EP2783372A1 - Cable electrique haute tension adapte aux conditions extremes - Google Patents
Cable electrique haute tension adapte aux conditions extremesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2783372A1 EP2783372A1 EP12806540.6A EP12806540A EP2783372A1 EP 2783372 A1 EP2783372 A1 EP 2783372A1 EP 12806540 A EP12806540 A EP 12806540A EP 2783372 A1 EP2783372 A1 EP 2783372A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- insulating material
- advantageously
- cable according
- central conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001660 poly(etherketone-etherketoneketone) Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 71
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 34
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 27
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 25
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000003878 thermal aging Methods 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229920004695 VICTREX™ PEEK Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 208000036765 Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus Diseases 0.000 description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical compound [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 208000007276 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920001652 poly(etherketoneketone) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 4
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010943 off-gassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010011376 Crepitations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920008285 Poly(ether ketone) PEK Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005536 corrosion prevention Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007676 flexural strength test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006258 high performance thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 nickel alone Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006259 thermoplastic polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
- H01B7/292—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to heat
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of high voltage electrical cables resistant to extreme conditions for aerospace, nuclear, scientific research and / or petroleum research.
- the oil field is looking for materials that can withstand high temperatures (200 ° C and +) combined with resistance to high pressures (300 to 700 bar for example) and excellent resistance to chemicals (fuels, hydrocarbons, etc.). .).
- the field of scientific research focuses on the radiation resistance of polymers associated with resistance to cryogenic temperatures and a very low level of degassing.
- Nuclear power plant applications are looking for very high radiation resistance and insulating quality for low thicknesses.
- the space domain requires the combination of weight gain, very good resistance to radiation, resistance to higher and higher temperatures (250 ° C and higher), high intensity and low outgassing.
- the requirement of low outgassing is very important because the applications for research or space domain operate in a high vacuum environment (1 to 10-12 mbar).
- This property refers to the amount of volatile compounds released by a component or material when subjected to high vacuum. The condensation of these compounds on sensitive organs such as sensors or optics can cause measurement errors or malfunctions.
- the spatial standard ECSS-Q-70-02 is used to characterize the degassing of a material or component. According to this standard, the content of condensable volatile materials collected (CVCM) must be lower than at 0.1% and the total mass loss of the material excluding water (RML) must be less than 1%.
- the maximum temperature of use is also a very important criterion. Space or nuclear applications may require temperatures above 250 ° C. This is also the case for aeronautical or military applications. Another trend observed is that of using the wires or cables at their thermal limit not by the external environment but rather by heating generated by the passage of a high current.
- the cable consists of a combination of materials of different types (metal and polymer) which together must be able to withstand temperatures between -150 ° C and 280 ° C, a dose of radiation up to 200 Rad, operating voltage up to 5,000 volts.
- the cable must meet the degassing standards of space domain but also keep some flexibility especially to see support mechanical movements of small amplitude bends during operation (between 1 and 20 ° for example).
- thermosetting materials such as elastomers and silicones are able to withstand high temperatures, but they do not meet all the requirements and more particularly those concerning degassing and low temperatures (between -50 ° C and -150 ° C) .
- polyimide thermosetting resins are generally also resistant to high temperatures and extreme conditions, they are difficult to implement to manufacture a cable. Indeed, for son from a certain diameter, they can only be used in ribbon form to have sufficient cohesion with the central conductor and thus to avoid delamination when using the cable, it is in general it is necessary to add an adhesive or a coating which itself does not withstand these extreme conditions.
- Ultra-polymers especially thermoplastics, have excellent electrical and mechanical behavior, but are limited in temperature to 260 ° C. Radiation resistance being an intrinsic property of the material, some high performance thermoplastics are known to have good resistance to ionizing radiation. However, they also often show significant stiffness with risks of fragility when exposed to very low temperatures.
- thermoplastic resins of the polyetheretherketone type can withstand temperatures of up to 260 ° C according to the manufacturers' indications.
- the patent application EP 0 197 227 describes an electrical cable especially for aerospace use whose insulating material may be based on polyetheretherketone.
- the cable described in this document can be coated with a varnish that does not withstand temperatures of up to 280 ° C. Indeed, as indicated in this document page 4 line 2, the varnish layer must withstand only a temperature of at most 150 ° C.
