Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
  • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
  • H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
  • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
  • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade

Definitions

• the invention is in the field of transmission of electrical energy at very high voltage direct current. It relates more particularly to the non-linear control of DC / DC conversion devices.
• These parks consist of a multitude of energy sources (wind generators, tidal generators, solar panels) and a associated power electronics.
• the power electronics of a fleet is traditionally connected to a remote power distribution network via AC three-phase lines.
• HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
• high voltage is meant voltages greater than ten kilo volts.
• Figure la illustrates the general pattern of an electricity grid using HVDC transmission lines, where the renewable energy source is a wind farm.
• the network 1 consists of a power source 10 of the wind farm type, which delivers a low voltage AC three-phase current, the power of which depends on the wind force.
• the electrical network 1 comprises an AC / DC converter 20, or rectifier and a low voltage / high voltage converter DC / DC 30.
• the converters 20 and 30 are installed in a submerged platform near the wind farm.
• the AC / DC converter 20 converts the three-phase AC voltage supplied by the energy source 10 into a single-phase DC voltage.
• the DC / DC converter 30 converts the low DC voltage output of the rectifier 20 into a high DC voltage, in order to inject it into high voltage HVDC cables 40, for example several hundred kilometers long. These cables are connected to a DC / AC converter 50, or inverter, based on the ground and which supplies power to the electricity distribution network 60 in three-phase AC current.
• Figure lb illustrates the general diagram of an electricity network using HVDC transmission lines, when the renewable energy source is a photovoltaic park.
• the network 1 consists of a power source 10 'of the photovoltaic park type, which delivers a low voltage DC current, the power of which depends on the insolation.
• the electrical network 1 comprises a DC / DC converter 20 '(and its control) which implements real-time tracking techniques of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the photovoltaic park.
• the DC / DC converter 30 converts the low DC voltage to the output of the DC / DC converter 20 'into a high DC voltage.
• the converter 30 is bidirectional. This property is fundamental because it makes it possible to implement a dynamic energy storage in order to deliver a constant power to the electricity distribution network 60, independently of the variations in the power supplied by the energy source or variations in the power supply. the demand for energy.
• accumulators 70a, 70b are respectively placed on the low voltage side and the DC / DC converter high voltage side 30 in order to implement the dynamic energy storage.
• the bidirectional character of the converter 30 is furthermore used to recharge these accumulators.
• the accumulator 70a is also used for the implementation of real-time tracking techniques of the maximum power point.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the general diagram of an electricity network 1 using HVDC transmission lines, when the energy sources comprise a photovoltaic park and a wind farm, situated for example a few kilometers apart from each other. .
• the elements of the network described in FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c carrying identical references have the same function and will therefore not be described for the sake of brevity.
• the DC / DC converter receives low DC voltages from a plurality of power sources and transfers a high voltage to an electricity distribution network 60.
• DAB Dual Active Bridge
• ZVS zero voltage switching
• ZCS zero current
• FIG. 2 An example of a DC / DC converter 30 'in DAB topology is illustrated in FIG. 2. It comprises two bi-directional DC / AC converters 20a, 20b, mounted symmetrically and isolated by a transformer 21 comprising a primary 21a, a secondary 21b and an inductance 21b. leak 21c.
• the transformer 21 is for example based on a single magnetic core with coils in both legs of the core.
• a bidirectional DC / AC converter 20a is connected across the terminals of the primary 21a while the other bidirectional DC / AC converter 20b is connected across the terminals of the secondary 21b.
• the transformation ratio m of the transformer is greater than or equal to 1, so that the bidirectional DC / AC converter 20b connected to the terminals of the secondary is called a high-voltage converter.
• the other bidirectional DC / AC converter is by contrast called low voltage converter 20a.
• the low-voltage converter 20a is connected to the output of the rectifier 20 or the DC / DC converter 20 'and has at its terminals the voltage V in
• the high-voltage converter 20b is connected to the HVDC lines 40 and has its terminals the voltage V out .
