EP2799927A1 - Window dimming system comprising electrochromic devices for an aircraft - Google Patents
Window dimming system comprising electrochromic devices for an aircraft Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2799927A1 EP2799927A1 EP14171333.9A EP14171333A EP2799927A1 EP 2799927 A1 EP2799927 A1 EP 2799927A1 EP 14171333 A EP14171333 A EP 14171333A EP 2799927 A1 EP2799927 A1 EP 2799927A1
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- Prior art keywords
- electrochromic
- control
- window
- color
- passenger
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C1/00—Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
- B64C1/14—Windows; Doors; Hatch covers or access panels; Surrounding frame structures; Canopies; Windscreens accessories therefor, e.g. pressure sensors, water deflectors, hinges, seals, handles, latches, windscreen wipers
- B64C1/1476—Canopies; Windscreens or similar transparent elements
- B64C1/1484—Windows
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/163—Operation of electrochromic cells, e.g. electrodeposition cells; Circuit arrangements therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENTS OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
- B64D2011/0061—Windows displaying outside view, artificially generated
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
- G02F1/15165—Polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1523—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material
- G02F1/1525—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material characterised by a particular ion transporting layer, e.g. electrolyte
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This patent application is related to
U.S. Patent Application No. (10/974,251 U.S. Patent Application No. (10/974,088 U.S. Patent Application No. (10/974,240 U.S. Patent No. 6,747,780 entitled "Electrochromic Organic Polymer Syntheses and Devices Utilizing Electrochromic Organic Polymers", Xu et al., issued June 8, 2004, which applications and patent are hereby incorporated by reference. - This non-provisional patent application claims priority from
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/552,453, filed on March 12, 2004 U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/552,589, filed on March 12, 2004 U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/552,606, filed on March 12, 2004 - This invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for electrochromic devices, and, more specifically, to electrochromic devices that are able to display more than one pigment, electrolytes for electrochromic devices, and apparatus and methods for dimming or otherwise controlling arrays of electrochromic devices.
- Electrochromic devices are often used as windows, shades, dividers, mirrors, or electronic displays that change color density or degree of opacity in respect to an applied electric field or current. Such an electrochromic device typically is a multi-layer assembly. Outer layers of the clectrochromic device typically are electrodes that are optically clear [i.e. essentially transparent to light in wavelengths of the visual spectrum or at other desired wavelengths]. At least one electrochromic layer is sandwiched between the electrodes. This layer is able to change its degree of color or opacity in response to changes in the applied electric field or current to create visual effects. The electrochromic layer is often an organic polymer film or an inorganic thin film of an electrochromic material. When the voltage is applied across the outer conductors, ions in an electrolyte typically move to the electrochromic layer causing the electrochromic material to change color states. Reversing the voltage moves ions away from the electrochromic layer, restoring the device to its previous state.
- An electrolyte is often utilized in an electrochromic device to act as a reservoir for the ions that activate the electrochromic layer and/or provide a medium for transporting ions between a separate ion reservoir material or counter-electrode and the electrochromic layer. A salt such as lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) or trifluorosulfonimide (LiN(CF3SO2)2) may be utilized to provide the ions to activate and deactivate the electrochromic layer. The salt is typically dissociated in a solvent in the electrolyte, freeing the ions for use in activating the electrochromic layer.
- Gel electrolytes in electrochromic devices are often preferred because they are less likely to leak than liquids and more stable dimensionally. One gel electrolyte usable in a preferred electrochromic device includes a solid polymer matrix, especially of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
- It is desirable for the electrolyte to have high ionic conductivity, permitting the ions to move within the electrolyte, while having relatively low electric conductivity so that the electrochromic device does not short out. Prior art solvents for electrolytes for electrochromic devices include acetonitrile and/or ethylene carbonate. However, many of the solvents used for electrochromic devices have comparatively high vapor pressures and are comparatively volatile and thus can evaporate, and/or are unstable, have higher flammability, and/or have higher toxicity. Evaporation of a solvent in an electrolyte can change the electrolyte composition and degrade functionality of the electrochromic device.
- Typically, electrochromic devices exhibit a single color in the visual spectrum when the electrochromic layer is activated, and are otherwise transparent. Such mono-color electrochromic devices are not capable of producing multi-color display logos, architectural patterns, or pictures when the electrochromic layer is activated.
- While pull down shades of aircraft windows in passenger cabins appear simple, the mechanisms for integrating them into the aircraft are complex, and the labor to install or repair them are high relative to alternatives that are emerging. Electrochromic (EC) devices that darken upon switching a controlling electrical power signal provide promise for lower initials and lifecycle costs.
- The present invention provides apparatus and methods for multi-color electrochromic devices. In one embodiment of a multi-color electrochromic device, pixels of a first color electrochromic material (i.e. pigment) are arranged in first areas and substitute with pixels of a second color electrochromic material in second areas to define a two-dimensional pattern of the first and second color on the substrate. When the applied electric field or current supplied to each pixel is changed, the pigments in each pixel produce their respective colors or a blended color because of the arrangement of the pixels. For a window shade application, for example, the electrochromic materials generally switch between a colored state which essentially blocks transmission of visible light and an optically clear state which transmits the visual light. In the clear state, information in the substrate or objects behind the substrate may be observable through the electrochromic device. In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the electrochromic materials may form a design, pattern, logo, or picture when the electrochromic materials are activated. In yet further aspects of the invention, a substrate is masked and unmasked as a plurality of colors are applied to the substrate to produce a multi-color electrochromic display.
- The present invention also provides an electrolyte for electrochromic devices, the electrolyte comprising γ-butyrolactone (gamma-butyrolactone or GBL). The electrolyte may further include polymethylmethacrylate. The electrolyte may further include a salt, such as a salt that includes lithium perchlorate and/or trifluorosulfonimide. In accordance with further aspects to the invention, the electrolyte may include propylene carbonate.
- The present invention further provides systems and methods for EC array control systems, including control systems for dimming or otherwise controlling windows for commercial passenger aircraft. In one embodiment, a window system includes a plurality of transparent windows, a plurality of electrochromic devices, a plurality of control modules, and a main controller. Each transparent window has an electrochromic device operatively associated therewith. A control module is operatively coupled to each electrochromic device and is adapted to controllably adjust an electric field to activate and de-activate the electrochromic device. Finally, the main controller is operatively coupled to the plurality of control modules and adapted to simultaneously adjust the electric fields of the plurality of electrochromic devices to activate and de-activate the plurality of electrochromic devices in unison. In one particular embodiment, a window dimming control system in accordance with the present invention may advantageously be incorporated into an existing cabin services system of a passenger aircraft.
- Preferred and alternate embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings.
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FIGURE 1 is an exploded isometric view of an aircraft window incorporating an electrochromic device. -
FIGURE 2A is a perspective view of an aircraft interior incorporating a multi-color electrochromic device (shown in an inactivated transparent state) as a compartment divider. -
FIGURE 2B is a perspective view of an aircraft interior incorporating a multi-color electrochromic device exhibiting a logo (shown in an activated colored state). -
FIGURE 3A is an exemplary electrochromic device incorporating an exemplary γ-butyrolactone (gamma-butyrolactone or GBL) electrolyte in a deactivated state. -
FIGURE 3B is an exemplary electrochromic device including an exemplary GBL electrolyte in an activated state. -
FIGURE 4A is an enlargement of an exemplary interface between an electrochromic layer and an exemplary GBL electrolyte, with the electrochromic layer in a deactivated state. -
FIGURE 4B is an enlargement of an exemplary interface between an electrochromic layer and an exemplary GBL electrolyte, with the electrochromic layer in an activated state. -
FIGURE 5 is a chart of ionic conductivity of exemplary gel electrolytes over time. -
FIGURE 6 is a cross-section of an exemplary electrochromic aircraft window incorporating an exemplary GBL electrolyte. -
FIGURE 7 is a plan view of an exemplary multi-color electrochromic panel exhibiting a pattern. -
FIGURE 7A is an enlarged view of a section of the electrochromic panel ofFIGURE 7 showing exemplary interspersed pixels of a multi-color electrochromic layer. -
FIGURE 8 is a cross-section of an exemplary multi-color electrochromic device. -
FIGURE 9 is a cross-section of deposition of a multi-color electrochromic layer on a substrate. -
FIGURE 10 is a perspective view of an aircraft interior incorporating a multi-color electrochromic device exhibiting a pattern (shown in an activated colored state). -
FIGURE 11 is a schematic view of a window dimming system. -
FIGURE 12 is a schematic view of an alternate window dimming system. -
FIGURE 13 is a side elevational view of an aircraft in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGURE 14 shows a top elevational view of a representative passenger aircraft floor plan incorporating an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGURE 15A shows an end cross-sectional view of a passenger aircraft section incorporating an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGURE 15B shows an end cross-sectional view of an alternate passenger aircraft section similar toFIGURE 15B . -
FIGURE 16 is a front elevational view of a window assembly incorporating an electrochromic device. -
FIGURE 17 is an exploded isometric view of the window assembly ofFIGURE 16 . -
FIGURE 18 is a partial cross-sectional view of the window assemblyFIGURE 16 . -
FIGURE 19 is an exploded isometric view of another window assembly that includes an electrochromic device. - The present invention relates to electrochromic devices. Many specific details of certain embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following description and in
FIGURES 1-19 to provide a thorough understanding of such embodiments. One skilled in the art, however, will understand that the present invention may have additional embodiments, and that the present invention may be practiced without several of the details described in the following description. - Embodiments of the present invention may include a γ-butyrolactone (gamma-butyrolactone or GBL) bearing electrolyte for electrochromic panels. In one embodiment, a GBL electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity, high transmittance of light, and stability over time and temperature. These features are useful, for example, in aircraft applications such as electrochromic shades for aircraft windows, replacing hand pulled window shades.
