EP2774182A1 - Photovoltaic panel safety device - Google Patents

Photovoltaic panel safety device

Info

Publication number
EP2774182A1
EP2774182A1 EP12780205.6A EP12780205A EP2774182A1 EP 2774182 A1 EP2774182 A1 EP 2774182A1 EP 12780205 A EP12780205 A EP 12780205A EP 2774182 A1 EP2774182 A1 EP 2774182A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
photovoltaic panel
external circuit
switch
electrical
photovoltaic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12780205.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Celine DARD
Eric Douville
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Augier
Original Assignee
Augier
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Augier filed Critical Augier
Publication of EP2774182A1 publication Critical patent/EP2774182A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/02016—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices
    • H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02021—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment
    • H02H7/205—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment for controlled semi-conductors which are not included in a specific circuit arrangement
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a security system for photovoltaic panels.
  • the invention also relates to a production process and security for photovoltaic panels. STATE OF THE ART
  • Photovoltaic solar panels are generators transforming solar light energy into DC voltage.
  • They generally consist of cells or photosensitive films constituting one or more semiconducting junctions. At the level of each cell, the excitation of these junctions by the photons releases electrons which are then collected through conductors.
  • a set of cells are thus put into series / parallel, then encapsulated in a glass-glass or glass-support structure, in order to obtain a solar generator a few tens of volts, representing a peak power of a few tens to hundreds of watts .
  • These panels are delivered in dimensions of about m 2 .
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a photovoltaic system 1 according to the state of the art.
  • a photovoltaic system 1 comprises a plurality of photovoltaic panels 4 each connected to a junction box 2.
  • Each junction box 2 comprises bridging diodes and has two cables, one per polarity, provided with standardized connectors.
  • the photovoltaic panels 4 are connected in series via an external circuit 3 to the photovoltaic panel 4 which serves as a collection circuit.
  • the external circuit 3 connects the outputs of the junction boxes 2 together in order to obtain the greatest possible voltage compatible with the low voltage dielectric strength of these devices (1000V) as well as with the input ranges of the other components of the photovoltaic system 1.
  • Photovoltaic systems 1 are generally installed on roof, shade or other supports.
  • the external electric circuits of col lect ects are com pl ed by pa rd es of the pa rt s or cutoff or even fusible or magnetothermic protection to isolate the photovoltaic panels 4.
  • the photovoltaic system 1 thus constituted, with a power of a few tens to a few hundred kW, further comprises an inverter 7 which is a DC / AC converter.
  • the inverter is connected to the external circuit 3.
  • the inverter 7 transforms the collected energy in the form of direct current, into clean alternating current to be used, thus enabling it to be reinjected into the electrical distribution network or stored via batteries, or its immediate use.
  • Such a system with its disconnection, protection and network connection device, is compliant with the standards and g uids of installations such as guides C15-400 or C15-712.
  • the document FR2956533 proposes a means of securing a photovoltaic panel 4 or a group of photovoltaic panels 4, by means of contactors or double-reversing relays making it possible, on activation of a control circuit, to disconnect the 2 polarities of the panel photovoltaic 4 and put them in short circuit.
  • the dimensioning of the inverter member to support the DC arc and the no-load potential of the field or panel group does not allow to position it closer to the current generator, with the consequence of the presence of cables under voltage or remaining through a large current.
  • the invention proposes to remedy at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • a photovoltaic panel comprising electric terminals, and an external circuit to the photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical outputs
  • the safety device comprising:
  • a first switch arranged between the electrical terminals and controllable to adopt a first position in which the electrical terminals are interconnected, thus bypassing the photovoltaic panel
  • the means of detecting the first and the second switches comprising means for detecting an operating signal coming from the external circuit, said control means being able to position the second switch in the first position according to whether the detection means detect or not the operating signal.
  • the first switch is mounted in parallel with the photovoltaic panel
  • the operating signal is a coded and / or cyclic and / or continuous signal and / or modulated in phase, and / or in amplitude and / or in frequency,
  • control means are able to position the second switch in first position when the detection means detect the absence of the operating signal normally transmitted by transmission means of the external circuit, the operating signal is a line signal in line,
  • the safety device comprises means for supplying the control means and / or the first switch and / or the second switch, able to convert the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel,
  • the device is placed in an individual junction box of the photovoltaic panel and the external circuit, or in that it is placed in a separate housing of an individual junction box of the photovoltaic panel and the external circuit,
  • the invention furthermore describes a photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals, and comprising such a security device, the security device being integrated therewith.
  • the invention furthermore describes a photovoltaic system comprising:
  • At least one photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals
  • the invention furthermore describes a method for securing a photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals and an external circuit comprising two electrical outputs, the method being implemented by means of a safety reli the photovoltaic system is connected to the external circuit, characterized in that an operating signal coming from the external circuit is detected, in that, depending on this detection or this absence of detection, the short circuit is monitored. circuiting of the photovoltaic panel by the two electrical terminals and the short-circuiting of the external circuit by the two electrical outputs, in order to isolate the photovoltaic panel of the external circuit, without creating an electric arc during short-circuits.
  • FIG. 1 already commented on, schematically represents a photovoltaic system according to the prior art
  • FIGS. 2a to 2d show schematically a device according to a first embodiment of the invention during the various steps of a production process of a photovoltaic panel
  • FIGS. 3a to 3d diagrammatically represent a device according to a first embodiment of the invention during the different stages of a production shutdown process of a photovoltaic panel
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows a photovoltaic system comprising a device according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 schematically represent photovoltaic panels comprising devices according to other embodiments of the invention.
  • FIGS. 8a to 8d graphically represent the state of several physical quantities of a photovoltaic system according to the invention during the steps illustrated in FIGS. 2a to 2d and 3a to 3d.
  • FIGS. 2a to 2b and 3a to 3b show schematically a safety device 20.
  • a security device 20 is positioned between a photovoltaic panel 4 and an external circuit 3.
  • the security device 20 comprises an electronic circuit which is located in a junction box 2.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 comprises a first electrical terminal 41, and a second electrical terminal 42.
  • the two electrical terminals 41 and 42 which may be electrical power terminals, are connected to the safety device 20.
  • the external circuit 3 comprises a first electrical output 31 and a second electrical output 32.
  • the two electrical outputs 31 and 32 are connected to the safety device 20.
  • the safety device 20 comprises first electrical connection means 4131 able to connect the first electrical terminal 41 of the photovoltaic panel 4 with the first electrical output 31 of the external circuit 3.
  • the security device 20 comprises second 4232 electrical connection means capable of connecting the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4 with the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit 3.
  • each of the electrical terminals 41, respectively 42 are connected to an electrical output 31, respectively 32, during normal operation of the external circuit 3, that is to say when the external circuit 3 collects the energy produced. by the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the first and second electrical connection means 41 and 4232 may be connectors. Subsequently, the upstream, respectively downstream, element will be designated as an element of the electronic element of the device 20, the part of the electronic circuit situated between this element and the photovoltaic panel 4. respectively between this element and the external circuit 3.
  • the safety device 20 comprises a first switch 201 arranged between the electrical terminals 41 and 42, and able to take:
  • a first position referred to as the "closed" position, in which the electrical terminals 41 and 42 are interconnected, thus bypassing the photovoltaic panel 4, and
  • the first switch 201 is connected in parallel with the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the first switch 201 has a first terminal and a second terminal respectively connected to the first connection means 4131 and the second connection means 4232, as close as possible to the electrical terminals 41 and 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the first switch 201 thus comprises a switch whose terminals are the same as the electrical terminals 41 and 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the first switch 201 may include a semiconductor.
  • the safety device 20 comprises a second switch 202 arranged between the electrical outputs 31 and 32, and which can be controlled to adopt:
  • a first position referred to as the "passive" position, in which the electrical outputs 31 and 32 are connected to each other, thus short-circuiting the external circuit 3, and
  • active position in which the external circuit 3 is not short-circuited.
  • the second switch 202 includes an inverter relay.
  • the inverting relay comprises a diode positioned along the first connection means 41 31.
  • the anode of the diode is located downstream and its cathode upstream. This diode allows the discharge of the external circuit 3 during the production shutdown process of the photovoltaic panel 4, particularly when positioning the first switch 201 in the "closed" position.
  • the inverting relay further comprises a relay arranged in parallel with the diode.
  • the relay bypasses the diode and connects the first electrical terminal 41 and the first electrical output 31.
