EP2784392B1 - Flame sensor - Google Patents

Flame sensor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2784392B1
EP2784392B1 EP13001535.7A EP13001535A EP2784392B1 EP 2784392 B1 EP2784392 B1 EP 2784392B1 EP 13001535 A EP13001535 A EP 13001535A EP 2784392 B1 EP2784392 B1 EP 2784392B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation detector
radiation
screen
combustion
detector according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP13001535.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2784392A1 (en
Inventor
Martin Steiner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Zosen Innova AG
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Hitachi Zosen Innova AG
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Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Zosen Innova AG filed Critical Hitachi Zosen Innova AG
Priority to PL13001535T priority Critical patent/PL2784392T3/en
Priority to EP13001535.7A priority patent/EP2784392B1/en
Priority to ES13001535.7T priority patent/ES2604027T3/en
Publication of EP2784392A1 publication Critical patent/EP2784392A1/en
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Publication of EP2784392B1 publication Critical patent/EP2784392B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/002—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor characterised by their grates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/08—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
    • F23G2203/101—Furnace arrangements with stepped or inclined grate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/101—Arrangement of sensing devices for temperature
    • F23G2207/1015—Heat pattern monitoring of flames
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/20—Waste supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/30—Oxidant supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
    • F23N2229/16—Flame sensors using two or more of the same types of flame sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
    • F23N2229/18—Flame sensor cooling means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2241/00—Applications
    • F23N2241/18—Incinerating apparatus

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a radiation detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range emitted in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant.
  • the invention further relates to a measuring device comprising such a radiation detector and a device for determining the temperature according to claim 11.
  • the solid to be burned in a furnace is passed over a combustion grate, e.g. a feed combustion grate, promoted, wherein for the combustion of primary air is supplied.
  • a combustion grate e.g. a feed combustion grate, promoted, wherein for the combustion of primary air is supplied.
  • the combustion grate is subdivided into four to five zones which correspond to the individual combustion phases, i. drying, ignition, burning and annealing.
  • the control of the combustion process can be ensured by the individual control of each zone.
  • the solid present in the form of slag at the end of the combustion chamber is discharged into a purifier.
  • This problem can be counteracted, for example, by setting individual combustion parameters, such as the delivery rate of the combustion grate or the amount of primary air supplied, as a function of the presence of still combustible constituents.
  • temperature sensors can be used, on the basis of which a profile of the temperature present in the combustion chamber can be created, which can be used as a controlled variable for the combustion.
  • DD-A-292,068 a method is described in which the emanating from the combustion process radiation by means of a thermographic or infrared camera is measured or by means of individual detectors, each of which emits an output signal at a prevailing temperature in the field of view.
  • temperature measuring devices have the disadvantage that the temperature present in one zone can often only be measured with insufficient accuracy, since the heat radiation of adjacent zones can falsify the measurement result. For example, a measurement of the temperature present in the burnout zone is often inaccurate, because the heat radiation generated in the main combustion zone radiates into the burnout zone. Incidentally, the temperature measuring devices are exposed to high temperatures, which shortens their life and thus makes relatively frequent replacement or intensive maintenance necessary.
  • the aim is to provide a method for burning solid in a waste incineration plant, which makes it possible to correctively intervene not only in a rotary discharge of still combustible components from the furnace, but the combustion on the combustion grate as a whole in a way to respond sufficiently early to shift the firing end position to the outlet.
  • the intensity of the respectively emitted electromagnetic energy is determined by means of a plurality of radiation detectors, of which a first part is directed to a first region of the burnout zone and a second part is directed to a second region of the burnout zone, which is offset relative to the first region in the conveying direction Radiation is measured in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range and from this the combustion is regulated.
  • the combustion grate is divided into several tracks in the direction transverse to the direction of conveyance, in principle, any conceivable number of tracks is possible. In this case, at least two of the radiation detectors are assigned to each track.
  • firing end position is understood to mean that position on the combustion grate where the combustion bed passes to inert ash.
  • the mean firing end position on the combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the combustion grate can then be determined.
  • the middle fire end position on the entire combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the entire combustion grate By controlling the combustion due to the firing end position on the individual webs, the middle fire end position on the entire combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the entire combustion grate, local conditions on the combustion grate can be adequately taken into account.
  • individual control variables for the affected path (s) can be set in a targeted manner.
  • a discharge of combustible components can thus be prevented in a rapid and accurate manner, without about an excess of primary air (and thus an undesirable reduction in temperature) is supplied or the delivery rate of the combustion grate is lowered where this is not necessary ,
  • grate element is to be interpreted broadly and includes in particular grate blocks, but also grate bars and grate plates. If the term “individual grate elements” is used in connection with the stroke length, the delivery rate or the supplied primary air volume flow, this includes both embodiments in which the corresponding parameter (s) are set separately for each individual grate element as well as embodiments the corresponding parameter (s) for the individual grate elements are set together. According to a particular embodiment, the term “individual grate elements” refers to all grate elements of a defined region of the combustion grate, in particular a defined zone of the grate.
  • the combustion is controlled in the burnout zone.
  • burn-out zone is understood to be the last zone of the combustion grate, which is considered to be the last in the conveying direction and thus arranged immediately before the outlet, in which the combustion is completed.
  • the present invention allows Information also conclusions about the usually occurring in the main combustion zone main combustion.
  • the method allows total combustion to be controlled, i. Also in a zone upstream of the burn-out zone, it is possible to anticipate in good time or counteract this by appropriately setting, for example, the delivery rate of individual grate elements or of the supplied primary air volume flow of an undesired displacement of the final firing position.
  • the method additionally comprises the step of determining the intensity of the background radiation emitted in the main combustion zone arranged upstream of the burnup zone, and subtracting the intensity of the determined background radiation from the intensity of the radiation detected in the burnout zone.
  • the resulting radiation intensity then corresponds to that of the radiation actually emitted in the burnout zone.
  • the determination of the background radiation can take place, for example, by determining the fire power present in the main combustion zone, which in turn can be obtained via the measured steam output.
  • the radiation detectors are located on the furnace ceiling extending above the combustion grate. They can protrude into the firebox or be set back (ie not projecting into the firebox).
  • a first part of the radiation detectors is arranged essentially in a first line extending transversely to the conveying direction and a second part of the radiation detectors substantially in a second line parallel to the first line.
  • the method relates to a waste incineration plant with a support burner system. This makes it possible to calibrate or correct the radiation detectors during commissioning of the waste incineration plant and thus compensate for installation-related differences in the radiation detectors.
  • the waste incineration plant and in particular the combustion chamber preferably has additional means for the controlled generation of radiation in the visible and / or ultraviolet spectral range. These means are used in said embodiment instead of the support burner system for the calibration or correction of installation-related differences of the radiation detectors.
  • the present invention relates to a radiation detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range emitted in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant according to claim 1.
  • EP-A-0717266 A method is described in which the discharge area of the grate is observed for occurrence of light emissions from the ash.
  • the light is collected by a present in the form of a glass rod sensor element, wherein it is essential that this is arranged at a safe distance from the furnace to overheating and a To avoid pollution.
  • the viewing angle of the glass rod is thus according to EP-A-0716266 limited to 10 ° to 30 °.
  • EP-A-0716266 has the disadvantage that several of the relatively expensive sensor elements are necessary to ensure on the one hand a meaningful coverage of the area to be monitored and on the other hand to enable a separate evaluation of individual sections of this area in terms of increased resolution.
  • each individual sensor element In order to ensure that there is seamless coverage of the monitored area, each individual sensor element must be aligned with respect to the alignment of each further sensor element, which is relatively expensive.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device for the detection of flames in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant, which can be easily configured and which at the same time allows to monitor a relatively large area of the fuel bed and several seamlessly adjacent cutouts to evaluate this area separately.
  • the radiation detector according to the invention is aligned with the detection of flames, it is also referred to as "pyrodetector".
  • the radiation detector according to the invention comprises a screen, which in one against the interior of the furnace directed proximal end portion of the radiation detector is arranged.
  • the screen is designed to receive light emitted during combustion.
  • the radiation detector further comprises at least one optical sensor for determining the intensity of the recorded radiation.
  • optical sensor is thus a sensor for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible to human spectral range, i. at a wavelength of about 380 to about 780 nm, or in the ultraviolet spectral range, i. with a wavelength of less than 380 nm.
  • the optical sensor of the present invention is a photodiode or a phototransistor, which the person skilled in the art knows how to select depending on the objective of the radiation detector.
  • the radiation detector of the present invention is now characterized in that it has a pinhole through which the light is projected onto the screen, and the screen is arranged so that it lies in the interior of the firing chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector and in two or two more segments is divided, each segment individually associated with an optical sensor.
  • the radiation detector of the present invention allows a greatly enlarged viewing angle due to the features that the screen is located inside the firebox and that the light is projected onto the screen through a pinhole. Consequently, a much larger area compared to the prior art can be monitored.
  • a very large increase in the angle of view can be achieved, for example, by a suitable design of the pinhole. As explained below, this is usually formed by an opening, whereby a very large area can be captured according to the principle of the pinhole camera. The use of a temperature-sensitive lens can thus be avoided according to the invention.
  • the radiation detector of the present invention includes the feature that the screen is divided into two or more segments, with each segment being individually associated with an optical sensor.
  • the radiation detector is aligned approximately with the burnout zone, it is possible according to the invention to determine the light intensity of individual subzones.
  • the according to EP-A-0716266 Information obtainable only by a plurality of devices can thus be obtained according to the present invention by means of a single radiation detector.
  • the radiation detector furthermore comprises a light guide arranged between the screen and the at least one optical sensor.
  • a light guide arranged between the screen and the at least one optical sensor.
  • the at least one optical sensor is arranged in a distal end region opposite the proximal end region and thus at a maximum distance from the combustion chamber.
  • the at least one optical sensor is arranged such that it is outside the combustion chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector.
  • the radiation detector also comprises a sleeve which surrounds at least the screen and optionally the part of the light guide, which projects into the combustion chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector.
  • the sleeve has primarily the function to protect the temperature-sensitive components of the radiation detector, ie in particular the screen and the light guide. Due to its function, the sleeve is preferably made of a temperature-resistant material, in particular of steel or ceramic.
  • the pinhole is particularly preferably formed by an opening in the proximal front wall of the sleeve, wherein the space bounded by the shield and the sleeve forms a pinhole camera, which - as stated above - allows a relatively large area of the Depicting combustion grates.
  • this embodiment makes it possible to provide a particularly robust and, due to its simple design, also a very cost-effective radiation detector.
  • the sleeve comprises a port for supplying a cooling medium.
  • the connection is a purge air connection.
  • This embodiment makes it possible, on the one hand, to cool the interior of the sleeve connected to the connection, and thus, in particular, the screen and the part of the light guide projecting into the combustion chamber, whereby the service life of the radiation detector can be increased.
  • the pinhole is formed by an opening in the front wall of the sleeve
  • the opening is continuously cleaned by the cooling medium flowing through the opening. Due to the relatively small diameter of the opening, a relatively small amount of scavenging air, which practically does not affect the temperature in the combustion chamber, is sufficient for the cleaning.
  • the screen is preferably arranged in such a way that, in the assembled state, it is aligned with the burn-out zone of the combustion chamber.
  • the radiation detector may also be aligned with the center of the furnace (ie, the burnup or main combustion zone) to determine the firing end position. In order to determine a possible burn-back, it is also conceivable to direct the device to the ram area of the combustion chamber.
  • the radiation detector according to the invention allows a separate evaluation of the radiation intensity of seamlessly adjacent zones, so-called escalation stages can be reliably determined. If radiation signals are detected simultaneously in several zones, in particular the main combustion zone and the burn-out zone, or in several regions of a certain zone, in particular the burn-out zone, this leads to the conclusion that the burn-up in the main combustion zone is inadequate and the combustion parameters in this zone are therefore insufficient not optimal are set. If, on the other hand, only isolated and temporally staggered radiation signals are detected, this indicates rather the occurrence of isolated lumps of heavily combustible material, which do not completely burn off even if the combustion parameters are optimally adjusted.
  • the light guide is formed of a transparent, translucent material.
  • the light-conducting material of the light guide is preferably air.
  • the light guide is subdivided by means of at least one opaque separation.
  • the separations may be in the form of a cross-sectionally cross-shaped web.
  • the separation is usually made of a temperature-resistant material. If, as described above, there is a sleeve, then it is conceivable in particular that the separation is made of the same material as the sleeve.
  • the radiation detector according to the invention can be mounted by means of a flange provided for a commonly used temperature sensor, usually arranged in the ceiling of the combustion chamber. Due to this, it is preferable that the outer periphery of the radiation detector corresponds to the outer periphery of a conventional temperature sensor.
  • the radiation detector of the present invention is typically focused by a fine thread on the area to be monitored in the furnace.
  • the radiation detector 2 comprises a proximal end region 4, which is directed towards the interior of the combustion chamber 6 in the mounted state, and a distal end region 8 arranged opposite the proximal end region 4.
  • a shield 10 is arranged, to which towards the distal End region 8 toward a light guide 12 connects.
  • a plate 14 At the distal end region 8 facing the end of the light guide 12 is followed by a plate 14, at the - as in Fig. 3 is shown - optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d are arranged to determine the light intensity.
  • the radiation detector 2 is arranged on the ceiling 17 of the furnace so that the screen 10 is located inside the furnace 6 and the plate 14 surrounding the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d lies outside the furnace 6.
  • the screen 10 and the light guide 12 are divided into four segments 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d and 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, the subdivision being effected by means of a separation 19 comprising two partitions 18a, 18b, which in FIG run to each other at right angles extending planes and intersect in the middle, so that the separation 19 is cross-shaped in cross-section.
  • Each of the segments 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d of the screen 10 or each segment 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d of the light guide 12 is individually associated with an optical sensor 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d.
  • the in Fig. 1 and 2 radiation detector shown also comprises a hollow cylindrical sleeve 20 made of temperature-resistant material, which surrounds the screen 10, the light guide 12 and the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and which has a substantially circular opening in its proximal terminal front wall 22, as a pinhole 24 acts.
  • the pinhole 24 is spaced from the screen 10 such that the image of the area to be monitored through the pinhole on the Umbrella 10 is projected and this preferably substantially fills.
  • the area to be monitored corresponds to the burn-out zone 26 of the combustion grate 27.
  • the light emitted by a flame 28 in the burn-out zone 26 is thus projected through the pinhole 24 onto the screen 10 and via the light guide 12 to the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c 16d for measuring the light intensity.
  • the combustion grate 27 in the direction transverse to the conveying direction F is divided into a plurality of tracks, in the concrete case in four lanes I, II, II, IV, divided. Of course, more than four lanes are conceivable.
  • the individual webs are in turn subdivided into individual regions when viewed in the conveying direction F, wherein the burn-out zone 26 is arranged in the regions arranged directly in front of the outlet.
  • the individual railways are subdivided into five areas each: Rail I into the areas I.1, I.2, I.3, I.4 and I.5, Rail II into the areas II.1, II.2 , II.3, II.4 and II.5 etc., whereby the burn-out zone in I.4, 1.5, II.4, II.5, III.4, III.5 and IV.4, IV. 5 is arranged.
  • the respective web is also associated with a respective first area upstream feed plunger 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d, by means of which the combustion grate 27 is charged with solid.
  • a first part 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d is now on a first region of the burn-out zone 26, namely in each case on the region I.4, II.4, III.4 or IV.4 and a second part 2a '. 2b ', 2c', 2d 'are offset in relation to the first region in the conveying direction F. arranged second region of the Ausbrandzone 26 directed, namely in each case to the area I.5, II.5, II.5 and IV.5. Consequently, each track is assigned in each case two of the radiation detectors 2.
  • the intensity of the respectively emitted electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range is measured by means of the radiation detectors 2.
  • the firing end position on the individual webs can be determined, by virtue of which, in turn, the mean firing end position on the combustion grate and / or the fire end line 32 on the combustion grate can be determined.
  • This points in the in Fig. 4 shown representation of a tongue shape.
  • the average firing end position on the entire combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the entire combustion grate can be adequately taken into account.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Strahlungsdetektor zur Detektion von in einem Feuerraum einer Müllverbrennungsanlage emittierter elektromagnetischer Strahlung im sichtbaren oder ultravioletten Spektralbereich gemäss Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Die Erfindung betrifft weiter eine Messeinrichtung umfassend einen solchen Strahlungsdetektor und eine Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Temperatur gemäss Anspruch 11.The present invention relates to a radiation detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range emitted in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant. The invention further relates to a measuring device comprising such a radiation detector and a device for determining the temperature according to claim 11.

Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Feststoff in einer Müllverbrennungsanlage sind dem Fachmann bestens bekannt. Dabei wird in der Regel der zu verbrennende Feststoff in einem Feuerraum über einen Verbrennungsrost, z.B. einen Vorschub-Verbrennungsrost, gefördert, wobei zur Verbrennung Primärluft zugeführt wird. Im Allgemeinen ist der Verbrennungsrost in vier bis fünf Zonen unterteilt, welche den einzelnen Verbrennungsphasen, d.h. der Trocknung, der Zündung, dem Abbrand und dem Ausglühen entsprechen. Die Kontrolle des Verbrennungsablaufs kann dabei durch die individuelle Regelung einer jeden Zone gewährleistet werden. Nach erfolgter Verbrennung wird der am Ende des Feuerraums in Form von Schlacke vorliegende Feststoff in einen Entschlacker ausgetragen.Methods for burning solid in a waste incineration plant are well known to those skilled in the art. As a rule, the solid to be burned in a furnace is passed over a combustion grate, e.g. a feed combustion grate, promoted, wherein for the combustion of primary air is supplied. In general, the combustion grate is subdivided into four to five zones which correspond to the individual combustion phases, i. drying, ignition, burning and annealing. The control of the combustion process can be ensured by the individual control of each zone. After combustion, the solid present in the form of slag at the end of the combustion chamber is discharged into a purifier.