- This application incorporates by this reference Xu et al., Electrochromic Organic Polymer Synthesis and Devices using Electrochromic Organic Polymers,
U.S. Patent 6,747,780 B2, issued June 8, 2004 ; Xu, C., Liu, L., Legniski, S., Le Guilly, M., Taya, M., Weidner, A., Enhanced Smart Window Based on Electrochromic Polymers, Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), edited by Bar-Cohen, Y., Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5051, pp. 404-411 (July, 2003) (hereinafter "Reference A"); Xu, C., Liu, L., Legniski, S., Le Guilly, M., Taya, M, Gel Electrolyte Candidates for Electrochromic Devices (ECD), Smart Structures and Materials 2004, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), edited by Bar-Cohen, Y., Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5385, pp. 319-325 (July, 2004) (hereinafter "Reference B"); and Liu, L., Xu, C., Legniski, S. , Ning, D., M., Taya, M, Design of Smart Window based on Electrochromic Polymers: New Derivatives of 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), edited by Bar-Cohen, Y., Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5385, pp. 454-460 (July, 2004) (hereinafter "Reference C"). -
FIGURE 1 is an exploded view of an exemplary electrochromic device used as an aircraft window shade 5 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Astructural window 40 is installed in anaircraft fuselage wall 60 with aseal 30. Inboard of thestructural window 40 is asafety backup pane 20. Anelectrochromic shade 10 is held in place between thesafety pane 20 and an aircraftinterior window molding 50 surrounding the window on the interior of the aircraft. When theelectrochromic shade 10 is activated, it changes color and/or opacity states, typically either dimming or brightening the aircraft interior by controlling entry of light from outside the aircraft. - Turning to
FIGURE 2A , a multi-colorelectrochromic panel 210 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown positioned as a part of acabin compartment divider 220 in theinterior 200 of a passenger aircraft. InFIGURE 2A , thepanel 210 is shown in the non-activated state, where it is substantially transparent, permitting viewing through thepanel 210. The multi-colorelectrochromic panel 210 is held by, and forms a part of, thepassenger compartment divider 220 that divides different segments of the passenger compartment from each other. When theelectrochromic display 210 is substantially transparent as shown inFIGURE 2A , viewing is permitted through thedivider 220. In vehicular applications, for example, viewing through thedivider 220 may be desirable for loading and unloading purposes, regulatory, or safety reasons. - In some embodiments, a control panel may be programmed to change the opacity of the
electrochromic display 210 to change the environment based upon time of day, the status of the flight (take-off, landing, etc.), or other criteria. Alternately, theelectrochromic display 210 may be programmed to change state when a sufficient amount brightness level is sensed within the cabin. Anexemplary display 210 in a vehicle or any other environment may thus change with time, at certain times, or during certain events. Thedisplay 210 may thus adjust the natural lighting in theinterior 200 of the aircraft, or any other vehicle or architectural environment. Thedisplay 210 may also be used in a combination with a window, in addition to forming adivider 220. -
FIGURE 2B shows a passengeraircraft cabin interior 300 similar to that inFIGURE 8A . An embodiment of a multi-colorelectrochromic panel 310 is installed in thecabin interior 300 as a part of acabin compartment divider 320. InFIGURE 2B , thepanel 310 is shown in the activated state exhibiting amulti-color logo 330. In an activated state, thepanel 310 displays thelogo 330, and passengers cannot see through thepanel 310, visually dividing the passenger compartments. In a non-activated state, themulti-color logo 330 disappears and thepanel 310 is transparent, in the manner shown inFIGURE 2A . -
FIGURE 3A shows anexemplary electrochromic device 405 in cross-section in accordance with an embodiment of the invention in a deactivatedstate 461. Thedevice 405 includes a firsttransparent electrode 410 and a secondtransparent electrode 440. Disposed between thefirst electrode 410 and thesecond electrode 440, and adjacent to thefirst electrode 410 is anelectrochromic layer 420. Theelectrochromic layer 420 in this example changes color or darkens when it is in a reduced state. By way of example, but not limitation, the electrochromic layers may include a polymer film such as poly[3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine] (PProDOT-(CH3)2). - As further shown in
FIGURE 3A , positioned between theelectrochromic layer 420 and thesecond electrode 440 is anelectrolyte layer 430 including an embodiment of a γ-butyrolactone (gamma-butyrolactone or GBL) gel electrolyte (GBL electrolyte) 431. TheGBL electrolyte 431 may include GBL and a salt that when dissociated activates theelectrochromic layer 420 with the application of an electric field. GBL (C4H6O2) is an essentially colorless cyclic ester with a comparatively low vapor pressure capable of performing as a solvent for the salt. Depending upon the desired application, other known electrolytes suitably may be included in theelectrolyte layer 430. - An electric field (not shown) is applied to the
electrochromic layer 420 and theGBL electrolyte 431 to activate and deactivate theelectrochromic layer 420. In this embodiment, the electric field is provided by anelectrical power source 460 connected to thefirst electrode 410 and thesecond electrode 440. Thefirst electrode 410 and thesecond electrode 440 may suitably include glass, acrylic or polycarbonate coated with Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) to form transparent sheet electrodes. Other transparent materials, other electrode materials, and other configurations including small scale printed circuitry grids may suitably be substituted for ITO coated transparent electrodes. InFIGURE 3A , thefirst electrode 410 is connected to the positive pole of thevoltage source 460 and thesecond electrode 440 is connected to the negative pole of theelectrical source 460. As further described with reference toFIGURES 4A and 4B , in this configuration, with a positive charge applied to thefirst electrode 410, theclectrochromic layer 420 becomes deactivated and substantially transparent. Thefirst electrode 410, thesecond electrode 440, and theGBL electrolyte 431 are also substantially transparent, and thus theelectrochromic device 405 in this state as a whole is substantially transparent. - The term transparent or colorless should not be limited to mean perfectly transparent (i.e. 100% transmissive) or perfectly colorless, but rather, should be read to include conditions of partial or imperfect transmissivity or substantial translucence. The terms transparent or colorless include being substantially optically clear and transmissive in the visual color frequencies of light, like ordinary glass, or having the property of transmitting visual light (or other desired frequencies, as desired) so that objects lying beyond are visible.
