EP2809851B1 - A product to provide heat insulation on the outer sidings of buildings and a mounting method thereof - Google Patents

A product to provide heat insulation on the outer sidings of buildings and a mounting method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2809851B1
EP2809851B1 EP12719910.7A EP12719910A EP2809851B1 EP 2809851 B1 EP2809851 B1 EP 2809851B1 EP 12719910 A EP12719910 A EP 12719910A EP 2809851 B1 EP2809851 B1 EP 2809851B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
insulation material
tile
surrounding wall
onto
monolithic structure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP12719910.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2809851A1 (en
Inventor
Ilker POYRAZ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vitra Karo Sanayi ve Ticaret AS
Original Assignee
Vitra Karo Sanayi ve Ticaret AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vitra Karo Sanayi ve Ticaret AS filed Critical Vitra Karo Sanayi ve Ticaret AS
Publication of EP2809851A1 publication Critical patent/EP2809851A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2809851B1 publication Critical patent/EP2809851B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/762—Exterior insulation of exterior walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E04F13/0875—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements having a basic insulating layer and at least one covering layer
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E04F13/14—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass
    • E04F13/142—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass with an outer layer of ceramics or clays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a product to be used on the outer sidings of the buildings, providing heat insulation, possible to be applied without profile and providing a tile-covered facade as its apparent front surface is tile.
  • curtain walls are created by using ceramic plate, aluminum plate derivatives or other siding materials by means of profiled mounting method on condition that the gap that the profile has created will be covered with a heat insulation material or curtain walls are created by means of providing exterior thermal sheating by using heat insulation material, plaster, last layer covering plaster and external wall paint and at the same time heat insulation is provided.
  • Document numbered DE19737894 is about the faceplate for the visible surfaces of buildings including insulation material.
  • profiles with different shapes are used.
  • the L-shaped profiles form frames.
  • the present invention relates to a product to be used on the outer sidings of the buildings, providing heat insulation, possible to be applied without profile and providing a tile-covered facade as its apparent front surface is tile.
  • the present invention ends the requirement that different materials are mounted one by one after having been obtained for providing insulation for the buildings. Therefore building heat insulation is provided by means of only one single product. Moreover although it is mounted without using profile, an outer siding having a longer physical life than that of a building generally is made possible as the apparent outer siding is made of ceramic or other materials that can be used on outer sidings of the buildings.
  • the product according to the present invention comprises three main parts as insulation material (2), surrounding wall (1) and tile (8); wherein the insulation material (2) and the surrounding wall (1) are formed as one single part (3) in other words they have a monolithic structure, and then the tile (8) is mounted onto the front surface of this monolithic structure (3), that is the uncovered surface of the insulation material (2), and therefore the visible front surface of the product becomes the tile.
  • the insulation material (2) is surrounded with the surrounding wall (1) in a way that one of its surfaces will be uncovered.
  • Three holes (4,5) are created on the monolithic structure (3) formed in this way as shown in Figure 2 , and these holes pierce both the surrounding wall and the insulation material.
  • the holes on the right and left edges (4) are the holes through which the wall plugs (6) pass in order to enable the one-piece structure (3) composed of insulation material (2) and surrounding wall (1) to be mounted onto the mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted, while the other hole (5) in the middle is the hole which enables the tile (8) to be mounted onto the mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted and also onto the front surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of insulation material and surrounding wall.