- the cable comprises a second insulating layer based on band of polyimide ribbon resins. To allow bonding of the layers of the strip between them, this layer is provided with a thermoplastic coating of copolymers of ethylene and fluorinated propylene (page 4, line 14 - 16). Or this type of material is not resistant to radiation .
- the inventors have discovered that the polyetheretherketone resins described in this document and polyetherketoneketoneextruded or in the form of a coating did not have a sufficient thermal resistance at 280.degree. C. or did not exhibit sufficient mechanical strength after thermal aging at such temperatures.
- the inventor has also discovered that to obtain the most advantageous properties the central conductor had to be made of a particular conductive material coated with nickel. This coating could be much thinner than usually recommended while providing effective corrosion protection for up to 280 ° C. This small thickness thus avoids excess conductivity loss of the conductive material especially when the latter is in the form of alloy.
- the inventor has discovered a particularly interesting construction of the high-voltage electric cable, in particular by using a multilayer insulation, which allows it to be the most efficient under extreme conditions.
- the present invention therefore relates to a high-voltage electrical cable comprising a central copper conductor coated with nickel or copper alloy coated with nickel and at least one main layer of an insulating material disposed around the central conductor, said layer of insulating material being formed by an extruded thermoplastic selected from polyetherketones, polyetherketoneetherketone ketones and mixtures thereof.
- high-voltage cable is understood to mean a cable capable of withstanding voltages greater than 1000 V AC or 1600 V DC, without exceeding 50 000 V.
- the cable is capable of withstanding voltages higher than 3500V (medium voltage), more preferably a voltage of less than 10,000 V, still more preferably a voltage of about 5000V.
- the center conductor or conductive core must fulfill the conductivity requirements combined with the thermal resistance.
- the purpose of the driver is to allow the passage of a significant amount of electricity characterized by a high amperage. Indeed, in the context of the present invention, the conductor can receive a voltage of up to 5 kV and an amperage of up to 12 A.
- the cable according to the invention must have the most optimized mass possible. It is not possible to use materials with too low conductivity which would therefore require oversizing the central conductor. Thus only copper and copper alloys fulfill these requirements. Indeed, other metals such as nickel alone, for example, despite their excellent thermal resistance, can not be used in the cable according to the invention. because of their very low electrical conductivity.
- Aluminum is a low weight metal, but unusable for use at high temperatures because of the high elongation rate from 260 ° C.
- this material is characterized by a very low conductivity (25-30% of IACS, International Annealed Copper Standard, the electrical conductivity unit for metals and alloys, the reference of which is copper: 100% d
- IACS value of 100% corresponds to a conductivity of 5.8 MS / m 2) and shows difficulties in being connected.
- the copper alloy must of course meet the new environmental standards such as those of the European directive RoHS (2002/95 / CE) revised in 2011.
- the copper alloy comprises at least one alloy element selected from iron, aluminum and copper. non-hexavalent chromium, tin, magnesium, zirconium and their mixture, in particular chromium, zirconium and their mixture, especially a mixture of chromium and zirconium.
- the copper alloy is free of cadmium, cobalt, lead, beryllium and / or mercury.
- the copper alloy is a high-performance copper alloy comprising chromium in a content of up to 1% and zirconium in a content of up to 1% marketed by the company Fisk Alloy under the Percon TM 24 name.
- Copper and copper alloys have the disadvantage of being very sensitive to oxidation. It is therefore necessary to coat them with a coating resistant to oxidation by chemical or electrolytic means well known to those skilled in the art.
- Nickel plating is in a preferred way a coatings capable of withstanding high temperatures while keeping good mechanical properties. Indeed, a silver coating weakens if it is exposed for a long time at high temperatures. After 100 h, the silver begins to oxidize in the interfacial zone. After 2000h, the oxidation layer has grown and the remaining silver forms coalescences. Copper or copper alloy must be coated with nickel to prevent corrosion.
- nickel (25% IACS) has an impact on the conductivity of the conductor, especially when the latter is a copper alloy which by definition already has a lower conductivity than pure copper.