- In
FIGURE 3B , theelectrochromic device 405 ofFIGURE 3A is connected to a reversedelectrical source 462. The negative pole of the reversedelectrical source 462 is connected to thefirst electrode 410, and the positive pole of the reverseelectrical source 462 is connected to thesecond electrode 40. In this configuration, theelectrochromic layer 420 changes to an activatedstate 463, substantially darkens, and thus is no longer substantially transparent. As described with reference toFIGURES 4A and 4B , the reversed electric field (not shown) provided by the reversedelectrical source 462 draws positive ions (not shown) from theGBL electrolyte 431 into interaction with theelectrochromic layer 420, thereby activating theelectrochromic layer 420. In many electrochromic devices, it is not necessary to maintain the electric field or the reversed electric field to maintain the color or transparency of the device, only to change the color state or transparency. -
FIGURES 4A and 4B are enlarged symbolic diagrams of anexemplary interface 400 such as inFIGURES 3A and 3B , between anelectrochromic layer 420 and a GBL-bearing gel electrolyte 431 (GBL electrolyte), with theelectrochromic layer 420 in a one of itsoperative states 461 inFIGURE 4A , and in a secondoperative state 463 inFIGURE 4B . In this embodiment, theGBL electrolyte 431 includes a lithium perchlorate salt that dissociates in theGBL bearing electrolyte 430 intoperchlorate ions 433 andlithium ions 435. The GBL acts as a solvent dissociating the lithium perchlorate salt into its component ions. As shown inFIGURE 4A , while not intending to be bound by theory, in the presence of an electric field, with apositive pole 465 adjacent to and outside of theelectrochromic layer 420 side of theinterface 400, and a negative pole 467 adjacent to and outside of theGBL electrolyte 431 side of theinterface 400, theperchlorate ions 433 in theGBL electrolyte 431 are drawn toward theelectrochromic layer 420. This permits theelectrochromic layer 420 to gain or maintain an oxidized state, and thus gain or maintain a substantially transparent or non-activated state. Alternately, thelithium ions 435 in theGBL electrolyte 431 are drawn away from the electrochromic layer 420 (towards the negative pole 467), and thus do not activate theelectrochromic layer 420. - In
FIGURE 4B , the electric field is reversed from that inFIGURE 2A . The negative pole 467 is adjacent to and outside of theelectrochromic layer 420, and thepositive pole 465 is adjacent to and outside of theGBL electrolyte 431. In this configuration, and again while not intending to be bound by theory, theinterface 400 haslithium ions 435 drawn toward theelectrochromic layer 420, or towards the negative pole 467 of the electric field, activating theelectrochromic layer 420, changing its color state, in this instance substantially darkening it. Anelectrochromic layer 420 that is activated (in this example in a reduced state) when it forms or is adjacent a cathode or the negative pole of an electric field is a cathodic electrochromic layer. Electrochromic layers may also be anodic, and thus are activated when they form or are adjacent the anode or positive pole of an applied electric field. AGBL electrolyte 431 of the present invention may be used with both cathodic and anodic electrochromic layers. - A
GBL electrolyte 431 advantageously dissociates and carries thelithium ions 435 and theperchlorate ions 433 while having a comparatively low vapor pressure, and comparatively low toxicity and low flammability as compared to other electrolytes. The GBL in aGBL electrolyte 431 acts as a solvent, disassociating the lithium perchlorate, triflourosulfonimide, another suitable salt, or mixtures thereof to allow ions to activate the electrochromic layer. A gelledGBL electrolyte 431 includes an effective amount of polymethylmethacrylate or other suitable colorless gelling agent. The GBL may also be mixed with one or more additional solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, other higher molecular weight cyclic esters, or other suitable compounds that are essentially colorless, comparatively non-toxic, and have comparatively low volatility. - By way of example, but not limitation, propylene carbonate as a second solvent may suitably be mixed with GBL in a GBL-bearing electrolyte 130. In another embodiment, a suitable GBL-bearing electrolyte 130 includes approximately 70% by weight GBL, 20% by weight propylene carbonate, 3% by weight lithium perchlorate, and 7% by weight polymethylmethacrylate. The weight percentages of the components of this embodiment can vary and still maintain functionality. In some embodiments, the propylene carbonate percentage may be reduced to near 0%, resulting in decreased volatility, but typically higher cost as GBL typically is more expensive than propylene carbonate. Alternately, the weight percentage of propylene carbonate also may be increased to over 20% maintaining functionality, but increasing volatility. Additional quantities of lithium perchlorate may provide additional ions beyond those used in the electrochromic reactions, but typically do not otherwise affect functionality. Considerably smaller weight percentages of lithium perchlorate may decrease color changes in the electrochromic layer. In an alternate embodiment, for example, lithium perchlorate may be substituted or supplemented with the salt trifluorosulfonimide at approximately 3% by weight.
- The weight percentage of polymethylmethacrylate may also vary, affecting the viscosity of the GBL-bearing electrolyte 130, but not otherwise affecting the functionality of the electrolyte. Some electrochromic devises use essentially liquid electrolytes with little gelling material or polymethylmethacrylate. Considerably larger quantities of polymethylmethacrylate may cause cloudiness in the electrochromic device.
- GBL has a vapor pressure of approximately 1.5 mm of Hg at 20°C. Compared to higher vapor pressure solvents such as acetonitrile (ACN) with a vapor pressure of 72.8 mm of Hg at 20 C, GBL suitably has lower rates of diffusion and evaporation from electrochromic devices. GBL suitably exhibits high ionic conductivity, high transmittance of light, and stability over time and temperature. The low viscosity of the GBL provides an ionic environment that facilitates high ionic mobility of the salts activating and deactivating the electrochromic layer. In an example embodiment of a GBL bearing electrolyte 130, an electronic grade GBL is used and the GBL is dried over molecular sieves to remove any residual water.
- GBL may suitably have a high ionic conductivity, resulting in a low activation energy facilitating ionic movement. The activation energy for an exemplary gel electrolyte including GBL, propylene carbonate, lithium perchlorate, and polymethylmethacrylate are approximately 9.7 kJ/mol. ACN as an electrolyte, by way of comparison, has an activation energy of 83 kJ/mol.
- As shown in
FIGURE 5 , an exemplary GBL-bearing electrolyte over time exhibits a stable comparatively high ionic conductivity. As shown inFIGURE 3 , ACN bearing electrolytes exhibit a high initial conductivity (mS/cm), but their ionic conductivity declines over a course of 90 days. Exemplary GBL gel electrolytes including lithium perchlorate exhibit a slightly lower ionic conductivity, but exhibit stable ionic conductivity over 100 days. Thus, a GBL-bearing electrolyte 130 of the present invention suitably provides stable ionic conductivity over time, and thus may increase the lifetime of an electrochromic device. -
FIGURE 6 shows a cross section of an electrochromic device used as a window orshade 500 installed in anaircraft fuselage 580. Thewindow 500 includes aGBL electrolyte 530 that suitably provides comparatively low flammability and toxicity for aircraft or automotive applications. Thewindow 500 is amulti-layer assembly 505, including afirst electrode 510, anelectrochromic layer 520, aGBL electrolyte 530, and asecond electrode 540. Theassembly 505 is suitably held in aframe 570, in this example, adapted to hold theelectrochromic window 500 in the wall of anaircraft fuselage 580. AGBL electrolyte 530 bearingelectrochromic window 500 suitably provides ionic conductivity and stability, while complying with appropriate safety limitations for an aircraft application. TheGBL electrolyte 530 suitably permits thesalt ions 535 within theGBL electrolyte 530 to activate and deactivateelectrochromic layer 520 in an aircraft environment through multiple cycles. Structural window layers may be added to thewindow 500, leaving thewindow 500 to serve as a shade. - Electrochromic devices of the present invention may also include multi-color electrochromic panels, i.e., polychromatic, having at least two pigments of electrochromic materials. For example,
FIGURE 7 shows an exemplary multi-color electrochromic panel 605 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The panel 605 includes three color zones, afirst color zone 610, asecond color zone 620, and athird color zone 630 arranged in the panel 605 in a design orpattern 607. Alternate color panels 605 suitably may have only one color zone, or a greater number of color zones. Thepattern 607 in this embodiment is a colored wave pattern adapted to match or complement other designs, architectural features, patterns or colors in an area (not shown) where the panel 605 is installed, such as described further with reference toFIGURE 10 . The electrochromic device 605 is shown with the electrochromic layer activated to be in an opaque or colored state, as opposed to a substantially transparent state. In a non-activated state, this exemplary panel 605 would be substantially transparent, i.e., thezones pattern 607 would not be visible. In some embodiments, thepattern 607 may still permit an observer to see partially, or dimly, through the panel 605, even when the panel 605 is in a fully activated state. -
FIGURE 7A shows an enlargement of a typical section of anelectrochromic layer 650 at aninterface 625 between thesecond color zone 620, andthird color zone 630 of the panel 605 ofFIGURE 7 at a pixel level. Theelectrochromic layer 650 is divided into a plurality of pixels 640. In this example, the pixels 640 are a uniform size and shape, are square and are of a size such that when viewed from ordinary human viewing distances of approximately two feet or greater, the pixels 640 blend to form colors. The colors formed are based upon the respective areal color densities or percentages of different colors of electrochromic materials in the pixels 640. In this example, the pixels 640 include varying densities of three colors of electrochromic material, a firstcolor electrochromic material 641, a secondcolor electrochromic material 643, and a thirdcolor electrochromic material 645. In this embodiment, thesecond color zone 620 of the panel 605 ofFIGURE 7 is composed of pixels of the thirdcolor electrochromic material 645, while thethird color zone 630 is composed of a mixture of pixels of the firstcolor electrochromic material 641 and the secondcolor electrochromic material 643. By varying the areal percentage or density of pixels 640 of colorelectrochromic materials color electrochromic material 641, the secondcolor electrochromic material 643, and the thirdcolor electrochromic material 645 blend into a desired configuration of varied and graduated colors. Suitable pixel sizes for partial wall size multi-color electrochromic panels 605 include pixels approximately one millimeter square. In single color areas intended to display an unmixed color of an electrochromic material, such areas may have much larger pixels or be aggregated into a single area wide "pixel." - By way of example, but not limitation, electrochromic materials when activated can form various colors that can be mixed visually in a multi-color electrochromic panel 605 as described with reference to