Bei den gängigen Verfahren tritt oft das Problem auf, dass der Feststoff nicht vollständig ausbrennt und somit noch verbrennbare Bestandteile in den Entschlacker gelangen können, was aus mehrfacher Hinsicht nachteilig ist. So wird einerseits die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Müllverbrennungsanlage vermindert. Andererseits ist die Deponiefähigkeit von nicht vollständig ausgebrannter Schlacke eingeschränkt.In common processes often the problem arises that the solid does not burn out completely and thus still get combustible components in the Entschlacker can, which is disadvantageous from several points of view. On the one hand, the profitability of the waste incineration plant is reduced. On the other hand, the landfill capability of incompletely spent slag is limited.

Diesem Problem kann etwa dadurch begegnet werden, dass einzelne Verbrennungsparameter, wie etwa die Förderrate des Verbrennungsrostes oder die zugeführte Primärluftmenge, in Abhängigkeit der Anwesenheit noch verbrennbarer Bestandteile eingestellt wird.This problem can be counteracted, for example, by setting individual combustion parameters, such as the delivery rate of the combustion grate or the amount of primary air supplied, as a function of the presence of still combustible constituents.

In der Regel können solche noch verbrennbaren Bestandteile von Auge festgestellt werden. So wird in gängigen Müllverbrennungsanlagen die sog. Ausbrandzone daraufhin beobachtet, ob in dieser noch Flammen gebildet werden. Ist dies der Fall, so kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass noch verbrennbare Bestandteile vorliegen, welchen etwa mit einer Verminderung der Förderrate des Verbrennungsrostes und/oder einer Erhöhung der zugeführten Primärluftmenge begegnet werden kann.As a rule, such still combustible constituents can be detected by eye. Thus, in conventional waste incineration plants, the so-called burn-out zone is then observed as to whether flames are still forming in it. If this is the case, it can be assumed that there are still combustible components which can be counteracted, for example, by a reduction in the delivery rate of the combustion grate and / or an increase in the amount of primary air supplied.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich dazu können Temperatursensoren verwendet werden, aufgrund derer ein Profil der im Feuerraum vorliegenden Temperatur erstellt werden kann, welche als Regelgrösse für die Verbrennung verwendet werden kann.Alternatively or additionally, temperature sensors can be used, on the basis of which a profile of the temperature present in the combustion chamber can be created, which can be used as a controlled variable for the combustion.

In diesem Zusammenhang offenbart etwa die EP-A-0696708 ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Feuerung bei Verbrennungsanlagen, bei dem die sich aus der Verbrennung ergebende Temperatur als direkte oder indirekte Regelgrösse verwendet wird.In this context, about the EP-A-0696708 a combustion control system for incinerators, where the temperature resulting from combustion is used as a direct or indirect controlled variable.

Weiter offenbart etwa die EP-A-0458822 ein Verfahren, in dem die von einzelnen Verbrennungsrostzonen des Rostes ausgehende und der Gutbetttemperatur entsprechende Infrarotstrahlung mittels einer Thermographie- bzw. Infrarotkamera erfasst und in Abhängigkeit vom Vergleich der erfassten flächenmässigen Temperaturverteilung mit einer vorgegebenen Temperaturverteilung die zugeführte Primärluft und die Transportgeschwindigkeit des Brennstoffs in einzelnen Zonen geregelt wird.Next revealed about the EP-A-0458822 a method in which the emanating from individual combustion grate zones of the grate and the good bed temperature corresponding infrared radiation detected by a thermographic or infrared camera and regulated depending on the comparison of the detected area temperature distribution with a predetermined temperature distribution, the primary air supplied and the transport speed of the fuel in individual zones becomes.

Ferner wird in der DD-A-292 068 ein Verfahren beschrieben, in dem die vom Verbrennungsprozess ausgehende Strahlung mittels einer Thermographie- oder Infrarotkamera gemessen wird oder aber mittels Einzeldetektoren, von denen jeder bei einer im Blickfeld herrschenden Temperatur ein Ausgangssignal abgibt.Furthermore, in the DD-A-292,068 a method is described in which the emanating from the combustion process radiation by means of a thermographic or infrared camera is measured or by means of individual detectors, each of which emits an output signal at a prevailing temperature in the field of view.

Allerdings haben solche Temperaturmessvorrichtungen den Nachteil, dass die in einer Zone vorliegende Temperatur häufig nur mit einer unzureichenden Genauigkeit gemessen werden kann, da die Wärmestrahlung benachbarter Zonen das Messresultat verfälschen kann. So ist etwa eine Messung der in der Ausbrandzone vorliegenden Temperatur oft ungenau, weil die in der Hauptverbrennungszone erzeugte Wärmestrahlung in die Ausbrandzone hineinstrahlt. Im Übrigen sind die Temperaturmessvorrichtungen hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt, was deren Lebensdauer verkürzt und somit ein relativ häufiges Ersetzen bzw. eine intensive Wartung notig macht.However, such temperature measuring devices have the disadvantage that the temperature present in one zone can often only be measured with insufficient accuracy, since the heat radiation of adjacent zones can falsify the measurement result. For example, a measurement of the temperature present in the burnout zone is often inaccurate, because the heat radiation generated in the main combustion zone radiates into the burnout zone. Incidentally, the temperature measuring devices are exposed to high temperatures, which shortens their life and thus makes relatively frequent replacement or intensive maintenance necessary.

In S. Zipser et al, "Anwendung des INSPECT-Systems zur kamerabasierten Analyse von Verbrennungsprozessen am Beispiel der thermischen Abfallbehandlung", Wissenschaftliche Berichte des Forschungszentrums Karlsruhe, 2005, Seiten 26 bis 35 , wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, in dem zur Optimierung des Feststoffausbrands das Brennbettende mit Hilfe von Videokameras beobachtet wird. Die hierfür eingesetzten Videokameras sind in der Regel allerdings teuer und temperaturempfindlich.In S. Zipser et al, "Application of the INSPECT system for camera-based analysis of combustion processes using the example of thermal waste treatment", Scientific Reports of Forschungszentrum Jülich Karlsruhe, 2005, pages 26 to 35 , a method is described in which, to optimize the Feststoffausbrands the fuel bed end is observed by means of video cameras. The video cameras used for this are usually expensive and temperature sensitive.

Ein weiteres Verfahren wird in der EP-A-0716266 beschrieben. Dabei wird der Austrag- bzw. Abfuhrbereich des Rostes auf Auftreten von Lichtemissionen aus der Asche beobachtet. Die dadurch erhaltene Information soll lediglich dazu dienen, den Abwurf von Brennbarem in die Asche zu minimieren, sie ist allerdings nicht dazu geeignet, um die Verbrennung auf dem Verbrennungsrost insgesamt zu regeln. Insbesondere kann auf eine Verschiebung der Feuerendposition zum Auslass hin (und damit auf ein erhöhtes Risiko, dass nicht vollständig verbrannter Feststoff ausgetragen wird) nicht früh genug reagiert werden.Another procedure is in the EP-A-0716266 described. In this case, the discharge or discharge area of the grate is observed for the occurrence of light emissions from the ash. The information obtained thereby is merely intended to minimize the discharge of combustibles into the ash, but it is not suitable for controlling combustion on the combustion grate as a whole. In particular, a shift in the firing end position towards the outlet (and thus an increased risk that unfrozen solid matter will not be carried out) can not be reacted early enough.

Eine Vorrichtung, welche den Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 offenbart, wird in EP0374642A1 beschrieben.An apparatus which discloses the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in EP0374642A1 described.

Vor diesem Hintergrund wird angestrebt, ein Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Feststoff in einer Müllverbrennungsanlage zur Verfügung zu stellen, welches es erlaubt, nicht nur bei einem drehenden Austrag von noch verbrennbaren Bestandteilen aus dem Feuerraum korrigierend einzugreifen, sondern die Verbrennung auf dem Verbrennungsrost insgesamt in einer Weise zu regeln, um auf eine Verschiebung der Feuerendposition zum Auslass hin genügend früh zu reagieren.Against this background, the aim is to provide a method for burning solid in a waste incineration plant, which makes it possible to correctively intervene not only in a rotary discharge of still combustible components from the furnace, but the combustion on the combustion grate as a whole in a way to respond sufficiently early to shift the firing end position to the outlet.

Gemäss einem nicht beanspruchten Verfahren wird mittels einer Mehrzahl von Strahlungsdetektoren, von denen ein erster Teil auf einen ersten Bereich der Ausbrandzone und ein zweiter Teil auf einen gegenüber dem ersten Bereich in Förderrichtung versetzt angeordneten zweiten Bereich der Ausbrandzone gerichtet ist, die Intensität der jeweils emittierten elektromagnetischen Strahlung im sichtbaren oder ultravioletten Spektralbereich gemessen und ausgehend davon die Verbrennung geregelt.According to a method which is not claimed, the intensity of the respectively emitted electromagnetic energy is determined by means of a plurality of radiation detectors, of which a first part is directed to a first region of the burnout zone and a second part is directed to a second region of the burnout zone, which is offset relative to the first region in the conveying direction Radiation is measured in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range and from this the combustion is regulated.