  • the insulation material (2) in the product is polyurethane foam, and also possible to be XPS.
  • the used surrounding wall is reinforced concrete, and within the present invention it is possible for it to be made of a different material that will be suitable to be used.
  • the male part (9) of the clamp connection is sticked onto the rear surface of the tile (8) to be mounted onto the one-piece structure (3) during the mounting process ( Figure 7 ).
  • the male part (9) of the clamp connection is mounted onto the rear surface of the tile in a way that it will be located in the center of the surface in alignment with the hole (5) located in the middle on the structure (3) composed of insulation material (2) and surrounding wall (1) and will get into the female part (10) mounted into the hole (5).
  • the part called as the clamp connection is composed of a female part (10), the inner surface of which is serrated (indented) and which is considered as a housing that the male part (9) gets into; and a male part (9) having a surface in accordance with that of the female part.
  • the male part (9) mounted onto the rear surface of the tile is made to pass through the middle hole (5) on the structure consisting of surrounding wall and insulation material and therefore transferred to the location where it will be mounted.
  • a cement-based adhesive is applied onto the rear surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of the surrounding wall (1) and insulation material (2), which is unpacked for the mounting process, and after binding a gauge on the mounting surface (7), the structure is mounted on the mounting surface (7) by being adhered from its rear surface. Then, the mounting surface (7) is pierced from the holes (4) located on the right and left of the product, and the monolithic structure (3) is mechanically mounted onto the mounting surface (7) by means of wall plugs (6). Therefore the monolithic structure (3) consisting of insulation material and the surrounding wall is mounted onto the mounting surface (7) both by adhering method and mechanically by using wall plugs. By repeating the said process, the unpacked monolithic (one-piece) structures are mounted onto the mounting surface.
  • connection joints (11) of the one-piece structures (3) composed of insulation material and surrounding wall mounted on the mounting surface.
  • the mounting surface (7) is pierced from the hole (5) previously made in the center of the monolithic (one-piece) structure (3), and the female part (10) of the clamp is fitted onto the mounting surface (7), wherein the inner surface of the said female part is serrated (indented) and the male part (9) of the clamp connection located on the rear surface of the tile gets into it (10).
  • a polyurethane-based adhesive is applied without any interruption only through the short edges of the rear surface of the tile (8) and through the short edges of the front surface of the surrounding wall in the monolithic structure (3) consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall.
  • the male clamp connection part (9) on the rear surface of the tile (8) is located on the one-piece structure (3) in a way that it will get into the female part (10) in the center of the monolithic structure composed of the insulation material and surrounding wall, and the tile (8) is pushed until the male part (9) is fitted totally into the female part (10) without leaving any space, and therefore the parts are locked up.
  • the tile (8) Because of the inner surface structure of the female part and the surface structure of the male part, the tile (8) is provided to be locked on the structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material and on the wall surface, and therefore it is prevented from removing. Therefore the tile (8) is mounted on the surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material and on the mounting surface both mechanically and by being adhered from its short edges. As the tile (8) in the product is mounted from one point and from the center, until the polyurethane-based adhesive becomes effective, the circular movement of the tile (8) is possible and the joint adjustment can be made by means of the said circular movement of the tile (8). After the joint adjustment is made by means of this movement of the tile (8), the mounting process is completed.
  • the tile (8) located on the outer front surface of the product be made of ceramic or any other material appropriate for outer siding or plastic, wooden, glass, metal, aluminium, aluminium composite, granite, natural stone, marble, laminate, vinyl, pressed brick, flakeboard or composite materials, and also it is possible to use these materials within the present invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)

