EP2819905A1 - Dispositif d'accouplement de deux véhicules, notamment ferroviaires, et ensemble de véhicules correspondant - Google Patents
Dispositif d'accouplement de deux véhicules, notamment ferroviaires, et ensemble de véhicules correspondantInfo
- Publication number
- EP2819905A1 EP2819905A1 EP13707163.5A EP13707163A EP2819905A1 EP 2819905 A1 EP2819905 A1 EP 2819905A1 EP 13707163 A EP13707163 A EP 13707163A EP 2819905 A1 EP2819905 A1 EP 2819905A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- longitudinal direction
- support member
- vehicles
- coupling device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61G—COUPLINGS; DRAUGHT AND BUFFING APPLIANCES
- B61G5/00—Couplings for special purposes not otherwise provided for
- B61G5/02—Couplings for special purposes not otherwise provided for for coupling articulated trains, locomotives and tenders or the bogies of a vehicle; Coupling by means of a single coupling bar; Couplings preventing or limiting relative lateral movement of vehicles
Definitions
- Device for coupling two vehicles in particular rail vehicles, and a set of corresponding vehicles.
- the present invention relates to a device for coupling two vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, comprising:
- a hinge forming a ball joint between the first part and the second part.
- the invention also relates to a set of vehicles, including rail vehicles, provided with such a coupling device, the assembly forming for example an articulated train.
- a coupling device makes it possible to articulately couple two successive vehicles, for example two cars of a railway vehicle.
- Such a device is designed to withstand the traction-compression forces along the longitudinal direction between the two coupled vehicles, while allowing relative rotational movements especially around a vertical axis and around a transverse axis orthogonal to the longitudinal direction. corresponding to the direction of extension of the vehicles, and to the vertical direction.
- Such a device is for example described in EP-A-1048544. It comprises two parts each attached to one of the vehicles, the two parts being connected by a ball joint type.
- An object of the invention is to provide a coupling device at reduced cost, able to take up vertical forces corresponding to a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle.
- the invention relates to a coupling device of the aforementioned type, further comprising a support member intended to rest on a structural element of the first vehicle, the support member being shaped and arranged so as to supporting the first part when a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle is transmitted to the first vehicle via the coupling device.
- the coupling device may comprise one or more of the following characteristics taken separately or in any technically possible combination:
- the support member extends substantially in a vertical direction, below the first portion
- the support member and the first part are in contact in a substantially horizontal plane, when said weight fraction of the second vehicle is transmitted to the first vehicle;
- the device comprises a slide connection between the support member and the first portion, the slide connection being substantially oriented in the longitudinal direction;
- the support member is rigidly connected to the first portion and deformable so as to absorb a decline of the first portion in the longitudinal direction, due to a shock of the second vehicle on the first vehicle;
- the first part of the coupling device comprises an energy absorbing component for absorbing a collision between the first vehicle and the second vehicle in the longitudinal direction, the energy absorbing component being located on the opposite side of the hinge; second party ;
- the energy absorbing component comprises a metal part, calibrated to deform under a predetermined force, exerted in the longitudinal direction by the second vehicle on the first vehicle via the coupling device;
- the first part comprises a yoke comprising two substantially parallel branches, extending substantially in a plane orthogonal to a transverse direction of the two vehicles orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and a median part connecting the two branches and extending substantially in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, the yoke being supported on the support member;
- the second part comprises a tab extending substantially in the longitudinal direction, inserted between the two branches of the yoke;
- the hinge comprises a spherical hinge pin housed in a bearing formed in the leg of the second part, pins and fasteners for securing the spherical hinge pin to the branches of the yoke of the first part;
- the device further comprises two lugs located on either side of the first part in the transverse direction and intended to be fixed on the first vehicle, each tenon of the through-joint, on the one hand, a piercing made in one of the two branches of the clevis substantially in the transverse direction and, secondly, a light formed in one of two ears, said lights having an oblong shape so that, in case of shock resulting in a moving the first part and the articulation towards the first vehicle in the longitudinal direction, the tenons and the fasteners can slide in said lights in the longitudinal direction, without deforming the ears.
