EP2744042A1 - Reseau d'antenne modulé en temps avec des interrepteur optiques - Google Patents

Reseau d'antenne modulé en temps avec des interrepteur optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2744042A1
EP2744042A1 EP12275200.9A EP12275200A EP2744042A1 EP 2744042 A1 EP2744042 A1 EP 2744042A1 EP 12275200 A EP12275200 A EP 12275200A EP 2744042 A1 EP2744042 A1 EP 2744042A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
array
signals
antenna array
time
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Ceased
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EP12275200.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
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designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
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BAE Systems PLC
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BAE Systems PLC
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Priority to EP12275200.9A priority Critical patent/EP2744042A1/fr
Priority to PCT/GB2013/053248 priority patent/WO2014091221A1/fr
Publication of EP2744042A1 publication Critical patent/EP2744042A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2676—Optically controlled phased array

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antenna arrays, antenna systems, and systems for driving and/or controlling antenna arrays.
  • the present invention also relates to methods for operating such arrays and systems.
  • phased array antennas In relation to transmission of electromagnetic radiation, for example transmission of radio frequency (RF), it is well known to control the transmitted beam shape and direction by providing an array of antenna elements whose relative phase and/or amplitude is varied (phased array antennas).
  • RF radio frequency
  • time modulated arrays A less well known possible alternative technology that has been researched, but not extensively developed, is known as time modulated arrays.
  • time modulated arrays the shape and direction of a beam output by an array of antenna elements is controlled by switching the different antenna elements on and off in a manner that provides outcomes similar to those provided by conventional phased array antennas.
  • Time modulated arrays were first proposed in the 1950's, but conventionally are not considered as practicable compared to phased array antennas.
  • time modulated or time switched, linear array is to periodically energize the elements of the array by switching each element on and off using high speed RF switches in such a way that the pattern radiated by the array conforms to a prescribed function.
  • pattern shaping and harmonic beam steering are two basic functions that can be realized using time modulated linear arrays: pattern shaping and harmonic beam steering.
  • a time modulated array the elements of the array are periodically energized in such a way that the time averaged effective-amplitude distribution across the array equates to that of a conventional array weighting function such as a low sidelobe Taylor distribution.
  • a conventional array weighting function such as a low sidelobe Taylor distribution.
  • time modulated linear array can be configured to provide harmonic beam steering and simultaneous control of sidelobe levels by adjusting the switching time of the array elements [16].
  • Other recent papers have considered how time modulated linear array can be employed for null steering applications for direction finding [17-18], and their use in pulsed Doppler radar, direction of arrival estimation and phase switched screens [19-21].
  • time modulated arrays may be gleaned from the description later below relating to Figures 2 and 3 . It is however noted, for the avoidance of doubt, that the description later below with reference to Figures 2 and 3 includes, or possibly includes, aspects that have been derived by the present inventors, which aspects are not necessarily part of the state of the art and are also not essential for implementing the present invention.
  • time modulated arrays include: switching times are required to be very quick and switching speed e.g. by a PIN diode is limited and switching harmonics may cause problems; losses will tend to occur due to inclusion of electric switches (e.g. PIN diodes); and the switching as performed to date will tend to be near the antenna element.
  • the present inventors have further realised that such disadvantages, and/or conventional opinion that time modulated arrays are less practicable than conventional phased array antennas, may be overcome or at least alleviated by implementing some, or all, of the switching for a time modulated array optically rather than electrically.
  • the present invention provides a method for driving a time modulated antenna array; the method comprising performing time switching of signals for one or more different elements of the antenna array by optically switching the one or more signals.
  • the signals for the different elements of the antenna array may be being time switched to perform pattern shaping.
  • the signals for the different elements of the antenna array may be being time switched to perform harmonic beam steering.
  • the signals for the different elements of the antenna array may be being time switched to perform pattern shaping and harmonic beam steering.
