EP2735623B1 - High-strength steel sheet for warm forming and process for producing same - Google Patents
High-strength steel sheet for warm forming and process for producing same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2735623B1 EP2735623B1 EP12815520.7A EP12815520A EP2735623B1 EP 2735623 B1 EP2735623 B1 EP 2735623B1 EP 12815520 A EP12815520 A EP 12815520A EP 2735623 B1 EP2735623 B1 EP 2735623B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel sheet
- less
- warm press
- heating
- press forming
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 306
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 306
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 111
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 62
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 56
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 46
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 43
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 41
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 16
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 9
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 6
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QIJNJJZPYXGIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1lambda4,2lambda4-dimolybdacyclopropa-1,2,3-triene Chemical compound [Mo]=C=[Mo] QIJNJJZPYXGIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910039444 MoC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 5
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005244 galvannealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 Carbon forms carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- CUZMQPZYCDIHQL-VCTVXEGHSA-L calcium;(2s)-1-[(2s)-3-[(2r)-2-(cyclohexanecarbonylamino)propanoyl]sulfanyl-2-methylpropanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Ca+2].N([C@H](C)C(=O)SC[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C([O-])=O)C(=O)C1CCCCC1.N([C@H](C)C(=O)SC[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C([O-])=O)C(=O)C1CCCCC1 CUZMQPZYCDIHQL-VCTVXEGHSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021386 carbon form Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pemoline Chemical compound O1C(N)=NC(=O)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009849 vacuum degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
- C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/02—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling heavy work, e.g. ingots, slabs, blooms, or billets, in which the cross-sectional form is unimportant ; Rolling combined with forging or pressing
- B21B1/026—Rolling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12785—Group IIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12792—Zn-base component
- Y10T428/12799—Next to Fe-base component [e.g., galvanized]
Definitions
- the present invention concerns with steel sheets useful for warm press forming at a forming temperature range of 400°C to 700°C.
- the invention relates to a high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming which has a tensile strength (TS) at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, which exhibits such a good ductility that the steel sheet can be worked even under severe forming conditions at the above forming temperature range, and which shows small changes in mechanical characteristics between before and after warm press forming, and to a method for manufacturing such steel sheets.
- TS tensile strength
- the automobile industry As a whole recently aims at improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles in order to reduce CO 2 emissions. Improvements in fuel efficiency can be attained most effectively by making automobiles lighter through reducing the thickness of parts to be used.
- the thinning of parts lowers the crashworthiness of automobiles and thus results in a decrease in safety.
- the weight reduction of automobile bodies entails that parts are reduced in thickness and are increased in strength. Because a lot of automobile parts are manufactured by forming steel sheets into desired shapes, however, higher strength of steel sheets being formed increases the probability of the occurrence of problems such as deterioration in shape fixability, overloads to molds, and the occurrence of cracks, necking and wrinkles.
- Patent Literature 1 proposes a technique in which a steel sheet is heated to an austenitic range, starts to be formed with a mold at a temperature of not less than the Ac 3 transformation point, and is quenched simultaneously with the forming by removing heat through the mold and is hardened by martensite transformation. This technique thus provides steel sheets exhibiting hardenability after hot press forming and excellent impact characteristics.
- Patent Literature 2 proposes a steel sheet for warm press forming which has a microstructure containing not less than 10% by volume of a bainite phase with a high solute carbon content and a high dislocation density, not more than 10% by volume of a total of a pearlite phase and a martensite phase, and the balance being a ferrite phase. It is described that when a steel sheet having this microstructure is subjected to warm press forming at temperatures of not less than 250°C, a large amount of strain aging hardening can be obtained during the forming as well as the subsequent cooling with the result that the warm press formed steel sheet exhibits markedly improved strength. Y. Funukawa et al.
- Steel sheets having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa are very difficult to form into a desired shape by cold press forming because the steel sheets being formed still have high strength and low shape fixability to cause the occurrence of spring back. Further, such forming of steel sheets keeping high strength incurs a heavy load to the mold and shortens the life of the mold.
- the formed steel sheets exhibit poor ductility because the martensite phase which is hard and poor in ductility is utilized.
- forming of such steel sheets into a desired shape cannot produce automobile parts having high strength and excellent ductility.
- automobile parts are required to exhibit desired impact absorption performance in case of crash, automobile parts with insufficient ductility are problematic in that the impact absorption performance during crash is low.
- the technique proposed in Patent Literature 1 entails heating of steel sheets to an austenitic range during forming, mass production of automobile parts utilizing the technique has a concern that high energy costs are incurred in the forming step.
- warm press forming a steel sheet as a workpiece is heated before forming to lower the strength of the steel sheet and to increase the ductility so that the steel sheet is formed while deformation resistance is lowered and shape fixability is improved.
- warm press forming can suppress the occurrence of spring back and reduces the gall of the mold.
- the enhancement in ductility by heating allows steel sheets to be formed into complicated shapes. If tensile strength and ductility are not decreased after warm press forming, the impact absorption performance of formed parts is not deteriorated.
- warm press forming is advantageous also in terms of energy costs because the above effects are obtained by heating at a lower temperature than in the technique of Patent Literature 1.
- the microstructure of the steel sheet includes a bainite phase which is hard and poor in ductility.
- the strength of the steel sheet is increased by strain aging, and this further reduces the ductility and causes the problematic occurrence of cracks or mold damages during warm press forming.
- Patent Literatures 1 and 2 involve steel sheets including a martensite or bainite phase which is largely deteriorated in quality by heat. That is, when these steel sheets are subjected to coating treatments with heating such as hot-dip galvanization and galvannealing, the heat history due to such coating treatments causes a change in characteristics, for example, a decrease in the strength of the steel sheets.
- the present invention advantageously solves the above problems encountered in the art. It is an object of the invention to provide a high-strength steel sheet suited for warm press forming which is excellent in workability (formability) during warm press forming and is applicable to warm press forming even under severe conditions and which has a small change in quality by heat and thus ensures minor deteriorations in strength and ductility after warm press forming, as well as to provide a method for manufacturing such high-strength steel sheets and a method of use of such high-strength steel sheets.
- the present inventors carried out extensive studies on various factors that would affect the warm press formability (such as ductility and strength before, during and after heating) of high-strength steel sheets.
- the present inventors have found that as long as the yield stress at a prescribed heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) is not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature and the total elongation at the heating temperature range is not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature, even a high-strength steel sheet having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa shows excellent warm press formability by exhibiting a lowered deformation resistance as well as an increased ductility at the warm press forming temperature range and can be formed into a complicated shape.
- the inventors have found that such steel sheets also exhibit excellent shape fixability. Furthermore, the inventors have found that strength and ductility required for automobile parts can be ensured even after warm press forming as long as steel sheets are such that the yield stress and the total elongation after the steel sheets are heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled to room temperature are respectively not less than 70% of the yield stress and the total elongation at room temperature before the heating.
- the present inventors then studied microstructures and chemical compositions that would allow steel sheets to exhibit the above characteristics.
- the present inventors focused on a ferrite phase having excellent ductility and a small change in quality by heat, and came up with a configuration in which the microstructure of a steel sheet is controlled to be substantially a ferrite single phase before, during and after warm press forming. Further, the present inventors have found that a steel sheet substantially composed of a ferrite single phase in which a dislocation movement in the ferrite phase is easily activated by heating achieves improvements in warm press formability and in shape fixability because such a steel sheet exhibits a lowered deformation resistance as well as an enhanced ductility when heated to a warm press forming temperature of not less than 400°C, and have further found that such a steel sheet exhibits excellent ductility even after warm press forming.
- the present inventors then arrived at the use of precipitation strengthening by the dispersion of fine carbides. Further, the present inventors have found that in order to improve warm press formability as well as strength and ductility after warm press forming, it is appropriate to increase the strength of steel sheets by precipitating fine titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide in a matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase. According to the studies carried out by the present inventors, these carbides do not become coarse at a warm press forming temperature range (a heating temperature range) of not more than 700°C and remain finely precipitated even after warm press forming. That is, the present inventors have found that steel sheets exhibiting excellent strength even after warm press forming can be obtained by precipitating these carbides in a matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase.
- a warm press forming temperature range a heating temperature range
- the present inventors have found that in order to obtain the above desired microstructure of steel sheets, it is important to control the contents of the elements forming the carbides, namely, the content of titanium or the contents of titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten in appropriate ranges as well as to control the content of titanium or the contents of titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten relative to the content of carbon in an appropriate range. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that controlling the conditions in cooling and coiling after hot rolling in appropriate ranges is important in the production of steel sheets having the above desired microstructure, in particular, in order to suppress the coarsening of the carbides.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above findings and relates to a high-strength steel sheet according to claim 1, a method of working a high-strength steel sheet according to claim 4, a method for manufacturing high-strength steel sheets according to claim 5.
- Preferred embodiments of the steel sheet of the present invention are defined in claims 2 and 3. yield stress at room temperature before the heating, and the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the heating.
- high-strength steel sheets having excellent warm press formability can be obtained which have a tensile strength of not less than 780 MPa and can be warm press formed with a low press load into parts with complicated shapes.