- the invention also relates to a set of vehicles comprising:
- first vehicle and second vehicle each comprising an end in a longitudinal direction of the first and second vehicles, the first vehicle further comprising a structural element;
- a device for coupling two vehicles as described above the first part of the coupling device being fixed on the end of the first vehicle, and the second part of the coupling device being fixed on the end of the first vehicle; second vehicle, the support member of the coupling device resting on a structural element of the first vehicle.
- the set of vehicles may comprise the following characteristic:
- the structural element of the first vehicle is a cross
- the first vehicle comprises a median bogie located under or near the coupling device, a part of the weight of the second vehicle resting on said median bogie via the support member of the coupling device.
- FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal end of a first railway vehicle, in perspective, belonging to a set of vehicles according to the invention
- FIG. 2 represents a longitudinal end of a second railway vehicle in perspective, intended to be coupled to the first rail vehicle, shown in FIG. 1, by a coupling device according to the invention, shown in part in FIG. 1 and for the other part in Figure 2.
- the orientation terms used in this description are understood by reference to the usual orientation of a vehicle, illustrated in the figures by the longitudinal directions L, transverse T and vertical V orthogonal to each other.
- the longitudinal direction L thus extends along the length of a mounted vehicle and the transverse direction T along its width.
- a vertical direction V is defined as the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L and the transverse direction T and corresponds to the elevation direction of a mounted vehicle.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 there is described a set of vehicles 1, 3 comprising a first vehicle 1 (FIG. 1), a second vehicle 3 (FIG. 2) intended to be coupled to the first vehicle 1 and a coupling device 5 ( Figures 1 and 2).
- the first vehicle 1 is a railway vehicle, for example a car or a locomotive, intended to be part of an articulated train (not shown) extending in the longitudinal direction L.
- Figure 1 shows a longitudinal end 7 of the first vehicle 1.
- the first vehicle 1 comprises a median bogie (not shown) located under the longitudinal end 7, it is also called “end bearer”.
- the median bogie is for example arranged directly above the coupling device 5 or in the vicinity of the longitudinal end 7, offset towards the inside of the first vehicle 1.
- the first vehicle 1 further comprises a lower chassis 9, an upper chassis 1 1, vertical uprights 13, 15, a floor 17 and an outer shell 19.
- the lower chassis 9 extends substantially in a horizontal plane and cooperates with the median bogie to support the first vehicle 1.
- the lower chassis 9 comprises in particular two side rails 21, 23 extending substantially in the longitudinal direction L, a crossmember 25 integral with the side rails 21, 23, and a crossbar 27 also integral with the longitudinal members 21, 23 and located under the device. coupling 5.
- the crosspiece 25 supports the uprights 13, 15.
- the crossbar 27 is substantially parallel to the cross member 25 and substantially perpendicular to the side rails 21, 23
- the upper frame 1 1 also extends in a horizontal plane and serves in particular to support the floor 17 of the first vehicle 1. It includes a cross member 29 substantially perpendicular to the vertical uprights 13, 15.
- the floor 17 comprises a platform 30 for travelers and a corridor 31 interconnecting with the second vehicle 3, the corridor 31 being located in the extension of the platform 30, above the coupling device 5.
- the uprights 13, 15 rest on the crosspiece 25. They are located on either side of the coupling device 5 in the transverse direction T and extend in the vertical direction V to the outer envelope 19.
- the vertical uprights 13, 15 and the crosspieces 25, 29 extend in a plane substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.
- the outer casing 19 comprises side walls that can include doors and windows (not shown) and a roof (not shown) of the first vehicle 1.
- the second vehicle 3 is also a railway vehicle intended to be part of the articulated train (not shown), for example a car or a locomotive.
- FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal end 107 of the second vehicle 3 intended to face the longitudinal end 7 of the first vehicle 1 so as to allow coupling of the first and second vehicles 1, 3.
- the second vehicle 3 does not include a median bogie under the longitudinal end 107.
- the longitudinal end 107 is intended to rest on the longitudinal end 7 of the vehicle 1, which is why the longitudinal end 107 is also called “butt”. This means that the longitudinal end 107 is supported by the median bogie via the first vehicle 1.
- the longitudinal end 107 "rests” therefore on the longitudinal end 7 of the first vehicle 1, which "rests" itself on the middle bogie.
- the second vehicle 3 has a similar structure to the first vehicle 1, with a lower frame 109, an upper frame 1 1 1, uprights 1 13, 1 15, a floor 1 17, an outer casing 1 19, two side rails 121 , 123, a cross member 125 secured to the lateral side members 121, 123, a cross member 129, a platform 130, a corridor 131 interconnecting with the first vehicle 1,
- the uprights 1 13, 1 15 and the crosspieces 125, 129 extend in a plane substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.
- the outer casing 1 19 comprises side walls that can include doors and windows (not shown) and a roof (not shown) of the second vehicle 3.
- the first vehicle 1 and / or the second vehicle 3 may comprise elements located at the longitudinal ends 7, 107, for example auxiliaries, such as batteries, electrical boxes, pipes or cables. electric.
- auxiliaries such as batteries, electrical boxes, pipes or cables. electric.
- the coupling device 5 (FIGS. 1 and 2) comprises a first part 201, represented in FIG. 1, fixed on the first vehicle 1, a second part 203, shown in Figure 3, fixed on the second vehicle 3, an articulation 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d, 205e, intended to join the first and second parts 201, 203 and a support member 207 located between the first part 201 and the crossing 27.
- the first part is for example fixed by four bolts to the cross member 29 of the first vehicle 1.
- the first portion 201 generally projects from the cross member 29 in the longitudinal direction L towards the second vehicle 3.
- the first part 201 comprises a energy absorbing component 209, a yoke 21 1, the energy absorbing component interposed between the yoke 21 1 and the cross member 29 in the longitudinal direction, and two lateral lugs 213a, 213b located in on both sides of the yoke 21 1 and the energy absorbing component 209 in the transverse direction T.
- the yoke 21 1 comprises two substantially parallel branches, extending substantially in a plane orthogonal to the transverse direction T and a median portion connecting the two branches and extending substantially in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.
- the yoke 21 1 has a "U" shape, the "U” developing in a horizontal plane, the opening of the "U” being oriented in the longitudinal direction L towards the second vehicle 3.
- the yoke 21 1 rests on the support member 207.
- the contact of the yoke 21 1 with the support member is by a lower edge of the branches and the middle part.
- the substantially parallel branches each comprise a drilling axis substantially parallel to the transverse direction T.
- the middle part of the clevis 21 1 is fixed on the energy absorbing component 209, itself fixed on the crosspiece 29.
- the energy absorbing component 209 is provided to deform plastically when a compressive force in the longitudinal direction L greater than a predetermined threshold is applied thereto.
- the energy absorbing component 209 can absorb the energy of an impact in the longitudinal direction L, for example if the second vehicle 3 collides with the first vehicle 1, so as to avoid deformation of other parts vehicles 1 and 3.
- the energy absorbing component 209 is made of steel.
- the lateral lugs 213a, 213b extend against the branches of the yoke 21 1 and against the energy-absorbing component 209 in two planes substantially orthogonal to the transverse direction T.
- the lateral lugs 213a, 213b are fixed on the crossbar 29 and are not integral with the yoke 21 1 or the energy absorbing component 209.
- the lateral lugs 213a, 213b each comprise a lumen extending in the plane of the concerned lateral ear 213a, 213b.
- the lights are oblong, more elongated in the longitudinal direction L than in the vertical direction V.
