EP2768252A1 - Kognitives funkkommunikationssystem sowie vorrichtung und verfahren dafür - Google Patents

Kognitives funkkommunikationssystem sowie vorrichtung und verfahren dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2768252A1
EP2768252A1 EP12840395.3A EP12840395A EP2768252A1 EP 2768252 A1 EP2768252 A1 EP 2768252A1 EP 12840395 A EP12840395 A EP 12840395A EP 2768252 A1 EP2768252 A1 EP 2768252A1
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Prior art keywords
communication system
radio communication
uplink
channel resource
downlink
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EP12840395.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2768252A4 (de
EP2768252B1 (de
Inventor
Yu RAO
Wei Chen
Zhigang Gao
Xin Guo
Ryo SAWEI
Ryota Kimura
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Tsinghua University
Sony Group Corp
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Tsinghua University
Sony Corp
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Priority to EP21169480.7A priority Critical patent/EP3883173A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/0012—Modulated-carrier systems arrangements for identifying the type of modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
    • H04L5/1469—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex using time-sharing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/14—Spectrum sharing arrangements between different networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/02—Arrangements for optimising operational condition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/10—Scheduling measurement reports ; Arrangements for measurement reports
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/0006—Assessment of spectral gaps suitable for allocating digitally modulated signals, e.g. for carrier allocation in cognitive radio

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates to the field of communication, and particularly to a cognitive radio communication system, an apparatus and a method used therein.
  • a secondary system in order to allow a secondary system (SS) without a licensed spectrum to have an opportunity to access a licensed spectrum of a primary system (PS), the primary system needs to have a capability of discovering a spectrum usage.
  • a user in the primary system (which is referred to as a secondary user (SU)) senses the spectrum being used by the primary system, judges whether there is a primary user (PU) (i.e., a user in the primary system) signal, and decides how to use the spectrum of the primary system without interfering the PU.
  • PU primary user
  • a secondary system needs to know about uplink/downlink configuration for a channel resource in a primary system (i.e., whether each channel resource is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission) first, as the basis for subsequent spectrum sensing and interference control.
  • the primary system is a communication system based on time division transmission (such as a time division duplex (TDD) communication system) as an example, transmission of an uplink channel resource and transmission of a downlink channel resource thereof are performed alternatively in a time scale.
  • TDD time division duplex
  • the minimum duration for uplink/downlink transmission is generally referred to as a sub-frame.
  • an uplink/downlink type of each sub-frame under the cognitive radio scenario, a secondary user needs to know about an uplink/downlink type of each sub-frame.
  • several uplink/downlink sub-frames are combined into a frame, and the combination of the uplink/downlink sub-frames in each frame is referred to as an uplink/downlink configuration.
  • uplink/downlink configurations which is referred to as "frame configuration"
  • configurations of these types are illustrated in detail in related communication standards.
  • the secondary system has already know about the uplink/downlink configuration for a channel resource in the primary system.
  • the secondary system acquires uplink/downlink configuration information of the channel resource in the primary system by performing information interaction with the primary system.
  • this does not coincide with the requirements that the primary system cannot change its system setting and the secondary system is transparent to the primary system under the cognitive radio scenario.
  • the primary system may actively transmit its channel resource configuration information to the secondary system, there may be a selfish behavior that the primary system deliberately transmits error information to prevent the secondary system from using the spectrum of the primary system.
  • Some embodiments of the disclosure provide an apparatus and a method used in a cognitive radio system (i.e., a secondary system), with the apparatus or the method, the secondary system can acquire uplink/downlink configuration information of the channel resource in the primary system without performing information interaction with the primary system, thereby ensuring correctness of the information acquired by the secondary system.
  • a cognitive radio system i.e., a secondary system
  • an apparatus used in a cognitive radio communication system may include : a receiving device, adapted to receive a communication signal between apparatuses in another radio communication system; a feature extracting device, adapted to extract, from the communication signal, one or more features that can reflect the difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode of the another radio communication system; and an uplink/downlink judging device, adapted to judge whether a channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission according to the feature(s).
  • a cognitive radio system which may include the above apparatus.
  • the above apparatus may be equipped in a user apparatus in the cognitive radio system, or in a base station in the cognitive radio system.
  • a method used in a cognitive radio communication system may include: receiving a communication signal between apparatuses in another radio communication system; extracting, from the communication signal, one or more features that can reflect the difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode of the another radio communication system; and judging whether a channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission according to the feature(s).
  • an embodiment of the disclosure further provides a computer program for implementing the above method.
  • an embodiment of the disclosure further provides a computer program product which is at least in the form of a computer readable medium, with a computer program code recorded thereon for implementing the above method.
  • Embodiments of the disclosure provide an apparatus and a method used in a cognitive radio system (which is also referred to as a secondary system), so that the secondary system can acquire uplink/downlink configuration information of a channel resource in another radio communication without performing information interaction with that system.
  • the another radio communication system may also be referred to as a primary system, which may be any communication system applicable for a cognitive radio scenario, for example, a radio communication system based on time division transmission (such as a TDD communication system), which is not enumerated here.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method used in a cognitive radio system according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
  • an apparatus in the secondary system judges the uplink/downlink configuration of a channel resource in the primary system according to transmission feature(s) of a communication signal in the primary system.
  • the method may include steps 102, 104 and 106.
  • an apparatus in the secondary system receives a communication signal between apparatuses in the primary system.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may be a user apparatus in the secondary system (which is also referred to as a secondary user), and may also be a base station apparatus in the secondary system.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system extracts one or more features from the received communication signal.
  • the extracted features may be any feature of an uplink/downlink communication signal in the primary system which can reflect the difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode of the primary system.
  • the apparatus in the second system may judge whether a channel resource occupied by the received communication signal of the primary system is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission, according to the extracted features. In other words, the apparatus in the secondary system can know about uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system by analyzing the received communication signal of the primary system.
  • the inventor of the disclosure finds that, in different communication systems, there may be some significant differences between an uplink communication signal and a downlink communication signal. For example, the transmission powers adopted in an uplink signal and a downlink signal are different. Typically, the transmission power of the downlink signal is significantly higher than that of the uplink signal.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract, from the communication signal of the primary system, a feature capable of reflecting the transmission power of the communication signal, thereby judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract, from the communication signal, the feature reflecting the transmission power of the communication signal with any suitable method, for example, an energy detection method described later with reference to Fig. 2 or Formulas (1) to (3), which is not illustrated here in detail.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract, from the communication signal of the primary system, a feature capable of reflecting the modulation mode for the communication signal as the feature.
  • Any suitable method may be adopted to extract, from the communication signal, the feature reflecting the modulation mode for the communication signal, for example, a wavelet transform algorithm for recognizing the modulation mode or the like may be utilized to extract the feature reflecting the modulation mode, which is not illustrated here in detail.
  • the peak-to-average ratio of the uplink signal is different from that of the downlink signal.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may calculate a peak-to-average ratio according to the communication signal of the primary system as the feature, to judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract, from the communication signal of the primary system, any one of a feature reflecting the transmission power, a feature reflecting the modulation mode or a peak-to-average ratio, as the feature.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract two or more of the above features from the communication signal of the primary system, and utilize the extracted two or more features to judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, thereby making subsequent judgment result more accurate.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system judges the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system by utilizing the received communication signal from the primary system.
  • Fig. 2 shows a specific embodiment of a method used in a cognitive radio system according to the disclosure.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may extract, from the communication signal of the primary system, a feature reflecting the transmission power of the communication signal, for judging the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system receives a communication signal between apparatuses in the primary system. Then, at step 203, the apparatus in the secondary system may extract synchronization information in the received communication signal to locate channel resources occupied by the communication signal.
  • the primary system is a communication system based on time division transmission as an example
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may first locate a sub-frame header and a frame header.
  • the frame and the sub-frame are the channel resources
  • the sub-frame header and the frame header respectively indicate a boundary between sub-frames and a boundary between frames
  • locating the channel resources means locating the boundaries between the frames and boundaries between the sub-frames.