- the central conductor is made of nickel-coated copper alloy, said alloy advantageously comprising between 0 and 1.5% by weight of iron, between 0 and 1% by weight of non-hexavalent chromium, between 0 and 0.5% by weight. of tin, between 0 and 1% by weight of zirconium and between 0 and 0.5% by weight of magnesium relative to the total weight of the alloy and is free of cadmium, cobalt, lead, beryllium and Mercury in particular a high performance copper alloy comprising chromium in a content of up to 1% by weight and zirconium in a content of up to 1% by weight marketed by Fisk Alloy under the name Percon TM 24.
- the central conductor may consist of one or more strands, preferably several strands. Indeed the use of several strands makes it possible to obtain different constructions which can improve the flexibility of the final cable.
- the number of strands also has an impact on the electrical conductivity in general: the more strands a conductor contains, the better its mechanical behavior (in particular the resistance to fatigue cycles and the flexibility) but its electrical performances are a little diminished.
- the method of assembling the strands that form the final conductor may have some impact on the electrical phenomena involved in the high voltage (especially in terms of generation of corona effect).
- the central conductor in general if the central conductor is not mono-stranded, it can contain 7, 19, 27, 37, 45, and 61 strands and 7 * 7.
- the central conductor according to the present invention contains 19 or 37 strands, still more advantageously 19 strands.
- the following assemblies can be used: twist, concentric (in particular 19, 61 or 37 strands), Equilay, semi-concentric, Unilay (in particular 19 strands) or Ropelay (in particular for 7 * 7 strands).
- the central conductor contains 19 strands assembled in Unilay or 37 strands assembled concentrically. These two constructions show improved resistance to thermal aging in the short and long term. Even more advantageously the central conductor contains 19 strands assembled in Unilay. Indeed in the latter case, the life of the flexibility of the cable is improved and the corona effect is reduced by the geometric construction of the driver approaching a perfect circle.
- the central conductor is made of copper alloy, in particular Percon TM 24 marketed by Fisk Alloy, coated with 10% nickel according to the 19 strand construction assembled in Unilay. This construction is characterized by very good conductivity (> 70% IACS).
- the central conductor has a cross section of between 0.05 and 22 mm 2 , advantageously between 0.5 and 4.5 mm 2 , more advantageously between 3.5 and 4.4 mm 2 , and even more advantageously between 3.8 and 4.1 mm 2 .
- This allows the cable to maintain flexibility while having the necessary conductivity.
- the center conductor has a section of 3.9 mm 2 .
- the central conductor can withstand continuous exposure to temperatures above 300 ° C without creep and maintaining excellent mechanical properties and very good conductivity.
- the insulating material used for the manufacture of high voltage electrical cables is a dielectric material that is to say that does not conduct electricity.
- the principle function of the dielectric is to maintain electrical insulation performance between the main conductor of the cable and the conductive elements (at ground potential) for a definite time and in a defined environment.
- the main layer of insulating material disposed around the central conductor is formed by an extruded thermoplastic chosen from polyetherketones or PEK (more particularly PEEK HT G22 manufactured by Victrex), polyetherketoneetherketoneketones or PEKEKK ( more particularly reference PEEK ST G45 manufactured by Victrex) and their mixture.
- PEK polyetherketones or PEK
- PEKEKK more particularly reference PEEK ST G45 manufactured by Victrex
- it is a polyetherketoneetherketoneketone and in particular that sold by Victrex under the name PEEK ST G45.
- the polyetherketoneetherketoneketone has a higher temperature resistance than the polyetherketones. In addition they are easier to implement.
- the inventor has demonstrated that when they were used as a layer of main insulating material in the manufacture of a high voltage electrical cable, these materials were able to withstand up to thermal stresses of: - 280 ° C for 2000 hours for static applications or for low amplitude folding movements (between +/- 1 ° and +/- 10 0 ).
- thermoplastic polymers belonging to the same family such as polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) which according to the manufacturers can also be used at a maximum temperature of 250.degree. C. have been found to possess insufficient thermal resistance (polyetheretherketone such as for example PEEK 151G sold by Victrex) or mechanical strength after insufficient thermal aging (polyetherketoneketone such as for example the OXPEKK CE marketed by Arkema) when they were in the form extruded or even in the form of a coating (Polyetheretherketone coating) which causes the appearance of cracks which therefore adversely affect their role of insulator.