Description

    Subject of the Invention
  • The present invention relates to a product to be used on the outer sidings of the buildings, providing heat insulation, possible to be applied without profile and providing a tile-covered facade as its apparent front surface is tile.
    • Present State of the Art
  • In the embodiments according to the state of the art, when the similar siding materials are used in the building facades, curtain walls are created by using ceramic plate, aluminum plate derivatives or other siding materials by means of profiled mounting method on condition that the gap that the profile has created will be covered with a heat insulation material or curtain walls are created by means of providing exterior thermal sheating by using heat insulation material, plaster, last layer covering plaster and external wall paint and at the same time heat insulation is provided.
  • As it wastes time to obtain the materials to be used for insulation in the embodiments according to the state of art one by one and to mount them during the application in the building site, it also causes some quality problems and additional costs along with some functional loss.
  • Document numbered DE19737894 is about the faceplate for the visible surfaces of buildings including insulation material. However in the system mentioned in this document profiles with different shapes are used. The L-shaped profiles form frames. In the mentioned document there is not any monolithic structure. With using this system profiles with different shapes can be used.
    • Description of the Figures
    • Figure 1 : Insulation material and surrounding wall
    • Figure 2 : The view of the 3 holes created on the surrounding wall and on insulation material
    • Figure 3: The montage of the insulation material and the surrounding wall onto the surface
    • Figure 4: The mechanical montage of the insulation material and the surrounding wall onto the surface by means of wallplugs
    • Figure 5: The view of the one-piece structure consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall when they are mounted onto the surface
    • Figure 6: The montage of the tile onto the insulation material and surrounding wall
    • Figure 7: The view of the male part of the clamp connection on the tile
    • Figure 8: The view of the tile montage on the insulation material and surrounding wall and the view of the female part of the clamp connection
    • Figure 9: The top view of the male part of the clamp connection located on the tile
    Description of the References:
    1. 1: Surrounding wall
    2. 2: Insulation material
    3. 3: One-piece (monolithic) structure consisting of the insulation material and wall
    4. 4: The holes positioned on the insulation material and surrounding wall into which the wall plugs go on
    5. 5: The hole into which the female part of the clamp connection is mounted on the surface of the insulation material and surrounding wall, wherein the male part of the clamp positioned on the tile go into the said female part
    6. 6: Wall plugs
    7. 7: Mounting surface onto which the product is mounted
    8. 8: Tile
    9. 9: Male part of the clamp connection
    10. 10: Female part of the clamp connection
    11. 11: The connection joints of the one-piece structure consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall
    Description of the Invention
  • The present invention relates to a product to be used on the outer sidings of the buildings, providing heat insulation, possible to be applied without profile and providing a tile-covered facade as its apparent front surface is tile.
  • The present invention ends the requirement that different materials are mounted one by one after having been obtained for providing insulation for the buildings. Therefore building heat insulation is provided by means of only one single product. Moreover although it is mounted without using profile, an outer siding having a longer physical life than that of a building generally is made possible as the apparent outer siding is made of ceramic or other materials that can be used on outer sidings of the buildings.
  • The product according to the present invention comprises three main parts as insulation material (2), surrounding wall (1) and tile (8); wherein the insulation material (2) and the surrounding wall (1) are formed as one single part (3) in other words they have a monolithic structure, and then the tile (8) is mounted onto the front surface of this monolithic structure (3), that is the uncovered surface of the insulation material (2), and therefore the visible front surface of the product becomes the tile.