FIGURE 7 and FIGURE 7A . For example, 3, 3-Dimethyl-3, 4-dihydro-2H-thieno [3, 4-b][1,4] dioxepine (1) forms a blue color when activated in a reduced state, and otherwise is substantially transparent. Similarly, 6, 6-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-2H, 5H-4, 8-dioxa -2-aza-azulene (2) in an activated or reduced state forms a red color and is otherwise substantially transparent. Other colors of electrochromic materials are available and/or under development. Red and blue color electrochromic materials may be combined in various ratios to produce reds, blues, and purples. Red, blue, and green pixels will be able to be combined to form a very wide pallet of colors, as may cyan, magenta, and yellow electrochromic materials. - Overlapping of colors, either on a substrate or in a multiple-activated-layer sandwich, may also produce further colors or variable colors as each or multiple color layers are activated (see, e.g., Reference C). By way of example, red, purple, blue, substantially transparent, and black colors suitably may be displayed by activating one or both of the red and blue electrochromic materials to varying intensities either together, separately, or not at all, with a combination of red or blue electrochromic materials. Alternately, applying a segmented activating charge to a display 605, thus providing different charge regimes to differing subsets and combination of pixels 640 or sections of the display 605, similarly will also produce a variety of combinations of colors, transparency, and opacity, from the
display 405 at different times. -
FIGURE 8 shows a cross-section of an exemplary single electrochromic layer multi-colorelectrochromic panel 705. Thepanel 705 has a firsttransparent substrate 710, upon which is deposited a transparentelectrical conductor 720. Deposited on the transparentelectrical conductor 720 is anelectrochromic layer 730 including areas of a firstcolor electrochromic material 731, areas of a secondcolor electrochromic material 733, and areas of a thirdcolor electrochromic material 735. The transparentelectrical conductor 720 permits an electrical charge or field to be applied to thecolor electrochromic materials first material 731, thesecond material 733, and thethird material 735 are suitably small enough that when activated and viewed from normal viewing distance the colors blend visually to form different areas on thepanel 705 where different colors may be displayed. Adjacent to theelectrochromic layer 730 is agel electrolyte layer 740 that conducts, and to some degree stores, ions that activate and deactivate the electrochromic layer730. In some embodiments of the present invention, the gel electrolyte includes GBL. - The
example panel 705 may also incorporate anion storage layer 750 with aconductor grid 760 that, in some embodiments, comprises a grid including gold (Au). Theion storage layer 750 suitably attracts and stores the oppositely charged counterparts to the ions activating and deactivating theelectrochromic layer 730. - In operation, an electrical charge may be provided to the
ion storage layer 750 and thegrid 760 by a second transparentelectrical conductor 780 mounted on a secondtransparent substrate 770. - In
FIGURE 9 a coloredelectrochromic material 811 is deposited onto a transparentelectrical conductor 820 on atransparent substrate 830, during preparation of an exemplary multi-color electrochromic layer.Masks portions conductor 820. A third portion of theconductor 813 is unmasked, permitting ajet 809 of electrochromic material 808 (e.g. unpolymerized electrochromic material) to be jetted from anozzle 807 of aspray device 805. Thefirst mask 810 and thesecond mask 815 may subsequently be removed, and thespray device 805 used to direct a jet of alternate color electrochromic materials (not shown) onto the transparentelectrical conductor 820 in the previously maskedportions conductor 820. Suitable masking materials include, for example, ablative masking materials such as polyimide. - In this embodiment, when the
jet 809 ofelectrochromic material 808 is sprayed toward the unmaskedportion 813 of the transparentelectrical conductor 820, theelectrochromic materials 808 is electropolymerized by an electrical charge applied to theconductor 820. At the time of spraying, thematerials 808 polymerize on contact with the chargedconductor 820. Alternately, for example, a separate screen mask may be used in lieu of ablative orremovable masking materials jet 808, different areas of the transparentelectrical conductor 820 may be coated with a colored electrochromic material without utilizing a separate mask. -
FIGURE 10 shows an exemplary aircraft interior 900 similar to that shown inFIGURES 2A and 2B , with a multi-colorelectrochromic panel 910 installed in apassenger compartment divider 920. In this embodiment, thepanel 910, when activated (as shown here) displays a color coordinated interior design orpattern 930 that may be coordinated with and visually match other portions of thecompartment divider 920, which may have a similar, but non-electrochromic interior design orpattern 931. When theelectrochromic panel 910 is in a non-activated state thepanel 910 is substantially transparent.Multi-color panels 910, such as that shown inFIGURE 10 , suitably may have color patterns to match a wide variety of architectural details, designs, patterns, and colors and be used in vehicles, buildings, signs, or the like. - Additional embodiments of the present invention include systems and methods for controlling arrays of electrochromic devices. These may include window dimming control systems, such as for the windows of passenger cabins of large commercial transport aircraft. In one embodiment, a control system uses existing wiring to distribute electronic control signals to the windows throughout the passenger cabin. By doing so, much of the weight and cost of wiring for the electrochromic devices are avoided.
-
FIGURE 11 is a schematic view of awindow dimming system 1000 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, thewindow dimming system 1000 includes at least one cabinattendant control panel 1002 operatively coupled to afirst zone 1010 and asecond zone 1020. Eachzone zone control box attendant control panel 1002 and to apower source 1030. Also, each of the first andsecond zones lighting control modules passenger control panels 1049. Thepassenger control panels 1049 are separately connected to an associatedelectrochromic device 1050. - Although
FIGURE 11 depicts the cabinattendant control panel 1002 and thepassenger control panels 1049 as being coupled to theelectrochromic devices 1050 via conductive members (e.g. wires), in alternate embodiments, thecontrol panels electrochromic devices 1050 in a wireless manner using, for example, radio signals or other electromagnetic signals. For example, the cabinattendant control panel 1002 suitably may be incorporated into a portable remote control unit carried by the attendant. Alternately, multi-way switching circuits may also be used, allowing a selection ofelectrochromic devices 1050 to control. - In operation, each of the
passenger control modules 1049 may be adjustably controlled (e.g. by a passenger) to vary the color or opacity of its associatedelectrochromic device 1050, as described more fully below. Eachzone control box control data 1003 from the cabinattendant control panel 1002, and responsible for relaying those control commands to theappropriate electrochromic device 1050. Thepassenger control modules 1049 may be controlled or overridden by thecontrol data 1003 output from the cabinattendant control panel 1002, leaving the attendants in control of lighting, for example, for safety reasons. - In the embodiment shown in
FIGURE 11 , onepassenger control module 1049 is coupled to eachelectrochromic device 1050. This arrangement may be suitable, for example, for providing each window seat on the aircraft with apassenger control module 1049. In alternate embodiments, however, a plurality ofpassenger control modules 1049 may be coupled to eachelectrochromic device 1050, such as, for example, the other seats in the same row. In such alternate embodiments, a hierarchy of control authority may be established between the plurality ofpassenger control modules 1049, such as, for example, descending control authority with increasing distance from the respective window. - The window
dimming control system 1000 advantageously provides improved control authority over the opacity of the plurality ofelectrochromic devices 1050. For example, in one mode of operation, each passenger within a cabin of the commercial aircraft may be permitted to control the opacity of his or herelectrochromic device 1050, and thus, the tint, color, or transparency of his or her window, using the associatedpassenger control module 1049. In an alternate mode of operation, however, a cabin attendant or other authorized person may be permitted to override the settings of the individual passengers using the cabinattendant control panel 1002 as necessary (e.g. during an in-flight movie, during takeoff and landing, etc.) to control the uniformity of the lighting within the passenger cabin. - The cabin
attendant control panel 1002 may be adapted to provide control authority over theelectrochromic devices 1050 in a wide variety of ways. For example, the cabinattendant control panel 1002 may address one, several, all, or any other desired combination of theelectrochromic devices 1050. Thecontrol panel 1002 may be programmable or include control options to be selected for the situation. The cabin attendant control panel may include or be linked to a computer processor 1007 providing for computerized or automated control of theelectrochromic devices 1050. For example, in one particular embodiment, the cabinattendant control panel 1002 through the processor 1007 may be programmed to change the opacity of allelectrochromic devices 1050 to change the environment based upon time of day, the status of the flight (take-off, landing, etc.), or other criteria. Alternately, thecontrol panel 1002 might be programmed to change state automatically when a sufficient amount of light is sensed within the cabin. On the other hand, the attendant may utilize the cabinattendant control panel 1002 to override thepassenger control modules 1049 of a particular passenger (e.g. a particular window seat) or a selected group of passengers (e.g. a selected group of window seats) as necessary for a desired lighting condition. - In one representative embodiment, the
window dimming system 1000 is operated by means of thelighting control modules second zone boxes 1012 and 1022) which are adapted to controllably vary the polarity and strength of electric fields powered by thepower source 1030. By positioning theelectrochromic devices 1050 adjacent the windows of the aircraft, the opacity of theelectrochromic devices 1050 may be controllably varied to lighten or darken the windows of the aircraft. - The