Der Verbrennungsrost ist in Richtung quer zur Förderrichtung betrachtet in mehrere Bahnen unterteilt, wobei im Prinzip jede erdenkliche Zahl an Bahnen möglich ist. Dabei sind jeder Bahn jeweils mindestens zwei der Strahlungsdetektoren zugeordnet.The combustion grate is divided into several tracks in the direction transverse to the direction of conveyance, in principle, any conceivable number of tracks is possible. In this case, at least two of the radiation detectors are assigned to each track.

Dadurch wird ermöglicht, die Feuerendposition auf den einzelnen Bahnen in relativ genauer Weise zu ermitteln. Unter "Feuerendposition" wird im Kontext der vorliegenden Erfindung diejenige Position auf dem Verbrennungsrost verstanden, an der das Brennbett zu inerter Asche übergeht.This makes it possible to determine the Feuerendposition on the individual tracks in a relatively accurate manner. In the context of the present invention, "firing end position" is understood to mean that position on the combustion grate where the combustion bed passes to inert ash.

Insbesondere kann dadurch eine Verfälschung der eigentlichen Feuerendposition durch vereinzelte Klumpen von schwer verbrennbarem Material unterbunden werden: werden in mehreren in Förderrichtung versetzten Bereichen einer Bahn gleichzeitig Strahlungssignale einer bestimmten Minimalintensität detektiert, so lässt dies den Schluss zu, dass der Abbrand in der Hauptverbrennungszone ungenügend abläuft und die Verbrennungsparameter in dieser Zone somit nicht optimal eingestellt sind. Werden hingegen nur vereinzelt und zeitlich versetzt auftretende Strahlungssignale einer bestimmten Minimalintensität detektiert, so deutet diese eher auf das Auftreten vereinzelter Klumpen von schwer verbrennbarem Material hin, welche auch bei optimaler Einstellung der Verbrennungsparameter nicht vollständig abbrennen.In particular, a falsification of the actual fire end position can be prevented by scattered lumps of hard-to-burn material: radiation signals of a certain minimum intensity are simultaneously detected in several areas of a web offset in the conveying direction, this leads to the conclusion that the burn-up in the main combustion zone is inadequate and the combustion parameters in this zone are thus not optimally adjusted. On the other hand, only isolated and temporally staggered radiation signals become detected certain minimum intensity, so this suggests more on the appearance of isolated lumps of hard-to-burn material, which does not burn completely even with optimal setting of the combustion parameters.

Aufgrund der für die einzelnen Bahnen ermittelten Feuerendposition kann dann die mittlere Feuerendposition auf dem Verbrennungsrost und/oder die Feuerendlinie auf dem Verbrennungsrost ermittelt werden.Based on the firing end position determined for the individual webs, the mean firing end position on the combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the combustion grate can then be determined.

Indem die Regelung der Verbrennung aufgrund der Feuerendposition auf den einzelnen Bahnen, der mittleren Feuerendposition auf dem gesamten Verbrennungsrost und/oder der Feuerendlinie auf dem gesamten Verbrennungsrost erfolgt, kann lokalen Gegebenheiten auf dem Verbrennungsrost adäquat Rechnung getragen werden. So können etwa bei einer Schieflage der Feuerendlinie oder bei einem zungenförmigen Verlauf der Feuerendlinie einzelne Stellgrössen für die betroffene(n) Bahn(en) gezielt eingestellt werden.By controlling the combustion due to the firing end position on the individual webs, the middle fire end position on the entire combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the entire combustion grate, local conditions on the combustion grate can be adequately taken into account. Thus, for example, in the case of an imbalance of the fire end line or in the case of a tongue-shaped course of the fire end line, individual control variables for the affected path (s) can be set in a targeted manner.

In der Regel wird dabei die Verbrennung über Einstellung mindestens einer Stellgrösse ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus:

  • der Förderrate einzelner Rostelemente des Verbrennungsrosts,
  • der Hublänge einzelner Rostelemente des Verbrennungsrosts,
  • des zu einzelnen Rostelementen zugeführten Primärluftvolumenstroms und/oder
  • der eingeführten Menge an zu verbrennendem Feststoff geregelt.
As a rule, combustion is selected by setting at least one manipulated variable from the group consisting of:
  • the delivery rate of individual grate elements of the combustion grate,
  • the stroke length of individual grate elements of the combustion grate,
  • the supplied to individual grate elements primary air volume flow and / or
  • the amount of solid to be incinerated regulated.

Eine Austragung von verbrennbaren Bestandteilen kann somit in rascher und genauer Weise unterbunden werden, ohne dass etwa ein Übermass an Primärluft (und damit einhergehend eine unerwünschte Absenkung der Temperatur) zugeführt wird bzw. die Förderrate des Verbrennungsrosts dort abgesenkt wird, wo dies gar nicht erforderlich ist.A discharge of combustible components can thus be prevented in a rapid and accurate manner, without about an excess of primary air (and thus an undesirable reduction in temperature) is supplied or the delivery rate of the combustion grate is lowered where this is not necessary ,

Der Begriff "Rostelement", wie er im Kontext der vorliegenden Erfindung verwendet wird, ist dabei breit auszulegen und umfasst insbesondere Rostblöcke, aber auch Roststäbe und Rostplatten. Wird im Zusammenhang mit der Hublänge, der Förderrate bzw. dem zuzuführenden Primärluftvolumenstrom der Begriff "einzelne Rostelemente" verwendet, so umfasst dies sowohl Ausführungsformen, in denen der/die entsprechende(n) Parameter für jedes einzelne Rostelement separat eingestellt werden als auch Ausführungsformen, in denen der/die entsprechende (n) Parameter für die einzelnen Rostelemente zusammen eingestellt werden. Gemäss einer besonderen Ausführungsform bezieht sich der Begriff "einzelne Rostelemente" auf sämtliche Rostelemente eines definierten Bereichs des Verbrennungsrosts, insbesondere einer definierten Zone des Verbrennungsrosts.The term "grate element", as used in the context of the present invention, is to be interpreted broadly and includes in particular grate blocks, but also grate bars and grate plates. If the term "individual grate elements" is used in connection with the stroke length, the delivery rate or the supplied primary air volume flow, this includes both embodiments in which the corresponding parameter (s) are set separately for each individual grate element as well as embodiments the corresponding parameter (s) for the individual grate elements are set together. According to a particular embodiment, the term "individual grate elements" refers to all grate elements of a defined region of the combustion grate, in particular a defined zone of the grate.

Gemäss einer weiteren Ausführungsform wird die Verbrennung in der Ausbrandzone geregelt. Als Ausbrandzone wird im Kontext der vorliegenden Erfindung die in Förderrichtung betrachtet letzte und somit unmittelbar vor dem Auslass angeordnete Zone des Verbrennungsrostes verstanden, in der die Verbrennung abgeschlossen wird.According to a further embodiment, the combustion is controlled in the burnout zone. In the context of the present invention, the term burn-out zone is understood to be the last zone of the combustion grate, which is considered to be the last in the conveying direction and thus arranged immediately before the outlet, in which the combustion is completed.

Nebst der Bestimmung der Feuerendposition in der Ausbrandzone erlaubt die erfindungsgemäss erhältliche Information auch Rückschlüsse auf die in der Regel in der Hauptverbrennungszone stattfindende Hauptverbrennung.In addition to the determination of the fire end position in the burn-out zone, the present invention allows Information also conclusions about the usually occurring in the main combustion zone main combustion.

Mithin erlaubt es das Verfahren, die Verbrennung insgesamt zu regeln, d.h. auch in einer der Ausbrandzone vorgelagerten Zone durch geeignete Einstellung etwa der Förderrate einzelner Rostelemente bzw. des zugeführten Primärluftvolumenstroms einer unerwünschten Verschiebung der Feuerendposition rechtzeitig vorzugreifen bzw. dieser entgegenzuwirken.Thus, the method allows total combustion to be controlled, i. Also in a zone upstream of the burn-out zone, it is possible to anticipate in good time or counteract this by appropriately setting, for example, the delivery rate of individual grate elements or of the supplied primary air volume flow of an undesired displacement of the final firing position.

Gemäss einer weiteren Ausführungsform umfasst das Verfahren zudem den Schritt, dass die Intensität der in der in Förderrichtung vor der Ausbrandzone angeordneten Hauptverbrennungszone emittierten Hintergrundstrahlung ermittelt wird, und die Intensität der ermittelten Hintergrundstrahlung von der Intensität der in der Ausbrandzone detektierten Strahlung in Abzug gebracht wird. Die resultierende Strahlungsintensität entspricht dann derjenigen der tatsächlich in der Ausbrandzone emittierten Strahlung. Die Ermittlung der Hintergrundstrahlung kann dabei etwa mittels Bestimmung der in der Hauptverbrennungszone vorliegenden Feuerleistung erfolgen, welche ihrerseits über die gemessene Dampfleistung erhalten werden kann.According to a further embodiment, the method additionally comprises the step of determining the intensity of the background radiation emitted in the main combustion zone arranged upstream of the burnup zone, and subtracting the intensity of the determined background radiation from the intensity of the radiation detected in the burnout zone. The resulting radiation intensity then corresponds to that of the radiation actually emitted in the burnout zone. The determination of the background radiation can take place, for example, by determining the fire power present in the main combustion zone, which in turn can be obtained via the measured steam output.