- the second part 203 of the coupling device 5 ( Figure 2) is fixed to the cross member 129 of the second vehicle 3, for example by four bolts.
- the second part 203 comprises a lug 215 protruding in the longitudinal direction L towards the first vehicle 1.
- the second portion 203 is configured and located in such a way that the lug 215 comes to be housed between the branches of the yoke 21 1 (FIG. 1) when the ends 7 and 107 are approaching each other in the longitudinal direction L .
- the tab 215 On a first proximal section, the tab 215 has a rectangular section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L. On a second distal section, the tab 215 is machined so as to have a rounded end in a plane substantially orthogonal to the transverse direction T.
- the lug 215 further comprises an internal spherical bearing, located substantially at the distal end of the lug 215, the bearing opening on either side of the lug 215 in the transverse direction T.
- the joint 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d, 205e comprises tenons 205a, 205b
- the tenons 205a, 205b pass through the bores of the branches of the yoke 21 1 in the transverse direction T and each comprise a conical end directed towards the inside of the "U" formed by the yoke 21 1.
- the spherical articulation axis 205c comprises two tapered bores 217 intended to receive each respectively the conical end of one of the tenons 205a, 205b.
- the spherical articulation axis 205c and / or the spherical bearing of the lug 215 are coated with a material intended to facilitate the sliding of the spherical articulation axis 205c in the spherical bearing of the lug 215.
- the fasteners 205d, 205e are intended to be located on either side of the branches of the yoke 21 1, outside the "U".
- the fasteners 205d, 205e serve to immobilize the tenons 205a, 205b when engaged in the bores 217.
- fasteners 205d, 205e thanks to a connection with the tenons 205a, 205b, for example by groove and tongue (not shown), are adapted to immobilize the tenons 205a, 205b in rotation in the transverse direction T.
- the fasteners 205d, 205e are also able to cooperate with one another to immobilize the tenons 205a, 205b and the spherical articulation axis 205c in translation in the transverse direction T.
- the fasteners 205d, 205e, in the position of use, are for example screwed into the branches of the yoke 21 1.
- the support member 207 ( Figure 1) extends in the vertical direction V, between the crossbar 27, on which it is fixed, and the yoke 21 1.
- the support member 207 shaped to withstand vertical forces directed downwards corresponding to a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 bearing on the longitudinal end 7 of the first vehicle 1.
- the support member 207 has a chair shape.
- the support member 207 comprises a bottom wall in contact with the crosspiece 27, an upper wall, substantially parallel to the bottom wall and in contact with the yoke 21 1, several amounts, for example four, extending in the vertical direction V between the bottom wall and the top wall.
- the support member 207 is for example made of steel.
- the support member 207 and the first part 201 are in contact in a substantially horizontal plane, permanently, or at least when said vertical forces directed downwards corresponding to a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 are transmitted to the first vehicle 1 .
- the contact between the support member 207 and the first portion 201 allows a sliding of the yoke 21 1 on the support member 207 in directions extending in a horizontal plane.
- the coupling device 5 comprises a sliding connection between the support member 207 and the first part 201, the slide connection being substantially oriented in the longitudinal direction L, so as to allow a retraction of the yoke 21 1 in the longitudinal direction L, especially in the event of impact, without affecting the position of the support member 207 relative to the cross member 27.
- the support member 207 is rigidly connected to the first portion 201, for example to the yoke 21 1, and the support member 207 is deformable so as to absorb a recoil of the first part 201 in the longitudinal direction L, due to a shock of the second vehicle 3 on the first vehicle 1.
- the coupling device 5 i.e., a way of coupling the first and second vehicles 1, 3 will now be described.
- the first and second vehicles 1 and 3 Before bringing the first and second vehicles 1 and 3 so as to put the ends 7 and 107 vis-a-vis in the longitudinal direction L, it is ensured, on the side of the first vehicle 1 that the tenons 205a, 205b are removed from the bores of branches of the screed 21 1.