  • The insulation material (2) is surrounded with the surrounding wall (1) in a way that one of its surfaces will be uncovered. Three holes (4,5) are created on the monolithic structure (3) formed in this way as shown in Figure 2, and these holes pierce both the surrounding wall and the insulation material. The holes on the right and left edges (4) are the holes through which the wall plugs (6) pass in order to enable the one-piece structure (3) composed of insulation material (2) and surrounding wall (1) to be mounted onto the mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted, while the other hole (5) in the middle is the hole which enables the tile (8) to be mounted onto the mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted and also onto the front surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of insulation material and surrounding wall. The insulation material (2) in the product is polyurethane foam, and also possible to be XPS. The used surrounding wall is reinforced concrete, and within the present invention it is possible for it to be made of a different material that will be suitable to be used.
  • The male part (9) of the clamp connection is sticked onto the rear surface of the tile (8) to be mounted onto the one-piece structure (3) during the mounting process (Figure 7). The male part (9) of the clamp connection is mounted onto the rear surface of the tile in a way that it will be located in the center of the surface in alignment with the hole (5) located in the middle on the structure (3) composed of insulation material (2) and surrounding wall (1) and will get into the female part (10) mounted into the hole (5). The part called as the clamp connection is composed of a female part (10), the inner surface of which is serrated (indented) and which is considered as a housing that the male part (9) gets into; and a male part (9) having a surface in accordance with that of the female part. During the packing process, the male part (9) mounted onto the rear surface of the tile is made to pass through the middle hole (5) on the structure consisting of surrounding wall and insulation material and therefore transferred to the location where it will be mounted.
  • A cement-based adhesive is applied onto the rear surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of the surrounding wall (1) and insulation material (2), which is unpacked for the mounting process, and after binding a gauge on the mounting surface (7), the structure is mounted on the mounting surface (7) by being adhered from its rear surface. Then, the mounting surface (7) is pierced from the holes (4) located on the right and left of the product, and the monolithic structure (3) is mechanically mounted onto the mounting surface (7) by means of wall plugs (6). Therefore the monolithic structure (3) consisting of insulation material and the surrounding wall is mounted onto the mounting surface (7) both by adhering method and mechanically by using wall plugs. By repeating the said process, the unpacked monolithic (one-piece) structures are mounted onto the mounting surface. Before the tile (8) is mounted onto the monolithic one-piece structure (3), as it is shown in Figure 5, a chemical insulation material is applied onto the connection joints (11) of the one-piece structures (3) composed of insulation material and surrounding wall mounted on the mounting surface. The mounting surface (7) is pierced from the hole (5) previously made in the center of the monolithic (one-piece) structure (3), and the female part (10) of the clamp is fitted onto the mounting surface (7), wherein the inner surface of the said female part is serrated (indented) and the male part (9) of the clamp connection located on the rear surface of the tile gets into it (10). A polyurethane-based adhesive is applied without any interruption only through the short edges of the rear surface of the tile (8) and through the short edges of the front surface of the surrounding wall in the monolithic structure (3) consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall. The male clamp connection part (9) on the rear surface of the tile (8) is located on the one-piece structure (3) in a way that it will get into the female part (10) in the center of the monolithic structure composed of the insulation material and surrounding wall, and the tile (8) is pushed until the male part (9) is fitted totally into the female part (10) without leaving any space, and therefore the parts are locked up. Because of the inner surface structure of the female part and the surface structure of the male part, the tile (8) is provided to be locked on the structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material and on the wall surface, and therefore it is prevented from removing. Therefore the tile (8) is mounted on the surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material and on the mounting surface both mechanically and by being adhered from its short edges. As the tile (8) in the product is mounted from one point and from the center, until the polyurethane-based adhesive becomes effective, the circular movement of the tile (8) is possible and the joint adjustment can be made by means of the said circular movement of the tile (8). After the joint adjustment is made by means of this movement of the tile (8), the mounting process is completed.
  • It is possible within the present invention that the tile (8) located on the outer front surface of the product be made of ceramic or any other material appropriate for outer siding or plastic, wooden, glass, metal, aluminium, aluminium composite, granite, natural stone, marble, laminate, vinyl, pressed brick, flakeboard or composite materials, and also it is possible to use these materials within the present invention.