Im Allgemeinen sind die Strahlungsdetektoren an der sich über dem Verbrennungsrost erstreckenden Feuerraumdecke angeordnet. Sie können dabei in den Feuerraum hineinragen oder aber zurückversetzt (also nicht in den Feuerraum hineinragend) angeordnet sein. Gemäss einer einfachen Ausführungsform ist ein erster Teil der Strahlungsdetektoren im Wesentlichen in einer quer zur Förderrichtung verlaufenden ersten Linie angeordnet und ein zweiter Teil der Strahlungsdetektoren im Wesentlichen in einer zur ersten Linie parallel verlaufenden zweiten Linie.In general, the radiation detectors are located on the furnace ceiling extending above the combustion grate. They can protrude into the firebox or be set back (ie not projecting into the firebox). According to a simple embodiment, a first part of the radiation detectors is arranged essentially in a first line extending transversely to the conveying direction and a second part of the radiation detectors substantially in a second line parallel to the first line.

Vorzugsweise betrifft das Verfahren eine Müllverbrennungsanlage mit einem Stützbrennersystem. Dieses erlaubt es, bei Inbetriebsetzung der Müllverbrennungsanlage die Strahlungsdetektoren zu eichen bzw. zu korrigieren und somit einbaubedingte Unterschiede der Strahlungsdetektoren auszugleichen.Preferably, the method relates to a waste incineration plant with a support burner system. This makes it possible to calibrate or correct the radiation detectors during commissioning of the waste incineration plant and thus compensate for installation-related differences in the radiation detectors.

In Ausführungsformen, in denen kein Stützbrennersystem vorgesehen ist, weist die Müllverbrennungsanlage und insbesondere der Feuerraum vorzugsweise zusätzliche Mittel zur kontrollierten Erzeugung von Strahlung im sichtbaren und/oder ultravioletten Spektralbereich auf. Diese Mittel werden in besagter Ausführungsform anstelle des Stützbrennersystems für die Eichung bzw. Korrektur der einbaubedingten Unterschiede der Strahlungsdetektoren eingesetzt.In embodiments in which no auxiliary burner system is provided, the waste incineration plant and in particular the combustion chamber preferably has additional means for the controlled generation of radiation in the visible and / or ultraviolet spectral range. These means are used in said embodiment instead of the support burner system for the calibration or correction of installation-related differences of the radiation detectors.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Strahlungsdetektor zur Detektion von in einem Feuerraum einer Müllverbrennungsanlage emittierter elektromagnetischer Strahlung im sichtbaren oder ultravioletten Spektralbereich nach Anspruch 1.The present invention relates to a radiation detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range emitted in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant according to claim 1.

Wie erwähnt wird in EP-A-0717266 ein Verfahren beschrieben bei dem der Austrag- bzw. Abfuhrbereich des Rostes auf Auftreten von Lichtemissionen aus der Asche beobachtet wird. Gemäss dem in der EP-A-0716266 beschriebenen Verfahren wird das Licht von einem in Form eines Glasstabs vorliegenden Sensorelement aufgefangen, wobei es wesentlich ist, dass dieses in sicherem Abstand vom Feuerraum angeordnet wird, um eine Überhitzung und eine Verschmutzung zu vermeiden. Der Blickwinkel des Glasstabs wird somit gemäss EP-A-0716266 auf 10° bis 30° eingeschränkt.As mentioned in EP-A-0717266 A method is described in which the discharge area of the grate is observed for occurrence of light emissions from the ash. According to the in the EP-A-0716266 described method, the light is collected by a present in the form of a glass rod sensor element, wherein it is essential that this is arranged at a safe distance from the furnace to overheating and a To avoid pollution. The viewing angle of the glass rod is thus according to EP-A-0716266 limited to 10 ° to 30 °.

Das Verfahren gemäss EP-A-0716266 weist den Nachteil auf, dass mehrere der relativ kostspieligen Sensorelemente notwendig sind, um einerseits eine sinnvolle Abdeckung des zu überwachenden Bereichs zu gewährleisten und andererseits eine separate Auswertung einzelner Ausschnitte dieses Bereichs im Sinne einer erhöhten Auflösung zu ermöglichen. Um zu gewährleisten, dass eine nahtlose Abdeckung des überwachten Bereichs gegeben ist, muss jedes einzelne Sensorelement bezüglich der Ausrichtung jedes weiteren Sensorelements ausgerichtet werden, was relativ aufwendig ist.The method according to EP-A-0716266 has the disadvantage that several of the relatively expensive sensor elements are necessary to ensure on the one hand a meaningful coverage of the area to be monitored and on the other hand to enable a separate evaluation of individual sections of this area in terms of increased resolution. In order to ensure that there is seamless coverage of the monitored area, each individual sensor element must be aligned with respect to the alignment of each further sensor element, which is relatively expensive.

Mithin liegt die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung darin, eine Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Flammen in einem Feuerraum einer Müllverbrennungsanlage zur Verfügung zu stellen, welche einfach ausgestaltet werden kann und welche es gleichzeitig erlaubt, einen relativ grossen Bereich des Brennbetts zu überwachen und mehrere nahtlos aneinander angrenzende Ausschnitte dieses Bereichs separat auszuwerten.Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide a device for the detection of flames in a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant, which can be easily configured and which at the same time allows to monitor a relatively large area of the fuel bed and several seamlessly adjacent cutouts to evaluate this area separately.

Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch den Strahlungsdetektor gemäss Anspruch 1. Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen werden in den abhängigen Ansprüchen wiedergegeben.The object is achieved by the radiation detector according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments are given in the dependent claims.

Da der erfindungsgemässe Strahlungsdetektor auf die Detektion von Flammen ausgerichtet ist, wird er auch als "Pyrodetektor" bezeichnet.Since the radiation detector according to the invention is aligned with the detection of flames, it is also referred to as "pyrodetector".

Der erfindungsgemässe Strahlungsdetektor umfasst einen Schirm, der in einem gegen das Innere des Feuerraums gerichteten proximalen Endbereich des Strahlungsdetektors angeordnet ist. Der Schirm ist dazu bestimmt, bei der Verbrennung emittiertes Licht aufzunehmen. Der Strahlungsdetektor umfasst weiter mindestens einen optischen Sensor zur Bestimmung der Intensität der aufgenommenen Strahlung.The radiation detector according to the invention comprises a screen, which in one against the interior of the furnace directed proximal end portion of the radiation detector is arranged. The screen is designed to receive light emitted during combustion. The radiation detector further comprises at least one optical sensor for determining the intensity of the recorded radiation.

Als "optischer Sensor" wird somit ein Sensor zur Detektion elektromagnetischer Strahlung in dem für den Menschen sichtbaren Spektralbereich, d.h. mit einer Wellenlänge von ca. 380 bis ca. 780 nm, bzw. im ultravioletten Spektralbereich, d.h. mit einer Wellenlänge von weniger als 380 nm, bezeichnet. In der Regel ist der optische Sensor der vorliegenden Erfindung eine Fotodiode oder ein Fototransistor, die der Fachmann je nach Zielsetzung des Strahlungsdetektors auszuwählen weiss.As an "optical sensor" is thus a sensor for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible to human spectral range, i. at a wavelength of about 380 to about 780 nm, or in the ultraviolet spectral range, i. with a wavelength of less than 380 nm. As a rule, the optical sensor of the present invention is a photodiode or a phototransistor, which the person skilled in the art knows how to select depending on the objective of the radiation detector.

Der Strahlungsdetektor der vorliegenden Erfindung ist nun dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er eine Lochblende aufweist, durch die das Licht auf den Schirm projiziert wird, und der Schirm derart angeordnet ist, dass er im montierten Zustand des Strahlungsdetektors im Innern des Feuerraums liegt und in jeweils zwei oder mehr Segmente unterteilt ist, wobei jedem Segment einzeln ein optischer Sensor zugeordnet ist.The radiation detector of the present invention is now characterized in that it has a pinhole through which the light is projected onto the screen, and the screen is arranged so that it lies in the interior of the firing chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector and in two or two more segments is divided, each segment individually associated with an optical sensor.

Im Gegensatz zur Lehre des Standes der Technik, und insbesondere der EP-A-0716266 , erlaubt der Strahlungsdetektor der vorliegenden Erfindung aufgrund der Merkmale, dass der Schirm im Innern des Feuerraums angeordnet ist und dass das Licht durch eine Lochblende auf den Schirm projiziert wird, einen stark vergrösserten Blickwinkel. Mithin kann ein gegenüber dem Stand der Technik wesentlich grösserer Bereich überwacht werden. Eine sehr starke Vergrösserung des Blickwinkels kann etwa durch eine geeignete Ausgestaltung der Lochblende erreicht werden. Wie unten ausgeführt wird, wird diese in der Regel von einer Öffnung gebildet, wodurch nach dem Prinzip der Lochkamera ein sehr grosser Bereich eingefangen werden kann. Die Verwendung einer temperaturempfindlichen Linse kann somit erfindungsgemäss umgangen werden.In contrast to the teaching of the prior art, and in particular the EP-A-0716266 , the radiation detector of the present invention allows a greatly enlarged viewing angle due to the features that the screen is located inside the firebox and that the light is projected onto the screen through a pinhole. Consequently, a much larger area compared to the prior art can be monitored. A very large increase in the angle of view can be achieved, for example, by a suitable design of the pinhole. As explained below, this is usually formed by an opening, whereby a very large area can be captured according to the principle of the pinhole camera. The use of a temperature-sensitive lens can thus be avoided according to the invention.