electrochromic device 1050 may assume a wide variety of embodiments and including those other than described above and shown inFIGURES 1 and2A . The invention described above with reference toFIGURE 11 should not be construed to being limited to anyparticular electrochromic device 1050, and indeed may be utilized with any electrically controlled shade. Furthermore, in alternate embodiments, electrochromic devices in accordance with the present invention need not be coupled to a surrounding structure (e.g. the aircraft fuselage 280 inFIGURE 1 ). More specifically, in alternate embodiments, the electrochromic devices may be freestanding units. - In
FIGURE 12 , awindow dimming system 1100 includes a cabinattendant control panel 1102 operatively coupled to afirst zone 1110 and asecond zone 1120. Each zone includes azone switch module attendant control panel 1102 and to apower source 1130. In this embodiment, thezone switch module 1112 controls first and second sub-portions 1111 and 1113 of thefirst zone 1110, while thezone switch module 1124 controls the entiresecond zone 1120. Also, each of the first andsecond zones electronic units passenger reading lights first zone 1110 further includes a plurality ofdimmer controls 1118 operatively coupled to the overheadelectronic units 1114 and to an associated electrochromicdimmable window 1119. The passenger dimmer controls 1118 are located conveniently for the passengers on each seat or row of seats on the armrests, tray tables, seat backs, or interior panels. - In operation, each of the
dimmable windows 1119 of thefirst zone 1110 may be adjustably controlled independently of the otherdimmable windows 1119 using the associateddimmer control 1118. Alternately, all of thedimmable windows 1119 may be controlled using the cabinattendant control panel 1102. The cabinattendant control panel 1102 may have override authority over each of the individual dimmer controls 1118, and is adapted to simultaneously adjust the electric fields within the plurality ofdimmable windows 1119 of the first andsecond zones dimmable windows 1119 of the first andsecond zones - The window
dimming control system 1100 advantageously utilizes existing wiring to distribute the desired electronic control signals to thedimmable windows 1120 throughout the passenger cabin of the aircraft. In this way, much of the weight and cost of wiring that would otherwise be dedicated to this task is reduced or eliminated. In one particular embodiment, for example, thedimmer controls 1118 and the associateddimmable windows 1119 are simply incorporated into an existing Cabin Services System (CSS) that controls other functions within the main passenger cabin, including, for example, the reading lights associated with each passenger seat. - A wide variety of apparatus may be conceived that include electrochromic device array control systems in accordance with alternate embodiments of the present invention. For example,
FIGURE 13 is a side elevational view of anaircraft 1200 having a plurality ofwindow assemblies 1201 and one or more window dimming control systems 1202 formed in accordance with alternate embodiments of the present invention. - In general, except for the window dimming control systems 1202 formed in accordance with the present invention, the various components and subsystems of the
aircraft 1200 may be of known construction and, for the sake of brevity, will not be described in detail. Embodiments of window dimming control systems 1202 in accordance with the present invention, including but not limited to those embodiments described above and shown inFIGURES 11-12 , may be employed in any desired location throughout theaircraft 1200. - More specifically, as shown in
FIGURE 13 , theaircraft 1200 includes one ormore propulsion units 1204 coupled to an airframe (not visible) disposed within afuselage 1205, wing assemblies 1206 (or other lifting surfaces), atail assembly 1208, alanding assembly 1210, a control system (not visible) 1212, and a host of other systems and subsystems that enable proper operation of theaircraft 1200. A plurality ofwindow assemblies 1201 are distributed throughout thefuselage 1205, and a plurality of window dimming control systems 1202 in accordance with the present invention are distributed throughout the various portions of theaircraft 1200, including, for example, within the cockpit (1202a), the first-class section (1202c), and the coach or business class section (1202c). - Although the
aircraft 1200 shown inFIGURE 11 is generally representative of a commercial passenger aircraft, including, for example, the 737, 747, 757, 767, 777, and 7E7 models commercially available from The Boeing Company of Chicago, Illinois, the inventive apparatus and methods disclosed may also be employed in virtually any other types of aircraft. More specifically, the teachings of the present invention may be applied to other types and models of passenger aircraft, fighter aircraft, cargo aircraft, rotary aircraft, and any other types of aircraft, including those described, for example, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft by Enzo Angelucci, published by Book Sales Publishers, September 2001, and in Jane's All the World's Aircraft published by Jane's Information Group of Coulsdon, Surrey, United Kingdom, which texts are incorporated herein by reference. Alternate embodiments of apparatus and methods in accordance with the present invention may be used in the other applications, including, for example, ships, buses, trains, recreational vehicles, subways, monorails, houses, apartments, office buildings, or any other desired applications. -
FIGURE 14 shows a top elevational view of a representative passengeraircraft floor plan 1300. The passengeraircraft floor plan 1300 includes first port andstarboard control systems section control system 1320, and second port andstarboard control systems FIGURE 14 may include one or more zones such as described above with reference toFIGURES 11-12 . Clearly, a wide variety of alternate embodiments of passengeraircraft floor plans 1300 having various configurations of window control systems in accordance with the present invention may be conceived. - In
FIGURE 15A passenger aircraft section 1400 includes awindow control system 1410 having a first or leftzone 1411 and a second orright zone 1413. Amaster control module 1412 is wirelessly coupled toelectrochromic devices 1420 of thewindow control system 1410.Passenger control modules 1430 are positioned over thepassenger seats 1440. As further shown inFIGURE 15B , in another embodiment, apassenger aircraft section 1450 includes acontrol system 1460 adapted to control a freestanding electrochromic display or partition 1475. Amaster control module 1462 is located overhead in theaircraft section 1450. One or more passenger control modules 1480 may be located proximate theseats 1490, including, for example, within the armrests between theadjacent seats 1490, or on upper and lateral portions of theaircraft section 1450. Similarly, themaster control module 1462 may be disposed in any desired location. - As shown in
FIGURE 16 and FIGURE 17 , anexemplary window assembly 1500 includes awindow member 1510, and anelectrochromic assembly 1550 disposed adjacent thewindow member 1510. Apassenger control module 1560 is operatively coupled to theelectrochromic assembly 1550. Anedge trim 1514 is disposed about an outer perimeter of thewindow member 1510. Apower source 1562 provides power to thewindow assembly 1500. Bus bars 1581 and 1583 around the perimeter of theelectrochromic assembly 1550 provide electrical connections to theassembly 1550. -
FIGURE 18 is a detailed cross sectional view of an outer perimeter of theelectrochromic device 1550 ofFIGURE 16 . Thedevice 1550 includes two outer transparent layers, a first outer layer 1551 and a secondouter layer 1553 proximate to each other. Theouter layers 1551 and 1553 by way of example may include glass, acrylic, or polycarbonate. Theouter layers 1551 and 1553 are coated on their interior surfaces by a firsttransparent electrode coating 1577 and a secondtransparent electrode coating 1579, respectively. In acentral portion 1552 of the first outer layer 1551, anelectrochromic layer 1561 is deposited on thefirst electrode coating 1577. In acentral portion 1552 of the secondouter layer 1553, acounter-electrode grid 1565 is deposited on thesecond electrode coating 1579. Between thecounter-electrode grid 1565 and theelectrochromic layer 1561 is a layer ofgel electrolyte 1563. - Attached to an
edge portion 1554 of thefirst electrode coating 1571 is afirst busbar 1581. As shown inFIGURE 17 , thefirst busbar 1581 suitably spans the circumference of the first outer layer 1551, providing an electrical connection to the firsttransparent electrode coating 1577. Attached to anedge portion 1554 of thesecond electrode coating 1579 is asecond busbar 1583, that as shown inFIGURE 17 suitably spans the circumference of the secondouter layer 1553, providing an electrical connection to the secondtransparent electrode coating 1579. Thefirst busbar 1581 and thesecond busbar 1583 suitably may be any conductor, including by way of example copper strips. Aspace 1585 is maintained between thefirst busbar 1581 and thesecond busbar 1583, so that charges may be provided to theirrespective electrode layers first busbar 1581 andsecond busbar 1583 making contact with each other. Thespace 1585 may also hold or be filled with a dielectric, providing insulation between thebusbars 1581 and 1582. Afirst adhesive seal 1571 between the first outer layer 1551 and secondouter layer 1553, between theircentral portions 1552 and theiredge portions 1554, suitably seals and contains the edge of theelectrochromic layer 1561, theelectrolyte 1563, and thecounter electrode grid 1565, permitting the device to activate and deactivate when an electric charge is applied to thedevice 1550 through a power source (not shown) electrically coupled with thebusbars second adhesive seal 1573 seals theoutermost edge 1556 of the first outer layer 1551 and secondouter layer 1553, suitably isolating and insulating thebusbars edge portion 1554 and theoutermost edge 1556 of the first outer layer 1551 and the secondouter layer 1553 are surrounded by anedge trim 1587. Theedge trim 1587 in this embodiment is in the form of a clip assisting in holding together the components of thedevice 1550, including the first outer layer 1551 and the secondouter layer 1553, with theelectrode layers electrochromic layer 1561, theelectrolyte 1563, thecounter electrode grid 1565, the twobusbars -
FIGURE 19 is an exploded isometric view of awindow assembly 1600 including afirst window member 1610 having atransparent portion 1612 and anedge trim portion 1614. Similarly, an outer second window member 1620 includes atransparent portion 1622 and a mountingportion 1624. Anelectrochromic assembly 1650 is disposed between the first andsecond window members 1610, 1620. Passenger controls 1660 are disposed within theedge trim portion 1614 of thefirst window member 1610, in this example the inner window member for an aircraft, and are operatively coupled to theelectrochromic assembly 1650. The passenger controls 1660, for example, allow the passenger in the window seat to control theelectrochromic assembly 1650 as desired, subject to override signals from a master controller (not shown) as described with reference toFIGURES 11 and12 . - While preferred and alternate embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred and alternate embodiment.