  • Plural optical signals of different wavelengths may be optically switched, each wavelength being for a respective different antenna element of an antenna array.
  • the plurality of optically switched signals may be wavelength division multiplexed for transmission toward the antenna elements over an optical link, and then wavelength division demultiplexed.
  • the optical link may be a single core optical fibre.
  • the time switching of the signals for all the elements of the antenna array may be performed by optical switching.
  • the optical switching may be performed remotely from the vicinity of the antenna array.
  • the method may further comprise driving plural elements of an antenna array with the time switched signals.
  • the antenna array may comprise a two-dimensional array of antenna elements, and rows or other groupings of the antenna elements with respect to one of the array's two dimensions are for time modulated switching using the time switched signals.
  • the antenna array may be a cylindrical array.
  • the present invention provides a system for driving a time modulated antenna array; the system comprising one or more optical switches for performing time switching of signals for one or more different elements of the antenna array.
  • the system may further comprise an antenna array comprising a two-dimensional array of antenna elements.
  • the system may further comprise an optical link for provision between the one or more optical switches and the antenna array to position the one or more optical switches remote from the vicinity of the antenna array.
  • the antenna system 1 comprises an electrical to optical (E/O) conversion module 2, an optical switch module 4, a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) 6, an optical fibre 8, a wavelength division demultiplexer (WDDM) 10, and optical to electrical (O/E) conversion module, an antenna array 14.
  • E/O electrical to optical
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexer
  • WDDM wavelength division demultiplexer
  • OFE optical to electrical
  • the E/O conversion module 2 comprises an optical source module 16 and an optical modulator system 18.
  • the optical modulator system 18 comprises sixteen optical modulators, of which for clarity only three are shown in Figure 1 , namely a first optical modulator 20, a second optical modulator 22, and a sixteenth optical modulator 24.
  • the optical switch module 4 comprises sixteen optical switches corresponding respectively to the sixteen optical modules 20, 22,...24, of which for clarity only three are shown, namely a first optical switch 26, a second optical switch 28, and a sixteenth optical switch 30.
  • the O/E conversion module 12 comprises a photodetector system 32 and an amplifier module 34.
  • the photodetector system 32 comprises sixteen photodetectors, of which for clarity only three are shown, namely a first photodetector 36, a second photodetector 38, and a sixteenth photodetector 40.
  • the amplifier module 34 comprises sixteen amplifiers corresponding respectively to the sixteen photodetectors 36, 38,...40, of which for clarity only three are shown, namely a first amplifier 42, a second amplifier 44, and a sixteenth amplifier 46.
  • the antenna array 14 comprises sixteen antenna elements corresponding respectively to the sixteen photodetector/amplifiers, of which for clarity only three are shown, namely a first antenna element 48, a second antenna element 50, and a sixteenth antenna element 52.
  • Figure 1 also shows two electrical signals that are involved in operation of the antenna system 1, namely an incoming RF signal 54 and a beam control signal 56.
  • the optical source module 16 is optically coupled to each of the optical modulators 20, 22,...24.
  • Each optical modulator 20, 22,...24 is further optically coupled to its corresponding respective optical switch 26, 28,...30.
  • Each optical modulator 20, 22,...24 is further arranged to receive the electrical incoming RF signal 54.
  • Each optical switch 26, 28,...30 is further optically coupled to the WDM 6.
  • the optical switch module 4 is arranged to receive the electrical beam control signal 56.
  • each optical switch 26, 28,...30 receives a respective switching control signal derived from the beam control signal 56, as will described in more detail later below.
  • the WDM 6 is optically coupled to the WDDM 10 via the optical fibre 8.
  • the WDDM 10 is further optically coupled to the respective inputs of each of the photodetectors 36, 38,...40.
  • each photodetector 36, 38,...40 is electrically coupled to the input of its corresponding respective amplifier 42, 44,...46.
  • the respective output of each amplifier 42, 44,...46 is coupled to its corresponding respective antenna element 48, 50,...52.