  • the relay connects the anode of the diode with the second electrical terminal 42 and the second electrical output 32. The electrical outputs 31 and 32 are thus short-circuited.
  • the second switch 202 is defaults to a "passive" pos tion.
  • the "active" position corresponds to that where the photovoltaic panel 4 delivers its electrical power to the rest of the photovoltaic system 1.
  • the first switch 201 and the second switch 202 are controlled by control means 203.
  • the control means 203 comprise a control circuit able to control the positioning of the first switch 201 and the second switch 202.
  • the control means 203 comprise means 2031 for detecting a signal for the operation of a carrier current in the external circuit 3. The control means 203 can thus control the relays of the safety device 20 according to whether or not the detection means 2031 detect the operating signal.
  • the detection means 2031 comprise a sensor and a receiver block located in the control circuit of the control means 203. The sensor is able to pick up an operating signal transmitted on the external circuit 3.
  • a control means 203 is con nected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the security device 20 further comprises means 204 for supplying power to the control means 203, the first switch 201 and the second switch 202.
  • the power supply means 204 make it possible to convert the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel 4 when the latter is illuminated.
  • the power supply means 204 may comprise a DC / DC converter supplying the control means 203, and may comprise a storage means returning the power supply to the control means 203 when the first switch 201 is in the "closed" position.
  • the power supply means 204 comprise a power supply unit comprising three terminals.
  • a first terminal of the power supply unit is connected to the first connection means 4131, upstream of the second switch 202 and downstream of the first switch 201.
  • a second terminal of the power supply unit is connected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • a third terminal of the power supply unit is connected to a capacitor or any other temporary storage medium known to those skilled in the art, of which the other terminal is connected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the safety device 20 comprises a diode whose cathode is connected to the first electrical output 31 and whose anode is connected to the second electrical output 32.
  • the role of this diode is normally to short-circuit the reverse currents that may result from defects in other photovoltaic panels 4 of the panel chain 4 (bridging or non-return diode).
  • the diode can be integrated in the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the first switch 201 is adapted to short-circuit each electrical terminal 41 or 42, respectively each electrical output 31 or 32, to earth.
  • FIG. 4 schematically represents a photovoltaic system comprising a device according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • the junction box 2 comprises the security device 20 as described above.
  • the operating signal of the carrier current of the external circuit 3 is emitted by transmission means 6.
  • the transmission means 6 may comprise a transmitter.
  • the transmitter can be integrated in the inverter 7 but can also be integrated into an external box.
  • the operating signal may be a coded signal.
  • the operating signal can be cyclic or continuous.
  • the operating signal can be modulated in amplitude, frequency or phase.
  • the operating signal is a carrier current "life" signal. It is superimposed on the power current delivered by the photovoltaic panel 4 when it delivers its energy Examples of photovoltaic panels
  • the security device 20 may be integrated in the photovoltaic system 4 in several ways as illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7.
  • FIG. 5 shows a first possibility of integration, where the safety device 20 is directly integrated in the junction box 2 of the photovoltaic panel 4 to the external circuit 3.
  • FIG. 6 shows a second possibility of integration, where the security device 20 is placed in a security box connecting the junction box 2 to the external circuit 3. This possibility is adapted to the case of already existing photovoltaic panels 4 and not including a safety device 20 according to the invention.
  • a third possibility, illustrated by FIG. 7, consists in integrating the device directly inside the photovoltaic panel 4, between two glass panels 42 and 43 of the photovoltaic panel 4, or between a glass panel 42 and a rear support 43. of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 may include a dedicated housing in the rear support.
  • the components of the security device 20 may be embedded in a coating 44.
  • FIGS. 2a to 2d schematically represent a safety device 20 according to a first embodiment of the invention in different states 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d during the various steps of a production process of a photovoltaic panel 4.
  • FIG. 2a shows the security device 20 in an initial state 2a where the photovoltaic panel 4 is illuminated but disconnected from the photovoltaic system 1.
  • the transmission means 6 do not send an operating signal.
  • the first switch 201 is in the "open” position and the second switch 202 is in the "passive” position, these two positions defining a "rest” position, of the security device 20.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 feeds the power supply means 204 of the control means 203. There is no potential or current generated by the photovoltaic panel 4 between the first electrical output 31 and the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit. 3. Since outside circulation 3, the panel is seen as a short circuit and out of potential.
  • the photovoltaic system 1 is considered to be in operating condition; it is connected to the network.
  • the emitting means 6 emit an operating signal.
  • the detection means 2031 detect the operating signal and consequently the control means 203 control the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed" position.
  • the security device 20 is in a state 2b illustrated in Figure 2b.
  • the control means 203 control the positioning of the second switch 202 in the "active" position.
  • the Applicant has noted that the prior positioning of the first switch 201 allowed a positioning of the second switch 202 without creating an electric arc. Such a state 2c is illustrated in FIG. 2c.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 is then connected to the external circuit 3 of the photovoltaic system 1, but the system remains virtually out of current and voltage.
  • a final step in the implementation of the photovoltaic panel 4 is the "open" position of the first switch 201. Such positioning is controlled by the control means 203. Such positioning allows the production of energy by the photovoltaic panel 4 in the external circuit 3.
  • the state of the security device 20 at the end of this step is said operating state 2d.
  • Such a state 2d is illustrated in Figure 2d.
  • the transmission means inject into the external circuit 3 an operating signal.
  • the security device 20 follows a process of production stop.
  • FIGS. 3a to 3d schematically represent a safety device 20 in various states 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d during the different stages of the production shutdown process of the photovoltaic panel 4.
  • Figure 3a shows the security device 20 from the production shutdown process.
  • the security device 20 is then in a state 3a similar to the state 2d.
  • the production stop process starts when the operating signal is not detected by the detection means 2031 for a certain period of time.
  • the stopping of the reception of the signal can be due to a disconnection of the network of the photovoltaic system 1 which causes the emission means 6 and the inverter 7 to be shut down.
  • the stopping of the reception can also be due to deterioration of the external circuit 3.
  • the control system 203 controls the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed” position.
  • the system is almost out of current and voltage.
  • Such a state 3b of the security device 20 is illustrated in FIG. 3b.
  • the control means 203 control the positioning of the second switch 202 in the "passive" position.
  • the Applicant has noted that the prior positioning of the first switch 201 allowed a positioning of the second switch 202 without creating an electric arc. Such a state 3c is illustrated in FIG. 3c.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 is then disconnected from the external circuit 3 of the photovoltaic system 1.
  • a final step of putting the photovoltaic panel 4 into operation consists of positioning in the "open" position of the first switch 201. Such positioning is controlled by the control means 203. Such a positioning allows the stop of the production of energy by the photovoltaic panel 4 in the external circuit 3.
  • the security device 20 is then in a final state of security 3d illustrated by Figure 3d.
  • the photovoltaic panel supplies the power supply means 204 to the control means 203 which are placed in standby mode.
  • the photovoltaic system 1 When the security device 20 is in the final security state and the photovoltaic panel 4 is not lit, the photovoltaic system 1 remains in a state of rest bypassed.
  • the photovoltaic panel 4 is seen from the outside circuit 3 as being in short circuit and out of potential.
  • FIGS. 8a to 8d graphically represent the state of several physical magnitudes of a possible photovoltaic system 1 according to the invention during the steps illustrated in FIGS. 2a to 2d and 3a to 3d, assuming, for the example, a 30V photovoltaic panel vacuum voltage 4, 8A short-circuit current and 2V first switch 201 voltage drop.
  • FIG. 8a graphically represents the result of the measurement of the operating signal carried out by the detection means 2031.
  • FIG. 8b shows graphically the voltage V measured in volts between the first electrical output 31 and the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit 3.
  • FIG. 8c represents the intensity measured in amperes of the current at the level of the first electrical output 31 of the external circuit 3.
  • FIG. 8d represents the intensity measured in amperes of the current flowing through the first switch 201.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a safety device (20) between: a photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical terminals (41, 42); and a circuit external to the photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical outputs (31, 32), comprising: a first switch (201) arranged between the electrical terminals (41, 42) and possibly being controlled in order to adopt a first position in which the electrical terminals (41, 42) are connected together, thus short-circuiting the photovoltaic panel (4); a second switch (202) arranged between the electrical outputs (31, 32), which switch can be made to adopt a first position in which the electrical outputs (31, 32) are connected together, thus short-circuiting the external circuit (3); and means (203) for controlling the first and second switches (201, 202), comprising means (2031) for detecting an operating signal produced by the external circuit (3).