Wie oben ausgeführt, umfasst der Strahlungsdetektor der vorliegenden Erfindung überdies das Merkmal, dass der Schirm in zwei oder mehr Segmente unterteilt ist, wobei jedem Segment einzeln ein optischer Sensor zugeordnet ist. Somit können theoretisch beliebig viele Ausschnitte des überwachten Bereichs separat ausgewertet werden, wodurch eine hohe örtliche Auflösung der aufgefangenen Strahlung möglich wird. Ist der Strahlungsdetektor etwa auf die Ausbrandzone ausgerichtet, so ist es erfindungsgemäss möglich, die Lichtintensität einzelner Unterzonen zu bestimmen. Die gemäss EP-A-0716266 nur durch mehrere Vorrichtungen erhältliche Information kann somit gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung mittels eines einzigen Strahlungsdetektors erhalten werden.Moreover, as stated above, the radiation detector of the present invention includes the feature that the screen is divided into two or more segments, with each segment being individually associated with an optical sensor. Thus theoretically any number of sections of the monitored area can be evaluated separately, whereby a high spatial resolution of the collected radiation is possible. If the radiation detector is aligned approximately with the burnout zone, it is possible according to the invention to determine the light intensity of individual subzones. The according to EP-A-0716266 Information obtainable only by a plurality of devices can thus be obtained according to the present invention by means of a single radiation detector.

Im Allgemeinen umfasst der Strahlungsdetektor zudem einen zwischen dem Schirm und dem mindestens einen optischen Sensor angeordneten Lichtleiter. Dieser erlaubt es, die oft relativ temperaturempfindlichen optischen Sensoren ausserhalb des Feuerraums anzuordnen, was generell zu einer erhöhten Lebensdauer des Strahlungsdetektors beiträgt. Gemäss einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist daher der mindestens eine optische Sensor in einem dem proximalen Endbereich gegenüberliegenden distalen Endbereich und somit in maximaler Entfernung vom Feuerraum angeordnet. Zudem ist bevorzugt, dass der mindestens eine optische Sensor derart angeordnet ist, dass er im montierten Zustand des Strahlungsdetektors ausserhalb des Feuerraums liegt.In general, the radiation detector furthermore comprises a light guide arranged between the screen and the at least one optical sensor. This makes it possible to arrange the often relatively temperature-sensitive optical sensors outside the furnace, which generally contributes to an increased life of the radiation detector. According to a preferred embodiment, therefore, the at least one optical sensor is arranged in a distal end region opposite the proximal end region and thus at a maximum distance from the combustion chamber. In addition, it is preferred that the at least one optical sensor is arranged such that it is outside the combustion chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector.

In der Regel umfasst der Strahlungsdetektor zudem eine Hülse, welche mindestens den Schirm und wahlweise den Teil des Lichtleiters umgibt, der im montierten Zustand des Strahlungsdetektors in den Feuerraum ragt. Die Hülse hat in erster Linie die Funktion, die temperaturempfindlichen Komponenten des Strahlungsdetektors, also insbesondere den Schirm und den Lichtleiter, zu schützen. Aufgrund ihrer Funktion ist die Hülse vorzugsweise aus einem temperaturbeständigen Material, insbesondere aus Stahl oder Keramik.In general, the radiation detector also comprises a sleeve which surrounds at least the screen and optionally the part of the light guide, which projects into the combustion chamber in the mounted state of the radiation detector. The sleeve has primarily the function to protect the temperature-sensitive components of the radiation detector, ie in particular the screen and the light guide. Due to its function, the sleeve is preferably made of a temperature-resistant material, in particular of steel or ceramic.

In dieser eine Hülse umfassenden Ausführungsform wird die Lochblende besonders bevorzugt durch eine Öffnung in der proximalen Frontwand der Hülse gebildet, wobei der vom Schirm und von der Hülse begrenzte Raum eine Lochkamera bildet, welche es - wie oben ausgeführt - erlaubt, einen relativ grossen Bereich des Verbrennungsrostes abzubilden. Insgesamt erlaubt es diese Ausführungsform, einen besonders robusten und aufgrund seiner einfachen Ausgestaltung auch sehr kostengünstigen Strahlungsdetektor zur Verfügung zu stellen.In this embodiment comprising a sleeve, the pinhole is particularly preferably formed by an opening in the proximal front wall of the sleeve, wherein the space bounded by the shield and the sleeve forms a pinhole camera, which - as stated above - allows a relatively large area of the Depicting combustion grates. Overall, this embodiment makes it possible to provide a particularly robust and, due to its simple design, also a very cost-effective radiation detector.

Im Übrigen ist es bevorzugt, dass die Hülse einen Anschluss zur Zuführung eines Kühlmediums umfasst. Besonders bevorzugt ist der Anschluss ein Spülluftanschluss. Diese Ausführungsform erlaubt es einerseits, den mit dem Anschluss strömungsverbundenen Innenraum der Hülse, und somit insbesondere den Schirm und den in den Feuerraum ragenden Teil des Lichtleiters, zu kühlen, wodurch die Lebensdauer des Strahlungsdetektors erhöht werden kann. Andererseits wird in Kombination mit der oben beschriebenen Ausführungsform, in der die Lochblende durch eine Öffnung in der Frontwand der Hülse gebildet wird, die Öffnung kontinuierlich durch das durch die Öffnung strömende Kühlmedium gereinigt. Aufgrund des relativ geringen Durchmessers der Öffnung reicht dabei für die Reinigung schon eine relativ geringe Spülluftmenge aus, welche die Temperatur im Feuerraum praktisch nicht beeinträchtigt.Incidentally, it is preferable that the sleeve comprises a port for supplying a cooling medium. Particularly preferably, the connection is a purge air connection. This embodiment makes it possible, on the one hand, to cool the interior of the sleeve connected to the connection, and thus, in particular, the screen and the part of the light guide projecting into the combustion chamber, whereby the service life of the radiation detector can be increased. On the other hand, in combination with the embodiment described above in which the pinhole is formed by an opening in the front wall of the sleeve, the opening is continuously cleaned by the cooling medium flowing through the opening. Due to the relatively small diameter of the opening, a relatively small amount of scavenging air, which practically does not affect the temperature in the combustion chamber, is sufficient for the cleaning.

In Analogie zu den obigen Ausführungen zum erfindungsgemässen Verfahren ist der Schirm vorzugsweise derart angeordnet, dass er im montierten Zustand auf die Ausbrandzone des Feuerraums ausgerichtet ist.In analogy to the above explanations concerning the method according to the invention, the screen is preferably arranged in such a way that, in the assembled state, it is aligned with the burn-out zone of the combustion chamber.

Alternativ zur Ausrichtung auf die Ausbrandzone, kann der Strahlungsdetektor auch auf die Mitte des Feuerraums (also auf die Abbrand- oder Hauptverbrennungszone) ausgerichtet werden, um die Feuerendposition zu bestimmen. Um einen möglichen Rückbrand feststellen zu können, ist auch denkbar, die Vorrichtung auf den Stösselbereich des Feuerraums zu richten.As an alternative to targeting the burnout zone, the radiation detector may also be aligned with the center of the furnace (ie, the burnup or main combustion zone) to determine the firing end position. In order to determine a possible burn-back, it is also conceivable to direct the device to the ram area of the combustion chamber.

Dadurch, dass der erfindungsgemässe Strahlungsdetektor eine separate Auswertung der Strahlungsintensität nahtlos aneinander angrenzender Zonen erlaubt, können sog. Eskalationsstufen zuverlässig bestimmt werden. Werden in mehreren Zonen, insbesondere der Hauptverbrennungszone und der Ausbrandzone, oder in mehreren Bereichen einer bestimmten Zone, insbesondere der Ausbrandzone, gleichzeitig Strahlungssignale detektiert, so lässt dies den Schluss zu, dass der Abbrand in der Hauptverbrennungszone ungenügend abläuft und die Verbrennungsparameter in dieser Zone somit nicht optimal eingestellt sind. Werden hingegen nur vereinzelt und zeitlich versetzt auftretende Strahlungssignale detektiert, so deutet diese eher auf das Auftreten vereinzelter Klumpen von schwer verbrennlichem Material hin, welche auch bei optimaler Einstellung der Verbrennungsparameter nicht vollständig abbrennen.Because the radiation detector according to the invention allows a separate evaluation of the radiation intensity of seamlessly adjacent zones, so-called escalation stages can be reliably determined. If radiation signals are detected simultaneously in several zones, in particular the main combustion zone and the burn-out zone, or in several regions of a certain zone, in particular the burn-out zone, this leads to the conclusion that the burn-up in the main combustion zone is inadequate and the combustion parameters in this zone are therefore insufficient not optimal are set. If, on the other hand, only isolated and temporally staggered radiation signals are detected, this indicates rather the occurrence of isolated lumps of heavily combustible material, which do not completely burn off even if the combustion parameters are optimally adjusted.