• Each of the high voltage 20b and low voltage converters 20a contains a plurality of switches in single phase bridge configuration.
• the low-voltage converter 20a comprises four switches J1, J2, J3, J4 and a capacitor C1.
• the switches J1 and J3 are located on a first arm while the switches J2 and J4 are located on a second arm.
• the resonance capacitance C1 is put in parallel with the first arm, at the input of the bridge.
• the primary 21a is connected to the low voltage converter 20a via a first node between the switches J1 and J3 and via a second node between the switches J2 and J4.
• the high-voltage converter 20b comprises four switches J5, J6, J7, J8 and a capacitor C2.
• the switches J5 and J7 are located on a second arm while the switches J6 and J8 are located on a first arm.
• the resonance capacitance C2 is paralleled with the first arm.
• the secondary 20b is connected to the high voltage converter 20b via a first node between the switches J6 and J8 and via a second node between the switches J5 and J7.
• the switches J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8 are conventionally bidirectional transistors of the field effect type (FET).
• FET field effect type
• the leakage inductance 21c, of inductance L, of the transformer acts as a power transfer component between the low voltage DC / AC converter 20a and the high voltage DC / AC converter during a switching period T.
• a coil can also be placed in series, or in parallel, between the primary and the low voltage converter 20a for this purpose.
• the switches of the DC / DC converter in DAB topology are controlled by means of a control circuit.
• the switches J1, J2, J3, J4 of the low-voltage converter are controlled to convert, during a switching period. T, a DC voltage V in the terminals of the low voltage converter 20a into a voltage V AC in 'to the primary 21a. The current in the low voltage DC / AC converter is then positive. Switches the high voltage converter 20b are controlled to convert, during the same switching period T, an AC voltage V out 'across the secondary 21b into a DC voltage V out across the high voltage converter 20b.
• the DC / DC converter in DAB topology that has just been described does not make it possible to transfer power from a plurality of renewable energy sources to an electricity distribution network via HVDC high-voltage lines.
• the low voltage converter 20a has at its terminals a voltage of the order of 1000V and a current of 1000A
• the high voltage converter 20b has at its terminals a voltage of the order of 10000V and a current of 100A.
• the switches of the high voltage DC / AC converter must withstand very high voltages. This requires the choice of transistors with very large blocking voltages in order to reduce the conduction losses of the switches of the DC / DC converter.
• SiC MOSFETs up to 10 kV and Sic JFETs up to 6.5 kV. These values however remain insufficient and do not make it possible to use, without risk of deterioration of the transistors, the DAB topology for the DC / DC conversion with voltages at the output of the DC / AC high voltage converter of the order of about ten kilovolts. .
• the transistors are sized for maximum power that the source can theoretically provide.
• the source produces a power that is dependent on external conditions (wind, underwater currents, sunshine) and is mostly below its maximum theoretical value.
• the transistors then have significant switching losses which reduces the efficiency of the DC / DC converter in DAB topology.
• a solution envisaged in the state of the art for using a DAB topology for high power DC / DC converters is the production of multi-level DC / DC converters in which n similar DAB converters, with n ⁇ 2, are placed. in parallel-series.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of a DC / DC converter 30 '' with two levels, in which each level corresponds to a DC / DC converter.
• Bidirectional 30 'in DAB topology as described in connection with FIG.
• the multi-level converter receives a voltage V in and a current iin-totai ⁇ At the output, it produces a voltage V out _ tota i and a current ⁇ ⁇ .
• the inputs of the DC / AC low voltage converters of the 2 levels are connected in series so that each level receives the same voltage V in and a current
• Each level acts as a voltage booster since it multiplies the input voltage V in received at its DC / AC low voltage converter by a conversion ratio m, with m> 1.
• V out m. V in .
• the advantage of such a configuration is that the voltage V out _ total at the output of the converter is equal to the sum of the voltages V out at the output of each of the n levels.