Description

DISPOSITIF DE SECURITE DE PANNEAU PHOTOVOLTAIQUE  PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL SECURITY DEVICE
DOMAINE TECHNIQUE GENERAL La présente invention est relative à un système de sécurité pour panneaux photovoltaïque. GENERAL TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a security system for photovoltaic panels.
L'invention concerne également un procédé de mise en production et de mise en sécurité pour panneaux photovoltaïque. ETAT DE LA TECHNIQUE  The invention also relates to a production process and security for photovoltaic panels. STATE OF THE ART
Les panneaux solaires photovoltaïques sont des générateurs transformant l'énergie solaire lumineuse en tension continue. Photovoltaic solar panels are generators transforming solar light energy into DC voltage.
Ils sont généralement constitués de cellules ou films photosensibles constituant une ou plusieurs jonctions semi-conductrices. Au niveau de chaque cellule, l'excitation de ces jonctions par les photons libère des électrons qui sont ensuite collectés au travers de conducteurs.  They generally consist of cells or photosensitive films constituting one or more semiconducting junctions. At the level of each cell, the excitation of these junctions by the photons releases electrons which are then collected through conductors.
U n ensemble de cellules sont ainsi mis en série/parallèle, puis encapsulés dans une structure verre-verre ou verre-support, afin d'obtenir un générateur solaire se quelques dizaines de volts, représentant une puissance crête de quelques dizaines à centaines de watts. Ces panneaux sont livrés en dimensions de l'ordre du m2. A set of cells are thus put into series / parallel, then encapsulated in a glass-glass or glass-support structure, in order to obtain a solar generator a few tens of volts, representing a peak power of a few tens to hundreds of watts . These panels are delivered in dimensions of about m 2 .
La figure 1 représente schématiquement un système photovoltaïque 1 selon l'état de l'art. Un tel système comprend pl usieurs panneaux photovoltaïques 4 connectés chacun d'un boîtier de jonction 2. Chaque boîtier de jonction 2 comprend des diodes de pontage et présente en sortie deux câbles, un par polarité, dotés de connecteurs normalisés. Figure 1 schematically shows a photovoltaic system 1 according to the state of the art. Such a system comprises a plurality of photovoltaic panels 4 each connected to a junction box 2. Each junction box 2 comprises bridging diodes and has two cables, one per polarity, provided with standardized connectors.
Les panneaux photovoltaïques 4 sont connectés en série via un circuit extérieur 3 au panneau photovoltaïque 4 qu i sert de circu it de collecte. Le circuit extérieur 3 connecte entre elles les sorties des boîtiers de jonction 2, afin d'obtenir la plus grande tension possible compatible avec la tenue diélectrique basse tension de ces dispositifs (1000V) ainsi qu'avec les plages d'entrée des autres composants du système photovoltaïque 1 . The photovoltaic panels 4 are connected in series via an external circuit 3 to the photovoltaic panel 4 which serves as a collection circuit. The external circuit 3 connects the outputs of the junction boxes 2 together in order to obtain the greatest possible voltage compatible with the low voltage dielectric strength of these devices (1000V) as well as with the input ranges of the other components of the photovoltaic system 1.
Les systèmes photovoltaïques 1 sont généralement installés sur toiture, ombrières ou autre supports. Les circuits extérieurs 3 électriques de col l ectes sont com pl étés pa r d es d ispos itifs pa rafoud res ou d e sectionnement, voire de protection fusible ou magnétothermique permettant d'isoler les panneaux photovoltaïques 4.  Photovoltaic systems 1 are generally installed on roof, shade or other supports. The external electric circuits of col lect ects are com pl ed by pa rd es of the pa rt s or cutoff or even fusible or magnetothermic protection to isolate the photovoltaic panels 4.
Le système photovoltaïque 1 ainsi constitué, d'une puissance de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de kW, comprend en outre un onduleur 7 qui est un convertisseur courant continu/courant alternatif.The photovoltaic system 1 thus constituted, with a power of a few tens to a few hundred kW, further comprises an inverter 7 which is a DC / AC converter.
L'onduleur est connecté au circuit extérieur 3. L'onduleur 7 transforme l'énergie collectée sous forme de courant continu, en courant alternatif propre à être utilisé, permettant ainsi sa réinjection dans le réseau de distribution électrique ou on stockage par le biais de batteries, ou encore son utilisation immédiate. The inverter is connected to the external circuit 3. The inverter 7 transforms the collected energy in the form of direct current, into clean alternating current to be used, thus enabling it to be reinjected into the electrical distribution network or stored via batteries, or its immediate use.
Un tel système, avec son dispositif de sectionnement, de protection et de raccordement a u réseau , est sou m is aux normes et g u ides d'installations tel que les guides C15-400 ou C15-712.  Such a system, with its disconnection, protection and network connection device, is compliant with the standards and g uids of installations such as guides C15-400 or C15-712.
Une problématique de sécurité liée à l'intervention des pompiers sur les bâtiments comportant des systèmes photovoltaïques ou sur des centrales photovoltaïques se pose. En effet lors de leur intervention, la mise hors tension de l'installation électrique du bâtiment n'empêche pas les générateurs de courants que sont les panneaux photovoltaïques 4 de débiter un courant et une tension continus dans l'installation. En pleine journée, les panneaux photovoltaïques 4 fournissent donc des tensions continues dangereuses pour les pompiers qui courent alors un risque d'électrocution ou d'électrisation. A safety issue related to the intervention of firefighters on buildings with photovoltaic systems or photovoltaic plants arises. Indeed during their intervention, the power off of the electrical installation of the building does not prevent current generators that are photovoltaic panels 4 to output a continuous current and voltage in the installation. During the day, the photovoltaic panels 4 therefore provide dangerous continuous voltages for firefighters who are then at risk of electrocution or electrification.
La plupart des systèmes photovoltaïques 1 existant, en conformité avec la normal isation à ce jour, proposent de sécuriser les circu its électriques en positionnant jud icieusement des sectionneurs et autres contacteurs permettant l'isolation des panneaux photovoltaïques 4. Cette méthode bien connue en électricité, est en fait adaptée aux réseaux et générateu rs de ten sion , ma is total ement in ada ptés a ux réseaux et générateurs de courant, comme le sont les panneaux photovoltaïques 4. Most existing photovoltaic systems 1, in accordance with the normalization to date, propose to secure the circu by electrically positioning switch disconnectors and other contactors allowing the insulation of photovoltaic panels 4. This method, well known in electricity, is in fact adapted to networks and generators of voltage, but totally in ada to networks and current generators, as are photovoltaic panels 4.
Par suite, lorsque les services d'intervention arrivent sur le lieu d'un sin istre et com mencent, avant toute chose, par cou per l ' instal lation électrique, ils seront encore susceptibles de trouver en ce lieu des câbles et dispositifs présentant des tensions dangereuses, ce qui va à encontre des habitudes, procédures et règles de sécurité.  As a result, when the intervention services arrive at the site of a disaster and begin, first and foremost, with the electrical installation, they will still be able to find in this place cables and devices presenting dangerous voltages, which goes against habits, procedures and safety rules.
Le document FR2956533 propose un moyen de sécu riser u n panneau photovoltaïque 4 ou un groupe de panneaux photovoltaïques 4, à l'aide de contacteurs ou relais double-inverseurs permettant, sur activation d'un circuit de commande, de déconnecter les 2 polarités du panneau photovoltaïque 4 et de les mettre en court-circuit. The document FR2956533 proposes a means of securing a photovoltaic panel 4 or a group of photovoltaic panels 4, by means of contactors or double-reversing relays making it possible, on activation of a control circuit, to disconnect the 2 polarities of the panel photovoltaic 4 and put them in short circuit.
Cependant, un tel montage n'évite pas la création d'arcs électriques lors de l'ouverture du circuit continu, ou lors du dé-court-circuitage dudit panneau.  However, such an arrangement does not prevent the creation of arcing during the opening of the DC circuit, or when de-shorting said panel.
De plus, le dimensionnement de l'organe inverseur devant supporter l'arc continu et le potentiel à vide du champ ou groupe de panneau , ne permet pas de le positionner au plus près du générateur de courant, avec comme conséquence la présence de câbles sous tension ou restant traversés par un courant important.  In addition, the dimensioning of the inverter member to support the DC arc and the no-load potential of the field or panel group, does not allow to position it closer to the current generator, with the consequence of the presence of cables under voltage or remaining through a large current.