- PEKK polyetherketoneketone
- PEEK polyetheretherketone
- the main layer of insulating material has a thickness of between 0.1 and 3 mm, advantageously between 0.15 and 2 mm, more advantageously between 0.2 and 1.5 mm, even more advantageously between 0.5 and 1 mm, in particular the thickness is 1 mm.
- This thickness is sufficient to isolate the central conductor while not being too thick so that the cable can keep some flexibility.
- the cable according to the invention comprises a layer of additional insulating material around the main layer of insulating material, said layer of additional insulating material being formed by a thermosetting polymer resistant to temperatures that can up to 280 ° C, in particular a thermosetting polymer polyimide or polybenzimidazole.
- a thermosetting polymer resistant to temperatures that can up to 280 ° C in particular a thermosetting polymer polyimide or polybenzimidazole.
- the layer of material is advantageously in the form of a film.
- the layer is advantageously in the form of ribbon.
- the layer of additional insulating material is polyimide in the form of ribbon.
- this additional layer of insulating material avoids the problems that may exist at the polymer / metal interface when the cable is surrounded by a metal shielding material. Indeed, the differences in thermal conductivity between a metal component and a thermoplastic insulating material that are both in close contact can create local stresses that can promote the formation of cracks. These cracks can cause a dielectric breakdown by contributing to the phenomenon such as the electrical tree. Since the heat comes mainly from the outside, especially when the cable is intended to be used near an engine, this additional layer of insulating material should rather be located around the main layer of insulating material, and in particular between the main layer of insulating material and the outer layer of shielding material.
- the polyimide in particular in tape form, contains no adhesive, the cohesion of this layer with the central conductor being provided by the thermoplastic insulating main material.
- the polyimide is a ribboned polyimide sold by the company Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton HN, in particular Kapton 200H.
- the layer of additional insulating material comprises between one and four wound polyimide ribbon layers, advantageously two or three layers of banded polyimide, and even more advantageously two layers of banded polyimide, with a coverage of between 25 and 75%, advantageously of 50%.
- the layer of additional insulating material comprises two layers of polyimide tape with a coverage of 50%, in particular that marketed by Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton HN, in particular Kapton 200H.
- the layer of additional insulating material has a thickness between 15 and 75 ⁇ , more preferably between 20 and 60 ⁇ m, still more preferably between 25 and 50 ⁇ m, in particular about 50 ⁇ m.
- the cable according to the present invention comprises an outer layer of metal shielding material, preferably made of the same material as the central conductor.
- the outer layer of metal shielding material can deal with the problems caused by electromagnetic interference. It is therefore advantageous to add such a layer to the cable according to the present invention.
- This layer can in particular be braided, wound in the form of sheets, a combination of sheets and braiding or in helical form.
- the outer layer of metal shielding material of the cable according to the invention is braided. Indeed, the inventor has discovered that this configuration allows a very effective shielding, in particular as a shield against radiation, while maintaining sufficient flexibility during its lifetime.
- the metal shielding material to be used to make this outer layer must indeed be a good shield against radiation.
- the best metal material solution to be used to manufacture this outer shielding layer must be a compromise between good mechanical properties, particularly with regard to folding and flexibility, and good shielding efficiency, particularly as a barrier. that barrier against radiation.
- it may be copper coated with nickel or a copper alloy coated with nickel.
- it is a copper alloy coated with nickel.
- the copper alloy must of course meet the new environmental standards such as those of the European directive RoHS (2002/95 / CE) revised in 2011.
- the copper alloy comprises at least one alloy element selected from iron, aluminum and copper.
- the copper alloy is free of cadmium, cobalt, lead, beryllium and / or mercury. Even more advantageously, it comprises between 0 and 1.5% by weight of iron, between 0 and 1% by weight of non-hexavalent chromium, between 0 and 0.5% by weight of tin, between 0 and 1% by weight of zirconium and between 0 and 0.5% by weight of magnesium relative to the total weight of the alloy and is free of cadmium, cobalt, lead, beryllium and Mercury.
- the copper alloy and a high-performance copper alloy comprising chromium in a content of up to 1% and zirconium in a content of up to 1% marketed by the company Fisk Alloy under the denomination Percon TM 24.