  • the optical source module 16 provides sixteen optical carrier signals, of different wavelengths.
  • the wavelengths may include non-visible wavelengths, e.g. infra-red.
  • the wavelengths employed are ones specified in the ITU-T Recommendation G694.2, which allocates specific wavelengths that are in the range 1270nm to 1611 nm and which have 20nm spacing between channels. In other embodiments, other wavelength values may be used in addition or instead.
  • the optical modulator system 18 modulates the incoming RF signal 54 on to the sixteen different wavelength carriers i.e. the first optical modulator 20 modulates the incoming RF signal 54 on to a first wavelength carrier, the second optical modulator 22 modulates the incoming RF signal 54 on to a second wavelength carrier, and so on up to the sixteenth optical modulator 24 that modulates the incoming RF signal 54 on to a sixteenth wavelength carrier.
  • the E/O conversion module 2 comprising the optical modulator system 18 and the optical source module 16, performs electrical to optical conversion on the incoming RF signal 54, modulating it on to sixteen separate optical signals of differing wavelengths that are forwarded individually, each one to a respective different one of the optical switches 26, 28,...30.
  • the optical switch module individually switches the sixteen optical switches 26, 28,...30 on and off under control of the beam control signal 56, thereby individually switching the sixteen different wavelength optical signals on and off.
  • each optical switch 26, 28,...30 receives a respective switching control signal derived from the beam control signal 56, as will described in more detail later below.
  • the optical switches are Mach-Zender optical switches, but in other embodiments some or all of the optical switches 26, 28,...30 may be implemented using other types of optical switch.
  • any of the optical switches 26, 28,...30 that is switched to its on state forwards its respective optical signal to the WDM 6.
  • the WDM 6 multiplexes the different wavelength signals so that they can all be passed via the optical fibre 8 to the WDDM 10.
  • the switching can be performed at significant distances away from the antenna elements, thereby tending to reduce interference and so on.
  • the optical fibre may be 100 metres long. However, this is not essential, and in other embodiments there may be no significant distances between the switching elements and the antenna elements.
  • the optical fibre 8 is a single core fibre, which can be accommodated by virtue of the use of different wavelength signals and the use of wavelength division multiplexing.
  • a single core fibre By use of a single core fibre, if desired an optical rotating joint can also be employed. However, neither the use of a single core fibre nor an optical rotating joint is essential, and in other embodiments more than one core or fibre may be used, and the level of multiplexing may be reduced or totally omitted.
  • the WDDM 10 demultiplexes the different wavelength signals so that they can be passed individually to their respective corresponding photodetectors 36, 38,...40.
  • Each photodetector 36, 38,...40 of the photodetector system 32 detects its incoming optical signal and outputs a corresponding electrical signal, which is amplified by the respective amplifier 42, 44,...46 of the amplifier module 34.
  • the O/E conversion module 12 comprising the photodetector system 32 and the amplifier module 34, performs optical to electrical conversion on the sixteen individual optical signals received via the optical fibre 8.
  • the amplified output signals are each fed from the respective amplifier 42, 44,...46 to the corresponding respective antenna element 48, 50,...52 of the antenna array 14.
  • the amplifiers 42, 44,...46 may be omitted, or other forms of processing may be performed on the signals output from the photodetectors in addition to or instead of amplification before being passed onwards to the antenna elements 48, 50,...52.
  • the antenna elements 48, 50,...52, and indeed the whole antenna array 14, are conventional ones, as used for example in conventional phased array antenna systems.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing an example of a driving scheme that is applied via the beam control signal 56 in this embodiment.
  • the x-axis 72 indicates the sixteen different antenna element channels.
  • the y-axis is a time axis.
  • the sixteen solid blocks 78 that constitute a first plot 76 each indicate the time period over which a respective antenna element is switched on.
  • the sixteen elements are each switched on sequentially, and at any given time only one (or none) of them is switched on, according to its position in the sequence, i.e. there are never two switched on at the same time.