PRESENTATION DE L'INVENTION PRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION
L'invention propose de remédier à au moins un des inconvénients de l'art antérieur. The invention proposes to remedy at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.
A cet effet, on propose un dispositif de sécurité entre : For this purpose, a safety device is proposed between:
- un panneau photovoltaïque com porta nt d eux born es électriques, et - un circuit extérieur au panneau photovoltaïque comportant deux sorties électriques, a photovoltaic panel comprising electric terminals, and an external circuit to the photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical outputs,
chacune des bornes électriques étant connectées à une sortie électrique respective lors du fonctionnement normal du circuit extérieur, le dispositif de sécurité comprenant : each of the electrical terminals being connected to a respective electrical output during normal operation of the external circuit, the safety device comprising:
- un premier commutateur agencé entre les bornes électriques et pouvant être contrôlé pour adopter une première position dans laquelle les bornes électriques sont reliées entre elles, court-circuitant ainsi le panneau photovoltaïque, et a first switch arranged between the electrical terminals and controllable to adopt a first position in which the electrical terminals are interconnected, thus bypassing the photovoltaic panel, and
- u n d euxi èm e com m utateu r ag en cé e ntre l es sorties électriques et pouvant être contrôlé pour adopter une première position dans laquelle les sorties électriques sont reliées entre elles court-circuitant ainsi le circuit extérieur, - In addition, they are able to control the electrical outputs and can be controlled to adopt a first position in which the electrical outputs are connected together thereby shorting the external circuit,
- d es moyen s d e com m a nd e des prem ier et d euxièm e commutateurs comprenant des moyens de détection d'un signal de fonctionnement issu du circuit extérieur, lesdits moyens de commande étant aptes à positionner le deuxième commutateur en première position selon que les moyens de détection détectent ou non le signal de fonctionnement.  the means of detecting the first and the second switches comprising means for detecting an operating signal coming from the external circuit, said control means being able to position the second switch in the first position according to whether the detection means detect or not the operating signal.
L'invention est avantageusement complétée par les caractéristiques suivantes, prises seules ou en une quelconque de leurs combinaisons techniquement possibles :  The invention is advantageously completed by the following features, taken alone or in any of their technically possible combinations:
- le premier commutateur est monté en parallèle du panneau photovoltaïque,  the first switch is mounted in parallel with the photovoltaic panel,
- le signal de fonctionnement est un signal codé et/ou cyclique et/ou continu et/ou modulé en phase, et/ou en amplitude et/ou en fréquence,  the operating signal is a coded and / or cyclic and / or continuous signal and / or modulated in phase, and / or in amplitude and / or in frequency,
- les moyens de commande sont aptes à positionner le deuxième commutateur en première position lorsque les moyens de détection détectent l 'absence d u sig nal de fonctionnement normalement émis par des moyens d'émission du circuit extérieur, le sig nal de fonctionnement est un sig nal par courants porteurs en ligne, the control means are able to position the second switch in first position when the detection means detect the absence of the operating signal normally transmitted by transmission means of the external circuit, the operating signal is a line signal in line,
le dispositif de sécurité comprend des moyens d'alimentation des moyens de commande et/ou du premier commutateur et/ou du deuxième commutateur, aptes à convertir l'énergie produite par le panneau photovoltaïque,  the safety device comprises means for supplying the control means and / or the first switch and / or the second switch, able to convert the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel,
le dispositif est placé dans un boîtier de jonction individuel du panneau photovoltaïque et du circuit extérieur, ou en ce qu'il est placé dans un boîtier séparé d'un boîtier de jonction individuel du panneau photovoltaïque et du circuit extérieur,  the device is placed in an individual junction box of the photovoltaic panel and the external circuit, or in that it is placed in a separate housing of an individual junction box of the photovoltaic panel and the external circuit,
L'invention décrit en outre un panneau photovoltaïque comportant deux bornes électriques, et comprenant un tel dispositif de sécurité, le dispositif de sécurité lui étant intégré. The invention furthermore describes a photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals, and comprising such a security device, the security device being integrated therewith.
L'invention décrit en outre un système photovoltaïque comprenant : The invention furthermore describes a photovoltaic system comprising:
- au moins un panneau photovoltaïque comportant deux bornes électriques,  at least one photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals,
- un circuit extérieur,  an external circuit,
- un dispositif de sécurité tel que décrit ci-avant.  a security device as described above.
L'invention décrit en outre un procédé de mise en sécurité d'un panneau photovoltaïque comprenant deux bornes électriques et d'un circuit extérieur comprenant deux sorties électriques, le procédé étant mis en œ uvre a u moyen d ' u n d i spos itif d e sécu rité rel ia nt l e pa n n ea u photovoltaïque au circuit extérieur, caractérisé en ce qu'on détecte un signal de fonctionnement issu du circuit extérieur, en ce qu'on contrôle, en fonction de cette détection ou de cette absence de détection, le court-circuitage du panneau photovoltaïque par les deux bornes électriques et le court- circuitage du circuit extérieur par les deux sorties électriques, afin d'isoler le panneau photovoltaïque du circuit extérieur, sans créer d'arc électrique lors des court-circuitages. The invention furthermore describes a method for securing a photovoltaic panel comprising two electrical terminals and an external circuit comprising two electrical outputs, the method being implemented by means of a safety reli the photovoltaic system is connected to the external circuit, characterized in that an operating signal coming from the external circuit is detected, in that, depending on this detection or this absence of detection, the short circuit is monitored. circuiting of the photovoltaic panel by the two electrical terminals and the short-circuiting of the external circuit by the two electrical outputs, in order to isolate the photovoltaic panel of the external circuit, without creating an electric arc during short-circuits.
PRESENTATION DES FIGURES PRESENTATION OF FIGURES
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront encore de la description qui suit, laquelle est purement illustrative et non limitative et doit être lue en regard des dessins annexés sur lesquels : Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows, which is purely illustrative and nonlimiting and should be read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
la figure 1 , déjà commentée, représente schématiquement un système photovoltaïque selon l'art antérieur,  FIG. 1, already commented on, schematically represents a photovoltaic system according to the prior art,
les figures 2a à 2d représentent schématiquement un dispositif selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention au cours des différentes étapes d 'u n processus de m ise en production d'un panneau photovoltaïque,  FIGS. 2a to 2d show schematically a device according to a first embodiment of the invention during the various steps of a production process of a photovoltaic panel,
les figures 3a à 3d représentent schématiquement un dispositif selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention au cours des différentes étapes d'un processus d'arrêt de production d'un panneau photovoltaïque,  FIGS. 3a to 3d diagrammatically represent a device according to a first embodiment of the invention during the different stages of a production shutdown process of a photovoltaic panel,
l a fig u re 4 représente sch ématiq u em ent u n systèm e photovoltaïque comprenant un dispositif selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 4 schematically shows a photovoltaic system comprising a device according to a first embodiment of the invention,
les figures 5 à 7 représentent schématiquement des panneaux photovoltaïques comprenant des dispositifs selon d'autres modes de réalisation de l'invention, et  FIGS. 5 to 7 schematically represent photovoltaic panels comprising devices according to other embodiments of the invention, and
les figures 8a à 8d représentent graphiquement l'état de plusieurs grandeurs physiques d'un système photovoltaïque selon l'invention au cours des étapes illustrées par les figures 2a à 2d et 3a à 3d.  FIGS. 8a to 8d graphically represent the state of several physical quantities of a photovoltaic system according to the invention during the steps illustrated in FIGS. 2a to 2d and 3a to 3d.
Sur l'ensemble des figures, les éléments sim ilaires portent des références numériques identiques. L'invention présente de nombreux avantages. In all the figures, the sim ilaires elements bear identical numerical references. The invention has many advantages.
Elle permet de proposer une amélioration efficace rapidement et qui permette une plus grande sécurité.  It allows to propose an effective improvement quickly and which allows a greater security.
Elle permet de proposer une amélioration fiable, simple à mettre en œuvre sur des systèmes existants. It allows to propose a reliable improvement, simple to implement on existing systems.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Exemple de dispositif de sécurité selon l'invention Example of a safety device according to the invention
Les figures 2a à 2b et 3a à 3b représentent schématiquement un dispositif de sécurité 20. Figures 2a to 2b and 3a to 3b show schematically a safety device 20.
