Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
  • C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
  • C04B38/0009—Honeycomb structures characterised by features relating to the cell walls, e.g. wall thickness or distribution of pores in the walls
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2482—Thickness, height, width, length or diameter
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2455—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure of the whole honeycomb or segments
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2466—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure of the adhesive layers, i.e. joints between segments
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2474—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure of the walls along the length of the honeycomb
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2478—Structures comprising honeycomb segments
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2486—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure characterised by the shapes or configurations
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2486—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure characterised by the shapes or configurations
  • B01D46/2488—Triangular
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
  • B01D46/2486—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure characterised by the shapes or configurations
  • B01D46/249—Quadrangular e.g. square or diamond
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
  • C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
  • C04B38/0016—Honeycomb structures assembled from subunits
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
  • B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
  • B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
  • B01D46/2498—The honeycomb filter being defined by mathematical relationships
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24149—Honeycomb-like

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of honeycomb structures, more particularly for thermal applications, in particular heat exchangers or particulate filters used in an exhaust line of an engine for the removal of soot produced by the combustion of a diesel fuel or gasoline in an internal combustion engine.
• Filtration structures for soot contained in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine are well known in the prior art. These structures most often have a honeycomb structure, one of the faces of the structure for the admission of the exhaust gases to be filtered and the other side the exhaust of the filtered exhaust gases.
• the structure comprises, between the intake and discharge faces, a set of adjacent ducts or channels of axes parallel to each other separated by porous filtration walls, which ducts are closed to one or the other of their ends for delimiting input chambers s' opening according to the inlet face and outlet chambers opening along the discharge face.
• the peripheral part of the structure is most often surrounded by a coating cement.
• the channels or conduits are alternately closed in an order such that the exhaust gases, during the crossing of the honeycomb body, are forced to pass through the side walls of the inlet channels to join the outlet channels. In this way, the particles or soot are deposited and accumulate on the porous walls of the filter body.
• Filter bodies used in automotive exhaust lines are porous ceramic material, for example cordierite, aluminum titanate or silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
• the particulate filter is subjected to a succession of filtration phases (accumulation of soot) and regeneration (removal of soot).
• filtration phases the soot particles emitted by the engine are retained and are deposited inside the filter.
• regeneration phases the soot particles are burned inside the filter, in order to restore its filtration properties.
• the porous structure is then subjected to intense thermomechanical stresses, which can cause microcracks likely over time to cause a severe loss of filtration capacity of the unit, or even its complete deactivation. This phenomenon is particularly observed on monolithic filters of large diameter. It has indeed been observed, operating in an exhaust line, that the thermal gradient between the center and the periphery of such structures is even higher than the dimensions of the monolith are important.
• unitary elongate elements are firstly extruded from a loose slip of particles of the preceding material, most often including porogenic organic materials, and then fired in such a way as to obtain elements in particular. honeycomb, suitable for the filtration of particulate-laden gases by the porous walls that constitute them.
• honeycomb suitable for the filtration of particulate-laden gases by the porous walls that constitute them.
• unitary ceramic elements or monoliths have a section in a polygonal radial section, usually of quadrangular type, in particular square.
• the sections may be triangular or even more rarely hexagonal or a mixture of these different forms (triangular, quadrangular, hexagonal).
• unitary elements of square section are assembled by means of a seal cement first affixed to the outer walls of the unitary elements, then baked at a generally temperature typically less than 1000 ° C, so as to ensure the assembly a sufficient cohesion, without stiffening it in proportions that tend to to render its mechanical properties comparable to that of a monolithic structure of the same size.
• the applicant company has found that the assembly of monolithic ceramic honeycomb elements poses reliability problems of the process for obtaining the assembled filter, especially when one or more peripheral elements in the assembly are subjected to a transverse stress, that is to say in the plane perpendicular to the direction formed by the channels of the Honeycomb.
• a transverse stress that is to say in the plane perpendicular to the direction formed by the channels of the Honeycomb.