  • the secondary system needs to have priori knowledge about definition for a synchronization signal and definition for synchronous timing in related communication standards of the primary system. These priori knowledge may be pre-stored in a storage device (not shown in the figure) of the apparatus in the secondary system.
  • the secondary system may utilize the synchronization signal defined in the communication standard of the primary system to perform circular correlation detection with a primary user signal, and locate the starting time of each sub-frame and the staring time of each frame in combination with the synchronous timing defined in the communication standard. It can be understood by those skilled in the art, any suitable method may be adopted to perform the circular correlation detection, which is not illustrated here in detail. In addition to the above priori knowledge, other priori knowledge is not needed by the apparatus in the secondary system in performing the circular correlation detection.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may estimate the energy value of the communication signal in the channel resource it occupied in the primary system, as the feature for judging the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource. Any suitable method may be adopted to estimate the energy value of the communication signal (for example, an example described later with reference to Formulas (1) to (3)) as the feature reflecting the transmission power of the communication signal, which is not illustrated here in detail. Subsequently, at step 206, the apparatus in the secondary system judges whether a predetermined relationship is satisfied between the estimated energy value and a predetermined threshold value (which is referred to as a first threshold value), and if yes, then judges that the channel resource is used for the downlink transmission; otherwise, judges that the channel resource is used for the uplink transmission.
  • a predetermined threshold value which is referred to as a first threshold value
  • the downlink transmission generally adopts constant power; and for the uplink transmission, since the number of the primary users, the number of allocated sub-carriers, the allocated power and the like are different, the magnitudes of uplink transmission power are different.
  • the downlink transmission power is always much larger than the uplink transmission power.
  • an extreme case that the transmission power of the uplink transmission is maximum i.e., a case that all sub-carriers are allocated
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may set the first threshold value according to the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system.
  • any value between the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power may be set as the first threshold value.
  • the estimated energy value is larger than the first threshold value, it can be judged that the channel resource is used for the downlink transmission; otherwise, it can be judged that the channel resource is used for the uplink transmission.
  • the downlink transmission power as well as the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system may be different, therefore, the specific value of the predetermined threshold value is not specifically defined here.
  • information about the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system and the like may be stored, as the priori knowledge, in a storage device (which is not shown in the figure) of the apparatus in the secondary system or in a storage device which is separate from the apparatus in the secondary system but accessible by the apparatus in the secondary system, which is not described here in detail.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system judges the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system by utilizing the difference between the uplink transmission power and the downlink transmission power.
  • the secondary system does not need to acquire other priori knowledge about the primary system for judging the uplink/downlink configuration, thereby facilitating the deployment of the secondary system.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may further judge whether the uplink channel resource is idle (such as the step shown in the dashed line block 208 in Fig. 2 ).
  • the primary system is a communication system based on time division transmission.
  • PS primary system
  • SS secondary system
  • the primary system includes one primary base station (PSB) and n pu primary users (PU)
  • the secondary system includes one secondary base station (SBS) and n su secondary users (SU).
  • the secondary system tries to use a channel resource in the primary system that is close to the secondary system.
  • the secondary system is at the edge of the primary system cell, the primary users are randomly distributed within the primary system having a cell radius of R ps , and the secondary users are randomly distributed within the secondary system having a cell radius of R ss .
  • the apparatus in the secondary system needs to detect the uplink/downlink configurations for the 10 sub-frames in each frame, that is, judge whether each sub-frame in the frame is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may estimate an energy value of each received sub-frame with an energy detection method. In this instance, a method that performs Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the received communication signal is used to acquire a sample of each symbol on a sub-carrier.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • s i l k ⁇ h i d l k ⁇ s d l k + n i l k , d ⁇ ownlink sub - carrier h i u l k ⁇ s u l k + n i l k , u ⁇ plink sub - carrier occupied n i l k , u ⁇ plink sub - carrier un - occupied
  • s (d) [ l,k ] and s (u) [ l,k ] respectively indicate transmitted samples of the 1-th symbol on the k-th sub-carrier for a downlink signal and an uplink signal
  • n i [ l,k ] indicates a noise sample received by su i
  • h i u l k indicates a channel gain between a transmitter corresponding the uplink signal and su i
  • h i d l k indicates a channel gain between a transmitter corresponding the downlink signal and su i .
  • Three states of the signal shown in Formula (1) indicate downlink transmission (which is always present on each useful sub-carrier), uplink transmission (the uplink sub-carrier is occupied by the primary user) and uplink but idle (that is, the sub-carrier is not occupied by the primary user, and only an environmental noise is present), respectively.
  • N sc is the number of sub-carriers used in energy detection. In order to reduce the number of the symbols used in detection, it may be assumed that N sc is the number of all sub-carriers in a frequency band of the primary system. As described above, the downlink transmission of the primary system are always performed with constant power; and for the uplink transmission, since the number of the primary users, the number of the allocated sub-carriers, the allocated power and the like are different, the total power of the uplink transmission is different.
  • an extreme case that the transmission power of the uplink transmission is maximum i.e., a case that all sub-carriers are allocated
  • downlink indicates the downlink transmission (which is always present on each useful sub-carrier)
  • uplink indicates the uplink transmission ((the uplink sub-carrier is occupied by the primary user)
  • uplink but idle indicates the uplink but idle state (i.e., the sub-carrier is not occupied by the primary user, and only an environmental noise is present). It is assumed that the three states are respectively indicated as H d , H u and H i , in which both H u and H i are in the uplink transmission state.
  • the above formula can show that the three states may be distinguished according to the magnitude of the estimated energy values, thereby judging the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource.
  • a value between the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system may be used as the first threshold value for distinguishing the uplink transmission and the downlink transmission (as described above with reference to step 204).
  • any suitable value between the uplink transmission power of the primary system and an environment background noise statistic (it should be understood by those skilled in the art that, any suitable method may be used to obtain the environment background noise statistic, which is not described here in detail) as a second threshold value.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may further judge whether a predetermined relationship is satisfied between the estimated energy value and the second threshold value, and if it is judged that the predetermined relationship is satisfied between the estimated energy value and the second threshold value, then it is judged that the channel resource is idle. For example, if the estimated energy value is less than or equal to the second threshold value, then it is judged that the channel resource is idle; otherwise, it is judged that the channel resource is not idle.
  • the H i state only includes complex noise signals on the N sc sub-carriers.
  • N d indicates noise power spectral density of a primary system channel
  • B s indicates bandwidth of each sub-carrier
  • Var n N sc N d
  • B S is noise power of the primary system channel.
  • T th l indicates the second threshold value
  • T th l may be set as a value which is only related to the noise to distinguish the H u and H i states of the uplink channel resource.
  • p f i indicates the probability that the detection statistic is larger than T th l , i.e., the probability that the H i state is detected as the H u or H d state by mistake
  • Q -1 ( ⁇ ) indicates an inverse Q function. Any suitable method may be adopted to determine the probability p i f , for example, the probability may be predetermined as a small probability, such as 10% or a value less than 10%, which is not described here in detail.
  • the first threshold is indicated as T th h .
  • the first threshold value T th h is larger than the second threshold value, which may be set with reference to the definition related to the uplink transmission power and downlink transmission power in the communication standards of the primary system as described above.
  • T th h may be less than the average received power of a downlink signal, and larger than the average received power of an uplink signal.
  • T th h may be set according to a mid-value between the average received power that a receiver in the secondary system receives the uplink signal and the average received power that the receiver in the secondary system receives the downlink signal.
  • T th h may be set from the perspective of error detection probability. A T th h determination method based on the error detection probability is illustrated hereinafter in detail.
  • each secondary user may receive a different average energy value of the uplink signal and a different average energy value of the downlink signal.
  • PL R ps indicates path loss from the centre of the primary system to the centre of the secondary system (i.e., the edge of the primary system), and p f u ⁇ indicates the referred probability that the H u state is detected as the H d state by mistake
  • the probability p f u ⁇ is not an actual probability but a reference value. Any suitable method may be adopted to determine the probability p f u ⁇ , for example, the probability may be predetermined as a small probability, such as 10% or a value less than 10%, which is not described here in detail.
  • the above Formula (4) shows that the second threshold value T th l is related to the noise power on the frequency band of the primary system (PS), but unrelated to signal features of the primary system. Compared with the second threshold value T th l , the setting for the first threshold value T th h is relatively complicated.