- the high-strength steel sheets of the invention have minor decreases in strength and ductility after warm press forming, and are therefore suitable for applications such as automobile parts requiring impact absorption performance in case of crash.
- the high-strength steel sheets of the invention include a microstructure having a small change in quality by heat, and consequently the characteristics of the steel sheets are not substantially altered even when the steel sheets have a heat history due to treatments such as coating treatments.
- the inventive steel sheets may be also applicable to the manufacturing of parts required coating treatment from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance.
- the invention achieves marked industrial effects. Description of Embodiments
- High-strength steel sheets for warm press forming according to the invention are steel sheets having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa.
- room temperature indicates 22 ⁇ 5°C.
- a high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to the invention is characterized in that the tensile strength at room temperature is not less than 780 MPa, the yield stress at a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C is not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature, the total elongation at the heating temperature range is not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature, the yield stress of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before the heating, and the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the heating.
- warm press forming at temperatures of 400°C to 700°C is assumed.
- the invention specifies characteristics of steel sheets at a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C.
- Warm press forming of a steel sheet often results in a decrease in the strength of the warm press formed steel sheet primarily due to heating of the steel sheet. Further, when a steel sheet is subjected to warm press forming, the ductility of the steel sheet after the warm press forming is sometimes lowered problematically due to the strain ag i ng or work hardening.
- the steel sheet In the warm press forming of a steel sheet into a (automobile) part, the steel sheet is usually strained about 1 to 10% in terms of equivalent plastic strain.
- the present invention assumes warm press forming at the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C with a strain of 20% at a maximum. That is, the present invention specifies the yield stress and the total elongation of a steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature. From the view point of maintaining ductility between before and after warm press forming, the strain applied is desirably not more than 15%.
- the "strain" applied to a steel sheet heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C indicates an equivalent plastic strain ( ⁇ ) and is usually represented by the following equation as described in, for example, Non Patent Literature 1.
- ⁇ 2 3 ⁇ xx p 2 + ⁇ yy p 2 + ⁇ zz p 2 + 1 3 ⁇ xy p 2 + ⁇ yz p 2 + ⁇ zy p 2
- NPL 1 Husahito YOSHIDA, "Dansosei Rikigaku no Kiso (Basics of elastic plastic dynamics)", first edition, third printing, published by KYORITSU SHUPPAN CO., LTD., October 5, 1999, p. 155 .
- the present invention provides that the yield stress and the total elongation of a steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature are not less than 70% of the yield stress and the total elongation at room temperature before the thermal forming.
- the steel sheet have a chemical composition containing, in mass%, C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%, Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%, S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%, N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not more than 0.25%, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and satisfying Expressions (1) and (2) below, as well as that the steel sheet include a microstructure which has a matrix having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 ⁇ m and a ferrite phase area fraction of not less than 95% and in which a carbide having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm is precipitated in the matrix: Expressions Ti / 48 + V / 51 + Mo / 96 + W / 184 > 0.0031 0.8 ⁇ C / 12 / Ti / 48 + V /
- the matrix of a steel sheet be substantially a ferrite single phase.
- the matrix of the steel sheet before the steel sheet is heated to a warm press forming temperature is substantially a ferrite single phase
- the matrix of the steel sheet substantially remains a ferrite single phase even when the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) of 400°C to 700°C.
- the ductility is increased as the steel sheet is heated so that the total elongation at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C can be brought to not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature.
- configuring the matrix of a steel sheet (before warm press forming) to be substantially a ferrite single phase ensures that the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the thermal forming (before the warm press forming).
- Heating the ferrite phase to not less than 400°C lowers the deformation resistance because a dislocation movement is activated with an increase in temperature, resulting in a decrease in the yield stress of the steel sheet.
- the yield stress of the steel sheet at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C becomes not more than 80% of the yield stress of the steel sheet at room temperature.
- the ferrite grain diameter is preferably not less than 1 ⁇ m. If the ferrite grain diameter is less than 1 ⁇ m, grain growth easily occurs during warm press forming and the stability of the quality of the warm press formed steel sheet is deteriorated. If the ferrite grain diameter is excessively large, however, it may be sometimes difficult to obtain a desired strength of the steel sheet because the amount of grain refining strengthening is small. Thus, it is preferable that the ferrite grain diameter be not more than 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably not less than 1 ⁇ m and not more than 12 ⁇ m.
- the matrix of a steel sheet be a ferrite single phase. If hard phases such as bainite phase and martensite phase are mixed in the ferrite phase, warm press formability may be lowered because these hard phases and ferrite phase have a large difference in hardness. Even if the matrix is not a perfect ferrite single phase, however, the steel sheet can exhibit sufficient ductility during and after warm press forming and can be kept from a change in quality by heat as long as the matrix is substantially a ferrite single phase, that is, the area fraction of the ferrite phase is not less than 95% relative to the area of the entirety of the matrix.
- exemplary metallic microstructures other than the ferrite phase include cementite, pearlite, bainite phase, martensite phase and retained austenite phase.
- the presence of these phases is acceptable as long as the total area fraction thereof is not more than 5% relative to the entire microstructure.
- sufficient ductility (total elongation) of a steel sheet during and after warm press forming can be ensured by configuring the matrix of the steel sheet before the warm press forming to be substantially a ferrite single phase.
- the present invention aims at increasing the strength of the steel sheet by precipitating fine carbides, namely, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide in the matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase.
- the desired strength of the steel sheet tensile strength: not less than 780 MPa
- the average particle diameter of the carbides is specified to be not more than 10 nm, and preferably not more than 7 nm.
- Carbides present in a steel sheet are usually coarsened during heating and lower their precipitation strengthening performance.
- the above carbides titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide
- having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are not coarsened and maintain an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm as long as the heating temperature is not more than 700°C.
- the steel sheet having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and which includes the carbides (titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide) with an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and warm press formed while a decrease in the strength of the steel sheet after the warm press forming is significantly suppressed because the coarsening of the carbides is suppressed.
- carbides titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide
- the configuration in which the steel sheet has a microstructure having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and which includes the carbides with an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm ensures that the yield stress of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of up to 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before the thermal forming (before the warm press forming).
- this element is essential in order to increase the strength of steel sheets.
- the steel In order to obtain a steel sheet having a tensile strength of not less than 780 MPa, the steel preferably contains carbon in at least 0.03% or more.
- the C content exceeds 0.14%, toughness is markedly deteriorated and the steel sheet fails to exhibit good impact absorption performance (represented by, for example, TS ⁇ El wherein TS: tensile strength and El: total elongation).
- the C content is preferably not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, and more preferably not less than 0.04% and not more than 0.13%.
- Silicon is a solid solution strengthening element and lowers warm press formability by inhibiting the decrease in strength at the heating temperature range. It is therefore preferable that silicon be reduced as much as possible. However, a Si content of up to 0.3% is acceptable. Thus, the Si content is preferably not more than 0.3%, and more preferably not more than 0.1%.
- Manganese is an element which contributes to strengthening by lowering the transformation point of steel and facilitating the occurrence of fine precipitates.
- the Mn content be in excess of 0.60%, and more preferably not less than 0.8%. If the Mn content exceeds 1.8%, however, the workability of steel sheets is markedly deteriorated.
- the Mn content is preferably not more than 1.8%, and more preferably not more than 1.5%.
- Phosphorus is an element which has very high solid solution strengthening performance and inhibits the decrease in the strength of steel sheets during warm press forming. Further, phosphorus is an element which segregates at grain boundaries to lower ductility during and after warm press forming. Thus, phosphorus is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the P content is preferably not more than 0.030%.
- Sulfur is a harmful element which is present as an inclusion in steel.
- this element bonds to manganese to form a sulfide and lowers ductility at warm temperatures.
- sulfur is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the S content is preferably not more than 0.005%.
- Aluminum is an element which acts as a deoxidizer.
- the Al content is preferably not less than 0.02%.
- aluminum lowers ductility by forming oxides. If the Al content exceeds 0.1%, the inclusions come to exert considerable adverse effects on ductility at warm temperatures.
- the Al content is preferably not more than 0.1%, and more preferably not more than 0.07%.
- nitrogen is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the N content is preferably not more than 0.005%.
- Titanium is an element which contributes to strengthening of steel sheets by forming a carbide with carbon. Titanium is an element which contributes to strengthening of steel sheets by forming a carbide with carbon. In order to obtain this effect, the Ti content is not less than 0.01%. In the case where vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten described later are not added, the Ti content is preferably not less than 0.13%, and more preferably not less than 0.15% in order to obtain a steel sheet strength of not less than 780 MPa. If the Ti content exceeds 0.25%, however, coarse TiC remains during the heating of a slab before hot rolling to cause the formation of microvoids. Thus, the Ti content is preferably not more than 0.25%, and more preferably not more than 0.20%.
- the steel may further contain one, or two or more of V: not more than 0.5%, Mo: not more than 0.5% and W: not more than 1.0% in addition to the basic chemical composition.
- V not more than 0.5%
- Mo not more than 0.5%
- W not more than 1.0%
- vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten are elements which contribute to strengthening of steel sheets by forming carbides.