• Such a solicitation results in particular from the forces applied during the abrasion and the elimination of the peripheral portions of the assembled filter, with a view to its resizing. If the cement does not allow sufficient grip, it is common that some of the unitary elements, including the most peripheral in the assembly, then detach from the entire structure.
• the surface of the ceramic honeycomb unit elements is also very smooth and the attachment of the cement nevertheless seems to require cements having a very strong adhesion. As previously described, this strong adhesion can quickly be problematic because it helps to stiffen the whole structure. In such a case, when the final assembled filter is subjected to high temperatures related to the burning of soot (typically more than 800 ° C), the expansion phenomena can then create internal mechanical stresses likely to damage and dissociate the together, as explained previously.
• radial mechanical stresses means stresses contributing to dissociating the unit blocks of the assembly with respect to the main central axis of the assembly parallel to the channels of the honeycombs.
• the assembly can also be weakened during handling operations when the cement is not yet completely set and when the hardening is not completed.
• the most peripheral elements, in particular those whose essential of the initial material must be eliminated during the machining, are obviously those which have the greatest probability of detaching.
• the present invention therefore essentially aims to solve the previously discussed manufacturing problems and in particular to provide elements for the formation of a structure formed by the assembly of honeycombs maintaining its integrity even under strong radial mechanical stresses , of the type exercised during of its machining in order to obtain the final external dimensions of the structure.
• the present invention relates in a first aspect to a monolithic honeycomb element comprising a set of adjacent conduits parallel axes between them separated by walls made of a porous material.
• the element has, in a cross section, a polygonal section, in particular quadratic, delimited by external wall elements of average thickness E. It is characterized in that at least one corner of said polygon, preferably all corners of the polygon, present, according to the bisector of the angle at said corner, an excess thickness e c , so that the total thickness E c of the outer wall, also measured along the bisector of the angle at said corner, is greater than the average thickness E (expressed in the same unit) of said outer walls by a factor of at least 1.43.
• said excess thickness e c is obtained at least partly by an additional material disposed on the outer face of said corner.
• the monolithic element has a section, in a cross section, of substantially quadratic or triangular shape and the corners have aperture angles at the vertex a between 60 and 120 °.
• the monolithic element has a section, in a cross section, of substantially square shape.
• Said overthickness has a substantially rounded outer edge s' registering in a radius of curvature R between 0.3 and 3 mm.
• Said excess thickness in cross-section, extends over a length li and has a maximum value e 1 according to the first wall element constituting the corner and over a length 1 2 and said extra thickness has a maximum value e 2 according to the second element wall forming the corner, so that:
• the lengths li and 1 2 described above are substantially equal.
• the ratio of the total thickness E c of the external wall, also measured along the bisector of the angle at the said corner (11), to the average thickness E of the said walls is greater than or equal to 1.45; preferably greater than 1.5 and most preferably greater than 1.6.
• the ratio of the total thickness E c of the external wall, also measured along the bisector of the angle at the said corner, to the average thickness E is less than or equal to 2.8, preferably less than or equal to 2.5 and even more preferably less than 2.
• the average thickness E of the outer walls of the channels is between 100 and 1000 microns, preferably between 300 and 800 microns.
• the thickness of the inner walls of the channels is between 100 and 1000 microns, preferably between 200 and 600 microns.
• said ducts are closed by plugs to one or the other of their ends to define inlet ducts opening along a gas intake face and outlet ducts opening along a gas evacuation face, so that the gas passes through the walls porous.
• the porous material is silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride or aluminum titanate, in particular silicon carbide.
• the porous material constituting the unitary element is, for example, recrystallized silicon carbide at a temperature of between 2100 and 2400 ° C.
• the present invention also relates to a structure, in particular a particle filter, obtained by assembling a plurality of monolithic elements as previously described, said elements being bonded by a joint cement.