  • the first threshold value may be determined according to whether the secondary system can acquire information about relative positions (such as distances between respective nodes) between all transceivers (i.e., all nodes) in the primary system and the secondary system. For example, if the secondary system can know about the relative position information (i.e., a case that the relative positions between respective nodes can be located), then the secondary system may estimate accuracy of the uplink/downlink detection, thereby accurately setting the first threshold value according to the accuracy.
  • the secondary system may estimate accuracy of the uplink/downlink detection, thereby accurately setting the first threshold value according to the accuracy.
  • the secondary system may estimate a maximum value or a minimum value of the uplink/downlink detection accuracy, and calculate a feasible search interval of the first threshold value, thereby searching a suitable value within the search interval as the first threshold value.
  • the first threshold value may be set according to the maximum uplink transmission power and the downlink transmission power of the primary system as described above.
  • the secondary base station may adopt any suitable method to locate the relative positions between all nodes, which is not defined and described here in detail).
  • the secondary system In a case of the single primary system cell, the secondary system is commonly located at the edge of the primary system cell. The detection statistic on the secondary user is only influenced by the single primary system cell.
  • x 2 (2) indicates a chi-square variable whose degree of free is 2
  • p n s N sc indicates the number of samples used in detection
  • c m ⁇ k l i + 1 2 ⁇ p (where ⁇ ( k , l , i ) is the detection signal-to-noise ratio of su i to a k-th symbol of an 1-th sub-carrier).
  • C m is related to transmitter (which is a transmitter of a primary user in an uplink direction, and is a transmitter of a primary base station in a downlink direction) power of the primary system, a distance between the transmitter and the secondary user su i and other factors, therefore, the detection statistic for each secondary user is different from each other.
  • d i indicates a distance between the secondary user su i and the primary base station (PBS)
  • c j,i indicates a distance between pu j and su i .
  • H d , d i ⁇ ⁇ T th h - 2 ⁇ cp c ⁇ 2 ⁇ p
  • ⁇ (x) indicates a cumulative distribution function (CDF) in normal distribution.
  • Q 1 ⁇ f f c p 1 ⁇ f 1 , ... p 1 ⁇ f i , ... , p 1 ⁇ f n su
  • Q 1 f indicates a decision strategy, which indicates performance measure of the whole algorithm, and is detection error probability that the downlink transmission is judged as the uplink transmission.
  • f c () indicates a cooperative and fused performance function, and an independent variable of the performance function (i.e., each parameter in ()) is the detection error probability of each secondary user.
  • Q 1 f values under different T th h values may be calculated, i.e., sub-frame detection performance in the H d state is obtained: the detection error probability that the H d state is detected as the H u or H i state by the secondary base station (SBS) when the link is in the H d state.
  • SBS secondary base station
  • T th h ⁇ - 1 p 1 ⁇ f i ⁇ P d ⁇ 2 ⁇ p + 2 ⁇ p ⁇ P d Var n ⁇ PL d i
  • ⁇ -1 (x) indicates an inverse function of the cumulative distribution function in normal distribution.
  • p 1 ⁇ f i needs to be small enough, i.e., T th h needs to be less than a specific value, to satisfy the detection performance in the H d state.
  • the specific value may be directly acquired.
  • T th h may be estimated with the following formula: T th h ⁇ max i ⁇ ⁇ - 1 p 1 ⁇ f i ⁇ P d ⁇ 2 ⁇ p + 2 ⁇ p ⁇ P d Var n ⁇ PL d i ⁇ ⁇ - 1 p 1 ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ P d ⁇ 2 ⁇ p + 2 ⁇ p ⁇ P d Var n ⁇ PL min d i
  • T th h has a maximum value when the secondary base station finally judges that the current sub-frame or the current link is in the H d state as long as one secondary user detects that it is in the H d state (which is also referred to as an OR criterion). It can be seen that the maximum value of T th h here is determined by the secondary user closet to the primary base station.
  • b 1 ,. ..,b n ue respectively indicate the distance between each primary user and the primary base station
  • c l, i ,..., c n ue ,i respectively indicate the distance between each primary user and each secondary user.
  • PL b j and PL c j,i respectively indicate path loss between pu j and the primary base station and path loss between pu j and su i .
  • the T th h may have a minimum value, that is, T th h ⁇ max i , j ⁇ ⁇ - 1 ⁇ 1 + ⁇ ⁇ T th h - ⁇ j ⁇ 2 ⁇ c j ⁇ j 2 c j 2 - p 0 ⁇ f i ⁇ j 2 ⁇ c j 2 + ⁇ j 2 ⁇ c j ⁇ max j ⁇ ⁇ - 1 ⁇ 1 + ⁇ ⁇ T th h - j ⁇ 2 ⁇ c j ⁇ j 2 c j 2 - -
  • Q 0 ⁇ f d Q 0 ⁇ f d 1 n su , which indicates an average value of the detection error probability by the secondary user under the AND criterion
  • Q 0 ⁇ f d indicates a maximum value of Q 0 f in the H d state
  • Q 0 f indicates the actual detection performance measure of the algorithm, representing the detection error probability that the uplink transmission is detected as the downlink transmission.
  • the maximum value Q 0 ⁇ f d may be acquired according to relative positions in a network (here, the primary system and the secondary system are regarded as a network, and the relative positions in the network indicates relative positions between all notes in the primary system and the secondary system).
  • a feasible search interval of T th h (i.e., a possible range including the maximum value and the minimum value of the threshold value) may be obtained.
  • search interval is relatively large.
  • the searching may be performed near an approximate value of T th h (such as an approximate value calculated with the above Formula (5)) (specifically, the value of T th h may be changed, and the value of Q 1 f and the value of Q 0 f are estimated under different values of T th h , thereby an optimum value of T th h may be searched), thereby acquiring the value of T th h .
  • any value within the feasible search interval may be used as the threshold value T th h .
  • the secondary system is located in a single primary system cell and that the secondary system is unable to know about distances between transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system, that is, the secondary system is unable to locate the distances between the transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system.
  • the secondary base station is difficult to acquire relative position information about the primary system and the secondary system, therefore, it is difficult to acquire accurate values of p 1 ⁇ f i and p 0 ⁇ f i .
  • the first threshold value T th h may be set with a semi-simulation method: that is, a simulation method is adopted to generate enough relative positions between the transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system (any suitable method may be utilized to simulate the relative positions between respective transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system, for example, the simulation may be performed according to a common model of node distribution (such as uniform distribution or Poisson distribution) in the network, which is not defined and described here in detail), and values of Q 1 f and Q 0 f are calculated under different T th h , and thereby obtaining a T th h satisfying requirements of Q 1 f and Q 0 f , that is: Q 1 ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ sim N sim q 1 ⁇ f sim N sim Q 0 ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ sim N sim q 0 ⁇ f sim N sim
  • q 1 ⁇ f sim and q 0 ⁇ f sim respectively indicate sub-frame performance measure values Q 1 f and Q 0 f that are calculated by utilizing the relative positions obtained in the simulation, and N sim indicates the number that the simulation is performed.
  • N sim indicates the number that the simulation is performed.
  • the search interval described above is not applicable. That is, in a case that it is unable to locate, the search interval of the threshold value can not be estimated with Formulas (A5) to (A8). If Formula (5) is adopted, then there is no need to adopt the technology described in Formulas (A5) to (A8).
  • a value between the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system may be set as the first threshold value, for example, an approximate value calculated with the formula (5) may be adopted.
  • the detection statistic of the secondary user is related to the multiple primary system cells.
  • transmission power control and frequency allocation are key factors that affect the statistic, and which are mainly decided by a frequency reuse (FR) strategy.
  • FR frequency reuse
  • two common FR strategies include fractional frequency reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (soft FR).
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating the strict FFR strategy.
  • each hexagonal block indicates one primary system cell.
  • the circular region indicates the centre of the primary system cell, and the remaining part other than the circular region indicates the edge of the primary system cell.
  • users located at the centre of the cells are allocated with a same frequency band F center .
  • Users located at the edges of respective primary system cells use different frequency bands, and these frequency bands are not overlapped with F center .