• An appropriate choice of the value n and of the conversion ratio m makes it possible to obtain a high voltage Vout-totai while limiting the maximum voltage, or the maximum current, which the switches of the high voltage DC / AC converter, respectively low voltage, must bear. each level. of the Commercially available transistors can then be used.
• n and m are such as to limit switching and conduction losses in each level and to reduce the risk of slamming the transistors. This last point is particularly advantageous for the application to submerged power electronics of an offshore wind farm which is, understandably, difficult to access in case of repair to be performed.
• the control of a DAB converter must ensure a high stability of the DC / DC conversion which is a necessary condition to ensure the overall stability of the electricity network as described in relation to FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c.
• Sources of instability for example described in the article entitled “Stability Analysis of High-Power DC Grids", by Mura et al., IEEE, are imbalances, distortions and other disturbances from the electronic components of the converters.
• the AC / DC converters 20 or DC / AC 50 controlled by MLI type modulation techniques (PWM)
• PWM MLI type modulation techniques
• One of the objectives of the invention is to design a bidirectional multi-level DC / DC converter and its non-linear control, adapted to the transfer of power between at least one energy source and an electricity distribution network.
• a multi-level DC / DC converter comprising n conversion stages, n being greater than or equal to 2, said converter being characterized in that it is adapted to bidirectionally transfer power between at least one source elementary DC voltage on the one hand, and a DC voltage network source on the other hand, the voltage of said network source being greater than that of each of said elementary sources, each of the conversion stages comprising:
• a conversion module adapted to bidirectionally transfer power between one of the DC voltage source sources on the one hand and said DC voltage network source on the other hand, said conversion module comprising a transformer with a primary and a secondary and a leakage inductance, the transformation ratio of said transformer being greater than 1, said module further comprising a first converter and a second converter, each of said converters containing a plurality of bidirectional gate control switches in single-phase bridge configuration for converting a DC voltage to an AC voltage, said first converter being connected across said primary, said second converter being connected across said secondary said primary having at its terminals a first AC voltage and said secondary having at its terminals a second AC voltage, said first converter having at its terminals a first DC voltage given by the elementary source at the terminals of which it is connected and said second converter having at its terminals a second DC voltage given by said network source;
• control module in each of said levels, said control module being connected to the gates of the switches of said conversion module to control their switching states during a switching period T, said control module comparing the value of the current in said first converter with a reference current and adjusting the phase shift between the AC primary and secondary voltages of said transformer obtained by switching said switches according to the result of the comparison so as to adjust the power transmitted by the conversion module;
• the second converters of said levels being connected in parallel, the sum of the n voltages at the output of said second converters being equal to the voltage of the mains source.
• at least two conversion modules are connected to the same elementary voltage source.
• a value of the reference current is transmitted to each of the n control modules by a CPU module.
• the converter according to the invention comprises at least one reserve level, the reference current value of the control module of said reserve module being zero.
• Figure la already described, illustrates the general diagram of an electricity network using HVDC transmission lines, when the energy source is a wind farm.
• FIG. 1b already described, illustrates the general diagram of an electricity network using HVDC transmission lines, when the energy source is a photovoltaic park.
• Figure 1c already described, illustrates the general diagram of an electricity network using HVDC transmission lines, when the energy sources are a photovoltaic park and a wind farm.
• FIG. 2 already described, illustrates the electrical diagram of a DC / DC converter in DAB topology
• FIG. 3 already described, illustrates a diagram of a multi-level DC / DC converter in DAB topology.
• the idea underlying the invention is to design a multi-level bidirectional DC / DC conversion system for HVDC applications from DC / DC conversion modules and independent control modules. .
• the conversion system according to the invention is intended to be integrated in an electrical network, in order to convert (bidirectionally) one or more low DC voltages into a high DC voltage which can be transmitted to a power distribution network via HVDC high voltage lines.
• the modularity of the multi-level converter according to the invention offers a plug-and-play approach since each level of the multi-level DC / DC converter is independent of the others and the interventions / settings to be made to install or uninstall a level are then minimal.
