallel to the deposition plane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/0869—Devices involving movement of the laser head in at least one axial direction
    • B23K26/0876—Devices involving movement of the laser head in at least one axial direction in at least two axial directions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/10—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece using a fixed support, i.e. involving moving the laser beam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/144—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing particles, e.g. powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/1462—Nozzles; Features related to nozzles
    • B23K26/1464—Supply to, or discharge from, nozzles of media, e.g. gas, powder, wire
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/16—Removal of by-products, e.g. particles or vapours produced during treatment of a workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B23K26/342—Build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/60—Preliminary treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/34—Methods of heating
    • C21D1/42—Induction heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/362—Process control of energy beam parameters for preheating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/364—Process control of energy beam parameters for post-heating, e.g. remelting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/70—Recycling
    • B22F10/77—Recycling of gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2251/00—Treating composite or clad material
    • C21D2251/04—Welded or brazed overlays
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for laser material processing according to the preamble of claim 1 (see, eg. US 2003/052105 A ), or a device for selective laser melting or laser sintering.
  • Generative manufacturing processes for the production of a component such as selective laser melting, selective laser sintering or laser deposition welding are used in the industry for rapid tooling, rapid prototyping or also for the production of series products in the context of rapid manufacturing.
  • such methods can also be used for the production of turbine parts, in particular of parts for aircraft engines, in which, for example due to the material used, such generative production methods are advantageous.
  • An example of this can be found in the DE 10 2010 050 531 A1 ,
  • lasers are also used in many other applications in material processing for melting or simply heating materials.
  • the introduction of heat can lead to the so-called formation of smoke, ie to the formation of combustion gases, vaporized material and the like, which can prevent further efficient coupling of laser light into the material to be processed.
  • undesirable distortions of the beam shape can occur when deflecting mirrors are used for scanning (scanning) or sweeping the processing field with the laser beam, which can lead to undesired effects depending on the desired accuracy and spatial resolution of the material processing.
  • Another problem with laser material processing is that rapid heating and melting as well as cooling of the heated or melted areas can lead to residual stresses and cracking.
  • the device is intended to solidify areas that have been melted down or remelted, stress-free and crack-free, and that the energy used by the laser beam can be used efficiently.
  • the invention proposes to provide a laser head movable at least along one spatial direction, which can be moved over a material to be processed and is connected to a light guide with the laser beam generating unit of the laser. Instead of guiding the laser beam through deflection mirrors over a processing surface, the laser head is guided over the processing surface, which emits the laser beam directly from a light guide, so that shape distortions of the laser beam can be avoided.
  • the laser head is designed to be translationally movable along at least two mutually independent spatial directions, so that the laser head can be moved within or along a plane, for example.
  • each point of a surface to be machined can be achieved with the movable laser head, in particular during selective laser melting or laser sintering.
  • a movable laser head offers the advantage that additional devices can be provided on the laser head, such as, according to the invention, a suction device for smoke and the like, and a temperature control device for preheating and reheating or also cooling the machined region.
  • the suction device according to the invention is designed so that it generates a suction parallel to the laser beam direction and in particular a suction offset to the laser beam so that unwanted components in the atmosphere above the material to be processed, such as smoke, can be removed without the laser beam on to impair.
  • a tempering device comprises an induction coil. With the tempering device is a local pre and post treatment with respect to a temperature treatment time before or after the laser beam processed area possible, so that stresses and cracks in the treated material can be avoided or reduced.
  • the device for laser material processing can be used in particular in a device for selective laser melting or selective laser sintering.
  • the FIG. 1 shows in a purely schematic representation of a device 1, as they can be used for the selective laser melting for the generative production of a component.
  • the device 1 comprises a lifting table 2, on the platform of which a semi-finished product 3 is arranged, on which layer-by-layer material is deposited in order to produce a three-dimensional component.