- the hinge pin 205c is oriented in the space so that the bores 217 are oriented substantially in the transverse direction T.
- first and second vehicles 1, 3 are brought closer to each other until the lug 215 is received between the branches of the yoke 21 1, the bores 217 of the spherical hinge pin 205c being substantially coaxial with the bores of the branches of the yoke 21 1.
- each of the tenons 205a, 205b are respectively introduced into the light of one of the ears 213a, 213b and in the hole of one of the branches of the clevis 21 1 in the transverse direction T, until each of the tenons 205a 205b come to rest respectively in one of the conical bores of the spherical articulation axis 205c.
- the tenons 205a, 205b are encapuchonned by the fasteners 205d, 205e which are each respectively fixed on one of the branches of the yoke 21 1 outside the "U".
- the spherical articulation axis 205c and the tenons 205a, 205b are then integral with the first portion 201 of the coupling device 5.
- the lug 215 can move around the spherical articulation axis 205c which plays a role of patella .
- the first and second portions 201, 203 are linked by a ball joint type connection.
- the longitudinal end 107 of the second vehicle 3 does not rest directly on a bogie, a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 is communicated to the first vehicle 1 in the form of vertical forces, directed downwards, exerted by the second part 203 on the first part 201 of the coupling device 5.
- These vertical forces are mainly taken up by the support member 207.
- majority it is meant that at least 50%, preferably 80%, and even more preferably at least 90%, of the vertical forces are taken up by the support member 207 and communicated to the cross member 27, rather than the cross member 29, via the first part 201 of the coupling device 5.
- the yoke 21 1 moves back in the longitudinal direction L, advantageously by sliding on the support member 207 in the embodiments allowing such a slip.
- the first and second vehicles 1, 3 are protected to a certain intensity of shock.
- the shock absorbing element 109 acts as a shock control and can be replaced in case of plastic deformation, or plastic deformation beyond a predefined limit.
- the ears 213a, 213b are not integral with the yoke 21 1, so the decline of the yoke 21 1 does not affect them directly.
- the ears 213a, 213b have not been affected by the shock and still enclose the formed assembly by tenons 205a, 205b and fasteners 205d, 205e.
- the ears 213a, 213b are able to maintain the cohesion of the vehicle assembly 1, 3, even if the connection between the yoke 21 1 and the crossbar 29 is no longer provided.
- the first vehicle 27 of the first vehicle 1, shaped and arranged to support the first part 201 when a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 is transmitted to the first vehicle 1 via the coupling device 5, the first part 201 transmits only a fraction reduced weight of the second vehicle 3 to the crossbar 29 of the first vehicle 1, instead of the entire weight of the second vehicle 3 in the absence of support member 207.
- the coupling device 5 is therefore able to take up significant vertical forces, corresponding, for example, to a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3. Because the first part 201 transmits only a reduced fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 to the transom 29 of the first vehicle 1, the first portion 201 is less massive and can be fixed to the cross member 29 more simply. For example, it is fixed only with four bolts screwed into the crossbar 29.
- the coupling device 5 has a low cost of obtaining and using and is able to take up significant vertical forces corresponding to a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3.
- a sliding connection between the support member 207 and the first part 201, the slide connection being substantially oriented in the longitudinal direction L, makes it possible to avoid or limit the deformation of the support member 207 during a shock.
- this effect can be obtained if the support member 207 rigidly connected to the first part 201, is deformable so as to absorb a recoil of the first part 201 in the longitudinal direction L.
- the energy absorbing component 209 located between the joint 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d, 205e and the first vehicle 1, protects the vehicles 1, 3 during an impact.
- the energy absorbing component 209 comprises a metal part, calibrated to plastically deform under a predetermined force exerted in the longitudinal direction L, it can serve as a shock detector, its plastic deformation indicating that a shock of higher intensity at the predetermined threshold occurred. In addition, the energy absorbing component 209 can then be easily replaced by a new undistorted energy absorbing component.