- these elements may be optionally added in the case where a further increase in the strength of steel sheets is required.
- the V content be not less than 0.01%, the Mo content 0.01%, and the W content not less than 0.01%.
- any V content exceeding 0.5% causes the facilitated coarsening of the carbide.
- the carbide is coarsened at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and will hardly have an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm after cooled to room temperature.
- the V content is preferably not more than 0.5%, and more preferably not more than 0.35%.
- the Mo content and the W content are preferably not more than 0.5% and not more than 1.0%, respectively, and more preferably not more than 0.4% and not more than 0.9%, respectively.
- [C], [Ti], [V], [Mo] and [W] are the contents (mass%) of the respective elements. In the case where [V], [Mo] and [W] are each less than 0.01% or the elements are absent, these contents are regarded as zero in the calculation using the above Expressions.
- the strength of the steel sheet is increased by precipitation strengthening in which carbides, specifically, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide, having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are finely dispersed in the matrix.
- carbides specifically, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide, having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are finely dispersed in the matrix.
- carbides specifically, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide, having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are finely dispersed in the matrix.
- the steel sheet contains a large amount of solute carbon, strain aging occurs during warm press forming and the ductility of the steel sheet during and after the warm press forming is deteriorated. Further, the presence of hard and micrometer-order cementite in the steel sheet causes a decrease in the ductility of the steel sheet during and after warm press forming because microvoids are formed at the interface between the ferrite phase and the cementite during the warm press forming.
- a steel sheet with the above chemical composition in order for a steel sheet with the above chemical composition to have a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, exhibit excellent ductility during warm press forming and achieve excellent strength and ductility after warm press forming, it is preferable that the fine carbides be actively precipitated in the steel sheet as well as that the amount of carbon which is not involved in the formation of carbides be controlled so as to reduce the amounts of solute carbon and cementite in the steel sheet to a minimum.
- the content of titanium or further the contents of vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten relative to the content of carbon are controlled.
- the balance after the deduction of the aforementioned elements is iron and inevitable impurities.
- the inevitable impurities include elements which are not specified in the present invention such as O (oxygen), Cu, Cr, Ni and Co. The presence of such elements is acceptable as long as the total content thereof is not more than 0.5%.
- the steel sheet having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and in which fine carbides are precipitated can be heat treated without suffering adverse effects on its quality by the heat treatment as long as the heating temperature is up to 700°C.
- the steel sheet can be subjected to a coating treatment to form, on its surface, a coating layer such as an electroplating layer, an electroless plating layer or a hot-dip plating layer.
- the alloy components forming the coating layers are not particularly limited, and zinc coatings and zinc alloy coatings may be used.
- the steel sheet of the invention can exhibit excellent warm press formability and can also exhibit excellent strength and ductility after the warm press forming when the steel sheet has been subjected to an equivalent tensile strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C.
- the high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to the invention is preferably made into a part such as an automobile part by being heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and being warm press formed through working which applies a strain of not more than 20%.
- the inventive high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming may be obtained by producing a molten steel having the aforementioned composition to made into a steel slab, heating the steel slab to a temperature of not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, then hot rolling the steel slab to a steel sheet at a finishing temperature (the temperature of the steel sheet at the completion of the hot rolling) of not less than 820°C, starting cooling within 2 seconds after the hot rolling, cooling the steel sheet at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature, and coiling the steel sheet into a coil at a coiling temperature of not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C.
- the steel may be produced by melting by any method without limitation.
- a steel having the desired chemical composition may be produced by melting in a furnace such as a converter or an electric furnace, and by subsequent secondary refining in a vacuum degassing furnace.
- the molten steel is made into a steel slab by a known casting method, and preferably by a continuous casting method in view of productivity and quality. After being cast, the steel slab is heated and hot rolled in accordance with the inventive method.
- Temperature for heating steel slab not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C
- the temperature for heating the steel slab is specified to be not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, and preferably not less than 1150°C and not more than 1300°C.
- the steel slab When the steel slab, that is after casting, has the above heating temperature (not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C), the steel slab may be directly rolled without being heated.
- the rough rolling In the practice of hot rolling of the steel slab by rough rolling and finish rolling, the rough rolling may be performed under any conditions without limitation.
- Finishing temperature not less than 820°C
- the finishing temperature is less than 820°C, elongation of ferrite grains occurs in the microstructure and further a mixed grain microstructure having ferrite grain diameters significantly different each other is generated, causing a marked decrease in the strength of steel sheets.
- the number of nucleation sites during ferrite transformation be not excessively large.
- the number of nucleation sites is closely related to the strain energy accumulated in the steel sheet during rolling. If the finishing temperature is less than 820°C, excessive accumulation of strain energy cannot be prevented and it becomes difficult to obtain a microstructure having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the finishing temperature is specified to be not less than 820°C, and preferably not less than 860°C.
- Time from completion of hot rolling to initiation of cooling not more than 2 seconds
- Average cooling rate in temperature range from temperature of not less than 820°C to coiling temperature: not less than 30°C/s
- the coarsening of carbides generated by strain-induced precipitation proceeds easily as the steel is held at a high temperature for a longer time. It is therefore necessary that the steel be quenched after the finish rolling.
- the steel sheet needs to be cooled at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s, and desirably not less than 50°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature.
- Coiling temperature not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C
- the coiling temperature is specified to be not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C, and preferably not less than 575°C and not more than 660°C.
- the characteristics of the steel sheet are not changed irrespective of whether the steel sheet has scales attached on its surface or the steel sheet has been descaled by pickling.
- the steel sheet obtained above may be subjected to a coating treatment to form, on the surface of the steel sheet, a coating layer such as a hot-dip galvanized layer or a galvannealed layer.
- the coating layer may be formed by a known coating method, for example, by dipping the steel sheet into a plating bath.
- the coating amount (the thickness of the coating layer) is variable depending on the temperature of the plating bath and the duration of soaking in the bath as well as the speed of lifting from the bath. It is preferable that the thickness of the coating layer be not less than 4 ⁇ m, and more preferably not less than 6 ⁇ m.
- An alloying treatment for forming a galvannealed layer may be carried out in a furnace capable of heating the surface of the steel sheet, such as a gas furnace, after the coating treatment.
- Test pieces were sampled from the obtained hot-rolled steel sheets and were subjected to a tensile test, microstructure observation, precipitate observation, and an enlarge test at a warm press forming temperature range to determine the tensile strength at room temperature, the yield stress and the total elongation at the warm press forming temperature range, and the yield stress and the total elongation after the test pieces had been subjected to a strain (up to 15% strain) described in Table 3 at the warm press forming temperature range and cooled to room temperature.
- test pieces were sampled from the obtained hot-rolled steel sheets and were analyzed to determine the ferrite grain diameter, the ferrite phase area fraction and the average particle diameter of carbides before the steels were heated to the warm press forming temperature range, as well as to determine the hole expanding ratio at the warm press forming temperature range. Testing methods were as described below.
- test pieces were sampled in the same manner as above and were subjected to a tensile test under the same conditions as those in the above elevated temperature tensile test to introduce a strain described in Table 3 at each of the temperatures; thereafter, the test pieces were cooled to room temperature (22 ⁇ 5°C) at a cooling rate described in Table 3. The resultant test pieces were tensile tested at room temperature to determine the average yield stress (YS-3), tensile strength (TS-3) and total elongation (El-3).
- test pieces were heated in an electric furnace to a temperature set out in Table 3 and were held for 15 minutes after the temperature of the test pieces became stable in the testing temperature ⁇ 3°C.
- Test pieces were sampled from the hot-rolled steel sheets. A central portion along the sheet thickness in a cross section (L-cross section) parallel to the rolling direction was etched with 5% Nital and the exposed microstructure was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at x400 magnification. Ten fields of view were photographed.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the (SEM) images of the microstructure obtained above were analyzed to separate the ferrite phase from other phases, and the area fraction of the ferrite phase relative to the observed fields of view was obtained. While the ferrite phase is characteristic in that corrosion marks are not observed in the grains and the grain boundaries are seen as smooth curves, grain boundaries observed as linear shape were counted as part of the ferrite phase.
- the ferrite grain diameter was measured by a linear intercept method in accordance with ASTM E112-10 with respect to the images of the microstructure obtained above.
- a sample was prepared by a thin-film method from a central portion along the sheet thickness of the hot-rolled steel sheet, and was observed with a transmission electron microscope (magnification: x120000), and the diameters of at least 100 particles (100 to 300 particles) of carbides were measured, the results being averaged.
- particles larger than the micrometer order namely, coarse cementite larger than 1 ⁇ m and nitrides were excluded.
- the enlarge test was carried out in accordance with standards by The Japan Iron and Steel Federation (T1001-1996).
- a 100 W ⁇ 100 L mm test piece was sampled from the hot-rolled steel sheet, and a 10 mm diameter hole was formed by punching in the center of the test piece with a clearance of 12%.
- the test piece was heated and soaked at 600°C in a heating furnace, and a cylindrical base as a punch was inserted into the hole of the test piece at 550 ⁇ 25°C.
- the hole in the test piece was enlarged until the hole expanding ratio calculated by Expression (3) below became 80%.