• the independence of the level control makes it possible to deactivate / activate a level without disturbing the stability of the multi-level DC / DC converter according to the invention.
• FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c and 2 More precisely, the multi-level DC / DC converter according to the invention is described in relation to FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c and 2.
• the multi-level DC / DC converter is suitable for bidirectional transfer of power between at least one elementary DC voltage source on the one hand, and a single DC voltage network source on the other hand.
• the voltage at the terminals of the mains source is greater than the voltage (s) at the terminals of the elementary voltage source (s).
• the network source may include the storage element 70b and the electricity distribution network 60 connected to the multi-level DC / DC converter via the HVDC cables 40 and the converter 50. .
• the DC network source can receive DC voltage from the multi-level DC / DC converter, but can also provide a DC voltage to the multi-level DC / DC converter.
• the DC voltage source element may comprise the storage element 70a and a power source 10, 10 'as well as its power electronics which provide a low DC voltage.
• a DC elementary source can thus receive a DC voltage from the multi-level DC / DC converter, but can also provide a DC voltage to the multi-level DC / DC converter.
• the energy source is for example a renewable energy source such as a wind farm, a tidal generating fleet or a park of photovoltaic panels.
• An elementary source of DC voltage can also be an element of electrical energy storage.
• the multi-level DC / DC converter has n levels, with n> 2.
• Each level is configured in the same way and includes a conversion module and a control module.
• a conversion module comprises a DAB topology DC / DC converter as described with reference to FIG. 2.
• a conversion module is adapted to bidirectionally transfer power between one of the DC voltage elementary sources to which it is connected. on the one hand, and the DC voltage network source on the other hand.
• the DC / low voltage AC 20a of the kth level conversion module is connected across the primary 21a of the transformer 21 and has at its terminals a first DC voltage V in _ k given by elementary source across which it is connected.
• the high-voltage DC / AC converter 20b of the k th level conversion module is connected to the terminals of the secondary 21b and has at its terminals a second DC voltage V out
• the transformation ratio m of the k th level conversion module is greater than or equal to 1.
• m is chosen so that m> V ° ut ,
• Vin-max with V in _ max the maximum DC voltage that can be supplied by the elementary source to which the k th level conversion module is connected.
• This choice of the value m makes it possible to implement switching techniques zero voltage in the switches J5, J6, J7, J8 of the DC / AC high voltage converter 20b.
• all the high voltage DC / AC converters 20b of the n conversion modules are connected in parallel so that the sum V out of the n voltages at the output of the high voltage DC / AC converters 20b is equal to the voltage V or t -total given by the network source.
• the multi-level DC / DC converter makes it possible to obtain a high voltage Vout-totai from one or a plurality of source (s) elementary voltage (s).
• the multi-level DC / DC converter makes it possible to supply a DC voltage to each of the elementary voltage sources from a single source supplying a source.
• voltage V or t-totai ⁇ Dynamic energy storage can then be implemented via the storage elements of the network.
• each conversion module is sized according to the elementary voltage source to which it is connected.
• the choice of components and transformer may vary from one conversion module to another.
• At least two of the n levels of the multi-level DC / DC converter have the same elementary source of voltage in order to reduce the design constraints imposed on the their respective switches J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8.
• the efficiency of the conversion carried out in these conversion modules is thus improved by the reduction of the switching losses as well as the conduction losses of the transistors.
• the components of the level conversion modules having the same elementary voltage source are similar.
• each level comprises a control module dedicated to the conversion module of this level.
• control module is connected to only one conversion module. More specifically, a control module is connected to the gates of the switches J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8 of a conversion module to control the switch states of the switches.
• a control module provides robust nonlinear control of a conversion module for optimal use of the multi-level converter in an HVDC network, while allowing bidirectionality of the conversion.
• the control module is similar in each of the levels, both in its structure and for the control algorithm that is implemented there.
• control of a conversion module is easy because the control algorithm is developed for only one level since the control of other levels is identical because of the design of the multi-level DC / DC converter into identical modules and independent levels from the point of view of their control.