- the ears 213a, 213b make it possible to increase the tensile strength of the set of vehicles 1, 3 after an impact. They act as a safety that doubles the leg assembly 215, articulation 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d, 205e, and clevis 21 1.
- the cross member 27, on which the support member 207 rests, is an additional device that is both simple and effective for transmitting significant vertical forces, directed downwards, to the structure of the first vehicle 1, for example for transmitting power. a fraction of the weight of the second vehicle 3 to a median bogie of the first vehicle 1, located near the coupling device 5.
- the coupling device 5 is well adapted to a configuration in which the first vehicle 1 comprises a median bogie located under the coupling device 5, or in the vicinity, the middle bogie supporting part of the weight second vehicle 3.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1251796A FR2987332B1 (fr) | 2012-02-28 | 2012-02-28 | Dispositif d'accouplement de deux vehicules, notamment ferroviaires, et ensemble de vehicules correspondant. |
| PCT/EP2013/054068 WO2013127937A1 (fr) | 2012-02-28 | 2013-02-28 | Dispositif d'accouplement de deux véhicules, notamment ferroviaires, et ensemble de véhicules correspondant |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2819905A1 true EP2819905A1 (fr) | 2015-01-07 |
| EP2819905B1 EP2819905B1 (fr) | 2019-01-16 |
Family
ID=47780063
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13707163.5A Active EP2819905B1 (fr) | 2012-02-28 | 2013-02-28 | Dispositif d'accouplement de deux véhicules, notamment ferroviaires, et ensemble de véhicules correspondant |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2819905B1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2719453T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2987332B1 (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2622319C2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013127937A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4766818A (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1988-08-30 | Railmaster System, Inc. | Train of highway trailers and method of making |
| FR2631917B1 (fr) * | 1988-05-24 | 1990-08-10 | Alsthom | Articulation d'accouplement de deux vehicules ferroviaires |
| FR2716149B1 (fr) * | 1994-02-15 | 1996-03-29 | Gec Alsthom Transport Sa | Articulation d'accouplement et procédé d'absorption d'énergie entre deux véhicules ferroviaires. |
| DE19638763C2 (de) * | 1996-09-21 | 2001-02-15 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Drehgestellanbindung für Jacobs-Drehgestelle |
| FR2769276B1 (fr) * | 1997-10-02 | 2002-10-11 | Gec Alsthom Transport Sa | Articulation d'accouplement |
| DE19919536A1 (de) * | 1999-04-29 | 2000-11-02 | Alstom Lhb Gmbh | Gelenkkupplung für Fahrzeugeinheiten von Schienenfahrzeugen |
| DE102006011425A1 (de) * | 2006-03-11 | 2007-09-13 | Schaeffler Kg | Gelenkkupplung für Schienenfahrzeuge |
| FR2945266A1 (fr) * | 2009-05-06 | 2010-11-12 | Alstom Transport Sa | Articulation d'accouplement entre une premiere voiture et une seconde voiture d'un vehicule notamment ferroviaire |
-
2012
- 2012-02-28 FR FR1251796A patent/FR2987332B1/fr active Active
-
2013
- 2013-02-27 RU RU2013108874A patent/RU2622319C2/ru active
- 2013-02-28 ES ES13707163T patent/ES2719453T3/es active Active
- 2013-02-28 EP EP13707163.5A patent/EP2819905B1/fr active Active
- 2013-02-28 WO PCT/EP2013/054068 patent/WO2013127937A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013127937A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2013108874A (ru) | 2014-09-10 |
| WO2013127937A1 (fr) | 2013-09-06 |
| FR2987332A1 (fr) | 2013-08-30 |
| EP2819905B1 (fr) | 2019-01-16 |
| RU2622319C2 (ru) | 2017-06-14 |
| ES2719453T3 (es) | 2019-07-10 |
| FR2987332B1 (fr) | 2014-11-28 |
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