- the nickel coating thickness is between 7 and 11% by weight, preferably 10% by weight according to ASTM B355.
- the shielding material is the same material as that of the central conductor, which makes it possible to obtain a shielding layer having good temperature resistance and good conductivity for grounding.
- a layer of intermediate insulating material is interposed between the central conductor and the main layer of insulating material, said layer of intermediate insulating material being formed by a thermosetting polymer resistant to temperatures up to at 280 ° C, in particular a thermosetting polymer polyimide or polybenzimidazole.
- the layer of material is advantageously in the form of a film.
- the layer is advantageously in the form of ribbon.
- the layer of additional insulating material is polyimide in ribbon form.
- thermosetting insulating material makes it possible to avoid this type of problem.
- the polyimide in particular in tape form, contains no adhesive, the cohesion of this intermediate layer with the central conductor being provided by the thermoplastic insulating main material.
- the polyimide is a ribboned polyimide sold by the company Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton HN, in particular Kapton 100H.
- the layer of intermediate insulating material comprises between one and four layers of wound ribbon polyimide, advantageously two or three layers of banded polyimide, and even more advantageously two layers of banded polyimide, with a covering of between 25 and 75%, advantageously of 50. %.
- the layer of intermediate insulating material comprises two layers of polyimide tape with a recovery of 50%, in particular that marketed by Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton HN, in particular Kapton 100H.
- the layer of intermediate insulating material has a thickness of between 15 and 75 ⁇ m, more advantageously between 20 and 60 ⁇ m, more advantageously between 25 and 50 ⁇ m, in particular about 25 ⁇ m.
- the intermediate layer of insulating material and the additional layer of insulating material are both present in the cable according to the present invention in order to avoid problems of dielectric breakdown, that the temperature comes from outside or inside the driver. Indeed, the inventor has discovered that this construction is more advantageous to avoid dielectric breaks at very high temperatures.
- the intermediate layer of insulating material and the additional layer of insulating material are manufactured using the same insulating material, in particular polyimide.
- the additional layer having a thickness greater than the intermediate layer.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is 25 ⁇ m and the thickness of the additional layer is 50 ⁇ m.
- the cable comprises the central conductor, the intermediate layer of insulating material disposed around the central conductor, the main layer of insulating material disposed around the intermediate layer, the additional layer of insulating material arranged around the main layer and the outer layer of shielding material disposed around the additional layer.
- the cable according to the invention comprises an intermediate semiconducting layer interposed between the main layer of insulating material or the layer of additional insulating material if the latter is present and the outer layer of insulating material. shielding.
- This semiconductor layer is intended to evacuate the electrostatic discharges due to the friction between the shielding layer and the layer or layers of insulating material, so that they do not reach the central conductor. This layer therefore makes it possible in particular to improve the service life of the high-voltage cable. Without this layer, the cable according to the present invention already has a good life. However, this layer has an additional advantage.
- this semiconductor layer must have excellent elasticity so that it can follow the movement of the cable but without leaving the insulation. It is generally made from a polymer material loaded with a conductive filler. As before, this semiconductor layer must withstand the extreme conditions of use of the cable and therefore the material The polymer of which it is made must in particular withstand very high temperatures.
- This layer may be made of thermosetting polymer or thermoplastic polymer resistant to very high temperatures.
- the semiconductor layer is a polyimide ribbon loaded in the mass by a charge advantageously chosen from carbon black or carbon nanotubes. It may be in particular the material sold by Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton 100XC10E5 or Kapton 100XC10E7.
- the cable according to the invention comprises
- the main layer of insulating material disposed around the central conductor the additional layer of insulating material disposed around the main layer, the intermediate semiconducting layer and the outer layer of shielding material arranged around the semiconductor layer.
- the cable according to the present invention is able to withstand for at least 2000 hours without electrical failure:
- the cable according to the present invention is manufactured by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. In particular the main insulation layer and extruded around the central conductor or the intermediate layer of insulating material if the latter is present.
- the intermediate layer of insulating material when present, is wound around the central conductor.
- the additional layer of insulating material when present, is wrapped around the main layer of insulating material. It is the same for the semiconductor layer when it is present which is wound around the additional layer.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the cable according to the present invention in the petroleum field, in particular for prospecting equipment, aerospace, nuclear particularly for the areas close to the reactor, scientific research requiring extreme conditions, petroleum research, aeronautics and / or the military field.