U n tel dispositif de sécurité 20 est positionné entre un panneau photovoltaïque 4 et un circuit extérieur 3. Le d ispositif de sécurité 20 comprend un circuit électronique qui est situé dans un boîtier de jonction 2. A security device 20 is positioned between a photovoltaic panel 4 and an external circuit 3. The security device 20 comprises an electronic circuit which is located in a junction box 2.
Le panneau photovoltaïque 4 comprend u ne prem ière borne électrique 41 , et une deuxième borne électrique 42. Les deux bornes électriques 41 et 42, qui peuvent être des bornes électriques de puissance, sont connectées au dispositif de sécurité 20. Le circuit extérieur 3 comprend une première sortie électrique 31 et une deuxième sortie électrique 32. Les deux sorties électriques 31 et 32 sont connectées au dispositif de sécurité 20.  The photovoltaic panel 4 comprises a first electrical terminal 41, and a second electrical terminal 42. The two electrical terminals 41 and 42, which may be electrical power terminals, are connected to the safety device 20. The external circuit 3 comprises a first electrical output 31 and a second electrical output 32. The two electrical outputs 31 and 32 are connected to the safety device 20.
Le dispositif de sécurité 20 comprend des prem iers moyens de connexion 4131 électrique aptes à connecter la première borne électrique 41 du panneau photovoltaïque 4 avec la première sortie électrique 31 du circu it extérieur 3. De même, le d ispositif de sécurité 20 comprend des deuxièmes moyens de connexion 4232 électrique aptes à connecter la deuxième borne électrique 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4 avec l a deuxième sortie électrique 32 du circuit extérieur 3. The safety device 20 comprises first electrical connection means 4131 able to connect the first electrical terminal 41 of the photovoltaic panel 4 with the first electrical output 31 of the external circuit 3. Likewise, the security device 20 comprises second 4232 electrical connection means capable of connecting the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4 with the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit 3.
Ainsi chacune des bornes électriques 41 , respectivement 42, sont con nectées à u n e sortie él ectriq ue 31 , respectivement 32 , lors d u fonctionnement normal du circuit extérieur 3, c'est-à-dire lorsque le circuit extérieur 3 collecte l'énergie produite par le panneau photovoltaïque 4.  Thus each of the electrical terminals 41, respectively 42, are connected to an electrical output 31, respectively 32, during normal operation of the external circuit 3, that is to say when the external circuit 3 collects the energy produced. by the photovoltaic panel 4.
Les premier et deuxième moyens de connexion électrique 41 31 et 4232 peuvent être des connecteurs. Par la suite, on désignera par l'amont, respectivement par l'aval, d'un él ément d u ci rcu it él ectron iq ue d u d ispositif 20 la partie d u circu it électron ique située entre cet élément et le panneau photovoltaïque 4, respectivement entre cet élément et le circuit extérieur 3. Le dispositif de sécurité 20 comprend un premier commutateur 201 agencé entre les bornes électriques 41 et 42, et apte à prendre :  The first and second electrical connection means 41 and 4232 may be connectors. Subsequently, the upstream, respectively downstream, element will be designated as an element of the electronic element of the device 20, the part of the electronic circuit situated between this element and the photovoltaic panel 4. respectively between this element and the external circuit 3. The safety device 20 comprises a first switch 201 arranged between the electrical terminals 41 and 42, and able to take:
- une première position, dite position « fermée », dans laquelle les bornes électriques 41 et 42 sont reliées entre elles, court-circuitant ainsi le panneau photovoltaïque 4, et  a first position, referred to as the "closed" position, in which the electrical terminals 41 and 42 are interconnected, thus bypassing the photovoltaic panel 4, and
- une deuxième position, dite position « ouverte », dans laquelle le panneau photovoltaïque n'est pas court-circuité.  a second position, called "open" position, in which the photovoltaic panel is not short-circuited.
Le premier commutateur 201 est monté en parallèle du panneau photovoltaïque 4. Le premier commutateur 201 présente une première borne et une deuxième borne connectées respectivement aux premiers moyens de connexion 4131 et aux deuxièmes moyens de connexion 4232, au plus près des bornes électriques 41 et 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4. Le premier commutateur 201 comprend ainsi u n interrupteur dont les bornes sont les mêmes que les bornes électriques 41 et 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4. The first switch 201 is connected in parallel with the photovoltaic panel 4. The first switch 201 has a first terminal and a second terminal respectively connected to the first connection means 4131 and the second connection means 4232, as close as possible to the electrical terminals 41 and 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4. The first switch 201 thus comprises a switch whose terminals are the same as the electrical terminals 41 and 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
Le premier commutateur 201 peut comprendre un semi-conducteur. Le dispositif de sécurité 20 comprend un deuxième commutateur 202 agencé entre les sorties électriques 31 et 32, et pouvant être contrôlé pour adopter : The first switch 201 may include a semiconductor. The safety device 20 comprises a second switch 202 arranged between the electrical outputs 31 and 32, and which can be controlled to adopt:
- une première position, dite position « passive », dans laquelle les sorties électriques 31 et 32 sont reliées entre elles, court-circuitant ainsi le circuit extérieur 3, et  a first position, referred to as the "passive" position, in which the electrical outputs 31 and 32 are connected to each other, thus short-circuiting the external circuit 3, and
- une deuxième position, dite position « active », dans laquelle le circuit extérieur 3 n'est pas court-circuité.  a second position, called "active" position, in which the external circuit 3 is not short-circuited.
Le deuxième commutateur 202 comprend un relais inverseur. Le relais inverseur comprend une d iode positionnée le long des prem iers moyens de connexion 41 31 . L'anode de la diode est située en aval et sa cathode en amont. Cette diode permet la décharge du circuit extérieur 3 lors du processus d'arrêt de production du panneau photovoltaïque 4, particulièrement lors du positionnement du premier commutateur 201 en position « fermée ».  The second switch 202 includes an inverter relay. The inverting relay comprises a diode positioned along the first connection means 41 31. The anode of the diode is located downstream and its cathode upstream. This diode allows the discharge of the external circuit 3 during the production shutdown process of the photovoltaic panel 4, particularly when positioning the first switch 201 in the "closed" position.
Le relais inverseur comprend en outre un relais disposé en parallèle de la diode. Lorsque le deuxième commutateur 202 est en position « active », le relais court-circuite la diode et connecte la première borne électrique 41 et la première sortie électrique 31 . Lorsque le deuxième commutateur 202 est en position « passive », le relais connecte l'anode de la d iode avec la deuxième borne électrique 42 et la deuxième sortie électrique 32. Les sorties électriques 31 et 32 sont ainsi court-circuitées.  The inverting relay further comprises a relay arranged in parallel with the diode. When the second switch 202 is in the "active" position, the relay bypasses the diode and connects the first electrical terminal 41 and the first electrical output 31. When the second switch 202 is in the "passive" position, the relay connects the anode of the diode with the second electrical terminal 42 and the second electrical output 32. The electrical outputs 31 and 32 are thus short-circuited.
Le deuxième commutateur 202 est pa r d éfa u t e n pos it ion « passive ». La position « active » correspond à cel l e où l e pa n neau photovoltaïque 4 débite sa puissance électrique dans le reste du système photovoltaïque 1 .  The second switch 202 is defaults to a "passive" pos tion. The "active" position corresponds to that where the photovoltaic panel 4 delivers its electrical power to the rest of the photovoltaic system 1.
Le premier commutateur 201 et le deuxième commutateur 202 sont contrôlés par des moyens de commande 203. Les moyens de commande 203 comprennent un circuit de commande apte à commander le positionnement du premier commutateur 201 et du deuxième commutateur 202. Les moyens de com mande 203 com pren nent des moyens d e détection 2031 d'un signal de fonctionnement d'un courant porteur dans le circuit extérieur 3. Les moyens de commande 203 peuvent ainsi commander les relais du dispositif de sécurité 20 selon ou non que les moyens de détection 2031 détectent le signal de fonctionnement. Les moyens de détection 2031 comprennent un capteur et un bloc récepteur situé dans le circuit commande des moyens de commande 203. Le capteur est apte à capter un signal de fonctionnement émis sur le circuit extérieur 3. The first switch 201 and the second switch 202 are controlled by control means 203. The control means 203 comprise a control circuit able to control the positioning of the first switch 201 and the second switch 202. The control means 203 comprise means 2031 for detecting a signal for the operation of a carrier current in the external circuit 3. The control means 203 can thus control the relays of the safety device 20 according to whether or not the detection means 2031 detect the operating signal. The detection means 2031 comprise a sensor and a receiver block located in the control circuit of the control means 203. The sensor is able to pick up an operating signal transmitted on the external circuit 3.