• the ratio of the excess thickness ei on the average thickness of the joint cement between two constituent elements (measured according to the same unit, of course), according to said transverse plane, is less than or equal to 0, 4 and / or the ratio of the excess thickness e 2 on the average thickness of joint cement, always according to said transverse plane, is less than or equal to 0.4.
• these two ratios are less than or equal to 0.4.
• the joint cement comprises grains and / or a matrix of a ceramic nature.
• said elements and the joint cement essentially comprise the same ceramic material, and preferably are based on silicon carbide (SiC).
• SiC silicon carbide
• FIG. 1 schematizes a cross-section and in perspective of a monolithic element according to the invention.
• FIG. 2 diagrammatically and in more detail voluntarily exaggerates, according to this same cross-section, the corner portion of the monolithic element according to the invention.
• all the monolithic elements are advantageously obtained by extrusion of a loose paste, for example silicon carbide, to form after baking a porous honeycomb structure.
• a loose paste for example silicon carbide
• the shape of the extruder head is configured according to conventional methods, for example as described in US Pat. No. 5,761,787, for obtaining and forming honeycomb elements having the wedge thicknesses according to the invention. , as schematized in Figures 1 and 2 which follow.
• FIG. 1 the extruded structure is presented according to FIG. 1 in the form of a block or monolithic unitary element 1 whose external shape is that of a rectangular parallelepiped extending along a longitudinal axis between its faces. upstream and downstream. Its cross section is substantially square. On the ends of the elements 1 open a plurality of adjacent channels 2, 3, whose main axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis L of the block.
• the extruded porous structures may be alternately plugged on their upstream face or on their downstream face by upstream and downstream plugs, respectively, to form outlet channels 3 and inlet channels 2, respectively, for the formation of filtering structures.
• Each channel 2 or 3 then defines an interior volume delimited by internal walls 4, a closure plug (not shown in the figures) disposed either on the upstream face for an outlet channel, or on the downstream face for a control channel. an inlet and an opening opening alternately towards the downstream face or the upstream face, such that the inlet and outlet channels 3 and 3 are in fluid communication by the internal walls 4.
• monolithic unit elements 1 are assembled together by bonding by means of a cement cement of a ceramic nature, for example also based on silicon carbide, into a filtration structure or filter assembled.
• the assembly thus formed must then be machined to take, for example, a round or ovoid section, then for example to be covered with a coating cement to seal and have a smooth outer surface.
• the section transversal input channels 2 is different from that of the output channels 3.
• the cross sections of the input channels 2 are greater than those of the output channels 3, to increase the overall volume of the input channels at the expense of that of the exit channels.
• the walls 4 follow one another in cross-section and in a horizontal (along the x-axis) or vertical (along the y-axis) row of channels to define a sinusoidal or wave shape. (wavy in English).
• the wall elements wave substantially a half-period of sinusoid over the width of a channel.
• the storage capacity of the particles per unit element 1 is thus advantageously increased.
• the cross sections of the input and output channels were identical and the walls 4 planar.
• FIG. 2 diagrammatically and in greater detail shows, in the same cross section, the corner portion of the monolithic element described in FIG. 1. More precisely, FIG. 2 illustrates in greater detail (and in an exaggerated manner to facilitate comprehension and reading), the profile of the wedges 11 having extra thicknesses 10.
• the filtering elements are therefore characterized, at the wedge 11, by the presence of an excess thickness 10, in the form a supplementary material disposed at the outer portion 12 of the corner 11.
• This extra thickness is characterized by an additional layer of material relative to the conventional configuration described in the documents of the art, illustrated for example in the application EP0816065.
• the two wall elements 6 and 7 meet to form the outer corners of the unitary element, according to straight edges having an angle of 90 °, to form outer edges along the entire length of the element.
• an additional quantity of material of a thickness e c measured along the bisector 13 of the angle formed by the wall elements 6 and 7, is disposed at said corner 11.