  • the slider 8 powder 10 which is located above a lifting table 9 in a powder supply, pushed in layers over the semifinished product 3 and then connected by the laser beam 7 of a laser 4 by melting or sintering with the already existing semifinished product 3.
  • connection of the powder material in a powder layer with the semifinished product 3 is effected by the laser beam 7 depending on the desired contour of the component to be manufactured, so that any three-dimensional shapes can be generated.
  • the process takes place in a closed space, which is provided by a housing 11 of the device 1, and it is also provided an inert gas atmosphere, for example, oxidation of the powder material during Separate and the like to avoid.
  • an inert gas for example, nitrogen can be used, which is provided via a gas supply.
  • the laser 4 has a laser head 5 which is two-dimensionally movable along a plane parallel to the working plane 12 of the installation space.
  • the laser head 5 is connected via a line 6 to the stationary laser beam generating unit 13, wherein the line 6 in addition to a light guide for guiding the laser beam from the laser beam generating unit 13 to the laser head 5 also supply and control lines includes to provide the laser head 5 with energy and for to be able to control the desired movement accordingly.
  • the Fig. 2 shows in a perspective view of the laser head 5 of the device 1 from Fig. 1 , again showing the stationary laser beam generating unit 13 with the flexible connecting line 6 for the laser head 5.
  • the laser head 5 is shown in the representation of Fig. 2 along the spatial directions X and Y above the working plane 12 movable.
  • the Indian Fig. 2 In the processing plane 12, the laser beam, which is not shown in more detail, generates an irradiation or reflow region 17, in which the powder material is locally selectively melted to form a three-dimensional object.
  • the direction in which the component is built up in layers is indicated by the arrow with the Z direction.
  • the laser head 5 comprises an induction coil 16 which is provided as a heating device in order to preheat or reheat the region around the melting region 17.
  • the laser head 5 in addition to a suction device 15, with the gas from the area between the working plane 12 and the laser head 5 can be sucked.
  • heat may be generated by the heat input by the laser beam, which could prevent the unimpeded introduction of the laser beam power into the powder in the processing plane 12.
  • the smoke can be absorbed directly directly on the melting area 17, so that a weakening of the laser beam can be avoided or mitigated by the smoke.
  • the cracking of the machined material can be avoided by rapid melting and cooling.
  • the laser head 5 can be moved by translational movements along the X direction and the Y direction at any point above the processing plane 12, so that directly below the laser beam corresponding to the powder material can melt, any form of a component can be built up in layers. Since the laser head 5 receives the laser beam from a light guide and emits it directly above the melting region 17, the beam is not changed in its shape by deflecting mirrors, for example, it is consumed ellipsoidally.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Dispositif d'usinage au laser d'un matériau, comprenant un laser (4) permettant de produire un faisceau laser et une tête laser (5) mobile, la tête laser (5)
    - étant mobile en translation le long d'au moins deux directions spatiales indépendantes l'une de l'autre et à l'intérieur ou le long d'un plan (12),
    - état reliée au laser par l'intermédiaire d'un guide de lumière et délivrant un faisceau laser (7) au moyen duquel un matériau peut être usiné, caractérisé en ce que la tête laser (5) :
    - comprend un dispositif d'aspiration (15) qui produit un courant d'aspiration parallèle à la direction du faisceau laser,
    et
    - le dispositif comprenant une bobine d'induction utilisée comme dispositif de thermorégulation (16).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le laser (4) est un laser à fibres.
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif d'aspiration (15) produit un courant d'aspiration décalé du faisceau laser, en particulier concentrique par rapport à ce dernier.
  4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la bobine d'induction (16) est disposée autour du faisceau laser, en particulier de manière concentrique autour du faisceau laser.
  5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4 destiné à être utilisé dans un dispositif de fusion sélective par laser ou de frittage sélectif par laser.
  6. Dispositif de fusion sélective par laser ou de frittage sélectif par laser comprenant un dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4.
EP14179121.0A 2013-09-04 2014-07-30 Dispositif de traitement laser de matériau avec une tête laser déplaçable dans l'espace Not-in-force EP2857139B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013217598.1A DE102013217598A1 (de) 2013-09-04 2013-09-04 Vorrichtung zur Laser-Materialbearbeitung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2857139A1 EP2857139A1 (fr) 2015-04-08
EP2857139B1 true EP2857139B1 (fr) 2016-05-25

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US (3) US9839977B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2857139B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102013217598A1 (fr)

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US20180104770A1 (en) 2018-04-19
US20190047085A1 (en) 2019-02-14
US10576581B2 (en) 2020-03-03
US9839977B2 (en) 2017-12-12
US10201875B2 (en) 2019-02-12
US20150060422A1 (en) 2015-03-05
EP2857139A1 (fr) 2015-04-08
DE102013217598A1 (de) 2015-03-05

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