  • the duration of the on-time varies between different elements, rising from the lowest duration for the outer elements numbered 1 and 16 up to the longest durations being for the central elements numbered 8 and 9.
  • the above described modulation scheme provides for a relatively narrow main central beam profile of the transmitted radio beam.
  • the ascending sequence provides a phase shift between each element so the pattern produced tends to steer the beam off-boresight.
  • the relative on-times tends to adjust the side-lobes.
  • plots 78, 80, 82, 84, 86 are applied at different times in this embodiment.
  • these plots are represented by dotted lines, however it will be appreciated that each in fact consists of sixteen different "height" solid blocks with the same relative heights to each other as the sixteen solid blocks forming plot 76.
  • the sixteen antenna elements have the same ratio of on-time to each other as in plot 76, however the timing of the sequence in which they are switched on is different to that of plot 76.
  • plot 78 a small extent of temporal overlapping of the on times is provided, in the case of plot 80 a larger amount of temporal overlapping is provided, and so on, through to plot 86 where the on times of the sixteen elements are overlapped temporally to the maximum extent possible given that different elements have different lengths of on-time.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic plot (not to scale) showing an example of beam output characteristics that may typically be provided by the driving scheme described above with reference to Figure 2 .
  • the x-axis indicates the sine of the angle ⁇ of the beam, and the y-axis indicates the gain of the output signal at any given angle ⁇ .
  • plot 176 is the beam produced by the plot 76 of Figure 2
  • plot 178 is the beam produced by the plot 78 of Figure 2
  • plot 180 is the beam produced by the plot 80 of Figure 2
  • plot 182 is the beam produced by the plot 82 of Figure 2
  • plot 184 is the beam produced by the plot 84 of Figure 2
  • plot 186 is the beam produced by the plot 86 of Figure 2 .
  • each of plots 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186 has smaller side lobes in addition to its respective peak central beam shown.
  • the central beam can be steered at different angles ⁇ as shown by the differing angular positions of the peaks of respective plots 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186.
  • each optical switch 26, 28,...30 receives a respective switching control signal derived from the beam control signal 56.
  • the switching signals are 'square wave' logic signals which operate the optical switches to control the optical signal.
  • the switching signals are then driven be a processor (not shown), such as a microcontroller or other programmable logic device. If required or desired, conditioning of the signal from a controller may be performed so that the correct drive voltage and current are present to operate the switch.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of an embodiment of an antenna array 214 that may be used in the role of the antenna array 14 in the antenna system 1 described earlier above.
  • the antenna array 214 in this embodiment is a cylindrical array, although this need not be the case, and in other embodiments other shapes may be employed.
  • the antenna array 214 comprises three vertical antenna sub-arrays, namely a first vertical antenna sub-array 14a, a second vertical antenna sub-array 14b, and a third vertical antenna sub-array 14c. In other embodiments, there may be only two vertical antenna sub-arrays, or there may be more than three vertical antenna sub-arrays.
  • each vertical antenna sub-array 14a, 14b, 14c comprises sixteen antenna elements of which for clarity only three are shown for each in Figure 4 , namely: a first antenna element 48a, a second antenna element 50a, and a sixteenth antenna element 52a of the first vertical antenna sub-array 14a; a first antenna element 48b, a second antenna element 50b, and a sixteenth antenna element 52b of the second vertical antenna sub-array 14b; and a first antenna element 48c, a second antenna element 50c, and a sixteenth antenna element 52c of the third vertical antenna sub-array 14c.
  • antenna array 214 may be considered as comprising sixteen horizontal antenna sub-arrays of which for clarity only three are shown in Figure 4 , namely: a first horizontal antenna sub-array 248 comprising the three first antenna elements 48a, 48b, and 48c that are each the first antenna elements of their respective vertical antenna sub-arrays; a second horizontal antenna sub-array 250 comprising the three second antenna elements 50a, 50b, and 50c that are each the second antenna elements of their respective vertical antenna sub-arrays; and a sixteenth horizontal antenna sub-array 252 comprising the three sixteenth antenna elements 52a, 52b, and 52c that are each the sixteenth antenna elements of their respective vertical antenna sub-arrays.