Claims (8)

  1. A product developed for providing a tile-covered curtain wall and heat insulation on the outer sidings of buildings, comprising;
    • a monolithic structure (3) comprising an insulation material (2) and a surrounding wall (1) such that said insulation material (2) is located inside the surrounding wall (1) in such a way that one of its (2) surfaces will be uncovered by the surrounding wall (1) and so the visible surface of the monolithic structure (3) will be the insulation material (2) which then will be covered by a tile (8)
    • said tile (8) positioned on the outer front surface of the monolithic structure (3) such that it is positioned onto the surface of the insulation material (2)
    characterized in that it further comprises;
    • a clamp connection element's male part (9) which is located in the center of the rear surface of the tile (8) and is stuck to this rear surface of the tile (8) so as to be in alignment with a hole (5) located in the center of the one-piece monolithic structure (3) consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall and will get into a female part (10) mounted into this hole (5)
  2. The product according to claim 1, comprising; at least three holes (4, 5) piercing both the insulation material and the surrounding wall on the surface of the monolithic one-piece structure (3) composed of insulation material (2) and surrounding wall (1), the visible front surface of which is the insulation material.
  3. The product according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the tile (8) located on the outer surface of the product is ceramic.
  4. The product according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the tile (8) located on the outer surface of the product is made of plastic, wooden, glass, metal, aluminum, aluminum composite, granite, natural stone, marble, laminate, vinyl, pressed brick, flake board or composite materials or another material appropriate for the outer siding.
  5. A method for mounting the product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the following steps;
    • applying a cement-based adhesive on the rear surface of the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material, and sticking that structure from its rear surface onto mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted
    • piercing the mounting surface (7) onto which the product has been mounted or the mounting surface (7) through the holes (4) located on the right and left edges of the monolithic structure composed of surrounding wall and the insulation material and mounting the monolithic structure (3) mechanically onto the mounting surface (7) by means of wall plugs (6) through the said holes
    • applying chemical material on the connection joints of the monolithic one-piece structures (3) consisting of insulation material and surrounding wall mounted onto the mounting surface (7) on which the mounting process takes place
    • piercing the mounting surface (7) onto which the product has been mounted, through the hole (5) located in the center of the monolithic structure (3) consisting of wall and insulation material mounted onto the surface
    • fitting the female part (10) onto the mounting surface (7) by passing the said female part (10) through the hole (5) in the middle of the surrounding wall and insulation material so that the male part (9) of the clamp connection which has been previously adhered on the tile rear part gets into said female part (10)
    • applying polyurethane-based adhesive all along the two short edges on the surrounding wall surface or the tile rear surface in the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and the insulation material
    • locating the clamp connection element at the rear part of the tile (8) to the surface of the insulation material on the structure (3) composed of insulation material and the surrounding wall in a way that the male part (9) will fit into the female part (10) on the surface
    • adhering the tile on the one-piece monolithic structure (3) from its short edges and locking the tile (8) on the one-piece monolithic structure (3) and on the wall surface in a way that it cannot be removed from both of the surfaces when it is drawn back with the movement of the male part (9) inside the female part (10) the inner surface of which is serrated until the parts (9, 10) are locked up.
  6. The method according to Claim 5, characterized in that the tile (8) is mounted on the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and insulation material by means of both adhering method and mechanically by engaging and locking the clamp connection elements, which are the male part (9) and the female part (10) the inner surface of which is serrated.
  7. The method according to Claim 5, characterized in that the monolithic structure (3) composed of surrounding wall and the insulation material is mounted onto the mounting surface (7) both by means of adhering method and mechanically by using/fixing wall plugs (6) through the holes (4) made on the mounting surface (7) onto which the product is mounted.
  8. The method according to Claim 5, characterized in that the tile (8) is mounted from only one point on its center in a way that the circular movement and joint adjustment of the tile are possible.
EP12719910.7A 2011-10-11 2012-03-06 A product to provide heat insulation on the outer sidings of buildings and a mounting method thereof Not-in-force EP2809851B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TR201110063 2011-10-11
PCT/TR2012/000046 WO2013055301A1 (en) 2011-10-11 2012-03-06 A product to provide heat insulation on the outer sidings of the buildings and a mounting method thereof

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2809851A1 EP2809851A1 (en) 2014-12-10
EP2809851B1 true EP2809851B1 (en) 2016-10-05

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12719910.7A Not-in-force EP2809851B1 (en) 2011-10-11 2012-03-06 A product to provide heat insulation on the outer sidings of buildings and a mounting method thereof

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Country Link
EP (1) EP2809851B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2013055301A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104912274A (en) * 2015-06-16 2015-09-16 陈海冰 Multifunctional safety protection structure, method and application of granite marble slab
CN108756117A (en) * 2018-04-28 2018-11-06 南安市创培电子科技有限公司 A kind of ceramic tile and its production technology of imitative dark fund sand marbling effect
CN110080443A (en) * 2019-05-23 2019-08-02 苏州市华丽美登装饰装璜有限公司 A kind of stone material masonry construction and its technique

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5553455A (en) * 1987-12-21 1996-09-10 United Technologies Corporation Hybrid ceramic article
GB2221931A (en) * 1988-08-18 1990-02-21 Brian Walker Wall cladding spaced from rear surface
DE19737894A1 (en) * 1997-08-29 1999-03-04 Gefinex Jackon Gmbh Stone or ceramic covering panels fixed to walls or floors in buildings
KR200414099Y1 (en) * 2006-01-23 2006-04-17 안용진 A fixing device for a out side panel of building

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WO2013055301A1 (en) 2013-04-18
EP2809851A1 (en) 2014-12-10

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