Der Lichtleiter ist aus einem transparenten, lichtdurchlässigen Material gebildet. Im Hinblick auf eine sehr einfache und kostengünstige Ausführungsform, die auch dem Erfordernis einer hohen Hitzebeständigkeit genügt, ist das Licht leitende Material des Lichtleiters bevorzugt Luft.The light guide is formed of a transparent, translucent material. In view of a very simple and inexpensive embodiment, which also meets the requirement of high heat resistance, the light-conducting material of the light guide is preferably air.

Gemäss einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird der Lichtleiter mittels mindestens einer lichtundurchlässigen Separation unterteilt. Wird der Schirm zum Beispiel in vier Segmente unterteilt, so können die Separationen in Form eines im Querschnitt kreuzförmigen Stegs ausgebildet sein.According to a further preferred embodiment, the light guide is subdivided by means of at least one opaque separation. For example, if the screen is divided into four segments, the separations may be in the form of a cross-sectionally cross-shaped web.

Die Separation ist in der Regel aus einem temperaturbeständigen Material gefertigt. Liegt - wie oben beschrieben - eine Hülse vor, so ist insbesondere denkbar, dass die Separation aus demselben Material gefertigt ist wie die Hülse.The separation is usually made of a temperature-resistant material. If, as described above, there is a sleeve, then it is conceivable in particular that the separation is made of the same material as the sleeve.

Der erfindungsgemässe Strahlungsdetektor kann mittels eines für einen üblicherweise verwendeten Temperatursensor vorgesehenen, in der Regel in der Decke des Feuerraums angeordneten Flansches montiert werden. Aufgrund dessen ist es bevorzugt, dass der Aussenumfang des Strahlungsdetektors dem Aussenumfang eines konventionellen Temperatursensors entspricht.The radiation detector according to the invention can be mounted by means of a flange provided for a commonly used temperature sensor, usually arranged in the ceiling of the combustion chamber. Due to this, it is preferable that the outer periphery of the radiation detector corresponds to the outer periphery of a conventional temperature sensor.

Bei der Erstinbetriebsetzung wird der Strahlungsdetektor der vorliegenden Erfindung in der Regel durch ein Feingewinde auf den zu überwachenden Bereich im Feuerraum fokussiert.In the initial startup, the radiation detector of the present invention is typically focused by a fine thread on the area to be monitored in the furnace.

Die Erfindung wird anhand der anliegenden Figuren im Detail ausgeführt, von denen

Fig. 1
eine schematische Darstellung eines Teiles eines Feuerraumes einer Müllverbrennungsanlage mit einem an der Decke des Feuerraums montierten Strahlungsdetektor gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 2
eine perspektivische Ansicht eines halbseitig geöffneten Strahlungsdetektors gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 3
eine Draufsicht auf die die optischen Sensoren aufweisende Platte des erfindungsgemässen Strahlungsdetektors gemäss Fig. 2 von der dem Feuerraum zugewandten Seite; und
Fig. 4
eine schematische Darstellung des Verbrennungsrosts und der diesem zugeordneten Strahlungsdetektoren zeigt.
The invention will be explained in detail with reference to the attached figures, of which
Fig. 1
a schematic representation of a part of a combustion chamber of a waste incineration plant with a mounted on the ceiling of the furnace radiation detector according to the present invention;
Fig. 2
a perspective view of a half-side open radiation detector according to the present invention;
Fig. 3
a plan view of the optical sensors having plate according to the invention of the radiation detector according to Fig. 2 from the side facing the firebox; and
Fig. 4
a schematic representation of the combustion grate and its associated radiation detectors shows.

Wie in Fig. 1 und insbesondere in Fig. 2 gezeigt ist, umfasst der erfindungsgemässe Strahlungsdetektor 2 einen proximalen Endbereich 4, der in montiertem Zustand gegen das Innere des Feuerraums 6 gerichtet ist, und ein dem proximalen Endbereich 4 gegenüberliegend angeordneter distaler Endbereich 8. Im proximalen Endbereich 4 ist ein Schirm 10 angeordnet, an den in Richtung zum distalen Endbereich 8 hin ein Lichtleiter 12 anschliesst. An dem dem distalen Endbereich 8 zugewandten Ende des Lichtleiters 12 schliesst eine Platte 14 an, an der - wie in Fig. 3 gezeigt ist - optische Sensoren 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d zur Bestimmung der Lichtintensität angeordnet sind.As in Fig. 1 and in particular in Fig. 2 1, the radiation detector 2 according to the invention comprises a proximal end region 4, which is directed towards the interior of the combustion chamber 6 in the mounted state, and a distal end region 8 arranged opposite the proximal end region 4. In the proximal end region 4, a shield 10 is arranged, to which towards the distal End region 8 toward a light guide 12 connects. At the distal end region 8 facing the end of the light guide 12 is followed by a plate 14, at the - as in Fig. 3 is shown - optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d are arranged to determine the light intensity.

Wie aus Fig. 1 ersichtlich ist, ist der Strahlungsdetektor 2 derart an der Decke 17 des Feuerraums angeordnet, dass der Schirm 10 im Innern des Feuerraums 6 liegt und die die optischen Sensoren 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d umfassende Platte 14 ausserhalb des Feuerraums 6 liegt.How out Fig. 1 it can be seen, the radiation detector 2 is arranged on the ceiling 17 of the furnace so that the screen 10 is located inside the furnace 6 and the plate 14 surrounding the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d lies outside the furnace 6.

Wie insbesondere aus Fig. 2 hervorgeht, sind der Schirm 10 und der Lichtleiter 12 in vier Segmente 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d bzw. 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d unterteilt, wobei die Unterteilung mittels einer Separation 19 erfolgt, die zwei Trennwände 18a, 18b umfasst, welche in zueinander rechtwinklig verlaufenden Ebenen verlaufen und sich mittig schneiden, sodass die Separation 19 im Querschnitt kreuzförmig ist. Jedem der Segmente 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d des Schirms 10 bzw. jedem Segment 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d des Lichtleiters 12 ist einzeln ein optischer Sensor 16a, 16b, 16c, bzw. 16d zugeordnet.As in particular from Fig. 2 As can be seen, the screen 10 and the light guide 12 are divided into four segments 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d and 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, the subdivision being effected by means of a separation 19 comprising two partitions 18a, 18b, which in FIG run to each other at right angles extending planes and intersect in the middle, so that the separation 19 is cross-shaped in cross-section. Each of the segments 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d of the screen 10 or each segment 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d of the light guide 12 is individually associated with an optical sensor 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d.

Der in Fig. 1 und 2 gezeigte Strahlungsdetektor umfasst zudem eine hohlzylinderförmige Hülse 20 aus temperaturbeständigem Material, welche den Schirm 10, den Lichtleiter 12 und die optischen Sensoren 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d umgibt und welche in ihrer proximal endständigen Frontwand 22 eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Öffnung aufweist, die als Lochblende 24 fungiert. Die Lochblende 24 ist derart vom Schirm 10 beabstandet, dass das Bild des zu überwachenden Bereichs durch die Lochblende auf den Schirm 10 projiziert wird und diesen vorzugsweise im Wesentlichen ausfüllt.The in Fig. 1 and 2 radiation detector shown also comprises a hollow cylindrical sleeve 20 made of temperature-resistant material, which surrounds the screen 10, the light guide 12 and the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and which has a substantially circular opening in its proximal terminal front wall 22, as a pinhole 24 acts. The pinhole 24 is spaced from the screen 10 such that the image of the area to be monitored through the pinhole on the Umbrella 10 is projected and this preferably substantially fills.

In der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Ausführungsform entspricht der zu überwachende Bereich der Ausbrandzone 26 des Verbrennungsrostes 27. Das in der Ausbrandzone 26 von einer Flamme 28 emittierte Licht wird somit durch die Lochblende 24 auf den Schirm 10 projiziert und über den Lichtleiter 12 zu den optischen Sensoren 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d zur Messung der Lichtintensität geleitet.In the in Fig. 1 In the embodiment shown, the area to be monitored corresponds to the burn-out zone 26 of the combustion grate 27. The light emitted by a flame 28 in the burn-out zone 26 is thus projected through the pinhole 24 onto the screen 10 and via the light guide 12 to the optical sensors 16a, 16b, 16c 16d for measuring the light intensity.