- each test piece was inspected for the presence or absence of a crack running through the edge face of the hole. Further, part of the test piece was cut after the test, and a central portion along the sheet thickness of the exposed cross section was subjected to a Vickers test.
- the testing load in the Vickers test was 1 kgf, and the hardness was measured with respect to 5 points.
- Warm press formability was evaluated to be good ( ⁇ ) when there was no crack running through the edge face of the hole and the Vickers hardness of the test piece was not less than 260 HV.
- Warm press formability was evaluated to be poor ( ⁇ ) when there was a crack running through the edge face of the hole or when the Vickers hardness of the test piece was less than 260 HV.
- the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) was not less than 780 MPa
- the yield stress of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (YS-2) was not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature (YS-1)
- the total elongation of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (El-2) was not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature (El-1).
- the yield stress (YS-3) and the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the above heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature were each not less than 70% of the yield stress (YS-1) and the total elongation (El-1) at room temperature (before the introduction of the strain). Furthermore, all the steel sheets in Inventive Examples exhibited good warm press formability.
- the steel sheets in Comparative Examples that is, the steel sheets which fail to satisfy the inventive range in terms of any of the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1), the yield stress (YS-2) or the total elongation (E1-2) of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, and the yield stress (YS-3) or the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the above heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature, exhibited poor warm press formability.
- the testing temperature (the heating temperature) in the elevated temperature tensile test for the test piece No. f in Comparative Example had exceeded 700°C, an austenite phase was formed and carbides became coarse during heating, resulting in a marked deterioration in mechanical characteristics after heating.
- the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa because of the low temperature for heating the slab and because of the low finishing temperature, respectively.
- the average particle diameter of carbides was above 10 nm because of the excessively long exposure to a high temperature after finish rolling or because the average cooling rate or the coiling temperature had been outside the inventive range. Consequently, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa.
- the test piece No. w in Comparative Example failed to satisfy Expression (2) and contained a large amount of carbon which was not involved in the formation of carbides.
- Expression (2) contained a large amount of carbon which was not involved in the formation of carbides.
- strain aging occurred during heating for warm press forming, the yield stress at the heating temperature range (the warm press forming temperature range) (YS-2) was high, and the total elongation at the heating temperature range (the warm press forming temperature range) (El-2) was insufficient.
- the steel sheet was shown to be unsuited for warm press forming.
- the steel sheets corresponding to Inventive Examples were tensile tested in the same manner as described above (the elevated temperature tensile test and the tensile test after cooling to room temperature) to determine relations between mechanical characteristics (yield stress and total elongation) at the heating temperature range of 400 to 700°C as well as the mechanical characteristics after the steel sheets were subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature, and the mechanical characteristics at room temperature before heating.
- a tensile test was carried out at a testing temperature of 400°C or 650°C to determine the average yield stress (Y2-2) and total elongation (El-2); separately, test pieces were subjected to a tensile test at 400°C or 650°C in which a strain of not more than 20% described in Table 5 was applied to the test piece, and were thereafter cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate described in Table 5, and the resultant test pieces were tensile tested at room temperature to determine the average yield stress (YS-3) and total elongation (El-3). The results are described in Table 5.
- the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) was not less than 780 MPa
- the yield stress of the steel sheet heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (YS-2) was not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature (YS-1)
- the total elongation of the steel sheet heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (E1-2) was not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature (El-1)
- the yield stress (YS-3) and the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range stated above and cooled to room temperature were each not less than 70% of the yield stress (YS-1) and the total elongation (El-1) at room temperature (before the introduction of the strain).
- the microstructures and the chemical compositions of the steel sheets were controlled to be the preferred microstructures and chemical compositions, the microstructures remain substantially a ferrite single phase at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, and the state of carbides in the steel sheets does not change at the heating temperature range to such an extent that the quality of the steel sheets is adversely affected.
- the steel sheets which have been heated to the heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) and subjected to warm press forming may be cooled to room temperature at any cooling rate without suffering any adverse effects on the quality of the steel sheets after warm press forming.
- inventive high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming can be applied to warm press forming in a facility fitted with a quenching apparatus which rapidly cools the steel sheets after warm press forming. It is needless to mention that the inventive high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming can also be applied to warm press forming in a facility which is not fitted with such a quenching apparatus.
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Description
- The present invention concerns with steel sheets useful for warm press forming at a forming temperature range of 400°C to 700°C. The invention relates to a high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming which has a tensile strength (TS) at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, which exhibits such a good ductility that the steel sheet can be worked even under severe forming conditions at the above forming temperature range, and which shows small changes in mechanical characteristics between before and after warm press forming, and to a method for manufacturing such steel sheets.
- From the viewpoint of global environmental conservation, the automobile industry as a whole recently aims at improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles in order to reduce CO2 emissions. Improvements in fuel efficiency can be attained most effectively by making automobiles lighter through reducing the thickness of parts to be used. However, the thinning of parts lowers the crashworthiness of automobiles and thus results in a decrease in safety. Accordingly, the weight reduction of automobile bodies entails that parts are reduced in thickness and are increased in strength. Because a lot of automobile parts are manufactured by forming steel sheets into desired shapes, however, higher strength of steel sheets being formed increases the probability of the occurrence of problems such as deterioration in shape fixability, overloads to molds, and the occurrence of cracks, necking and wrinkles.
- As an approach to solving the above problems, Patent Literature 1 proposes a technique in which a steel sheet is heated to an austenitic range, starts to be formed with a mold at a temperature of not less than the Ac3 transformation point, and is quenched simultaneously with the forming by removing heat through the mold and is hardened by martensite transformation. This technique thus provides steel sheets exhibiting hardenability after hot press forming and excellent impact characteristics. Further, Patent Literature 2 proposes a steel sheet for warm press forming which has a microstructure containing not less than 10% by volume of a bainite phase with a high solute carbon content and a high dislocation density, not more than 10% by volume of a total of a pearlite phase and a martensite phase, and the balance being a ferrite phase. It is described that when a steel sheet having this microstructure is subjected to warm press forming at temperatures of not less than 250°C, a large amount of strain aging hardening can be obtained during the forming as well as the subsequent cooling with the result that the warm press formed steel sheet exhibits markedly improved strength.
Y. Funukawa et al. have described hot-rolled steel sheets stabilized by nanometer-sized carbides (Y. Funukawa et al.: "Stabilization in Strength of Hot-rolled Sheet Steel Strenghtened by Nanometer-sized Carbides", TETSU TO HAGANE, JP, Vol. 93, No. 1 (2007-01-01), p. 49-56). High strength hot-rolled steel sheets are also disclosed inJP 2010-053434 A JP 2006-161139 A -
- PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.
2004-211197 - PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.
2002-256388 - Steel sheets having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa are very difficult to form into a desired shape by cold press forming because the steel sheets being formed still have high strength and low shape fixability to cause the occurrence of spring back. Further, such forming of steel sheets keeping high strength incurs a heavy load to the mold and shortens the life of the mold.
- According to the hot press forming technique proposed in Patent Literature 1, the formed steel sheets exhibit poor ductility because the martensite phase which is hard and poor in ductility is utilized. Thus, forming of such steel sheets into a desired shape cannot produce automobile parts having high strength and excellent ductility. Since automobile parts are required to exhibit desired impact absorption performance in case of crash, automobile parts with insufficient ductility are problematic in that the impact absorption performance during crash is low. In addition, because the technique proposed in Patent Literature 1 entails heating of steel sheets to an austenitic range during forming, mass production of automobile parts utilizing the technique has a concern that high energy costs are incurred in the forming step.
- On the other hand, in warm press forming, a steel sheet as a workpiece is heated before forming to lower the strength of the steel sheet and to increase the ductility so that the steel sheet is formed while deformation resistance is lowered and shape fixability is improved. Thus, warm press forming can suppress the occurrence of spring back and reduces the gall of the mold. Further, the enhancement in ductility by heating allows steel sheets to be formed into complicated shapes. If tensile strength and ductility are not decreased after warm press forming, the impact absorption performance of formed parts is not deteriorated. In addition, warm press forming is advantageous also in terms of energy costs because the above effects are obtained by heating at a lower temperature than in the technique of Patent Literature 1.
- In the technique related to warm press forming proposed in Patent Literature 2, however, the microstructure of the steel sheet includes a bainite phase which is hard and poor in ductility. In addition, the strength of the steel sheet is increased by strain aging, and this further reduces the ductility and causes the problematic occurrence of cracks or mold damages during warm press forming.
- Further, because automobile parts and the like are used in a severely corrosive environment, coating treatments such as hot-dip galvanization and galvannealing are frequently carried out in the production of those parts from steel sheets in order to achieve corrosion resistance. It is therefore necessary that steel sheets to be used for such parts as automobile parts do not suffer significant deteriorations in characteristics after coating treatments. However, the techniques proposed in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 involve steel sheets including a martensite or bainite phase which is largely deteriorated in quality by heat. That is, when these steel sheets are subjected to coating treatments with heating such as hot-dip galvanization and galvannealing, the heat history due to such coating treatments causes a change in characteristics, for example, a decrease in the strength of the steel sheets.