• the switches of the conversion module are voltage-controlled and are, for example, transistors of the MOSFET, JFET or IGB type.
• the control algorithm is developed so that a control module sends a setpoint to a conversion module so that the value of the current in the low voltage DC / AC converter 20a of the conversion module is equal to a reference current value. , rated .
• the setpoint sent is the phase shift d between the AC primary voltage 21a, denoted V in 'and the AC secondary voltage 21b, denoted V 0 ut' > of the transformer of the conversion module.
• the phase shift between these two AC voltages over a switching period T is obtained by switching the switches of the conversion module according to the result of the comparison between i and i m i-ref so as to adjust the power transmitted by the conversion module.
• the sign of the reference current i m i ref is used to direct the flow of power, while its value adjusts the transmitted power level.
• ⁇ -mi-ref> 0 then the power transfer takes place from an elementary source to the network source. If i m i-ref ⁇ 0 then the power transfer takes place from the network source to the elementary source. When i m i-ref is zero, then the level is disabled.
• the instabilities on the value of the current can in particular come from imbalances or fluctuations of the voltage given by the elementary source of voltage and / or by the source of network, or losses of the switches.
• a value of the reference current i ref m i, specific to each level, is transmitted to each control module by a CPU module.
• control modules of the conversion modules which have the same source of elementary voltage receive the same reference current value.
• the modulation scheme implemented is such that the average current across the leakage inductance is zero during a switching period T, so as to eliminate the short circuits and the saturation phenomena of the transformer and the inductor. .
• the overall dynamic behavior of a conversion module is analyzed using the technique of average modeling in state space.
• the modeling of a conversion module takes into account the conduction resistances of each switch in order to consider the conduction losses of the transistors J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8. .
• the same type of transistor is used for the switches J1, J2, J3, J4 of the low voltage DC / AC converter 20a and the same type of transistor is used for the switches J5, J6, J7, J8 of the converter DC / AC high voltage 20b.
• RDS is the conduction resistance is placed in series with each switch Jl, J2, J3, J4 and RDS conduction resistance is 2 is connected in series to each switch J5, J6, J7, J8.
• the primary 21a receives a voltage V AC in 'and the transformer 21 transforms the voltage V in' voltage V out to its secondary 21b, with V in ' ⁇ V 0Ut '.
• the secondary 21b When power transfer is directed from the high voltage converter 20b to the low-voltage converter 20a of a conversion module, the secondary 21b receives an AC voltage Vout 'and the transformer 21 transforms the voltage V out' voltage V in ' at its primary 21a, with V in ' ⁇ V 0Ut '.
• the average modeling in state space of the conversion module is implemented over a switching period T. It is shown that over this period T, the average intensity i ml of the current in the low voltage DC / AC converter is governed by a first-order linear differential system with constant coefficients, such as:
• the control algorithm of the conversion module is realized by means of the Lyapunov theory.
• the sufficient condition to ensure the stability of the conversion module is to choose a iL > 0 and / 3 ⁇ 4 , > 0.
• the values a iL and / 3 ⁇ 4 depend in particular on the components conversion module and are estimated via computer simulations.
• This algorithm is implemented by a logic circuit of the control module.
• the CPU module includes a communication module for communicating with an operator of the network.
• the network operator provides the reference currents to be given to the control modules.
• the CPU module is an autonomous module which itself calculates the reference currents to be transmitted to the control modules from a power to be transferred provided by the network operator.
• the multi-level converter according to the invention comprises at least one reserve level.
• a reserve level is a level at which the switches of the conversion module are switched only on the order of the network operator.
• activation of the reserve level may occur in order to replace a defective level, which is then deactivated.
• the establishment of reserve levels is particularly advantageous in the case where the conversion system according to the invention is installed in a submerged platform, by definition difficult to access.
• the modularity of the converter according to the invention, in particular the single and independent control for each level thus avoids maintenance interventions and levels can be activated or deactivated remotely very simply.
• the converter according to the invention comprises approximately 20% of spare modules.

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