- the present invention will be better understood with reference to the following figures and examples.
- FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment of the cable according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the third embodiment of the cable according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the sixth embodiment of the cable according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the seventh embodiment of the cable according to the invention.
- the cable according to the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises the main layer of insulating material (2) made of thermoplastic material extruded around the copper alloy core (1) marketed by the company Fisk Alloy under the name Percon 24 coated with 10 % nickel and having the Unilay 19 strand configuration.
- the cable according to the invention illustrated in FIG. 2 comprises the main layer of insulating material (2) made of polyetherketoneetherketoneketone sold by Victrex under the name PEEK STG 45 extruded around the central conductor (1) made of copper alloy marketed by the company Fisk Alloy under the name Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel configuration Unilay 19 strands. It further comprises the additional layer (3) of thermosetting polyimide insulating material sold by Dupont De Nemours under the name Kapton 200H which is wound around the main layer of insulating material (2) and the outer layer of shielding (5). copper alloy sold by the company Fisk Alloy under the name Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel braided around the additional layer of insulating material (3).
- the cable according to the invention illustrated in FIG. 3 comprises, in addition to the layers present in the cable illustrated in FIG. 2, the intermediate layer of polyimide thermosetting insulating material (4) marketed by the Pont du Pont company. Nemours under the name Kapton 100H wrapped around the central conductor (1).
- the main layer of the insulating material (2) made of polyetherketoneetherketoneketone sold by Victrex under the name PEEK STG 45 is thus extruded around this intermediate layer (4).
- the cable according to the invention illustrated in FIG. 4 comprises, in addition to the layers present in the cable illustrated in FIG. 3, the layer of dielectric material (6) arranged around the additional layer (3), the shielding layer ( 5) being braided on this layer of dielectric material (6).
- Example 1 selection and evaluation of the material of the central conductor
- the tests were carried out on a mono-strand configuration.
- the materials tested were either copper or a particular copper alloy (the Percon 24 marketed by Fisk Alloy) with different thicknesses of nickel coating. These different materials are found in Table 1 below:
- NPC nickel
- NPC nickel
- mechanical characterization test dimension measurement (D)
- RAA alternating flexural strength
- a & CR elongation and breaking load
- RS linear resistance
- RL linear resistance
- thermal critical test thermal stability (ST) which corresponds to aging at short term
- thermal aging (VT) thermal aging (VT) which corresponds to long-term aging).
- thermal characterization mechanical and electrical tests are carried out after storing the materials at a given temperature for a given time and the results are compared with those obtained initially to verify if these characteristics have been modified.
- Ni Percon24 136.5Q / km +/- 27% Ni Percon24: 135.23 ⁇ / km 10% 10% Ni Percon24: 109.59 ⁇ / km
- Ni Percon24 109.73Q / km +/- 7%
- Ni Percon 24 102.56 ⁇ / km
- NPC 27% Ni: 107.79 ⁇ / km
- Ni Percon 24 110 ⁇ / km +/- NPC 1.5%
- Ni Percon24 450 MPa & 6% 27% Ni Percon24: 534.57 MPa & mini 7.02% 10% Ni Percon24: 10% Ni Percon24: 557,83MPa &
- NPC 27% Ni NPC 27% Ni: 301.92MPa & 270MPa & 15% mini 26.25%
- NPC 1 5% Ni: NPC 1,5% Ni: 261,17MPa & 250MPa & 20% mini 26,47%
- Ni Percon24 thickness 10% Ni Percon24: 11.54 to 12.48 12,01pm mini pm
- the 27% nickel-coated Percon 24 copper alloy is distinguished only from other materials by its alternating flexural strength performance which is 50 times greater than for the other nickel coated Percon 24s.
- This performance decreases after 168 hours of aging and falls to be only 25% higher compared to the Percon 24 coated with 7% nickel and 15% higher compared to the Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel.
- nickel coated copper appears to be relatively weak. Tensile strength is better for the Percon series 24 only for copper coated with nickel. Among the Percon 24, the Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel and the Percon 24 coated with 27% nickel are equivalent in terms of tensile strength.