- The present invention advantageously solves the above problems encountered in the art. It is an object of the invention to provide a high-strength steel sheet suited for warm press forming which is excellent in workability (formability) during warm press forming and is applicable to warm press forming even under severe conditions and which has a small change in quality by heat and thus ensures minor deteriorations in strength and ductility after warm press forming, as well as to provide a method for manufacturing such high-strength steel sheets and a method of use of such high-strength steel sheets.
- In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the present inventors carried out extensive studies on various factors that would affect the warm press formability (such as ductility and strength before, during and after heating) of high-strength steel sheets. As a result, the present inventors have found that as long as the yield stress at a prescribed heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) is not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature and the total elongation at the heating temperature range is not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature, even a high-strength steel sheet having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa shows excellent warm press formability by exhibiting a lowered deformation resistance as well as an increased ductility at the warm press forming temperature range and can be formed into a complicated shape. Further, the inventors have found that such steel sheets also exhibit excellent shape fixability. Furthermore, the inventors have found that strength and ductility required for automobile parts can be ensured even after warm press forming as long as steel sheets are such that the yield stress and the total elongation after the steel sheets are heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled to room temperature are respectively not less than 70% of the yield stress and the total elongation at room temperature before the heating.
- The present inventors then studied microstructures and chemical compositions that would allow steel sheets to exhibit the above characteristics.
- First, the present inventors focused on a ferrite phase having excellent ductility and a small change in quality by heat, and came up with a configuration in which the microstructure of a steel sheet is controlled to be substantially a ferrite single phase before, during and after warm press forming. Further, the present inventors have found that a steel sheet substantially composed of a ferrite single phase in which a dislocation movement in the ferrite phase is easily activated by heating achieves improvements in warm press formability and in shape fixability because such a steel sheet exhibits a lowered deformation resistance as well as an enhanced ductility when heated to a warm press forming temperature of not less than 400°C, and have further found that such a steel sheet exhibits excellent ductility even after warm press forming.
- In view of the fact that sufficient strength of steel sheets cannot be obtained with a ferrite single phase, the present inventors studied approaches to increasing the strength of steel sheets substantially composed of a ferrite single phase. Although strain aging hardening due to solute carbon and nitrogen generated during warm press forming can increase the strength of steel sheets after warm press forming, the ductility of steel sheets exhibited during and after warm press forming is insufficient. Further, an approach to increasing strength by grain refining strengthening is not suited for materials to be subjected to warm press forming because grains are grown during heating.
- The present inventors then arrived at the use of precipitation strengthening by the dispersion of fine carbides. Further, the present inventors have found that in order to improve warm press formability as well as strength and ductility after warm press forming, it is appropriate to increase the strength of steel sheets by precipitating fine titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide in a matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase. According to the studies carried out by the present inventors, these carbides do not become coarse at a warm press forming temperature range (a heating temperature range) of not more than 700°C and remain finely precipitated even after warm press forming. That is, the present inventors have found that steel sheets exhibiting excellent strength even after warm press forming can be obtained by precipitating these carbides in a matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase.
- Furthermore, the present inventors have found that in order to obtain the above desired microstructure of steel sheets, it is important to control the contents of the elements forming the carbides, namely, the content of titanium or the contents of titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten in appropriate ranges as well as to control the content of titanium or the contents of titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten relative to the content of carbon in an appropriate range. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that controlling the conditions in cooling and coiling after hot rolling in appropriate ranges is important in the production of steel sheets having the above desired microstructure, in particular, in order to suppress the coarsening of the carbides.
- The present invention has been completed based on the above findings and relates to a high-strength steel sheet according to claim 1, a method of working a high-strength steel sheet according to claim 4, a method for manufacturing high-strength steel sheets according to claim 5. Preferred embodiments of the steel sheet of the present invention are defined in claims 2 and 3.
yield stress at room temperature before the heating, and the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the heating. - [2] The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in [1], wherein the steel sheet has a chemical composition containing, in mass%:
- C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%,
- Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%,
- S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%,
- N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not more than 0.25%,
Expressions - [3] The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in [2], wherein the chemical composition further contains, in mass%, one, or two or more of V: not more than 0.5%, Mo: not more than 0.5% and W: not more than 1.0%.
- [4] The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in any of [1] to [3], wherein the steel sheet has a coating layer on the surface.
- [5] The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in [4], wherein the coating layer is a hot-dip galvanized layer or a galvannealed layer.
- [6] A method of working high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming, including heating the high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in any of [1] to [5] to a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and subjecting the steel sheet to a strain of not more than 20%.
- [7] A method for manufacturing high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming, including heating a steel slab to a temperature of not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, hot rolling the steel slab to a steel sheet at a finishing temperature of not less than 820°C, starting cooling within 2 seconds after the hot rolling, cooling the steel sheet at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature, and coiling the steel sheet into a coil at a coiling temperature of not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C, the steel slab having a chemical composition containing, in mass%:
- C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%,
- Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%,
- S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%,
- N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not more than 0.25%,
Expressions - According to the present invention, high-strength steel sheets having excellent warm press formability can be obtained which have a tensile strength of not less than 780 MPa and can be warm press formed with a low press load into parts with complicated shapes. In addition to excellent warm press formability, the high-strength steel sheets of the invention have minor decreases in strength and ductility after warm press forming, and are therefore suitable for applications such as automobile parts requiring impact absorption performance in case of crash. Further, the high-strength steel sheets of the invention include a microstructure having a small change in quality by heat, and consequently the characteristics of the steel sheets are not substantially altered even when the steel sheets have a heat history due to treatments such as coating treatments.
Accordingly, the inventive steel sheets may be also applicable to the manufacturing of parts required coating treatment from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance. Thus, the invention achieves marked industrial effects. Description of Embodiments - Hereinbelow, the present invention will be described in detail.
- High-strength steel sheets for warm press forming according to the invention are steel sheets having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa. In the invention, the term "room temperature" indicates 22 ± 5°C.
- A high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to the invention is characterized in that the tensile strength at room temperature is not less than 780 MPa, the yield stress at a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C is not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature, the total elongation at the heating temperature range is not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature, the yield stress of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before the heating, and the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the heating.
- In the invention, warm press forming at temperatures of 400°C to 700°C is assumed. Thus, the invention specifies characteristics of steel sheets at a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C.
- In the case of a steel sheet having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, the deformation resistance of the steel sheet exhibited during warm press forming cannot be reduced sufficiently if the yield stress at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C exceeds 80% of the yield stress at room temperature. Consequently, the press load during warm press forming has to be increased to cause a problematic decrease in mold life. The application of a high press load naturally involves a large press machine. However, a large press machine makes it difficult to perform warm press forming at a desired temperature because the temperature of a steel sheet heated to a warm press forming temperature is decreased during the travel to the press machine. Further, such a steel sheet is not sufficiently improved in terms of shape fixability and fails to achieve the aforementioned merits of warm press forming.
- In the case of a steel sheet having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, the formability of the steel sheet exhibited during warm press forming is not sufficiently improved if the total elongation at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C is less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature. As a result, problematic defects such as cracks occur during forming.
- Warm press forming of a steel sheet often results in a decrease in the strength of the warm press formed steel sheet primarily due to heating of the steel sheet. Further, when a steel sheet is subjected to warm press forming, the ductility of the steel sheet after the warm press forming is sometimes lowered problematically due to the strain aging or work hardening.
- In the warm press forming of a steel sheet into a (automobile) part, the steel sheet is usually strained about 1 to 10% in terms of equivalent plastic strain. Thus, the present invention assumes warm press forming at the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C with a strain of 20% at a maximum. That is, the present invention specifies the yield stress and the total elongation of a steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature. From the view point of maintaining ductility between before and after warm press forming, the strain applied is desirably not more than 15%.
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- NPL 1: Husahito YOSHIDA, "Dansosei Rikigaku no Kiso (Basics of elastic plastic dynamics)", first edition, third printing, published by KYORITSU SHUPPAN CO., LTD., October 5, 1999, p. 155.
- In the case of a steel sheet having a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, the strength and the total elongation of the steel sheet after warm press forming are insufficient if the yield stress and the total elongation after the warm press forming are each less than 70% of the yield stress and the total elongation at room temperature before heating (before the warm press forming). If such a steel sheet is warm press formed into an automobile part with a desired shape, the impact absorption performance during crash is insufficient and the reliability as an automobile part is deteriorated.
- Thus, the present invention provides that the yield stress and the total elongation of a steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature are not less than 70% of the yield stress and the total elongation at room temperature before the thermal forming.
- In order for a steel sheet to exhibit the above characteristics, it is preferable that the steel sheet have a chemical composition containing, in mass%, C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%, Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%, S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%, N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not more than 0.25%, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and satisfying Expressions (1) and (2) below, as well as that the steel sheet include a microstructure which has a matrix having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 µm and a ferrite phase area fraction of not less than 95% and in which a carbide having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm is precipitated in the matrix:
Expressions - First, there will be described the reasons why the microstructure and the carbides are limited.