• this additional quantity of material is present on the outer side (the edge) 12 of the corner of the element such that, along said bisector 13, the value e c contributes to the total thickness E c of the outer wall, and in such a way that said total thickness E c of the wall, again according to this same bisector, is greater than the average thickness E of said walls 6 and 7 by a factor of at least 1, 43, preferably at least 1, 45 or even at least 1.5, or very preferably at least 1.6.
• said extra thickness preferably has a rounded outer edge, in particular inscribed in a radius of curvature R between 0.3 and 3 mm, the center of the circle inscribed along the rounded outer edge being placed on said bisector 13.
• said excess thickness extends over a length li on the first wall element 6 constituting the wedge 11 (that is to say in the X direction) and over a length 1 2 on the second wall element 7 constituting the corner 11 (that is to say in the Y direction).
• the ratio of the lengths li and 1 2 is between 0.5 and 2 and very preferably is close to 1 or equal to 1.
• said excess thickness 10 has a maximum value ei vis-vis the first wall element 7 constituting the corner and a maximum value ⁇ 2 vis-a-vis the second wall element 6 constituting the corner.
• the ratio of the lengths e 1 and e 2 is between 0.5 and 2 and very preferably is close to 1 or equal to 1.
• the element channel density is from 1 to about 280 c / cm 2 , preferably from about 14 to about 62 c / cm 2 .
• the extra thickness at the corners preferably extends over the entire length L of the element, from the upstream face to the downstream face.
• a population of monolithic elements in the form of a honeycomb and, for example, those described in patents EP 816065, EP 1142619, EP 1455 923 or WO 2004/090294, has been synthesized according to the techniques of the art, for example silicon carbide.
• a SiC powder whose grains have a median diameter d 5 o of 10 microns are mixed initially with a second one.
• the median pore diameter d 5 o is the diameter of the particles such as respectively 50% of the total population of grains has a size smaller than this diameter.
• a porogen of the polyethylene type in a proportion equal to 5% by weight of the total weight of the SiC grains and a methylcellulose type shaping additive in a proportion equal to 10% by weight of the total weight of the SiC grains.
• the quantity of water required is then added and kneaded to obtain a homogeneous paste whose plasticity allows extrusion through a die configured to obtain monolithic blocks of square section and whose internal channels have a cross section. illustrated schematically in Figure 1.
• the half-period p ripples is 1.83mm.
• the green monoliths obtained are dried by microwave for a time sufficient to bring the water content not chemically bound to less than 1% by weight.
• the channels of each face of the monolith are alternately blocked according to well-known techniques, for example described in application WO 2004/065088.
• the monoliths (elements) are debonded then baked under argon according to a rise in temperature of 20 ° C / hour until reaching a maximum temperature of 2200 ° C which is maintained for 6 hours.
• the porous material obtained has an open porosity of 47% and a median pore diameter of the order of 15 microns.
• the assembly is then machined by abrasion, the most peripheral parts being eliminated in order to constitute assembled filters of cylindrical shape.
• a cement of the same composition as the joint cement is deposited at the periphery of the machined filter at an average thickness of 1 mm in order to smooth the outer surface of the cylindrical filters.
• a plurality of assembled filters have thus been made from the unit elements.
• Thickness Thickness max Thickness max li e c according to the total E c ei e 2 (mm) bisector according to ( ⁇ ) ( ⁇ )
• the advantages of the present invention have been mainly exposed in relation to the honeycomb structures used as particulate filters in an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine, allowing the elimination of soot produced by the combustion of a diesel fuel or gasoline.
• the invention is obviously not limited to such an application and also finds application in all areas where the previously discussed problems arise, particularly in the field of heat exchangers.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Geometry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Filtering Materials (AREA)
• Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)

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Citations (5)

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• 2011
  • 2011-09-14 FR FR1158187A patent/FR2979837B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2012
  • 2012-09-12 US US14/344,273 patent/US9546115B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-09-12 EP EP12773022.4A patent/EP2755741A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2012-09-12 WO PCT/FR2012/052034 patent/WO2013038103A1/fr active Application Filing

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