  • F edge 1 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 1;
  • F edge 2 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 2, 4 or 6; and
  • F edge 3 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 3, 5 or 7.
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating the soft FFR.
  • each hexagonal block indicates one primary system cell.
  • the circular region indicates the centre of the primary system cell, and the remaining part other than the circular region indicates the edge of the primary system cell.
  • users at the edges of neighboring cells use different frequency bands, the frequency band used by a user at the edge of a cell is not overlapped with the frequency band used by a user at the centre of the cell, and the frequency bands used by users located at the centre of respective cells are overlapped.
  • F edge 1 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 1;
  • F edge 2 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 2, 4 or 6; and
  • F edge 3 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the edge of a primary system cell 3, 5 or 7.
  • F center1 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the centre of the primary system cell 1;
  • F center2 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the centre of the primary system cell 2, 4 or 6;
  • F center3 indicates a frequency band used by a user located at the centre of the primary system cell 3, 5 or 7.
  • Fig. 15 shows an example of a scenario that a secondary system is located in multiple primary system cells.
  • a circle including a secondary system indicates the secondary system and other hexagonal blocks indicate primary system cells.
  • 27 primary system cells are shown, wherein the distance between each of the 27 primary system cells and the secondary system is within coverage of three primary system cells, and the hexagonal blocks with oblique lines indicate 12 primary system cells closest to the secondary system. It can be understood that, according to the distance between each primary system cell and the secondary system, the 12 cells located at the centre are cells having the biggest influence on the secondary system, which are not described here in detail.
  • the secondary system can know about distances between all transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system (i.e., all nodes in the primary system and the secondary system) (a secondary base station may adopt any suitable method to locate distances between the secondary base station and all nodes in the primary system and the secondary system, which is not defined and described here in detail).
  • the secondary system may obtain the relative positions between all transceivers (i.e., all nodes in the primary system and the secondary system).
  • the search interval and the value of T th h may be obtained according to the FR strategy (for example, the FFR strategy or the soft FFR strategy may be adopted when the primary system is the TD-LTE system) used by the primary system and the method described above with reference to Formulas (A5) to (A8), which is not repeated here.
  • the secondary system is unable to know about distances between all transceivers in the primary system and the secondary system (that is, a case that it is unable to locate).
  • the value of T th h may be obtained according to the FR strategy used by the primary system and the method described above with reference to Formulas (A9) and (A10), which is not repeated here.
  • T th h is only related to the maximum value of the uplink transmission power. Therefore, under different FR strategies, the power control and frequency allocation for the uplink transmission are important factors that affect the value of T th h in the case of multiple primary system cells.
  • ⁇ indicates a large-scale path attenuation factor.
  • F 12 3.38.
  • T th h Var n + F 12 ⁇ r c R ps 2 + 1 - r c / R ps 2 3 ⁇ PL R ps ⁇ P u max ⁇ 1 + Q - 1 p ⁇ n s ⁇ N sc / 2
  • PL R ps . indicates path loss between the centre of a primary system cell (such as a primary system cell closet to the secondary system) and the centre of the secondary system cell
  • P u max indicates the uplink maximum total transmission power of the primary system. indicates the probability that the H u state is detected as the H d state by mistake. It should be noted that, the probability is not an actual probability but a reference value.
  • T th h Var n + 2 + ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ F 12 ⁇ PL R ps ⁇ P u max ⁇ 1 + Q - 1 p ⁇ n s ⁇ N sc / 2
  • ⁇ indicates transmission power ratio of a primary user located at the edge of the primary system cell to a primary user located at the centre of the primary system cell.
  • Fig. 4 shows another specific embodiment of the method used in a cognitive radio system according to the disclosure.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may also use priori knowledge about standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system to further optimize the judgment result.
  • the standard configuration for the channel resource in the primary system refers to an uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource defined in a communication standard of the primary system.
  • the priori knowledge about the standard configurations may be pre-stored in the apparatus of the secondary system (for example, stored in a storage device of the apparatus (which is nor shown in the drawings)), which is not described here in detail.
  • the method is similar to the method shown in Fig. 1 , and may include steps 402, 404 and 406. Steps 402, 404 and 406 are respectively similar to steps 102, 104 and 106 shown in Fig. 1 , which are not repeated here.
  • the method further includes a step 410. Specifically, at step 410, the judgment result in step 406 is matched with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • Fig. 5 shows 7 formats of uplink/downlink frame configuration defined in the TD-LTE standard. Still taking the application scenario shown in Fig. 3 as an example, assuming that the primary system adopts the TD-LTE standard, then one of the 7 frame configurations shown in Fig. 5 should be adopted. As shown in Fig. 5 , the TD-LTE standard adopts 7 frame configurations (which are indicated by numbers 0 to 6). Each frame includes 10 sub-frames (which are indicated by numbers 0 to 9). D indicates a downlink sub-frame, U indicates an uplink sub-frame, and S indicates a special sub-frame. After judging the uplink/downlink configuration for each sub-frame at step 406, the apparatus in the secondary system may match the judgment result with these standard configurations, to further determine the format of the uplink/downlink frame configuration for the primary system.
  • Fig. 6 shows an example for determining the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource according to the standard configurations for the channel resource.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system calculates a matching distance between the judgment result obtained at step 406 and each standard configuration; and then, at step 410-2, the apparatus in the secondary system determines a standard configuration best matching the judgment result according to the calculated matching distance. For example, a standard configuration having the smallest matching distance from the judgment result may be determined as the channel resource configuration type of the primary system.
  • any suitable method may be adopted to calculate the matching distance between the judgment result and each standard configuration. Still taking the application scenario shown in Fig. 3 as an example, assuming that the primary system adopts the TD-LTE standard, then one of the 7 standard frame formats shown in Fig. 5 is adopted.
  • the secondary system may judge whether each sub-frame in a frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame according to the received communication signal, and use for example two different numbers to indicate the judgment result on each sub-frame. For example, "1" may be used to indicate a downlink sub-frame, and "-1" (or 0) may be used to indicate an uplink sub-frame; and vice versa.
  • judgment results of the apparatus in the secondary system on multiple sub-frames in one frame may form a multi-dimensional vector.
  • Each standard frame format shown in Fig. 5 may also be indicated by a multi-dimensional vector in the same manner.
  • D may be indicated as 1
  • U may be indicated as -1.
  • the specific sub-frame "S" may also be indicated as a downlink sub-frame, that is because the first few symbols of the specific sub-frame are downlink sub-frames (in this case, the number of the symbols n s used when the feature for judging whether each sub-frame is the uplink sub-frame or the downlink sub-frame is extracted is preferably less than 3).
  • the matching distance between the judgment result and each standard configuration may be calculated with a method for calculating a distance between two vectors. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that, any suitable method (such as an example describes hereinafter with reference to Formula (21) or (22) or (26)) may be adopted to calculate the distance between two vectors, which is not described here in detail.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may utilize the priori knowledge about the standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to further optimize the judgment result on the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system, thereby making the result more accurate.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may judge whether the channel resource is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission by utilizing features extracted from multiple communication signals.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system may receive multiple communication signals (for example, a multi-frame signal is received when the primary system is a communication system based on time division transmission), and utilize the multiple communication signals to repeatedly perform the processing in steps 104 to 106 or steps 204 to 206 (or steps 204 to 208) or steps 404 to 406 (or steps 404 to 410). In this way, influence of a random error event on the matching result is reduced in detecting each sub-frame, thereby making the obtained result on the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource more accurate.
  • a single apparatus in the secondary system is adopted to detect the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system.
  • some embodiments that utilize multiple apparatuses in the secondary system to judge the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource and fuse judgment results from the multiple apparatuses are described.
  • influence of space distribution of a single secondary user on the accuracy of the detection result of the secondary user may be reduced, thereby making the obtained result on the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource more accurate.
  • Fig. 9(A), 9(B) and 9(C) respectively shows schematic models that utilize multiple apparatuses in the secondary system to judge the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource and fuse judgment results from the multiple apparatuses, in which the application scenario shown in Fig. 3 is taken as an example, and it is assumed that the primary system is a communication system based on a time division transmission mode.