- The present application discloses in particular the aspects defined in the following clauses which form part of the present description, but are not claims in accordance with decision J 15/88 of the Legal Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office.
- (1) An electrochromic device, comprising: at least one first area of a first electrochromic material arranged on a substrate; and at least one second area of a second electrochromic material arranged on the substrate.
- (2) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 1, further comprising: a controller arranged to electrically activate the first area and arranged to electrically activate the second area. - (3) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 1, wherein: the first area and the second area are arranged on the substrate to form a two- dimensional pattern of a first color and a second color on the substrate. - (4) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 1, further comprising: at least one third area of a third color electrochromic material arranged on the substrate. - (5) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 1, further comprising: an electrolyte including GBL. - (6) An electrochromic layer for an electrochromic device, comprising: a plurality of first pixels of a first color electrochromic material arranged on a substrate, and a plurality of second pixels of a second color electrochromic material arranged on the substrate, the second pixels interspersed at least in part with the first pixels to produce an appearance of a plurality of colors when at least one of the first color electrochromic material and the second color electrochromic material change between color states.
- (7) The electrochromic layer of any preceding clause, in particular clause 6, wherein the first color electrochromic material includes one of a red electrochromic material and a blue electrochromic material.
- (8) The electrochromic layer of any preceding clause, in particular clause 6, further comprising: a plurality of third pixels of a third color electrochromic material arranged on the substrate, the third pixels interspersed at least in part with the first pixels and the second pixels to produce an appearance of a plurality of colors when at least one of the first color electrochromic material, the second color electrochromic material, and the third color electrochromic material change between color states.
- (9) The electrochromic layer of any preceding clause, in particular clause 8, wherein the first color electrochromic material includes a red electrochromic material, the second electrochromic material includes a blue electrochromic material, and the third color electrochromic material includes a green electrochromic material.
- (10) The electrochromic layer of any preceding clause, in particular clause 8, wherein the first color electrochromic material includes a cyan electrochromic material, the second electrochromic material includes a magenta electrochromic material, and the third color electrochromic material includes a yellow electrochromic material.
- (11) A multi-color electrochromic device, the electrochromic device comprising: a first color electrochromic material; and a second color electrochromic material, the second color electrochromic material proximate to the first color electrochromic material to produce an appearance of a plurality of colors when at least one of the first color electrochromic material and the second color electrochromic material changes between states.
- (12) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 11, further comprising: a third color electrochromic material, the color electrochromic material proximate to the first color electrochromic material and the second color electrochromic material to produce an appearance of a plurality of colors when at least one of the first color electrochromic material, the second color electrochromic material, and the third color electrochromic material change states.
- (13) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 11, wherein the first color electrochromic material and the second color electrochromic material are interspersed in a pattern to form a multi-color design.
- (14) A multi-color electrochromic panel, comprising: an electrochromic layer bearing a plurality of colors of electrochromic material interspersed in a pattern to display an appearance of a plurality of visual colors upon the plurality of colors of electrochromic material changing color states; and a frame adapted to hold the electrochromic layer in a location desired to be alternately at least in part substantially transparent and at least in part displaying the plurality of colors.
- (15) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 14, wherein the plurality of colors of electrochromic material include a red electrochromic material and a blue electrochromic material.
- (16) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 14, wherein the plurality of colors of electrochromic material include a red electrochromic material, a blue electrochromic material, and a green electrochromic material.
- (17) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 14, wherein the plurality of colors of electrochromic material include a cyan electrochromic material, a magenta electrochromic material, and a yellow electrochromic material.
- (18) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 14, wherein the frame is adapted to hold the electrochromic layer in a vehicle.
- (19) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 18, wherein the vehicle is an aircraft.
- (20) The electrochromic panel of any preceding clause, in particular clause 18, wherein the frame is adapted to hold the electrochromic layer within a passenger compartment divider.
- (21) A method of operating a multi-color electrochromic display, comprising: providing at least one first area of first color electrochromic material on a substrate; providing at least one second area of second color electrochromic material on the substrate proximate to the second area; and activating at least one of the first area and the second area to change color states.
- (22) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 21, wherein providing the second area includes: installing on the substrate a plurality of areal densities of the second color electrochromic material interspersed within the first area to produce an appearance of a mixed color when the first color electrochromic material and the second color electrochromic material are activated.
- (23) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 21, wherein the first color electrochromic material includes one of a red electrochromic material, a blue electrochromic material, a green electrochromic material, a yellow electrochromic material, a magenta electrochromic material, and a cyan electrochromic material.
- (24) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 21, further comprising: providing at least one third area of a third color electrochromic material on the substrate proximate to the first area and the second area; and activating the third area of a third color electrochromic material to change color states.
- (25) A method for forming a multicolor electrochromic layer, comprising: masking a first portion of a substrate leaving unmasked a plurality of first unmasked areas; depositing a first color electrochromic material on the substrate in the plurality of first unmasked areas; unmasking the first portion of the substrate; and depositing a second color electrochromic material on the substrate on the first portion.
- (26) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25 wherein the masking a first portion includes applying an ablative mask.
- (27) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25 wherein the first portion includes a plurality of first pixels, and the first unmasked area includes a plurality of second pixels, the plurality of first pixels interspersed among the plurality of second pixels.
- (28) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25 wherein at least one of depositing the first color electrochromic material and depositing the second color electrochromic material includes sputter coating.
- (29) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25 wherein at least one of depositing the first color electrochromic material and depositing the second color electrochromic material includes jet printing.
- (30) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25 wherein at least one of depositing the first color electrochromic material and depositing the second color electrochromic material includes electro-polymerization.
- (31) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25, further comprising: masking a second portion of a substrate leaving unmasked a plurality of second unmasked areas; and depositing a third color electrochromic material on the substrate on the second unmasked areas.
- (32) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 25, wherein masking a first portion of a substrate leaving unmasked a plurality of first unmasked areas includes at least one of forming a portion of a design, a pattern, a logo, and a picture.
- (33) An electrochromic layer for a multi-color electrochromic device, the electrochromic layer comprising: a first plurality of pixels of a first color electrochromic material arranged on a substrate; and a second plurality of pixels of a second color electrochromic material arranged on the substrate, the second plurality of pixels interspersed at least in part with the first plurality of pixels.