U ne borne des moyens de com mande 203 est con nectée à la deuxième borne électrique 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4.  A control means 203 is con nected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
Le d ispos itif d e sécu rité 20 com prend en outre d es moyen s d'alimentation 204 des moyens de commande 203, d u prem ier commutateur 201 et du deuxième commutateur 202. Les moyen s d'alimentation 204 permettent de convertir l'énergie produite par le panneau photovoltaïque 4 lorsque ce dernier est éclairé. Les moyens d'alimentation 204 peuvent comprendre un convertisseur courant continu/courant continu alimentant les moyens de commande 203, et pouvant comporter un moyen de stockage restituant l'alimentation aux moyens de commande 203 lorsque le premier commutateur 201 est en position « fermée ». The security device 20 further comprises means 204 for supplying power to the control means 203, the first switch 201 and the second switch 202. The power supply means 204 make it possible to convert the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel 4 when the latter is illuminated. The power supply means 204 may comprise a DC / DC converter supplying the control means 203, and may comprise a storage means returning the power supply to the control means 203 when the first switch 201 is in the "closed" position.
Les moyens d'alimentation 204 comprennent un bloc d'alimentation comprenant trois bornes. Une première borne du bloc d'alimentation est connectée aux premiers moyens de connexion 4131 , en amont du deuxième commutateur 202 et en aval du premier commutateur 201 . Une deuxième borne du bloc d'alimentation est connectée à la deuxième borne électrique 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4. Une troisième borne du bloc d'alimentation est connectée à un condensateur ou tout autre moyen de stockage temporaire connu de l'homme du métier, dont l'autre borne est connectée à la deuxième borne électrique 42 du panneau photovoltaïque 4.  The power supply means 204 comprise a power supply unit comprising three terminals. A first terminal of the power supply unit is connected to the first connection means 4131, upstream of the second switch 202 and downstream of the first switch 201. A second terminal of the power supply unit is connected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4. A third terminal of the power supply unit is connected to a capacitor or any other temporary storage medium known to those skilled in the art, of which the other terminal is connected to the second electrical terminal 42 of the photovoltaic panel 4.
Le dispositif de sécurité 20 comprend une diode dont la cathode est connectée à la première sortie électrique 31 et dont l'anode est connectée à la deuxième sortie électrique 32. Le rôle de cette diode est normalement de court-circuiter les courants inverses pouvant résulter de défauts au niveau d'autres panneaux photovoltaïques 4 de la chaîne de panneaux 4 (diode de pontage ou anti-retour). La diode peut être intégrée dans le panneau photovoltaïque 4. The safety device 20 comprises a diode whose cathode is connected to the first electrical output 31 and whose anode is connected to the second electrical output 32. The role of this diode is normally to short-circuit the reverse currents that may result from defects in other photovoltaic panels 4 of the panel chain 4 (bridging or non-return diode). The diode can be integrated in the photovoltaic panel 4.
De manière alternative, le premier commutateur 201 , respectivement le deuxième commutateur 202, est apte à court-circuiter chaque borne électrique 41 ou 42, respectivement chaque sortie électrique 31 ou 32, à la terre. Alternatively, the first switch 201, respectively the second switch 202, is adapted to short-circuit each electrical terminal 41 or 42, respectively each electrical output 31 or 32, to earth.
Exemple de système photovoltaïque Example of photovoltaic system
La figure 4 représente schématiquement un système photovoltaïque com prenant u n d ispositif selon un prem ier mode de réal isation de l'invention. FIG. 4 schematically represents a photovoltaic system comprising a device according to a first embodiment of the invention.
Le boîtier de jonction 2 comprend le dispositif de sécurité 20 tel que décrit ci-avant.  The junction box 2 comprises the security device 20 as described above.
Le signal de fonctionnement du courant porteur du circuit extérieur 3 est émis par des moyens d'émission 6. Les moyens d'émission 6 peuvent comprendre un émetteur. L'émetteur peut être intégré à l'onduleur 7 mais peut également être intégré à un boîtier externe.  The operating signal of the carrier current of the external circuit 3 is emitted by transmission means 6. The transmission means 6 may comprise a transmitter. The transmitter can be integrated in the inverter 7 but can also be integrated into an external box.
Le signal de fonctionnement peut être un signal codé. Le signal de fonctionnement peut être cyclique ou continu. Le signal de fonctionnement peut être modulé en amplitude, en fréquence ou en phase.  The operating signal may be a coded signal. The operating signal can be cyclic or continuous. The operating signal can be modulated in amplitude, frequency or phase.
Le signal de fonctionnement est un signal « de vie » à courant porteur. Il se superpose au courant de puissance délivré par le panneau photovoltaïque 4 quand celui-ci délivre son énergie Exemples de panneaux photovoltaïques Le d i s pos it if d e sécu rité 20 pe u t être i n tég ré a u pa n n ea u photovoltaïque 4 de plusieurs façons illustrées par les figures 5 à 7. The operating signal is a carrier current "life" signal. It is superimposed on the power current delivered by the photovoltaic panel 4 when it delivers its energy Examples of photovoltaic panels The security device 20 may be integrated in the photovoltaic system 4 in several ways as illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7.
La fig u re 5 il l ustre u ne prem ière possibil ité d'intégration, où le dispositif de sécurité 20 est directement intégré dans le boîtier de jonction 2 du panneau photovoltaïque 4 au circuit extérieur 3.  FIG. 5 shows a first possibility of integration, where the safety device 20 is directly integrated in the junction box 2 of the photovoltaic panel 4 to the external circuit 3.
La figure 6 il lustre une deuxième possibil ité d' intégration , où le dispositif de sécurité 20 est placé dans un boîtier de sécurité connectant le boîtier de jonction 2 au circuit extérieur 3. Cette possibilité est adaptée au cas de panneaux photovoltaïques 4 déjà existant et ne comprenant pas de dispositif de sécurité 20 selon l'invention.  FIG. 6 shows a second possibility of integration, where the security device 20 is placed in a security box connecting the junction box 2 to the external circuit 3. This possibility is adapted to the case of already existing photovoltaic panels 4 and not including a safety device 20 according to the invention.
Une troisième possibilité, illustrée par la figure 7, consiste à intégrer le dispositif directement à l'intérieur du panneau photovoltaïque 4, entre deux panneaux de verre 42 et 43 du panneau photovoltaïque 4, ou entre un panneau de verre 42 et un support arrière 43 du panneau photovoltaïque 4. Le panneau photovoltaïque 4 peut comprendre un logement dédié dans le support arrière. Les composants du dispositif de sécurité 20 peuvent être enrobés dans un enrobage 44.  A third possibility, illustrated by FIG. 7, consists in integrating the device directly inside the photovoltaic panel 4, between two glass panels 42 and 43 of the photovoltaic panel 4, or between a glass panel 42 and a rear support 43. of the photovoltaic panel 4. The photovoltaic panel 4 may include a dedicated housing in the rear support. The components of the security device 20 may be embedded in a coating 44.
Exemples de procédés selon l'invention Examples of methods according to the invention
Les figures 2a à 2d représentent schématiquement un dispositif de sécurité 20 selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention dans différents états 2a, 2b, 2c et 2d au cours des différentes étapes d'un processus de mise en production d'un panneau photovoltaïque 4. FIGS. 2a to 2d schematically represent a safety device 20 according to a first embodiment of the invention in different states 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d during the various steps of a production process of a photovoltaic panel 4.
Le figure 2a représente le dispositif de sécurité 20 dans un état initial 2a où le panneau photovoltaïque 4 est éclairé mais déconnecté du système photovoltaïque 1 . Les moyens d'émission 6 n'envoient pas de signal de fonctionnement. Le premier commutateur 201 est en position « ouverte » et le deuxième commutateur 202 est en position « passive », ces deux positions définissant une position « de repos », du dispositif de sécurité 20. Le panneau photovoltaïque 4 alimente les moyens d'alimentation 204 des moyens de commande 203. Il n'y a ni potentiel ni courant généré par le panneau photovoltaïque 4 entre la prem ière sortie électriq ue 31 et la deuxième sortie électrique 32 d u circu it extérieur 3. Depu is le circu it extérieur 3, le panneau est vu comme un court-circuit et hors potentiel . FIG. 2a shows the security device 20 in an initial state 2a where the photovoltaic panel 4 is illuminated but disconnected from the photovoltaic system 1. The transmission means 6 do not send an operating signal. The first switch 201 is in the "open" position and the second switch 202 is in the "passive" position, these two positions defining a "rest" position, of the security device 20. The photovoltaic panel 4 feeds the power supply means 204 of the control means 203. There is no potential or current generated by the photovoltaic panel 4 between the first electrical output 31 and the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit. 3. Since outside circulation 3, the panel is seen as a short circuit and out of potential.