  • n id indicates the number of the secondary users in the secondary system that participate in the detection
  • n su indicates the number of all secondary users in the secondary system.
  • the detection may be performed by one secondary user, and may also be performed by multiple secondary users in cooperation, therefore, 1 ⁇ n d ⁇ n id ⁇ n su .
  • each secondary user may use a method described in the above or following embodiments or examples to: judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, according to one or more features capable of reflecting the difference between a uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode for the primary system that are extracted from the communication signal (block 901a in the figure, D i m is a vector, which includes the uplink/downlink judgment results of an i-th secondary user ( su i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ n id ))) on all sub-frames of an m-th frame); and match the judgment result with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system according to the matching result (block 902a in the figure, t i m indicates the determination result of the i-th secondary user ( su i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ n id ))
  • Each secondary user may utilize data of M frames to repeat the above processing (the processing shown in blocks 901a and 902a) for M times ("x M" shown in block 903a), to obtain a determination result t i of the i-th secondary user ( su i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ n id )) on the frame configuration type.
  • the determination results of these secondary users may be sent to one of the secondary users or to the secondary base station to be fused, to further determine the frame configuration type of the primary system (block 904a in the figure).
  • each secondary user performs the uplink/downlink judgment for all sub-frames in an m-th frame (block 901b in the figure), and then sends all judgment results to one of the secondary users or to the secondary base station to perform the fusion, to obtain a fused result D ( m ) (block 902b in the figure, D ( m ) is a vector, which includes the uplink/downlink judgment results on all sub-frames in an m-th frame).
  • the fused result is matched with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system according to the matching result (block 903b in the figure, for example, the frame configuration type of the m-th frame is obtained, which is indicated as T ( m ) ).
  • Data of M frames may be utilized to repeat the processing in blocks 901b, 902b and 903b for M times, and the results obtained after the processing is performed M times are fused to determine the frame configuration type of the primary system (block 904b in the figure).
  • the model shown in Fig. 9(C) is a combination of the models shown in Figs. 9(A) and 9(B) .
  • Each secondary user performs the uplink/downlink judgment for all sub-frames in an m-th frame (as shown in block 901c of the figure).
  • These secondary users are divided into multiple groups, and the judgment results of each group are sent to one of the secondary users or to the secondary base station to be fused, to further judge the uplink/downlink configuration for each sub-frame in the m-th frame (as shown in block 902c of the figure). Then, the fused result of the judgment results of each group is matched with each standard configuration, to obtain a matching result for each group (block 903c).
  • Data of M frames may be utilized to repeat the processing in blocks 901c, 902c and 903c for M times, and the results of the M times are fused to determine the frame configuration type of the primary system (block 904c in the figure). Finally, the obtained multiple determination results are further fused, to determine the final frame configuration type of the primary system (block 905c in the figure).
  • Fig. 7 shows a specific embodiment of a method for detecting the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system by utilizing multiple apparatuses in the secondary system.
  • the method may include steps 702, 704, 706, 710, 712 and 714.
  • Steps 702, 704 and 706 are similar to steps 102, 104 and 106 described above (or steps 202, 204 and 206, or steps 402, 404 and 406).
  • the apparatus in the secondary system (which is referred to as a first apparatus) receives a communication between respective apparatuses in the primary system; extracts, from the communication signal, one or more features that can reflect the difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode for the primary system; and judges whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission according to the extracted features, which is not described here in detail.
  • the first apparatus receives judgment results about whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal between apparatuses in the primary system is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, from one or more other apparatuses (which is referred to as a second apparatus) in the secondary system.
  • each second apparatus may use the method of steps 702 to 706 to judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal between respective apparatuses in the primary system is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, which is not repeated here.
  • the first apparatus judges whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, according to the judgment result thereof and the judgment results from one or more second apparatuses.
  • n id secondary users in the secondary system are utilized to judge (detect) whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal of the primary system is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, and that the primary system is a TD-LTE system, and the standard frame configurations shown in Fig. 5 are adopted.
  • Each secondary user in the n id secondary users may adopt the method described above to generate a judgment result on each sub-frame in one frame locally, that is, each secondary user obtains a deterministic judgment result on each sub-frame that is related to the three states H d , H u and H i .
  • the judgment results of the n id secondary users may be divided into multiple groups, in which each group includes the judgment results of n co secondary users ( n id ⁇ n co ).
  • the judgment results of each group may firstly be fused, and then the fused results of the multiple groups are fused together.
  • the judgment results of the multiple secondary users may be sent to one of the secondary users (or sent to the secondary base station in the secondary system), to be fused by the secondary user (or the secondary base station).
  • the judgment result of each secondary user on each channel resource may be duality (the sub-frame is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission), and the duality judgment results of the multiple secondary users on the sub-frame uplink/downlink type may be fused directly.
  • the judgment result of each secondary user on each channel resource may be ternary ( H d , H u and H i ).
  • the example may adopt the method described above with reference to Fig. 2 that utilizes two threshold values. In the following, the example is described by taking the application scenario shown in Fig. 3 as an example.
  • d i in the above formula may be indicated with 2 bits.
  • the judgment results of the n co secondary users on each sub-frame may be accumulated.
  • the above decision may be performed on each sub-frame in one frame, to obtain decision results of each group of the secondary users on the uplink/downlink types of all sub-frames.
  • the judgment results of an n-th group of the secondary users on all sub-frames of an m-th frame may be indicated as a vector D n m , i.e., D n m includes the judgment results of the n-th group of the secondary users on all sub-frames of the m-th frame.
  • n th h indicates a threshold value (a third threshold value) for further judging whether the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame. That is, among the n co secondary users, if the number of the secondary users which judge that a primary user signal exists in the sub-frame is more than n th h , then it may decide that the sub-frame is a downlink sub-frame; otherwise, it may decide that the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame.
  • a threshold value n th l (a fourth threshold value) may be adopted to further determine whether the uplink sub-frame is totally idle or a part of the uplink sub-frame is allocated to a sub-carrier of a primary user. Since the downlink transmission power is relatively high, almost every secondary user may detect a primary user signal by utilizing the second threshold value T th l . Therefore, the n th h may be set as n co . or n co -1. Whereas the n th l may be set with reference to the value of p f i .
  • n th l may be set to satisfy n th l ⁇ n co ⁇ 1 - p f i and keep a certain difference from n th h . It should be understood that, any suitable method may be adopted by those skilled in the art to set the threshold values according to practical applications, and the disclosure is not limited to the above examples.
  • a hard information decision method i.e., a duality result is adopted to indicate the judgment result of each group of the secondary users on the sub-frame
  • fuses the judgment results of each group of the secondary users such as n co secondary users
  • the numbers 1 and -1 are used to indicate whether the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame. It should be understood that, in practical applications, any duality numbers may be adopted to indicate the above judgment results, for example, 1 and 0 and the like may be adopted, which is not enumerated here.
  • the soft information decision method described herein refers to that: the duality numbers are not used to indicate the decision result obtained after the judgment results of each group of the secondary users (such as n co secondary users) are fused, and a numerical interval is adopted to indicate the decision result. Different positions within the numerical interval corresponding to each sub-frame reflect likely probability that the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame. With this soft information decision method, the accuracy of decision may be further improved. For example, in the above example of the hard information decision method, the downlink sub-frame is indicated as "1", and the uplink sub-frame is indicated as "-1".
  • a difference between a statistic (such as an energy estimation value) on each sub-frame and a threshold value (such as the first threshold value) may be mapped into a numerical interval (such as [-1, 1] or [0, 1]).
  • a numerical interval such as [-1, 1] or [0, 1]
  • a statistic (such as an energy estimation value) of each secondary user on each sub-frame may be compared with a threshold value (such as the first threshold value) to obtain a difference, and the differences obtained by the n co secondary users may be averaged, then the obtained average value may be set as the decision result obtained by fusing the judgment results of the group of the secondary users.
  • a threshold value such as the first threshold value
  • T i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ n co ) is an energy estimation value of an i-th secondary user among the n co secondary users on a sub-frame
  • the average value is compared with the threshold values T th l and T th h respectively.