- (34) A multi-color electrochromic device, the electrochromic device comprising: a first color electrochromic material; and a second color electrochromic material, the second color electrochromic material arranged proximate to the first color electrochromic material to form a two dimensional pattern.
- (35) A method of adjusting the natural lighting in an environment, comprising: providing a plurality of areas of first color electrochromic material on a substrate; providing a plurality of areas of second color electrochromic material on the substrate at least proximate to the plurality of areas of first color electrochromic material; positioning the substrate where the substrate may alter a natural light transmitted through the substrate; and activating at least one of the plurality of areas of first color electrochromic material and the plurality of areas of second color electrochromic material to change color states thereby adjusting the natural lighting in the environment.
- (36) An electrolyte for transmitting ions for an electrochromic device, the electrolyte comprising: a first solvent including gamma-butyrolactone; and a salt.
- (37) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 36, wherein the salt includes at least one of a lithium perchlorate and a trifluorosulfonimide.
- (38) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 36, further comprising a polymer matrix.
- (39) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 38, wherein the polymer matrix includes polymethylmethacrylate.
- (40) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 36, further comprising a gelling agent.
- (41) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 36, further comprising a second solvent.
- (42) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 41, wherein at least one the first and second solvents includes propylene carbonate.
- (43) An electrolyte for transmitting ions for an electrochromic device, the electrolyte comprising: gamma-butyrolactone; propylene carbonate; polymethylmethacrylate; and a salt.
- (44) The electrolyte of any preceding clause, in particular clause 43, wherein the salt includes one of lithium perchlorate and trifluorosulfonimide.
- (45) An electrochromic device comprising: a first electrode sheet, the first electrode sheet being substantially transparent; a second electrode sheet, the second electrode sheet being substantially transparent; an electrochromic polymer layer disposed between the first electrode sheet and the second electrode sheet; and a gel electrolyte disposed between the electrochromic polymer layer and one of the first electrode sheet and the second electrode sheet, the gel electrolyte including gamma-butyrolactone and a salt.
- (46) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 45, wherein at least one of the first and second electrode sheets comprises a tinted electrode sheet.
- (47) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 45, wherein the salt includes at least one of lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonimide, and combinations thereof.
- (48) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 45, wherein the gel electrolyte includes at least one of polymethylmethacrylate and propylene carbonate.
- (49) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 45, further comprising a frame adapted to hold the first electrode sheet, the second electrode sheet, the electrochromic polymer layer, and the gel electrolyte as a portion of a window assembly in an aircraft fuselage.
- (50) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 45, further comprising a frame adapted to hold the first electrode sheet, the second electrode sheet, the electrochromic polymer layer, and the gel electrolyte as a window shade for an aircraft window.
- (51) A method for conducting ions in an electrochromic device comprising: disassociating a salt into at least one component ion in an electrolyte in an electrochromic device, the electrolyte including gamma-butyrolactone; and conducting the at least one component ion in the electrolyte by applying an electric field.
- (52) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 51, wherein disassociating a salt includes disassociating at least one of a lithium perchlorate and a lithium trifluorosulfonimide.
- (53) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 51, wherein disassociating a salt into at least one component ion in an electrolyte includes disassociating a salt into at least one component ion in an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes at least one of polymethylmethacrylate and propylene carbonate.
- (54) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 51, wherein conducting the at least one component ion in the electrolyte by applying an electric field includes conducting the at least one component ion in the electrolyte by applying an electric field between a first sheet electrode and a second sheet electrode.
- (55) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 54, wherein at least one of the first and second sheet electrodes comprises a tinted sheet electrode.
- (56) A method for providing an extended life for an electrochromic device, comprising: disposing gamma-butyrolactone in an electrolyte in the electrochromic device.
- (57) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 56, further comprising operating the electrochromic device.
- (58) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 57, wherein operating the electrochromic device includes disassociating a salt into at least one component ion in the electrolyte containing gamma-butyrolactone.
- (59) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 57, wherein operating the electrochromic device includes conducting the at least one component ion in the electrolyte by applying an electric field between a first sheet electrode and a second sheet electrode.
- (60) An electrochromic device, comprising: an electrolyte having at least one salt dissolved in an effective amount of gamma-butyrolactone.
- (61) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 60, wherein the effective amount includes from 90% to 60% gamma-butyrolactone by weight, inclusive. - (62) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in
particular clause 60, wherein the effective amount includes from 65% to 75% gamma-butyrolactone by weight, inclusive. - (63) An electrochromic device comprising: an electrolyte including gamma-butyrolactone; and a plurality of pigments of electrochromic material.
- (64) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 63, further comprising first and second electrode sheets disposed on opposing sides of the electrolyte.
- (65) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 64, wherein at least one of the first and second electrode sheets comprises a tinted electrode sheet.
- (66) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 63, further comprising a salt disposed in the electrolyte.
- (67) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 66, wherein the salt includes at least one of lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonimide, and combinations thereof.
- (68) The electrochromic device of any preceding clause, in particular clause 63, wherein the electrolyte includes at least one of polymethylmethacrylate and propylene carbonate.
- (69) An electrochromic system, comprising: a plurality of electrochromic devices; a plurality of control modules, each control module being operatively coupled to at least one electrochromic device and adapted to controllably adjust an electric field to activate and de-activate the device; and at least one main controller operatively coupled to the devices and adapted to simultaneously adjust the electric fields of a selected set of the devices to activate and de-activate the set.
- (70) The electrochromic system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 69, wherein at least one electrochromic device is disposed adjacent to a transparent window.
- (71) The electrochromic system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 69, wherein at least one electrochromic device is integrally formed with the transparent window.
- (72) The electrochromic system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 69, wherein at least one electrochromic device includes: a first transparent electrode; a second transparent electrode operatively positioned with and spaced apart from the first transparent electrode; an electrochromic layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and adjacent the electrochromic layer.
- (73) The electrochromic system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 69, further comprising a power source operatively coupled to at least one of the main controller, the plurality of control modules, and the plurality of electrochromic devices.
- (74) The electrochromic system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 69, wherein the plurality of electrochromic devices includes at least one polychromatic electrochromic device.
- (75) A window system, comprising: a main controller operatively coupled to first and second zones, respectively, wherein the first zone includes: a first plurality of window assemblies, each window assembly having an operative electrochromic device; at least one control module operatively coupled to at least one electrochromic device and adapted to controllably adjust an electric field to control the device; and wherein the second zone includes: a second plurality of window assemblies, each window assembly having an operative electrochromic device; at least one control module operatively coupled to at least one electrochromic device and adapted to controllably adjust an electric field to control the device; and wherein the main controller is adapted to adjust the electric fields of the plurality of electrochromic devices of the first and second zones to provide zonal control of the electrochromic devices.
- (76) The window system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 75, wherein at least one electrochromic device is integrally formed with the window assembly.
- (77) The window system of clause 75, wherein at least one electrochromic device includes: a first transparent electrode; a second transparent electrode operatively positioned with and spaced apart from the first transparent electrode; an electrochromic layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and adjacent the electrochromic layer.
- (78) The window system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 75, further comprising a power source operatively coupled to at least one of the main controller, the first zone, and the second zone.
- (79) The window system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 75, wherein at least one zone further comprises a plurality of overhead electronic units coupled between the zone switch and at least one control module.
- (80) The window system of clause 79, further comprising at least one light operatively coupled to each overhead electronic unit.
- (81) The window system of clause 79, wherein the first plurality of window assemblies are arranged in a first area of an aircraft passenger cabin, and wherein the second plurality of window assemblies are arranged in a second area of an aircraft passenger cabin.
- (82) A structure, comprising: a plurality of windows, a window control assembly operatively associated with the windows, the window control assembly including: a plurality of electrochromic devices, each electrochromic device being operatively associated with a respective window; a plurality of control modules, each control module being operatively coupled to at least one electrochromic device and adapted to controllably adjust an electric field to activate and de-activate the device; and a main controller operatively coupled to the devices and adapted to adjust the electric fields of the devices to activate and de-activate the devices in a selected manner.
- (83) The structure of any preceding clause, in particular clause 82, wherein each electrochromic device operatively forms a shade for a window.
- (84) The structure of any preceding clause, in particular clause 83, wherein each control module is positioned to be accessible to a seated user.