Wie aus Fig. 4 ersichtlich ist, ist der Verbrennungsrost 27 in Richtung quer zur Förderrichtung F betrachtet in mehrere Bahnen, im konkreten Fall in vier Bahnen I, II, II, IV, unterteilt. Selbstverständlich sind auch mehr als vier Bahnen denkbar. Die einzelnen Bahnen sind wiederum in Förderrichtung F betrachtet in einzelne Bereiche unterteilt, wobei die Ausbrandzone 26 in den unmittelbar vor dem Auslass angeordneten Bereichen angeordnet ist. Im konkreten Fall sind die einzelnen Bahnen in jeweils fünf Bereiche unterteilt: Bahn I in die Bereiche I.1, I.2, I.3, I.4 und I.5, Bahn II in die Bereiche II.1, II.2, II.3, II.4 und II.5 usw., wobei die Ausbrandzone in den Bereichen I.4, 1.5, II.4, II.5, III.4, III.5 bzw. IV.4, IV.5 angeordnet ist. Der jeweiligen Bahn ist zudem ein dem jeweils ersten Bereich vorgelagerter Beschickungsstössel 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d zugeordnet, mittels welchem der Verbrennungsrost 27 mit Feststoff beschickt wird.How out Fig. 4 it can be seen, the combustion grate 27 in the direction transverse to the conveying direction F is divided into a plurality of tracks, in the concrete case in four lanes I, II, II, IV, divided. Of course, more than four lanes are conceivable. The individual webs are in turn subdivided into individual regions when viewed in the conveying direction F, wherein the burn-out zone 26 is arranged in the regions arranged directly in front of the outlet. In this specific case, the individual railways are subdivided into five areas each: Rail I into the areas I.1, I.2, I.3, I.4 and I.5, Rail II into the areas II.1, II.2 , II.3, II.4 and II.5 etc., whereby the burn-out zone in I.4, 1.5, II.4, II.5, III.4, III.5 and IV.4, IV. 5 is arranged. The respective web is also associated with a respective first area upstream feed plunger 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d, by means of which the combustion grate 27 is charged with solid.

Von den Strahlungsdetektoren ist nun ein erster Teil 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d auf einen ersten Bereich der Ausbrandzone 26, nämlich jeweils auf den Bereich I.4, II.4, III.4 bzw. IV.4 und ein zweiter Teil 2a', 2b', 2c', 2d' auf einen gegenüber dem ersten Bereich in Förderrichtung F versetzt angeordneten zweiten Bereich der Ausbrandzone 26 gerichtet, nämlich jeweils auf den Bereich I.5, II.5, II.5 bzw. IV.5. Mithin sind jeder Bahn jeweils zwei der Strahlungsdetektoren 2 zugeordnet.Of the radiation detectors, a first part 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d is now on a first region of the burn-out zone 26, namely in each case on the region I.4, II.4, III.4 or IV.4 and a second part 2a '. 2b ', 2c', 2d 'are offset in relation to the first region in the conveying direction F. arranged second region of the Ausbrandzone 26 directed, namely in each case to the area I.5, II.5, II.5 and IV.5. Consequently, each track is assigned in each case two of the radiation detectors 2.

Im Betrieb wird mittels der Strahlungsdetektoren 2 die Intensität der jeweils emittierten elektromagnetischen Strahlung im sichtbaren oder ultravioletten Spektralbereich gemessen.In operation, the intensity of the respectively emitted electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range is measured by means of the radiation detectors 2.

Aufgrund der jeweils gemessenen Strahlungsintensität kann die Feuerendposition auf den einzelnen Bahnen ermittelt werden, aufgrund welcher wiederum die mittlere Feuerendposition auf dem Verbrennungsrost und/oder die Feuerendlinie 32 auf dem Verbrennungsrost ermittelt werden kann. Diese weist in der in Fig. 4 gezeigten Darstellung eine Zungenform auf.On the basis of the radiation intensity measured in each case, the firing end position on the individual webs can be determined, by virtue of which, in turn, the mean firing end position on the combustion grate and / or the fire end line 32 on the combustion grate can be determined. This points in the in Fig. 4 shown representation of a tongue shape.

Ausgehend von der ermittelten Feuerendpösition auf den einzelnen Bahnen, der mittleren Feuerendposition auf dem Verbrennungsrost und/oder der Feuerendlinie auf dem Verbrennungsrost kann dann die Verbrennung geregelt werden, wobei die Verbrennung über mindestens eine der folgenden Stellgrössen geregelt werden kann:

  • die eingeführte Menge an zu verbrennendem Feststoff, etwa mittels eines entsprechenden Beschickungsstössels, was in Fig. 1 mit Buchstabe A angedeutet ist;
  • die Förderrate einzelner Rostelemente des Verbrennungsrosts und/oder die Hublänge einzelner Rostelemente des Verbrennungsrost, etwa mittels eines dem jeweiligen Rostelement zugeordneten Antriebs, was in Fig. 1 mit den Buchstaben B1-B5 angedeutet ist; und/oder
  • den zu einzelnen Rostelementen zugeführten Primärluftvolumenstrom, etwa mittels einer dem jeweiligen Rostelement zugeordneten Luftzuführung, was in Fig. 1 mit den Buchstaben C1-C5 angedeutet ist.
Based on the determined Feuerendpösition on the individual tracks, the average Feuerendposition on the combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the combustion grate then the combustion can be controlled, the combustion can be controlled by at least one of the following control variables:
  • the introduced amount of solid to be incinerated, such as by means of a corresponding feed pestle, which is in Fig. 1 indicated by letter A;
  • the delivery rate of individual grate elements of the combustion grate and / or the stroke length of individual grate elements of the combustion grate, for instance by means of a drive assigned to the respective grate element, which in Fig. 1 is indicated by the letters B1-B5; and or
  • the primary air volume flow supplied to individual grate elements, for instance by means of an air supply associated with the respective grate element, which is shown in FIG Fig. 1 with the letters C1-C5 is indicated.

Indem die Verbrennung aufgrund der Feuerendposition auf den einzelnen Bahnen, der mittleren Feuerendposition auf dem gesamten Verbrennungsrost und/oder der Feuerendlinie auf dem gesamten Verbrennungsrost geregelt wird, kann gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung lokalen Gegebenheiten auf dem Verbrennungsrost adäquat Rechnung getragen werden.By controlling the combustion due to the firing end position on the individual webs, the average firing end position on the entire combustion grate and / or the fire end line on the entire combustion grate, according to the present invention, local conditions on the combustion grate can be adequately taken into account.

ReferenzzeichenlisteReference Signs List

22
Strahlungsdetektorradiation detector
44
proximaler Endbereich des Strahlungsdetektorsproximal end portion of the radiation detector
66
Feuerraumfirebox
88th
distaler Endbereich des Strahlungsdetektorsdistal end portion of the radiation detector
1010
Schirmumbrella
10a-d10a-d
Segmente des SchirmsSegments of the screen
1212
Lichtleiteroptical fiber
12a-d12a-d
Segmente des LichtleitersSegments of the light guide
1414
Platteplate
16a-d16a-d
optische Sensorenoptical sensors
1717
Deckeblanket
18a,b18a, b
Trennwändepartitions
1919
Separationseparation
2020
Hülseshell
2222
Frontwand der HülseFront wall of the sleeve
2424
Lochblendepinhole
2626
Ausbrandzoneburnout
2727
Verbrennungsrostcombustion grate
2828
Flammeflame
30a-d30a-d
Beschickungsstösselloading ram
3232
FeuerendlinieFeuerendlinie

Claims (11)

  1. Radiation detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet spectral range emitted in an incineration chamber (6) of a waste incinerator, comprising a proximal end region (4), which can be directed against the interior of the incineration chamber (6) in the assembled state, and a screen (10) arranged in the proximal end region (4), which screen is provided to receive the radiation, and at least one optical sensor (16a, 16b, 16c, 16d) for determining the intensity of the received radiation, wherein the radiation detector has a pinhole aperture (24), through which the radiation is projected onto the screen (10), and the screen (10) is arranged in such a way that it can lie in the interior of the incineration chamber (6) in the assembled state of the radiation detector, characterized in that the screen (10) is respectively subdivided into two or more segments (10a, 10b, 10c, 10d), wherein an optical sensor (16a, 16b, 16c or 16d) is assigned individually to each segment.
  2. Radiation detector according to claim 1, characterized in that it moreover comprises a light guide (12) arranged between the screen (10) and the at least one optical sensor (16a, 16b, 16c, 16d).
  3. Radiation detector according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises a sleeve (20) which at least surrounds the screen (10).
  4. Radiation detector according to claim 3, characterized in that the sleeve is made of a temperature-resistant material, in particular steel or ceramics.
  5. Radiation detector according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the pinhole aperture (24) is formed by an opening in the proximal front wall (22) of the sleeve (20).
  6. Radiation detector according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the sleeve (20) comprises a connector for supplying a coolant.
  7. Radiation detector according to claim 6, characterized in that the connector is a purge-air connector.
  8. Radiation detector according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the at least one optical sensor (16a, 16b, 16c, 16d) is arranged in a distal end region (8) lying opposite the proximal end region (4).
  9. Radiation detector according to one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the light guide (12) is subdivided in accordance with the subdivision of the screen (10).
  10. Radiation detector according to one of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that air is the light-guiding material of the light guide (12).
  11. Measurement apparatus comprising a radiation detector according to one of claims 1 to 10 and a device for determining the temperature.
EP13001535.7A 2013-03-25 2013-03-25 Flame sensor Active EP2784392B1 (en)

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PL13001535T PL2784392T3 (en) 2013-03-25 2013-03-25 Flame sensor
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ES13001535.7T ES2604027T3 (en) 2013-03-25 2013-03-25 Radiation detector

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WO2021004992A1 (en) 2019-07-09 2021-01-14 Doosan Lentjes Gmbh Incineration plant for solid material

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