- nickel coating thicknesses of 7 or 10% are sufficient to keep good mechanical characteristics.
- the best compromise between these two thicknesses of coating seems to be the thickness of 10% nickel.
- Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel shows a high resistance to traction and alternating flexion combined with good conductivity. It differs from Percon 24 coated with 7% nickel in terms of tensile strength. Aging has relatively little influence on these properties.
- the material that was used in the rest of the examples is Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel marketed by Fisk Alloy.
- Example 2 The same tests as those used to choose the most suitable material in Example 1 were carried out on the different constructions. Additional tests were implemented: weldability (S) according to IEC 68-2-69 or NF A 89-400, torsional torque (CT) and temperature rise under amperage variation (ET).
- S weldability
- CT torsional torque
- ET temperature rise under amperage variation
- thermocouples attached to the cable.
- the temperature rise must not exceed 10 ° C for an applied current of 6 and 12 A.
- the preferred constructions are 19 * 0.511 Unilay and 37 * 0.361 concentric. Indeed, in particular their results in the alternating flexural strength tests are among the best even after aging at high temperature.
- the concentric 19 * 0 511 construction has the lowest alternating flexural strength of all constructions. It is for this reason that it is not the preferred construction.
- the 19 * 0.511 Unilay construction will be preferred because it has better resistance to alternating bending.
- the driver will have the construction 19 * 0.511 Unilay
- Example 3 Selection and evaluation of the layer of main insulating material
- PEEK PEEK 151G insufficient thermal and marketed by the too rigid.
- PEK Polyetherketone
- the cable in which the main insulation layer (2) is made of AURUM PL450C material was severely affected during the aging test at 280 ° C. The damage results in a change in its appearance and the appearance of several cracks. The material becomes very brittle. Even manual manipulation can easily break the insulation. This material can not therefore be used as an insulator in the context of the cables according to the present invention.
- the OXPEKK C-E material was the most difficult to implement among the four materials tested.
- the cable in which the main insulation layer (2) is made of OXPEKK C-E material did not pass the winding test at room temperature. Indeed several major cracks appeared after the completion of this test. This material can not therefore be used as an insulator in the context of the cables according to the present invention.
- the other two materials are particularly interesting for the production of cables according to the present invention. Indeed, their mechanical characteristics are not really affected by the aging phases. The variations of the mechanical characteristics do not exceed 10 to 20%, which is not really significant given the tolerance of the measurements of this type of test. These materials still have good flexibility even after 200 hours of heat treatment at 280 ° C as demonstrated by the winding test. A decrease in elongation can be observed after thermal aging at 280 ° C which is normal for a semi-crystalline material. At 280 ° C the material reaches its maximum crystallinity and this structure is characterized by a lower elongation.
- PEEK STG 45 has a slightly higher melting temperature which makes it more attractive for high temperature applications. This difference was observed during the high current test where it was noticed that the PEEK HT G22 material melted before the PEEK STG45 material. In view of all these elements, the preferred material is PEEK STG45. It is therefore this material that will be chosen in the rest of the tests and examples.
- thermosetting layers between the outer layer of metal shielding and the thermoplastic layer to avoid problems that may appear at the metal / polymer interface at high temperature. The question may also arise whether such a layer may also be present between the main layer of thermoplastic insulating material and the central conductor. Two configurations and have been tested:
- the first is similar to that shown in Figure 2 with the exception of the absence of the layer (5) of metal shielding.
- the second is similar to that shown in Figure 3 with the exception of the absence of the metal shielding layer (5).
- the central conductor (1) is in the alloy Percon 24 coated with 10% nickel sold by the company Fisk Alloy with the construction 19 * 0.511 Unilay.
- the layer of main insulating material (2) is PEEK STG45 extruded with a thickness of 1 mm.
- thermosetting polyimide layer (3) made of KAPTON 200 HN tape sold by Dupont De Nemours is wound on the main layer of insulating material (2) to form two layers with a covering of 50% and having a thickness 50 pm.
- a polyimide intermediate layer (4) made of KAPTON 100 HN tape sold by Dupont De Nemours is wound on the center conductor (1) to form 2 layers with a 50% overlap and having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- a central conductor (1) made of copper alloy Percon 24 coated with 10% of nickel marketed by the company Fisk Alloy having the construction 19 * 0.511 Unilay on which is wound a polyimide intermediate layer (4) made of tape KAPTON 100 HN sold by the company Dupont De Nemours to form 2 layers with a coverage of 50% and having a thickness of 25 pm.