- (85) The structure of any preceding clause, in particular clause 82, wherein the main controller is spaced apart from the control modules 86. An aircraft, comprising: a fuselage operatively coupled to an airframe; a plurality of window assemblies formed within at least one of the fuselage and the airframe; and a services system disposed within the fuselage, the services system including: a plurality of lighting assemblies; a plurality of control modules, each control module being operatively coupled to at least one of the lighting assemblies; a window control system including a plurality of electrically operated shades, each shade being operatively associated with a respective one of the window assemblies and operatively coupled to at least one control module, wherein the control module is adapted to controllably activate and de-activate the shade; and a main controller operatively coupled to the shades and adapted to adjust the shades to activate and de-activate the plurality of shades in a selected manner.
- (87) The aircraft of any preceding clause, in particular clause 86, wherein each shade is operatively disposed adjacent to a window assembly.
- (88) The aircraft of any preceding clause, in particular clause 86, wherein each shade is a component of a window assembly.
- (89) The aircraft of any preceding clause, in particular clause 86, wherein at least one of the electrically operated shades includes: a first transparent electrode; a second transparent electrode operatively positioned with and spaced apart from the first transparent electrode; an electrochromic layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and adjacent the electrochromic layer.
- (90) A method of controlling light through a plurality of windows, comprising: providing at least one electrochromic device operatively associated with each window; providing a plurality of control modules, each control module being operatively coupled to at least one electrochromic device and adapted to controllably activate and de-activate at least one device; providing a main controller operatively coupled to the devices and adapted to control the devices in a selected manner. adjusting a characteristic color of at least some of the devices.
- (91) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 90, wherein adjusting the characteristic color of at least some of the devices includes adjusting the devices using the main controller.
- (92) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 91, wherein adjusting the devices using the main controller includes overriding a control signal from at least one control module.
- (93) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 90, wherein the devices function as a shade for a window.
- (94) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 90, wherein the control modules are arranged in rows and are associated with aircraft seats to be accessible to seated passengers.
- (95) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 90, wherein the main controller is accessible to an aircraft passenger attendant.
- (96) An electrochromic system, comprising: an electrochromic device; a control module operatively coupled to the electrochromic device and adapted to controllably activate and de-activate the electrochromic device; and a main controller operatively coupled to the device and adapted to override the control module to controllably activate and de-activate the device.
- (97) The system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 95, further comprising a window member operatively associated with the electrochromic device.
- (98) A method of adjusting a lighting level in a passenger cabin of a vehicle, comprising: providing an electrochromic device operatively associated with a window of the vehicle; providing a control module operatively coupled to the electrochromic device and adapted to controllably activate and de-activate the electrochromic device; providing a main controller operatively coupled to at least one of the control module and the electrochromic device; adjusting a characteristic of the electrochromic device by controllably adjusting the control module; and adjusting the characteristic of the electrochromic device by overriding the control module using the main controller.
- (99) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 97, wherein the electrochromic device operates as a shade for the window.
- (100) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 97, wherein adjusting a characteristic of the electrochromic device includes adjusting opacity.
- (101) The method of any preceding clause, in particular clause 97, wherein adjusting a characteristic of the electrochromic device includes adjusting an electric field coupled to the device.
- (102) A system for controlling the environment in a passenger cabin of a vehicle, comprising: at least one individual environment control located near a seat in the cabin; a crew-control override arranged to override the control; and; a processor arranged to automatically override the control in response to a selected flight/trip condition.
- (103) The system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 102, wherein the control operates a shade for a window.
- (104) The system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 102, wherein the control operates an electrochromic device.
- (105) An aircraft passenger cabin, comprising- at least one window; at least one shade arranged to operatively shade the window; at least one seat control arranged to operate the shade; at least one override, arranged to allow a crew member to override the seat control; and at least one processor arranged to automatically set the shade based upon a flight/trip condition.
- (106) The system of any preceding clause, in particular clause 105, wherein the shade includes an electrochromic device
- There is disclosed an apparatus and methods for multi-color electrochromic devices. In one embodiment, pixels of a first color electrochromic material (i.e. pigment) are arranged in first areas on a substrate with pixels of a second color electrochromic material in second areas to define a two-dimensional pattern of the first and second color on the substrate. When the applied electric field or current supplied to each pixel is changed, the device may produce the respective colors of the electrochromic materials and may produce a blended color because of the arrangement of the pixels. In accordance with further aspects of the invention, the electrochromic materials may form a design, pattern, logo, or picture when the electrochromic materials are activated. In yet further aspects of the invention, a substrate is masked and unmasked as a plurality of colors are applied to the substrate to produce a multi-color electrochromic display.
Claims (15)
- Window dimming system (1000) for an aircraft (1200) comprising:a plurality of electrochromic devices (1050),at least one cabin attendant control panel (1002) operatively coupled to a first zone (1010) and a second zone (1020), each zone (1010, 1020) including a zone control box (1012, 1022) operatively coupled to the cabin attendant control panel (1002) and to a power source (1030),wherein each zone control box (1012, 1022) is adapted to receive control data (1003) from the at least one cabin attendant control panel (1002) and is responsible for relaying the control data (1003) to appropriate electrochromic devices (1050) of the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050),wherein each zone (1010, 1020) includes a plurality of lighting control modules (1014, 1024), which are operatively coupled to a plurality of passenger control panels (1049),wherein the plurality of passenger control panels (1049) are separately connected to an associated electrochromic device (1050) of the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050) and are adapted to be adjustably controlled by a passenger to vary the color or opacity of the associated electrochromic panel (705), andwherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) is adapted to override the passenger control panels (1049) of a particular passenger or a selected group of passengers as necessary for a desired lighting condition.
- Window dimming system according to claim 1, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) and/or the plurality of passenger control panels (1049) are coupled to the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050) via conductive members.
- Window dimming system according to claim 1, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) and/or the plurality of passenger control panels (1049) are coupled to the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050) in a wireless manner.
- Window dimming system according to claim 3, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) is incorporated into a portable remote control unit adapted to be carried by an attendant.
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein exactly one passenger control panel (1049) of the plurality of passenger control panels (1049) is coupled to each of the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050).
- Window dimming system according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein multiple control panels (1049) of the plurality of passenger control panels (1049) are coupled to one of the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050).
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the window dimming system adapted to establish a hierarchy of control authority between the plurality of passenger control panels (1049).
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) is adapted to address one, several, all, or any other desired combination of the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050).
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) includes or is linked to a computer processor (1007) adapted to provide for computerized or automated control of the electrochromic devices (1050).
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) through processor (1007) is programmed to change the opacity of all electrochromic devices (1050).
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the cabin attendant control panel (1002) is programmed to change state automatically when a sufficient amount of light is sensed within a cabin of an aircraft.
- Window dimming system according to any preceding claim, wherein the window dimming system is operated by means of the lighting control modules (1014, 1024) and the cabin attendant control panel (1002) which are adapted to controllably vary the polarity and strength of electric fields powered by the power source (1030).
- Aircraft comprising a plurality of windows and a window dimming system according to any preceding claim wherein the plurality of electrochromic devices (1050) are adjacent the windows.
- Aircraft according to claim 13, wherein the window dimming system is adapted to provide a mode of operation, where each passenger within a cabin of the aircraft may be permitted to control the opacity of his or her electrochromic device (1050) using the associated passenger control module (1049).
- Aircraft according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the window dimming system is configured according to claim 7, and wherein the hierarchy of control authority is adapted as a descending control authority with increasing distance from the respective window.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US55258904P | 2004-03-12 | 2004-03-12 | |
US55260604P | 2004-03-12 | 2004-03-12 | |
US55245304P | 2004-03-12 | 2004-03-12 | |
US10/974,251 US7450294B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2004-10-27 | Multi-color electrochromic apparatus and methods |
PCT/US2005/006149 WO2005093507A2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-02-25 | Multi-color sytems, low vapor pressure solvent, and array dimming controls for electrochromic devices |
EP05714087A EP1730583A2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-02-25 | Multi-color systems, low vapor pressure solvent, and array dimming controls for electrochromic devices |
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EP05714087A Division EP1730583A2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-02-25 | Multi-color systems, low vapor pressure solvent, and array dimming controls for electrochromic devices |
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EP2799927A1 true EP2799927A1 (en) | 2014-11-05 |
EP2799927B1 EP2799927B1 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
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EP14171333.9A Active EP2799927B1 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-02-25 | Aircraft with a window dimming system comprising electrochromic devices |
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EP1730583A2 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
JP5941622B2 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
WO2005093507A3 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
EP2799927B1 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
US20080259433A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
JP5599551B2 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
US7450294B2 (en) | 2008-11-11 |
KR101157331B1 (en) | 2012-06-15 |
KR20070006793A (en) | 2007-01-11 |
WO2005093507A2 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
US20050200937A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
JP2011170364A (en) | 2011-09-01 |
JP2007529036A (en) | 2007-10-18 |
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