  • T ⁇ ⁇ T th l it is decided that the sub-frame is in the H i state; otherwise, T ⁇ - T th h is mapped into the range of [-1, 1] (other numerical intervals may also be adopted), and the mapped value reflects the probability that the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame. Since T ⁇ ⁇ [0, + ⁇ ), when the mapping is performed, a maximum value A and a minimum value B may be set to define a difference value interval which may be used for mapping.
  • D ⁇ n indicates a decision result about whether the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame.
  • B when A is selected to be big enough, there is a need for B to be selected to be small enough, so that Pr( T ⁇ > A ) and Pr( T ⁇ ⁇ B ) are small enough, thereby making the mapping reasonable.
  • A cannot be too big and B cannot be too small, otherwise, accuracy of the mapping is influenced.
  • T ⁇ ⁇ T th h it may be considered that the corresponding sub-frame is a downlink signal plus a noise signal.
  • ⁇ is constant.
  • T ⁇ B when T ⁇ B, it may consider that the sub-frame is an uplink sub-frame.
  • ⁇ is constant, preferably, ⁇ may also be set as 8. It can be seen that T th l ⁇ B by comparing T th l with B. That is, the decision result is necessarily mapped to "-1" in the H i state.
  • the above decision may be performed on each sub-frame in one frame, to obtain decision results of each group of the secondary users on the uplink/downlink types of all sub-frames.
  • the decision results of an n-th group of the secondary users on all sub-frames in an m-th frame may be indicated as a vector D ⁇ n m , and D ⁇ n m includes the decision results of the n-th group of the secondary users on all sub-frames in the m-th frame.
  • Step 710 the decision result obtained at step 714 is matched with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • Step 710 is similar to the above described Step 410, which is not repeated herein.
  • step 710 credibility of each judgment results may also be estimated, and a judgment result having low credibility may be removed (the step shown in the dashed line block 718 in Fig. 7 ).
  • each row represents one frame configuration shown in Fig. 5 , in which "1" indicates a downlink sub-frame, and “-1" indicates an uplink sub-frame.
  • the specific sub-frame "S" shown in Fig. 5 also indicates a downlink sub-frame, that is because the first few symbols of the specific sub-frame are the downlink sub-frames (in this case, the number of the symbols n s used when the feature for judging whether each sub-frame is the uplink sub-frame or the downlink sub-frame is extracted is preferably less than 3).
  • s indicates the credibility of D n m .
  • the value of s is relatively large; otherwise, the value of s is relatively small.
  • s th may be set as 3.
  • s th may also be referred to as a fifth threshold value. It should be understood that, the value of the fifth threshold value s th may be determined according to practical applications, which should not be limited to the above example.
  • a larger value of s ⁇ indicates that the value for representing the judgment result on the sub-frame in D ⁇ n m is relatively correct, that is, the judgment result D ⁇ n m is credible.
  • s ⁇ is not necessarily an integer. As an example, in a case that s ⁇ ⁇ 0 is satisfied, it is considered that the judgment result D ⁇ n m is credible.
  • Fig. 8 shows another specific embodiment of a method for utilizing multiple apparatuses in the secondary system to detect the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system.
  • the method may include steps 802, 804, 806, 810, 812 and 816.
  • Steps 802, 804, 806 and 810 are respectively similar to steps 402, 404, 406 and 410 described above.
  • the apparatus in the secondary system receives a communication between apparatuses in the primary system; extracts, from the communication signal, one or more features that can reflect the difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode for the primary system; judges whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission according to the extracted features; and matches the judgment results with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system according to the matching result, which are not described here in detail.
  • the first apparatus receives determination results on the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system, from one or more other apparatuses (which is referred to as a second apparatus) in the secondary system.
  • the first apparatus may also estimate credibility of the determination result thereof and credibility of each of these received determination results, and remove a determination result having low credibility (as shown in the dashed line block 820 in Fig. 8 ).
  • the credibility may be calculated with the example described above with reference to Formula (18) or (19) or an example described hereinafter with reference to formula (23) or (27), which is not repeated here.
  • the first apparatus fuses the determination result thereof and the determination results from one or more second apparatuses, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • multiple determination results may be fused, a matching distance between the fused result and each standard configuration may be estimated, and the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system is determined according to the matching distance.
  • n id secondary users in the secondary system are utilized to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • the determination results of the n id secondary users on each sub-frame may be divided into multiple groups, in which each group includes the determination results of n co secondary users ( n id ⁇ n co ).
  • the determination result of each group may be firstly fused, to obtain a decision result including the determination results of the n co secondary users on all sub-frames in a frame.
  • the method described above with reference to the formula (9) or (14) may be adopted to fuse the determination results of the n co secondary users, to obtain a vector D n m (or D ⁇ n m ).
  • D n m (or D ⁇ n m ) is compared with each frame configuration shown in Fig. 5 , and one frame configuration having the smallest matching distance from (or D ⁇ n m ) may be found.
  • the 7 configurations shown in Fig. 5 may constitute the matrix C shown in formula (17).
  • S n m indicates a difference matrix S n m between D n m and C.
  • I 7 ⁇ 1 indicates a 7 ⁇ 1 unit matrix.
  • the matching distance between D n m and each frame configuration in C may be calculated based on the number of various elements in S n m .
  • two specific examples of calculating the mating distance are illustrated.
  • the matching distance may be calculated by utilizing a difference between D n m and each frame configurations in C.
  • a vector is constituted by the matching distances between D n m and each frame configurations in C, and is indicated as DI n m .
  • DI n m may be calculated by utilizing the number of nonzero elements (i.e., the number of times that an error decision occurs) in S n m
  • the matching distance DI n m j i.e., a j-th element in DI n m
  • N n i j indicates the number of non-zero elements in a j-th row in S n m .
  • an element "i" when the matching distance is calculated, an element "i" may be weighted, to show different effects of the nonzero elements "-2" and "2" in calculating the matching distance.
  • DI n m j ⁇ i N n i j * w i
  • DI n m j indicates the matching distance between D n m and a j-th configuration type
  • N n i j indicates the number of non-zero elements in a j-th row in S n m
  • DI n m j 0 ⁇ j ⁇ 6 constitute a vector DI n m , which includes the matching distances between D n m and respective frame configurations in C.
  • a position of an element having the minimum value in DI n m corresponds to a frame configuration type having a smallest matching distance from D n m .
  • w 2 may be different from w -2 , and the values thereof may be set with reference to error probability that an uplink sub-frame is misjudged as a downlink sub-frame or a downlink sub-frame is misjudged as an uplink sub-frame in sub-frame detection, thereby improving the accuracy of matching.
  • the probability P m d that a downlink sub-frame is misjudged as an uplink sub-frame is less than the probability P f u that an uplink sub-frame is misjudged as a downlink sub-frame, then it is indicated that, in a row corresponding to a correct frame configuration type in S n m , the probability that element "-2" appears will less than the probability that element "2" appears. Therefore, it can make w -2 > w 2 , to increase the matching distance between a frame configuration type that more "-2" appear and D n m ; otherwise, it can make w -2 ⁇ w 2 .
  • a standard configuration having the smallest matching distance from the determination result may be determined as the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • the matching distance between the determination result and each standard configuration it may further judge whether a predetermined relationship is satisfied between the obtained smallest matching distance and a predetermined threshold value (which is referred to as a sixth threshold value), if yes, then it is considered that a standard configuration corresponding to the smallest matching distance is the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • a predetermined threshold value which is referred to as a sixth threshold value
  • W th the sixth threshold value is denoted by W th , only if the smallest matching distance is less than or equal to the threshold value, it is determined that the standard configuration corresponding to the smallest matching distance is valid; otherwise, it is determined that the matching result is invalid.
  • N type is a vector, which includes the number of times that each standard frame configuration is successfully matched which is obtained after the data of M frames has been utilized to perform the matching for M times.
  • the minimum element mill DI n m in the vector DI n m is less than or equal to the threshold value W th , it is considered that the corresponding frame configuration type is credible (that is, the corresponding element in N type will increase by one (which is indicated by N type (arg min j DI n m ) + 1 in the above formula)); otherwise, it is considered that the matching is invalid.
  • t n indicates a vector, in which a position of an element which is "1" indicates the decision result of n co secondary users in an n-th group on the frame configuration type.