- If a steel sheet includes hard phases such as martensite phase and bainite phase during and after warm press forming, it becomes difficult to obtain desired ductility (total elongation). Thus, it is preferable in the invention that the matrix of a steel sheet be substantially a ferrite single phase. When a steel sheet has the above chemical composition and when the matrix of the steel sheet before the steel sheet is heated to a warm press forming temperature is substantially a ferrite single phase, the matrix of the steel sheet substantially remains a ferrite single phase even when the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) of 400°C to 700°C. The ductility is increased as the steel sheet is heated so that the total elongation at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C can be brought to not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature.
- Further, when a steel sheet having the above chemical composition is warm press formed at the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, there is substantially no decrease in ductility during the warm press forming because the recovery of dislocation takes place during the forming of the steel sheet. Further, because the microstructure is not changed by the cooling of the warm press formed steel sheet to room temperature, the matrix of the steel sheet substantially remains a ferrite single phase and the steel sheet exhibits excellent ductility. Accordingly, configuring the matrix of a steel sheet (before warm press forming) to be substantially a ferrite single phase ensures that the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the thermal forming (before the warm press forming).
- Heating the ferrite phase to not less than 400°C lowers the deformation resistance because a dislocation movement is activated with an increase in temperature, resulting in a decrease in the yield stress of the steel sheet. Thus, the yield stress of the steel sheet at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C becomes not more than 80% of the yield stress of the steel sheet at room temperature.
- The ferrite grain diameter is preferably not less than 1 µm. If the ferrite grain diameter is less than 1 µm, grain growth easily occurs during warm press forming and the stability of the quality of the warm press formed steel sheet is deteriorated. If the ferrite grain diameter is excessively large, however, it may be sometimes difficult to obtain a desired strength of the steel sheet because the amount of grain refining strengthening is small. Thus, it is preferable that the ferrite grain diameter be not more than 15 µm, and more preferably not less than 1 µm and not more than 12 µm.
- In order to achieve excellent ductility or to suppress a change in quality by heat, it is preferable that the matrix of a steel sheet be a ferrite single phase. If hard phases such as bainite phase and martensite phase are mixed in the ferrite phase, warm press formability may be lowered because these hard phases and ferrite phase have a large difference in hardness. Even if the matrix is not a perfect ferrite single phase, however, the steel sheet can exhibit sufficient ductility during and after warm press forming and can be kept from a change in quality by heat as long as the matrix is substantially a ferrite single phase, that is, the area fraction of the ferrite phase is not less than 95% relative to the area of the entirety of the matrix.
- In the steel sheet of the invention, exemplary metallic microstructures other than the ferrite phase include cementite, pearlite, bainite phase, martensite phase and retained austenite phase. The presence of these phases is acceptable as long as the total area fraction thereof is not more than 5% relative to the entire microstructure.
- As discussed above, sufficient ductility (total elongation) of a steel sheet during and after warm press forming can be ensured by configuring the matrix of the steel sheet before the warm press forming to be substantially a ferrite single phase. However, it is difficult to obtain the desired strength of the steel sheet (tensile strength: not less than 780 MPa) with the ferrite single phase.
- Thus, the present invention aims at increasing the strength of the steel sheet by precipitating fine carbides, namely, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide in the matrix substantially composed of a ferrite single phase. Here, the desired strength of the steel sheet (tensile strength: not less than 780 MPa) cannot be obtained if the average particle diameter of the carbides exceeds 10 nm. Thus, the average particle diameter of the carbides is specified to be not more than 10 nm, and preferably not more than 7 nm.
- Carbides present in a steel sheet are usually coarsened during heating and lower their precipitation strengthening performance. However, the above carbides (titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide) having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are not coarsened and maintain an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm as long as the heating temperature is not more than 700°C. That is, the steel sheet having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and which includes the carbides (titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide) with an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and warm press formed while a decrease in the strength of the steel sheet after the warm press forming is significantly suppressed because the coarsening of the carbides is suppressed. Accordingly, the configuration in which the steel sheet has a microstructure having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and which includes the carbides with an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm ensures that the yield stress of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, subjected to a strain of up to 20% and then cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before the thermal forming (before the warm press forming).
- Next, there will be described the reasons why the chemical composition is limited. The term "%" in the following chemical composition of components indicates mass% unless otherwise mentioned.
- Carbon forms carbides with titanium or further vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten, and is finely dispersed in steel. Thus, this element is essential in order to increase the strength of steel sheets. In order to obtain a steel sheet having a tensile strength of not less than 780 MPa, the steel preferably contains carbon in at least 0.03% or more. On the other hand, if the C content exceeds 0.14%, toughness is markedly deteriorated and the steel sheet fails to exhibit good impact absorption performance (represented by, for example, TS × El wherein TS: tensile strength and El: total elongation). Thus, the C content is preferably not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, and more preferably not less than 0.04% and not more than 0.13%.
- Silicon is a solid solution strengthening element and lowers warm press formability by inhibiting the decrease in strength at the heating temperature range. It is therefore preferable that silicon be reduced as much as possible. However, a Si content of up to 0.3% is acceptable. Thus, the Si content is preferably not more than 0.3%, and more preferably not more than 0.1%.
- Manganese is an element which contributes to strengthening by lowering the transformation point of steel and facilitating the occurrence of fine precipitates. Thus, it is preferable that the Mn content be in excess of 0.60%, and more preferably not less than 0.8%. If the Mn content exceeds 1.8%, however, the workability of steel sheets is markedly deteriorated. Thus, the Mn content is preferably not more than 1.8%, and more preferably not more than 1.5%.
- Phosphorus is an element which has very high solid solution strengthening performance and inhibits the decrease in the strength of steel sheets during warm press forming. Further, phosphorus is an element which segregates at grain boundaries to lower ductility during and after warm press forming. Thus, phosphorus is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the P content is preferably not more than 0.030%.
- Sulfur is a harmful element which is present as an inclusion in steel. In particular, this element bonds to manganese to form a sulfide and lowers ductility at warm temperatures. Thus, sulfur is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the S content is preferably not more than 0.005%.
- Aluminum is an element which acts as a deoxidizer. In order to obtain this effect, the Al content is preferably not less than 0.02%. At the same time, however, aluminum lowers ductility by forming oxides. If the Al content exceeds 0.1%, the inclusions come to exert considerable adverse effects on ductility at warm temperatures. Thus, the Al content is preferably not more than 0.1%, and more preferably not more than 0.07%.
- Nitrogen bonds to titanium and vanadium in the steel making process to form coarse nitrides, thereby significantly lowering the strength of steel sheets. Thus, nitrogen is preferably reduced as much as possible, and the N content is preferably not more than 0.005%.
- Titanium is an element which contributes to strengthening of steel sheets by forming a carbide with carbon. Titanium is an element which contributes to strengthening of steel sheets by forming a carbide with carbon. In order to obtain this effect, the Ti content is not less than 0.01%. In the case where vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten described later are not added, the
Ti content is preferably not less than 0.13%, and more preferably not less than 0.15% in order to obtain a steel sheet strength of not less than 780 MPa. If the Ti content exceeds 0.25%, however, coarse TiC remains during the heating of a slab before hot rolling to cause the formation of microvoids. Thus, the Ti content is preferably not more than 0.25%, and more preferably not more than 0.20%. - While a preferred basic chemical composition in the invention is described above, the steel may further contain one, or two or more of V: not more than 0.5%, Mo: not more than 0.5% and W: not more than 1.0% in addition to the basic chemical composition.
- Similarly to titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten are elements which contribute to strengthening of steel sheets by forming carbides. Thus, these elements may be optionally added in the case where a further increase in the strength of steel sheets is required. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable that the V content be not less than 0.01%, the Mo content 0.01%, and the W content not less than 0.01%.
- However, any V content exceeding 0.5% causes the facilitated coarsening of the carbide. Thus, the carbide is coarsened at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and will hardly have an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm after cooled to room temperature.
- Thus, the V content is preferably not more than 0.5%, and more preferably not more than 0.35%.
- If the Mo content and the W content exceed 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively, ferrite transformation is extremely delayed. As a result, a bainite phase and a martensite phase come to be mixed in the microstructure of the steel sheet and make it difficult for the microstructure to be substantially a ferrite single phase. Thus, the Mo content and the W content are preferably not more than 0.5% and not more than 1.0%, respectively, and more preferably not more than 0.4% and not more than 0.9%, respectively.
- In order for a steel sheet with the above chemical composition to have a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, exhibit excellent ductility during warm press forming and achieve excellent strength and ductility after warm press forming, Expressions (1) and (2) described below need to be satisfied.
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- In an embodiment of the invention in which the steel sheet has a matrix that is substantially a ferrite single phase, as already described above, the strength of the steel sheet is increased by precipitation strengthening in which carbides, specifically, titanium carbide or further vanadium carbide, molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide, having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm are finely dispersed in the matrix. Thus, it is necessary that the steel contain titanium or further vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten as carbide-forming elements in required amounts in order to increase the tensile strength of the steel sheet. Regarding the contents of titanium or further vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten as the carbide-forming elements, the amounts of carbides precipitated in the matrix become insufficient and it is difficult for the steel sheet to have a tensile strength of not less than 780 MPa if ([Ti]/48 + [V]/51 + [Mo]/96 + [W]/184) is 0.0031 or less. Thus, when the aforementioned chemical composition of steel is adopted, ([Ti]/48 + [V]/51 + [Mo]/96 + [W]/184) is specified to be more than 0.0031, and preferably more than 0.0033.