- the layer of main insulating material (2) is PEEK STG45 extruded with a thickness of 1 mm.
- An additional thermosetting polyimide layer (3) made of KAPTON 200 HN tape sold by the Dupont De Nemours company is wound on the main layer of insulating material (2) to form 2 layers with an overlap of 50% and having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- a layer of outer metal shielding material (5) is woven based on Percon 24 copper alloy coated with 10% nickel marketed by Fisk Alloy, each strand having a diameter of 0.127 mm.
- aging tests high voltage thermal cycle (5kV DC) from -80 ° C to +180 ° C: 100 cycles with a temperature ramp of 2 ° C per minute and 1 hour of maintenance at each plateau
- irradiation test with a dose of 200 Mrad at each stage of the aging: initial stage, after thermal cycle, after thermal aging).
- the mechanical properties are in conformity.
- the winding test which is carried out at each phase of aging is still in conformity and shows that the cable retains its mechanical properties even after exposure to 280 ° C under high voltage.
- the cable After irradiation: no degradation of the mechanical or electrical properties is observed.
- the cable keeps its mechanical and electrical properties compliant after a thermal cycle and an aging phase at 280 ° C under high voltage (5 kV).
- High temperature dielectric strength the insulating material shows high electrical properties even at very high temperatures. At 300 ° C, the dielectric breakdown of aged samples is always greater than 10kV AC. These results show that the proposed construction meets the requirements for maximum voltage combined with maximum temperature.
- Partial discharge measurements in view of the overall results, the insulation material is homogeneous in its initial state and has not been significantly degraded during the aging phases. In view of all the results of the evaluation of the cable and its various components presented in Examples 1 to 3, it can be concluded that the Insulating material was not significantly damaged during thermal aging and after irradiation. The main effects observed are a stiffening of the material is a darker color. Finally, the cold bending results comply with the required conditions.
- the selected conductor in the first evaluation part (example 1), is able to withstand very high temperature for a long time. Its design meets the requirements of the maximum voltage and the risk of oxidation is absent due to the defined thickness of the nickel coating.
- the test results show that the selected construction is capable of withstanding a large number of large amplitude bending cycles and that high temperature aging has only a small impact in the case of low amplitude movements.
- the final assembly of the chosen construction is suitable for high voltage applications because of its external shape.
- the evaluation showed that the combination of aging phases followed by winding tests was not sufficient to damage the insulation. Partial discharge measurements revealed the absence of micro defects during the aging of the insulating material.
Landscapes
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
Abstract
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FR1160697A FR2982993B1 (fr) | 2011-11-23 | 2011-11-23 | Cable electrique haute tension adapte aux conditions extremes |
PCT/FR2012/052675 WO2013076416A1 (fr) | 2011-11-23 | 2012-11-20 | Cable electrique haute tension adapte aux conditions extremes |
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EP2783372A1 true EP2783372A1 (fr) | 2014-10-01 |
EP2783372B1 EP2783372B1 (fr) | 2019-04-03 |
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CN104112499A (zh) * | 2014-07-03 | 2014-10-22 | 安徽江淮电缆集团有限公司 | 一种航天用辐照交联氟聚合物绝缘轻型耐高温电缆 |
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FR1160136A (fr) | 1955-11-10 | 1958-07-08 | Eisen & Stahlind Ag | échangeur thermique, notamment récupérateur pour fours industriels |
FR2555799B1 (fr) * | 1983-11-25 | 1987-04-17 | Filotex Sa | Cable electrique, notamment pour usage aerospatial, a caracteristiques electriques ameliorees |
EP0887807A1 (fr) * | 1997-06-24 | 1998-12-30 | Camco International Inc. | Câble électrique multibrin |
US7200305B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2007-04-03 | Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Electro-optical cable for use in transmission of high voltage and optical signals under extremes of temperature |
US7288721B2 (en) * | 2004-12-28 | 2007-10-30 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Electrical cables |
JP2010108843A (ja) * | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-13 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | 絶縁被覆電線 |
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