  • T indicates the final decision result (i.e., the finally determined frame configuration type), that is, a frame configuration type that most frequently appears in the n d frame decision results is selected as the final frame configuration type.
  • DI ⁇ n m is a vector
  • element values therein indicate the matching distances between the vector D ⁇ n m and respective standard frame configurations. It can be seen that, the more alike D ⁇ n m is to a frame configuration, the larger the corresponding element value in DI ⁇ n m is. This is opposite to DI n m in the example described with reference to Formulas (21) and (22). Therefore, a standard configuration corresponding to an element with the maximum value in DI ⁇ n m may be determined as the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • a predetermined relationship is satisfied between the matching result obtained by the above Formula (26) and a predetermined threshold value (which is referred to as a seventh threshold value), if yes, then it is considered that a standard configuration corresponding to the matching result is the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system.
  • a predetermined threshold value which is referred to as a seventh threshold value
  • N type is a vector, which includes the number of times that each standard frame configuration is successfully matched which is obtained after the data of M frames has been utilized to perform the matching for M times.
  • W ⁇ th indicates the seventh threshold value, and if the maximum element value in D ⁇ n m is more than or equal to the threshold value, it is considered that the matching result is credible (i.e., the corresponding element in N time will increase by one (which is indicated by N type (arg min j DI ⁇ n m ) + 1 in the above formula)); otherwise, it is considered that the matching is invalid.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a structure of an apparatus used in a cognitive radio system according to an embodiment.
  • the apparatus 1000 may include a receiving device 1001, a feature extracting device 1002 and an uplink/downlink judging device 1003.
  • the apparatus 1000 may detect an uplink/downlink configuration for a channel resource in a primary system with the methods in the embodiments or examples described above with reference to Fig. 1 and so on.
  • the receiving device 1001 may be used to receive a communication signal between respective apparatuses in the primary system, and provide the communication signal to the feature extracting device 1002.
  • the feature extracting device 1002 may be used to extract, from the communication signal received from the receiving device 1001, one or more features that can reflect a difference between an uplink transmission mode and a downlink transmission mode for the primary system, and provides the feature(s) to the uplink/downlink judging device 1003.
  • the feature extracting device 1002 may extract the feature(s) with the methods in the embodiments or examples described above with reference to Figs. 1 to 8 .
  • the extracted features may include at least one of a feature reflecting transmission power of the communication signal, a feature reflecting a modulation mode for the communication signal, and a peak-to-average ratio of the communication signal.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may be used to judge whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal received by the receiving device 1001 is used for uplink transmission or downlink transmission, according to the feature(s) extracted by the feature extracting device 1002.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may perform the judging with the methods in the embodiments or examples described above with reference to Figs. 1 to 8 .
  • the apparatus 1000 described above with reference to Fig. 10 utilizes the communication signal received from the primary system to judge the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system. There is no deed for the apparatus 1000 to perform information interaction with the primary system, therefore, there is no need for the primary system to change its system configurations, which can better meet the requirement that the secondary system is transparent to the primary system under the cognitive radio scenario.
  • the apparatus 1000 described above with reference to Fig. 10 may be equipped in a user apparatus (SU) in a cognitive radio system (which is also referred to as the secondary system), and may also be equipped in a base station (SBS) in the secondary system.
  • SU user apparatus
  • SBS base station
  • the apparatus 1000 may adopt the method shown in Fig. 2 .
  • the feature extracting device 1002 may be configured to estimate an energy value of the communication signal received by the receiving device 1001 in the channel resource, as the feature capable of reflecting the difference between the uplink transmission mode and the downlink transmission mode for the primary system.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may be configured to judge whether a predetermined relationship is satisfied between the energy value estimated by the feature extracting device 1002 and a predetermined threshold value (such as the first threshold value described above), and if yes, then judge that the channel resource is used for the downlink transmission. Specifically, the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may judge whether the estimated energy value is greater than the first threshold value, and if yes, then judge that the channel resource is used for the downlink transmission; otherwise, judge that the channel resource is used for the uplink transmission.
  • the first threshold value may be set according to the maximum uplink transmission power and the downlink transmission power of the primary system, which is not repeated here.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may determine the first threshold value, for example, according to whether the secondary system can acquire relative position (such as distances between respective nodes) information of all transceivers (i.e., all nodes) in the primary system and the secondary system. For example, if the secondary system can know about the relative position information (i.e., a case that the relative positions between respective nodes can be located), the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may estimate the accuracy of the uplink/downlink detection, and then accurately set the first threshold value according to the accuracy.
  • the secondary system can acquire relative position (such as distances between respective nodes) information of all transceivers (i.e., all nodes) in the primary system and the secondary system. For example, if the secondary system can know about the relative position information (i.e., a case that the relative positions between respective nodes can be located), the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may estimate the accuracy of the uplink/downlink detection, and then accurately set the first threshold value according
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may estimate a maximum value or a minimum value of the accuracy of the uplink/downlink detection, and calculate a feasible search interval of the first threshold value, and thereby search a suitable value within the search interval as the first threshold value.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may determine the first threshold value with the methods described above with reference to Formulas (A1) to (A10), which is not repeated here.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 may use a predetermined threshold value set according to the maximum uplink transmission power and the downlink transmission power of the primary system, as the first threshold value.
  • the apparatus 1000 in the secondary system utilizes the difference between the uplink transmission power and the downlink transmission power of the primary system to judge the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system. Except for the downlink transmission power and the maximum uplink transmission power of the primary system, there is no need for the secondary system to acquire other priori information about the primary system to judge the uplink/downlink configuration, which facilitates the deployment of the secondary system.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 in the apparatus 1000 may further judge whether the uplink channel resource is idle. For example, the judgment may be performed by utilizing the processing described above with reference to the dashed line block 208 in Fig. 2 , i.e., utilizing two threshold values (the first threshold value and the second threshold value), which is not repeated here.
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a structure of an apparatus 1100 for a cognitive radio communication system according to another specific embodiment. Similar to the apparatus 1000, the apparatus 1100 also includes a receiving device 1101, a feature extracting device 1102 and an uplink/downlink judging device 1103; however, the apparatus 1100 differs from the apparatus 1000 in that the apparatus 1100 further includes a matching device 1104.
  • Functions of the receiving device 1101, the feature extracting device 1102 and the uplink/downlink judging device 1103 are respectively similar to the functions of the receiving device 1001, the feature extracting device 1002 and the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 described above.
  • the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource occupied by the communication signal of the primary system may be judged with the methods described above with reference to Figs. 4 to 9 , which is not repeated here.
  • the matching device 1104 may be used to match the judgment result obtained by the uplink/downlink judging device 1103 with one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system, to determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system according to the matching result.
  • the matching device 1104 may perform the matching with the methods in the embodiments or examples described above with reference to Figs. 4 to 9 .
  • the matching device 1104 may calculate a matching distance between the judgment result obtained by the uplink/downlink judging device 1103 and each standard configuration, and determine a standard configuration best matching the judgment result according to the matching distance, as the configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system (steps 410-1 and 410-2 shown in Fig. 6 ), which is not repeated here.
  • the apparatus 1100 may also be configured in a user apparatus (SU) in a cognitive radio system (which is also referred to as the secondary system), and may also be configured in a base station (SBS) in the secondary system.
  • SU user apparatus
  • SBS base station
  • the apparatus 1100 in the secondary system may utilize priori knowledge about the standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system to further optimize the judgment result on the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system, thereby making the result more accurate.
  • the priori knowledge may be, for example, stored in a storage device (which is not shown in the figure) associated with the apparatus 1100.
  • the storage device may be a memory within the apparatus 1100, or may be an external storage device connected with the apparatus 1100 and accessible by the apparatus 1100.
  • the apparatus 1000 or 1100 in the secondary system may utilize features extracted from multiple communication signals to judge whether the channel resource is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission.
  • the receiving device 1001 or 1101 may receive multiple communication signals (such as multiple frames), and the feature extracting device 1002 or 1102 may repeatedly perform the processing in step 104 or 204 or 404 to extract the feature(s) described above from the multiple communication signals.