- If the steel sheet contains a large amount of solute carbon, strain aging occurs during warm press forming and the ductility of the steel sheet during and after the warm press forming is deteriorated. Further, the presence of hard and micrometer-order cementite in the steel sheet causes a decrease in the ductility of the steel sheet during and after warm press forming because microvoids are formed at the interface between the ferrite phase and the cementite during the warm press forming.
- That is, in order for a steel sheet with the above chemical composition to have a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa, exhibit excellent ductility during warm press forming and achieve excellent strength and ductility after warm press forming, it is preferable that the fine carbides be actively precipitated in the steel sheet as well as that the amount of carbon which is not involved in the formation of carbides be controlled so as to reduce the amounts of solute carbon and cementite in the steel sheet to a minimum.
- Thus, in the case where the aforementioned chemical composition of steel is adopted, the content of titanium or further the contents of vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten relative to the content of carbon are controlled.
- If ([C]/12)/([Ti]/48 + [V]/51 + [Mo]/96 + [M]/184) becomes less than 0.8, the carbide-forming elements are not sufficiently precipitated as carbides and the steel sheet fails to achieve a tensile strength at room temperature of not less than 780 MPa.
- On the other hand, if ([C]/12)/([Ti]/48 + [V]/51 + [Mo]/96 + [W]/184) exceeds 1.2, excess carbon will be present as solute carbon or cementite without forming bonds with carbides with the result that good ductility cannot be obtained during heating at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (during warm press forming) or after the warm press forming.
- Thus, in the case where the aforementioned chemical composition of steel is adopted, ([C]/12)/([Ti]/48 + [V]/51 + [Mo]/96 + [W]/184) is controlled to satisfy Expression (2), namely, to be not less than 0.8 and not more than 1.20.
- In the invention, the balance after the deduction of the aforementioned elements is iron and inevitable impurities. Examples of the inevitable impurities include elements which are not specified in the present invention such as O (oxygen), Cu, Cr, Ni and Co. The presence of such elements is acceptable as long as the total content thereof is not more than 0.5%.
- As mentioned above, the steel sheet having a matrix which is substantially a ferrite single phase and in which fine carbides are precipitated can be heat treated without suffering adverse effects on its quality by the heat treatment as long as the heating temperature is up to 700°C. Thus, the steel sheet can be subjected to a coating treatment to form, on its surface, a coating layer such as an electroplating layer, an electroless plating layer or a hot-dip plating layer. The alloy components forming the coating layers are not particularly limited, and zinc coatings and zinc alloy coatings may be used.
- As mentioned above, the steel sheet of the invention can exhibit excellent warm press formability and can also exhibit excellent strength and ductility after the warm press forming when the steel sheet has been subjected to an equivalent tensile strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C. Thus, the high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to the invention is preferably made into a part such as an automobile part by being heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and being warm press formed through working which applies a strain of not more than 20%.
- Next, a method for manufacturing the high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming according to the invention will be described.
- For example, the inventive high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming may be obtained by producing a molten steel having the aforementioned composition to made into a steel slab, heating the steel slab to a temperature of not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, then hot rolling the steel slab to a steel sheet at a finishing temperature (the temperature of the steel sheet at the completion of the hot rolling) of not less than 820°C, starting cooling within 2 seconds after the hot rolling, cooling the steel sheet at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature, and coiling the steel sheet into a coil at a coiling temperature of not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C.
- In the invention, the steel may be produced by melting by any method without limitation. For example, a steel having the desired chemical composition may be produced by melting in a furnace such as a converter or an electric furnace, and by subsequent secondary refining in a vacuum degassing furnace. The molten steel is made into a steel slab by a known casting method, and preferably by a continuous casting method in view of productivity and quality. After being cast, the steel slab is heated and hot rolled in accordance with the inventive method.
- In the heating before hot rolling, it is necessary that a substantially homogeneous austenite phase is formed in the steel slab and coarse carbides in the steel slab be dissolved. Heating the steel slab at a temperature of less than 1100°C cannot dissolve coarse carbides, and consequently the amount of carbides finely dispersed in the final steel sheet obtained is reduced, resulting in a marked decrease in the strength of the steel sheet. On the other hand, heating at a temperature exceeding 1350°C results in the occurrence of scale inclusion, and consequently surface quality is deteriorated. Thus, the temperature for heating the steel slab is specified to be not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, and preferably not less than 1150°C and not more than 1300°C.
- When the steel slab, that is after casting, has the above heating temperature (not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C), the steel slab may be directly rolled without being heated. In the practice of hot rolling of the steel slab by rough rolling and finish rolling, the rough rolling may be performed under any conditions without limitation.
- If the finishing temperature is less than 820°C, elongation of ferrite grains occurs in the microstructure and further a mixed grain microstructure having ferrite grain diameters significantly different each other is generated, causing a marked decrease in the strength of steel sheets. In order to obtain a microstructure having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 µm, it is necessary that the number of nucleation sites during ferrite transformation be not excessively large. The number of nucleation sites is closely related to the strain energy accumulated in the steel sheet during rolling. If the finishing temperature is less than 820°C, excessive accumulation of strain energy cannot be prevented and it becomes difficult to obtain a microstructure having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 µm. Thus, the finishing temperature is specified to be not less than 820°C, and preferably not less than 860°C.
- Immediately after finish rolling, a large amount of strain energy is accumulated in the austenite phase in the steel. As a result, strain-induced precipitation occurs in the steel immediately after finish rolling. The carbides resulting from this strain-induced precipitation tend to become coarse because the precipitation occurs at a high temperature. Thus, the generation of large amounts of carbides by the strain-induced precipitation makes it difficult to realize fine precipitation of carbides in the final steel sheet obtained. In the present invention, therefore, it is necessary that cooling be initiated as quickly as possible after the completion of hot rolling so as to suppress the occurrence of strain-induced precipitation. Thus, the present invention specifies that cooling is initiated within 2 seconds after the hot rolling.
- Average cooling rate in temperature range from temperature of not less than 820°C to coiling temperature: not less than 30°C/s
- Similarly as described above, the coarsening of carbides generated by strain-induced precipitation proceeds easily as the steel is held at a high temperature for a longer time. It is therefore necessary that the steel be quenched after the finish rolling. In order to suppress the coarsening of carbides, the steel sheet needs to be cooled at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s, and desirably not less than 50°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature.
- If the coiling temperature is less than 550°C, the amount of carbides precipitated in the steel sheet becomes insufficient to cause a decrease in the strength of the steel sheet. On the other hand, coiling at a temperature of above 680°C causes the precipitated carbides to become coarse, resulting in a decrease in the strength of the steel sheet. Thus, the coiling temperature is specified to be not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C, and preferably not less than 575°C and not more than 660°C.
- After the hot rolling, the characteristics of the steel sheet are not changed irrespective of whether the steel sheet has scales attached on its surface or the steel sheet has been descaled by pickling.
- The steel sheet obtained above may be subjected to a coating treatment to form, on the surface of the steel sheet, a coating layer such as a hot-dip galvanized layer or a galvannealed layer. The coating layer may be formed by a known coating method, for example, by dipping the steel sheet into a plating bath. The coating amount (the thickness of the coating layer) is variable depending on the temperature of the plating bath and the duration of soaking in the bath as well as the speed of lifting from the bath. It is preferable that the thickness of the coating layer be not less than 4 µm, and more preferably not less than 6 µm. An alloying treatment for forming a galvannealed layer may be carried out in a furnace capable of heating the surface of the steel sheet, such as a gas furnace, after the coating treatment.
- Steels Nos. A to L which had chemical compositions described in Table 1 were produced in a converter and then cast into steel slabs. The steel slabs were heated and soaked at temperatures set out in Table 2, and were hot rolled under conditions described in Table 2 to produce coils of hot-rolled steel sheets (sheet thickness 1.6 mm) Nos. 1 to 18. Of the steel sheets (the hot-rolled steel sheets) described in Table 2, the steel sheets Nos. 9, 11 and 13 (test pieces Nos. o, q and s set out in Table 3 described later) were passed through a continuous hot-dip galvanization line in which they were heated to 700°C, soaked in a hot-dip galvanization bath at 460°C and subjected to an alloying treatment at 500°C, thereby forming a galvannealed layer with a thickness of 7 µm on the surface of each of the steel sheets. Some of the steel sheet No. 2 was treated in the same manner as above to form a galvannealed layer (test pieces Nos. b to e set out in Table 3 described later), and the other was not passed through the continuous hot-dip galvanization lines, namely, any coating layer was not formed (test pieces Nos. f to h set out in Table 3 described later).