  • the nth horizontal antenna sub-array 252 comprises the three nth antenna elements that are each the nth antenna elements of their respective vertical antenna sub-arrays.
  • the antenna array 214 of this embodiment is driven by the antenna system 1 in the same way as the first embodiment antenna array 14 described earlier above, except that in place of the single first antenna element 48 of the first embodiment antenna array 14 being switched on at any given "on time" of the time modulation, in this embodiment one or more of the plural first antenna elements 48a, 48b and 48c of the first horizontal antenna sub-array 248 may be turned on, and so on, for each of the second to sixteenth horizontal antenna sub-arrays.
  • three-dimensional control of the output beam direction and profile i.e. pattern shape and harmonic beam steered direction
  • FIG. 5 shows a top view of the cylindrical form of the antenna array 214 and an example beam shape and direction 270.
  • the time modulation array driving (optically switched as described earlier) with respect to the sixteen different horizontal antenna sub-arrays 248, 250,...252 provides control of the beam shape and direction 270 (including side lobes) in or out of the page for the view shown in Figure 5 .
  • conventional electrical phase array type driving modulation is provided with respect to the three different vertical antenna sub-arrays 14a, 14b, 14c thereby providing control of beam shape and direction 270 (including side lobes) in the sense of emission from different points along the perimeter of the cylinder i.e. along the directional line indicated by reference numeral 280 in Figure 5 .
  • the two simultaneous driving arrangements combined together provide in combination a three-dimensional control of the beam shape and direction 270.
  • the optical switching is performed after the incoming RF signal has been modulated onto the optical carriers.
  • the optical switching may be performed elsewhere (i.e. at a different stage), for example the optical switching (i.e. in effect applying the beam control signal) may be performed on the optical carrier signals before the optical carrier signals have the incoming RF signal modulated on to them.
  • the signal channels for all of the antenna elements are switched optically. However, this need not be the case, and in other embodiments one or more of the channels may be electrically switched, and only one or some of the channels optically switched.
  • Apparatus for implementing the above described modules and other processing entities may be provided by configuring or adapting any suitable apparatus, for example one or more computers or other processing apparatus or processors, and/or providing additional modules.
  • the apparatus may comprise a computer, a network of computers, or one or more processors, for implementing instructions and using data, including instructions and data in the form of a computer program or plurality of computer programs stored in or on a machine readable storage medium such as computer memory, a computer disk, ROM, PROM etc., or any combination of these or other storage media.

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EP12275200.9A EP2744042A1 (fr) 2012-12-11 2012-12-11 Reseau d'antenne modulé en temps avec des interrepteur optiques
PCT/GB2013/053248 WO2014091221A1 (fr) 2012-12-11 2013-12-10 Réseau d'antennes modulé dans le temps doté de commutateurs optiques

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Cited By (6)

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CN104466412A (zh) * 2014-12-25 2015-03-25 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 一种宽频带双极化馈源
CN104466430A (zh) * 2014-10-31 2015-03-25 西安电子科技大学 基于时间调制阵列的波束赋形方法
WO2016038336A1 (fr) * 2014-09-12 2016-03-17 Bae Systems Plc Appareil de traitement de signal
CN110210111A (zh) * 2019-05-29 2019-09-06 重庆邮电大学 基于时间调制同心圆环阵列的涡旋波产生与优化方法
CN110377872A (zh) * 2019-07-20 2019-10-25 中国科学院上海天文台 一种基于通用计算显卡的多普勒数据处理方法
CN115695129A (zh) * 2022-08-24 2023-02-03 电子科技大学 用于时间调制阵列的边带辐射抑制方法及天线系统

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