Le système photovoltaïq ue 1 est considéré comme en état de fonctionnement ; i l est raccordé au réseau . Les moyens d 'ém ission 6 émettent un signal de fonctionnement. Les moyens de détection 2031 détectent le signal de fonctionnement et par suite les moyens de commande 203 commandent le positionnement du premier commutateur 201 en position « fermée ». Le dispositif de sécurité 20 est dans un état 2b illustré par la figure 2b. The photovoltaic system 1 is considered to be in operating condition; it is connected to the network. The emitting means 6 emit an operating signal. The detection means 2031 detect the operating signal and consequently the control means 203 control the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed" position. The security device 20 is in a state 2b illustrated in Figure 2b.
Au même moment ou après le positionnement d u prem ier commutateur 201 en position « fermée », les moyens de commande 203 commandent le positionnement du deuxième commutateur 202 en position « active ». La demanderesse a remarqué que le positionnement préalable du premier commutateur 201 permettait un positionnement du deuxième commutateur 202 sans création d'arc électrique. Un tel état 2c est illustré par la figure 2c. Le panneau photovoltaïque 4 est alors connecté au circuit extérieur 3 du système photovoltaïque 1 , mais le système reste quasiment hors courant et tension.  At the same time or after the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed" position, the control means 203 control the positioning of the second switch 202 in the "active" position. The Applicant has noted that the prior positioning of the first switch 201 allowed a positioning of the second switch 202 without creating an electric arc. Such a state 2c is illustrated in FIG. 2c. The photovoltaic panel 4 is then connected to the external circuit 3 of the photovoltaic system 1, but the system remains virtually out of current and voltage.
U n e dern ière étape d e m ise en fon ction nem ent d u pan n ea u photovoltaïque 4 consiste en un positionnement en position « ouverte » du premier commutateur 201 . Un tel positionnement est commandé par les moyens de commande 203. Un tel positionnement permet la production d'énergie par le panneau photovoltaïque 4 dans le circuit extérieur 3.  A final step in the implementation of the photovoltaic panel 4 is the "open" position of the first switch 201. Such positioning is controlled by the control means 203. Such positioning allows the production of energy by the photovoltaic panel 4 in the external circuit 3.
L'état du dispositif de sécurité 20 à l'issue de cette étape est dit état de fonctionnement 2d. Un tel état 2d est illustré par la figure 2d. Dans l'état de fonctionnement, les moyens d'émission injectent dans le circuit extérieur 3 un signal de fonctionnement. Dès que le signal de fonctionnement n'est plus détecté par les moyens de détection 2031 pendant une certaine durée, le dispositif de sécurité 20 suit un processus d'arrêt de production. The state of the security device 20 at the end of this step is said operating state 2d. Such a state 2d is illustrated in Figure 2d. In the operating state, the transmission means inject into the external circuit 3 an operating signal. As soon as the operating signal is more detected by the detection means 2031 for a certain period, the security device 20 follows a process of production stop.
Les figures 3a à 3d représentent schématiquement un dispositif de sécurité 20 dans différents états 3a, 3b, 3c et 3d au cours des différentes étapes du processus d'arrêt de production du panneau photovoltaïque 4. FIGS. 3a to 3d schematically represent a safety device 20 in various states 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d during the different stages of the production shutdown process of the photovoltaic panel 4.
La figure 3a représente le d ispositif de sécurité 20 au départ du processus d'arrêt de production. Le dispositif de sécurité 20 est alors dans un état 3a similaire à l'état 2d. Figure 3a shows the security device 20 from the production shutdown process. The security device 20 is then in a state 3a similar to the state 2d.
Le processus d'arrêt de production débute lorsq ue le sig nal de fonction nement n 'est pl us détecté par les moyens de détection 2031 pendant une certaine durée. L'arrêt de la réception du signal peut être dû à une déconnexion du réseau du système photovoltaïque 1 qui provoque la mise hors fonctionnement des moyens d'émission 6 et de l'onduleur 7. L'arrêt de la réception peut être également dû à une détérioration du circuit extérieur 3.  The production stop process starts when the operating signal is not detected by the detection means 2031 for a certain period of time. The stopping of the reception of the signal can be due to a disconnection of the network of the photovoltaic system 1 which causes the emission means 6 and the inverter 7 to be shut down. The stopping of the reception can also be due to deterioration of the external circuit 3.
Le système de commande 203 commande le positionnement du premier commutateur 201 en position « fermée ». Le systèm e est quasiment hors courant et tension. Un tel état 3b du dispositif de sécurité 20 est illustré par la figure 3b.  The control system 203 controls the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed" position. The system is almost out of current and voltage. Such a state 3b of the security device 20 is illustrated in FIG. 3b.
Au même moment ou après le positionnement d u prem ier commutateur 201 en position « fermée », les moyens de commande 203 commandent le positionnement du deuxième commutateur 202 en position « passive ». La demanderesse a remarqué que le positionnement préalable du premier commutateur 201 permettait un positionnement du deuxième commutateur 202 sans création d'arc électrique. Un tel état 3c est illustré par la figure 3c. Le panneau photovoltaïque 4 est alors déconnecté du circuit extérieur 3 du système photovoltaïque 1 .  At the same time or after the positioning of the first switch 201 in the "closed" position, the control means 203 control the positioning of the second switch 202 in the "passive" position. The Applicant has noted that the prior positioning of the first switch 201 allowed a positioning of the second switch 202 without creating an electric arc. Such a state 3c is illustrated in FIG. 3c. The photovoltaic panel 4 is then disconnected from the external circuit 3 of the photovoltaic system 1.
Une dernière étape de mise en fonctionnement du panneau photovoltaïque 4 consiste en un positionnement en position « ouverte » du premier commutateur 201 . Un tel positionnement est commandé par les moyens de commande 203. Un tel positionnement permet l'arrêt de la production d'énergie par le panneau photovoltaïque 4 dans le circuit extérieur 3. Le dispositif de sécurité 20 est alors dans un état final de sécurité 3d illustré par la figure 3d. A final step of putting the photovoltaic panel 4 into operation consists of positioning in the "open" position of the first switch 201. Such positioning is controlled by the control means 203. Such a positioning allows the stop of the production of energy by the photovoltaic panel 4 in the external circuit 3. The security device 20 is then in a final state of security 3d illustrated by Figure 3d.
Lorsque le dispositif de sécurité 20 est dans l'état final de sécurité et que le panneau photovoltaïque 4 est éclairé, le panneau photovoltaïque alimente les moyens d'alimentation 204 des moyens de commande 203 qui sont placés en veille. When the security device 20 is in the final security state and the photovoltaic panel 4 is illuminated, the photovoltaic panel supplies the power supply means 204 to the control means 203 which are placed in standby mode.
Lorsque le dispositif de sécurité 20 est dans l'état final de sécurité et que le panneau photovoltaïque 4 n'est pas éclairé, le système photovoltaïque 1 reste dans un état de repos court-circuité.  When the security device 20 is in the final security state and the photovoltaic panel 4 is not lit, the photovoltaic system 1 remains in a state of rest bypassed.
Dans les deux cas, le panneau photovoltaïque 4 est vu depuis le circuit extérieur 3 comme étant en court-circuit et hors potentiel.  In both cases, the photovoltaic panel 4 is seen from the outside circuit 3 as being in short circuit and out of potential.