  • the uplink/downlink judging device 1003 or 1103 may repeatedly perform the processing in step 106 or 206 or 406, and the matching device 1104 may repeatedly perform the processing in step 410. In this way, influence of a random error event on the matching result may be reduced in detecting each sub-frame, thereby making the obtained result on the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource more accurate.
  • the embodiment or example described above provides a cognitive radio communication system (a secondary system), in which the apparatus 1000 or 1100 is included, and the apparatus 1000 or 1100 is used to detect an uplink/downlink configuration for a channel resource in the primary system.
  • the apparatus 1000 or 1100 may be a base station in the secondary system, or may also be a user apparatus in the secondary system.
  • the apparatus 1000 or 1100 may send the judgment result to other apparatuses in the secondary system (for example, by utilizing a sending device (which is not shown in the figure) in the apparatus 1000 or 1100).
  • the user apparatus may utilize a sending device thereof (which is not shown in the figure) to send the judgment result thereof to a base station in the secondary system, and the judgment result is distributed to other user apparatuses by the base station.
  • the apparatus 1000 or 1100 may utilize a sending device thereof (which is not shown in the figure) to send the judgment result thereof to other user apparatuses.
  • the base station may send the judgment result thereof to one or more user apparatuses in the secondary system.
  • the cognitive radio communication system may include multiple apparatuses 1000 or 1100, and utilize the multiple apparatuses to judge the uplink/downlink configuration for the channel resource in the primary system simultaneously.
  • the multiple apparatuses may respectively utilize the sending device thereof (which is not shown in the figure) to send the judgment results thereof to one of the apparatuses, and these judgment results are fused by the apparatus.
  • the receiving device (such as 1101) in an apparatus (such as 1100) in the secondary system may be further configured to receive determination results on the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system, from one or more other apparatuses (which is referred to as a second apparatus) in the secondary system (such as step 812).
  • the matching device 1104 in the apparatus 1100 may be further configured to further determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system, according to multiple determination results from the apparatus and the other apparatuses (the second apparatuses) and one or more standard configurations for the channel resource in the primary system (such as the processing described with reference to step 816).
  • the matching device 1104 may fuse the multiple determination results by adopting the method in the embodiment or the example described above with reference to Fig. 8 or 9 , and finally determine the uplink/downlink configuration type of the channel resource in the primary system according to the fused result.
  • the matching device 1104 may be further configured to, before fusing the multiple determination results, estimate credibility of each determination result, and remove a determination result having low credibility (such as the processing in step 820).
  • the matching device 1104 may perform the above operations with the methods described above, which is not repeated here.
  • the receiving device (such as 1001 or 1101) in an apparatus (such as 1000 or 1100) in the secondary system may be further configured to receive judgment results about whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal between respective apparatuses in the another radio communication system is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, from one or more other apparatuses (the second apparatuses) in the secondary system (such as the processing in step 712).
  • the uplink/downlink judging device (such as 1003 or 1103) may be further configured to determine whether the channel resource occupied by the communication signal of the primary system is used for the uplink transmission or the downlink transmission, according to the multiple judgment results of the apparatus and the other apparatuses (the second apparatuses) (such as the processing described with reference to step 714).
  • the uplink/downlink judging device (such as 1003 or 1103) may be further configured to, before fusing the multiple judgment results, estimate credibility of each judgment result, and remove a judgment result having low credibility (such as the processing in step 716).
  • the uplink/downlink judging device (such as 1003 or 1103) may perform the above operations with the methods in the embodiments or examples described above, which is not repeated here.
  • the feature extracting device (such as 1002 or 1102) may be further configured to extract synchronization information in the communication signal received by the receiving device (such as 1001 or 1101), to locate channel resources occupied by the communication signal.
  • the receiving device such as 1001 or 1101
  • each step in the method used in the cognitive radio system described above and each composition module and/or unit in the above apparatus may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware or a combination thereof in the base station (SBS) or the user apparatus (SU) in the cognitive radio system, and the software, the firmware, the hardware or the combination thereof is used as a part of the base station or the user apparatus.
  • SBS base station
  • SU user apparatus
  • the software, the firmware, the hardware or the combination thereof is used as a part of the base station or the user apparatus.
  • specific available methods or ways are well known for those skilled in the art, which IS not repeated here.
  • the method and/or the apparatus according to the disclosure may be implemented in an existing base station or an existing user apparatus, as long as some modifications are made to each component in the existing base station or the existing user apparatus.
  • programs consisting of the software for implementing the above method may be mounted, from a storage medium or network, onto a computer (such as the general purpose computer 1200 shown in Fig. 12 ) having a dedicated hardware structure.
  • a computer such as the general purpose computer 1200 shown in Fig. 12
  • the computer can perform various functions.
  • a central processing unit (CPU) 1201 performs various processing according to a program stored in a read only memory (ROM) 1202 or a program loaded from a storage section 1208 to a random access memory (RAM) 1203.
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • data required when the CPU 1201 performs various processing is also stored as necessary.
  • the CPU 1201, the ROM 1202 and the RAM 1203 are connected with each other via bus 1204.
  • An input/output interface 1205 is also connected to the bus 1204.
  • the following components are linked to the input/output interface 1205: an input section 1206 (including a keyboard, a mouse and the like), an output section 1207 (including a display such as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) and a liquid crystal display (LCD), a speaker and the like), a storage section 1208 (including a hard disk and the like) and a communication section 1209 (including a network interface card such as a LAN card, a modem and the like).
  • the communication section 1209 performs communication processing via a network such as internet.
  • a driver 1201 may also be linked to the input/output interface 1205 as necessary.
  • a removable medium 1211 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk and a semiconductor memory, may be mounted onto the driver 1210 as necessary, so that a computer program read from the removable medium 1211 may be mounted into the storage section 1208 as necessary.
  • programs consisting of the software may be amounted from a network such as internet or a storage medium such as the removable medium 1211.
  • the storage medium is not limited to the removable medium 1211 shown in Fig. 12 which stores a program therein and distributes the program separately from the apparatus to provide the program to the user.
  • An example of the removable medium 1211 includes a magnetic disk (including a floppy disk (registered mark)), an optical disk (including a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) and a digital versatile disk (DVD)), a magneto-optical disk (including a mini disk (MD) (registered mark)) and a semiconductor memory.
  • the storage medium may be a hard disk included in the ROM 1202 or the storage section 1208 and the like, which stores a program therein and is distributed to the user together with the apparatus in which the storage medium is included.
  • the disclosure further provides a program product with a machine readable instruction code stored thereon.
  • the instruction code when being read and performed by a machine, may perform the above methods according to the embodiments of the disclosure.
  • a storage medium used to carry the above program product with a machine readable instruction code stored thereon is also included in the disclosure.
  • the storage medium includes, but is not limited to, a floppy disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, a memory card, a memory stick and the like.
  • the method in the disclosure is not limited to be performed in the time sequence described in the specification, and may be performed in other time sequences, in parallel or independently. Therefore, the execution sequence of the method described in the specification should not be considered as limiting the technical scope of the disclosure.

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US20180324009A1 (en) 2018-11-08
US9998308B2 (en) 2018-06-12
CN103052162B (zh) 2017-10-31
CN107666381A (zh) 2018-02-06
WO2013053302A1 (zh) 2013-04-18
JP6501320B2 (ja) 2019-04-17
US10045232B2 (en) 2018-08-07
JP2014534690A (ja) 2014-12-18
US10700900B2 (en) 2020-06-30
US20160337882A1 (en) 2016-11-17
JP2017143579A (ja) 2017-08-17
CN107819561B (zh) 2020-09-29
JP2019118124A (ja) 2019-07-18
EP3883173A1 (de) 2021-09-22
CN103052162A (zh) 2013-04-17
JP6741810B2 (ja) 2020-08-19
US9445287B2 (en) 2016-09-13
JP6141394B2 (ja) 2017-06-07
US20170201398A1 (en) 2017-07-13
EP2768252A4 (de) 2015-12-16
US20140233438A1 (en) 2014-08-21
CN107819561A (zh) 2018-03-20
EP2768252B1 (de) 2021-05-19
JP5851619B2 (ja) 2016-02-03
CN107666381B (zh) 2020-08-07

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