Les figures 8a à 8d représentent graphiquement l'état de plusieurs grandeurs physiques d'un système photovoltaïque possible 1 selon l'invention au cours des étapes illustrées par les figures 2a à 2d et 3a à 3d, en supposant, pour l'exemple, une tension à vide de panneau photovoltaïque 4 de 30V, un courant de court-circuit de 8A et une tension de déchet du premier commutateur 201 de 2V. La figure 8a représente graphiquement le résultat de la mesure du signal de fonctionnement réalisée par les moyens de détection 2031. La figure 8b représente graphiquement la tension V mesurée en volts entre la première sortie électrique 31 et la deuxième sortie électrique 32 du circuit extérieur 3. La figure 8c représente l'intensité mesurée en ampères du courant au niveau de la première sortie électrique 31 du circuit extérieur 3. La figure 8d représente l'intensité mesurée en ampères du courant qui traverse le premier commutateur 201. FIGS. 8a to 8d graphically represent the state of several physical magnitudes of a possible photovoltaic system 1 according to the invention during the steps illustrated in FIGS. 2a to 2d and 3a to 3d, assuming, for the example, a 30V photovoltaic panel vacuum voltage 4, 8A short-circuit current and 2V first switch 201 voltage drop. FIG. 8a graphically represents the result of the measurement of the operating signal carried out by the detection means 2031. FIG. 8b shows graphically the voltage V measured in volts between the first electrical output 31 and the second electrical output 32 of the external circuit 3. FIG. 8c represents the intensity measured in amperes of the current at the level of the first electrical output 31 of the external circuit 3. FIG. 8d represents the intensity measured in amperes of the current flowing through the first switch 201.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
Dispositif de sécurité (20) entre : Safety device (20) between:
- un panneau photovoltaïque (4) comportant deux bornes électriques (41 , 42), et  a photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical terminals (41, 42), and
- u n circu it extérieu r (3) au pan neau photovoltaïq ue (4) comportant deux sorties électriques (31 , 32),  an external circuit (3) to the photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical outputs (31, 32),
chacune des bornes électriq ues étant con nectées à une sortie électrique respective (31 , 32) lors du fonctionnement normal du circuit extérieur (3), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend : each of the electrical terminals being connected to a respective electrical output (31, 32) during normal operation of the external circuit (3), characterized in that it comprises:
- un premier commutateur (201 ) agencé entre les bornes électriques (41 , 42) et pouvant être contrôlé pour adopter une première position dans laquelle les bornes électriques (41 , 42) sont reliées entre elles, court-circuitant ainsi le panneau photovoltaïque (4), et  a first switch (201) arranged between the electrical terminals (41, 42) and controllable to adopt a first position in which the electrical terminals (41, 42) are interconnected, thereby bypassing the photovoltaic panel (4); ), and
- un deuxième commutateur (202) agencé entre les sorties électriques (31 , 32) et pouvant être contrôlé pour adopter une première position dans laquelle les sorties électriques (31 , 32) sont reliées entre elles court-circuitant ainsi le circuit extérieur (3),  a second switch (202) arranged between the electrical outputs (31, 32) and controllable to adopt a first position in which the electrical outputs (31, 32) are interconnected thereby shorting the external circuit (3) ,
- des moyens de commande (203) des premier et deuxième commutateurs (201 , 202) com prenant des moyens de détection (2031 ) d'un signal de fonctionnement issu du circuit extérieur (3), lesdits moyens de commande (203) étant aptes à positionner le deuxième commutateur en première position selon que les moyens de détection (2031 ) détectent ou non le signal de fonctionnement.  control means (203) of the first and second switches (201, 202) comprising detection means (2031) for an operating signal coming from the external circuit (3), said control means (203) being capable of positioning the second switch in the first position according to whether or not the detection means (2031) detects the operating signal.
Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que le premier commutateur (201 ) est monté en paral lèle du panneau photovoltaïque (4). Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the first switch (201) is mounted parallel to the photovoltaic panel (4).
3. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le signal de fonctionnement est un signal codé et/ou cyclique et/ou continu et/ou modulé en phase, et/ou en amplitude et/ou en fréquence. 4. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de commande (203) sont aptes à positionner le deuxième commutateur (202) en première position lorsque les moyens de détection (2031 ) détectent l'absence du signal de fonctionnement normalement émis par des moyens d'émission (6) du circuit extérieur (3). 3. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operating signal is a coded signal and / or cyclic and / or continuous and / or phase modulated, and / or amplitude and / or frequency. 4. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control means (203) are adapted to position the second switch (202) in the first position when the detection means (2031) detect the absence of the signal of operation normally emitted by transmission means (6) of the external circuit (3).
5. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le signal de fonctionnement est un signal par courants porteurs en ligne. 5. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operating signal is an in-line carrier signal.
6. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens d'alimentation (204) des moyens d e commande (203) et/ou du premier commutateur (201 ) et/ou du deuxième commutateur (202), aptes à convertir l'énergie produite par le panneau photovoltaïque (4). 6. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises means (204) for supplying the control means (203) and / or the first switch (201) and / or the second switch (202). ), able to convert the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel (4).
7. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est placé dans un boîtier de jonction individuel (2) du panneau photovoltaïque (4) et du circuit extérieur (3), ou en ce qu'il est placé dans un boîtier séparé d'un boîtier de jonction individuel (2) du panneau photovoltaïque (4) et du circuit extérieur (3). 7. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is placed in an individual junction box (2) of the photovoltaic panel (4) and the external circuit (3), or in that it is placed in a housing separated from an individual junction box (2) of the photovoltaic panel (4) and the external circuit (3).
8. Panneau photovoltaïque (4) comportant deux bornes électriques (41 , 42), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un dispositif de sécurité (20) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, le dispositif de sécurité (20) lui étant intégré. 8. Photovoltaic panel (4) having two electrical terminals (41, 42), characterized in that it comprises a safety device (20) according to one of the preceding claims, the safety device (20) being integrated therewith.
9. Système photovoltaïque (1 ) comprenant - au moins un panneau photovoltaïque (4) comportant deux bornes électriques (41 , 42), et 9. Photovoltaic system (1) comprising at least one photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical terminals (41, 42), and
- un circuit extérieur (3),  an external circuit (3),
caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend pour au moins un dispositif de sécurité (20) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7.  characterized in that it comprises for at least one safety device (20) according to one of claims 1 to 7.
10. Procédé de mise en sécurité d'un panneau photovoltaïque (4) comprenant deux bornes électriques (41 , 42) et d'un circuit extérieur (3) comprenant deux sorties électriques (31 , 32), le procédé étant mis en œuvre au moyen d'un dispositif de sécurité (20) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7 reliant le panneau photovoltaïque (4) au circuit extérieur (3), caractérisé en ce q u 'o n d étecte u n s ig n a l d e fonctionnement issu du circuit extérieur (3), en ce qu'on contrôle, en fonction de cette détection ou de cette absence de détection, le court- circu itage d u pan neau photovoltaïq ue (4) par les deux bornes électriques (41 , 42) et le court-circuitage du circuit extérieur (3) par les deux sorties électriques (31 , 32), afin d'isoler le panneau photovoltaïque (4) du circuit extérieur (3), sans créer d'arc électrique lors des court- circuitages. 10. A method for securing a photovoltaic panel (4) comprising two electrical terminals (41, 42) and an external circuit (3) comprising two electrical outputs (31, 32), the method being implemented at means of a safety device (20) according to one of claims 1 to 7 connecting the photovoltaic panel (4) to the external circuit (3), characterized in that ond estecte ig nalde operation from the external circuit (3) ), in that, depending on this detection or this lack of detection, the short circuit of the photovoltaic panel (4) is controlled by the two electrical terminals (41, 42) and the short-circuiting of the external circuit (3) by the two electrical outputs (31, 32), in order to isolate the photovoltaic panel (4) of the external circuit (3), without creating an electric arc during short-circuits.
EP12780205.6A 2011-11-03 2012-11-02 Photovoltaic panel safety device Withdrawn EP2774182A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1159970A FR2982435B1 (en) 2011-11-03 2011-11-03 PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL SECURITY DEVICE
PCT/EP2012/071763 WO2013064666A1 (en) 2011-11-03 2012-11-02 Photovoltaic panel safety device

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FR3041823A1 (en) * 2015-09-25 2017-03-31 Commissariat Energie Atomique CONNECTOR FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE
CN113054623A (en) * 2019-12-26 2021-06-29 中国矿业大学 Photovoltaic module safe and rapid turn-off device and control method

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US8933321B2 (en) * 2009-02-05 2015-01-13 Tigo Energy, Inc. Systems and methods for an enhanced watchdog in solar module installations
FR2956533B1 (en) 2010-02-16 2012-09-28 Cegelec Sud Est ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION COMPRISING CONTINUOUS CURRENT GENERATING MEANS COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

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