[Table 1] Steel No. Chemical composition (mass%) Expression (1) *1 Expression (2) *2 C Si Mn P S Al N Ti Mo V W A 0.042 0.252 1.75 0.012 0.0025 0.045 0.0048 0.152 - - - 0.0032 1.11 B 0.041 0.010 1.24 0.015 0.0023 0.041 0.0032 0.114 - 0.05 - 0.0034 1.02 C 0.084 0.025 1.08 0.012 0.0024 0.042 0.0035 0.145 0.20 0.15 - 0.0080 0.87 D 0.071 0.011 0.86 0.013 0.0022 0.041 0.0033 0.092 0.28 0.11 - 0.0070 0.85 E 0.124 0.022 1.35 0.012 0.0023 0.052 0.0041 0.151 0.08 0.30 - 0.0099 1.05 F 0.096 0.015 1.52 0.015 0.0021 0.045 0.0038 0.141 0.05 - 0.80 0.00781 1.02 G 0.086 0.012 1.25 0.015 0.0026 0.038 0.0029 0.028 0.12 0.32 - 0.0081 0.88 H 0.032 0.010 1.18 0.016 0.0022 0.039 0.0033 0.012 0.11 0.13 - 0.0039 0.68 I 0.043 0.029 0.57 0.016 0.0021 0.043 0.0041 0.153 - - - 0.0032 1.12 J 0.041 0.016 1.35 0.017 0.0018 0.041 0.0027 0.080 0.05 0.04 - 0.0030 1.15 K 0.065 0.016 1.35 0.017 0.0018 0.041 0.0027 0.145 0.05 0.03 - 0.0041 1.31 L 0.091 0.023 1.55 0.018 0.0025 0.029 0.0028 0.012 0.12 0.02 1.17 0.0083 0.92 *1 : Value of ([Ti]/48+[V]/51+[Mo]/96+[W]/184)
*2: Value of ([C]/12)/([Ti]/48+[V]/51+[Mo]/96+[W]/184)[Table 2] Steel sheet No. Steel No. Slab heating temp. (°C) Finishing temp. (°C) Time from completion of finish rolling to initiation of cooling (s) Average cooling rate (°C/s) Coiling temp. (°C) Remarks 1 A 1250 890 1.1 74 590 Inv. Ex. 2 B 1250 890 0.9 85 610 Inv. Ex. 3 1070 860 1.2 81 600 Comp. Ex. 4 1240 810 1.0 79 610 Comp. Ex. 5 1250 860 2.6 94 570 Comp. Ex. 6 1260 900 1.3 27 600 Comp. Ex. 7 1250 910 0.9 84 710 Comp. Ex. 8 1250 910 0.9 83 540 Comp. Ex. 9 C 1250 890 0.8 85 610 Inv. Ex. 10 D 1250 870 0.7 81 580 Inv. Ex. 11 E 1260 880 0.9 86 600 Inv. Ex. 12 F 1250 900 1.1 82 610 Inv. Ex. 13 G 1250 900 0.9 85 600 Inv. Ex. 14 H 1250 890 1.0 86 630 Comp. Ex. 15 I 1250 900 1.2 84 580 Comp. Ex. 16 J 1250 900 0.8 85 580 Comp. Ex. 17 K 1260 900 1.3 75 590 Comp. Ex. 18 L 1250 900 1.1 76 600 Comp. Ex. - Test pieces were sampled from the obtained hot-rolled steel sheets and were subjected to a tensile test, microstructure observation, precipitate observation, and an enlarge test at a warm press forming temperature range to determine the tensile strength at room temperature, the yield stress and the total elongation at the warm press forming temperature range, and the yield stress and the total elongation after the test pieces had been subjected to a strain (up to 15% strain) described in Table 3 at the warm press forming temperature range and cooled to room temperature. Further, test pieces were sampled from the obtained hot-rolled steel sheets and were analyzed to determine the ferrite grain diameter, the ferrite phase area fraction and the average particle diameter of carbides before the steels were heated to the warm press forming temperature range, as well as to determine the hole expanding ratio at the warm press forming temperature range. Testing methods were as described below.
- 13-B tensile test pieces specified in JIS Z 2201 (1998) were sampled from the obtained hot-rolled steel sheets in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction, and a tensile test was performed in accordance with JIS G 0567 (1998) to determine the average yield stress (YS-1), tensile strength (TS-1) and total elongation (El-1) at room temperature (22 ± 5°C) as well as to determine the average yield stress (YS-2), tensile strength (TS-2) and total elongation (El-2) at temperatures in the temperature range of 400 to 800°C. Further, test pieces were sampled in the same manner as above and were subjected to a tensile test under the same conditions as those in the above elevated temperature tensile test to introduce a strain described in Table 3 at each of the temperatures; thereafter, the test pieces were cooled to room temperature (22 ± 5°C) at a cooling rate described in Table 3. The resultant test pieces were tensile tested at room temperature to determine the average yield stress (YS-3), tensile strength (TS-3) and total elongation (El-3).
- All the above tensile tests were performed at a cross head speed of 10 mm/min. In the elevated temperature tensile test in the heating temperature range, the test pieces were heated in an electric furnace to a temperature set out in Table 3 and were held for 15 minutes after the temperature of the test pieces became stable in the testing temperature ± 3°C.
- Test pieces were sampled from the hot-rolled steel sheets. A central portion along the sheet thickness in a cross section (L-cross section) parallel to the rolling direction was etched with 5% Nital and the exposed microstructure was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at x400 magnification. Ten fields of view were photographed.
- To determine the ferrite phase fraction (area fraction), the (SEM) images of the microstructure obtained above were analyzed to separate the ferrite phase from other phases, and the area fraction of the ferrite phase relative to the observed fields of view was obtained. While the ferrite phase is characteristic in that corrosion marks are not observed in the grains and the grain boundaries are seen as smooth curves, grain boundaries observed as linear shape were counted as part of the ferrite phase.
- The ferrite grain diameter was measured by a linear intercept method in accordance with ASTM E112-10 with respect to the images of the microstructure obtained above.
- To determine the average particle diameter of carbides, a sample was prepared by a thin-film method from a central portion along the sheet thickness of the hot-rolled steel sheet, and was observed with a transmission electron microscope (magnification: x120000), and the diameters of at least 100 particles (100 to 300 particles) of carbides were measured, the results being averaged. In the calculation of the particle diameters of carbides, particles larger than the micrometer order, namely, coarse cementite larger than 1 µm and nitrides were excluded.
- Testing temperature: An enlarge test was performed at 550°C, and warm press formability was evaluated based on the obtained hole expanding ratio.
- The enlarge test was carried out in accordance with standards by The Japan Iron and Steel Federation (T1001-1996). In detail, a 100 W × 100 L mm test piece was sampled from the hot-rolled steel sheet, and a 10 mm diameter hole was formed by punching in the center of the test piece with a clearance of 12%. Next, the test piece was heated and soaked at 600°C in a heating furnace, and a cylindrical base as a punch was inserted into the hole of the test piece at 550 ± 25°C. The hole in the test piece was enlarged until the hole expanding ratio calculated by Expression (3) below became 80%.
- After the enlarge test, each test piece was inspected for the presence or absence of a crack running through the edge face of the hole. Further, part of the test piece was cut after the test, and a central portion along the sheet thickness of the exposed cross section was subjected to a Vickers test. The testing load in the Vickers test was 1 kgf, and the hardness was measured with respect to 5 points.
- Warm press formability was evaluated to be good (○) when there was no crack running through the edge face of the hole and the Vickers hardness of the test piece was not less than 260 HV. Warm press formability was evaluated to be poor (×) when there was a crack running through the edge face of the hole or when the Vickers hardness of the test piece was less than 260 HV.
- The obtained results are set out in Tables 3 and 4.
[Table 3] Test piece No. Steel sheet No. Microstructure of steel sheet Mechanical characteristics at room temp. Tensile conditions at elevated temp. Mechanical characteristics during heating Mechanical characteristics after heating Remarks Ferrite grain diameter (µm) Ferrite phase area fraction (%) Precipitate particle diameter (nm) YS-1 (MPa) TS-1 (MPa) El-1 (%) Heating temp (°C) Strain (%) Rate of cooling after tension (°C/s) YS-2 (MPa) TS-2 (MPa) El-2 (%) YS-3 (MPa) TS-3 (MPa) El-3 (%) a 1 3.5 99 3 708 795 18.2 500 10 12 502 518 38.2 711 782 20.3 Inv.Ex. b 2 3.6 100 4 757 836 18.0 400 5 35 552 571 25.2 768 839 19.8 Inv.Ex. c 500 8 95 522 538 39.6 748 822 20.3 Inv.Ex. d 600 10 82 462 475 50.4 745 828 20.7 Inv.Ex. e 700 10 45 409 415 63.0 567 630 21.3 Inv.Ex. f 800 10 22 351 368 79.2 507 603 10.5 Comp.Ex. g 500 8 150 523 534 39.7 742 825 20.4 Inv.Ex. h 500 26 20 524 541 39.1 763 838 10.1 Comp.Ex. i 3 6.9 94 3 604 746 20.6 500 10 15 508 526 30.9 578 598 16.7 Comp.Ex. j 4 5.8 98 8 653 768 18.4 500 12 13 457 471 42.3 540 626 18.3 Comp.Ex. k 5 4.3 100 12 642 774 19.4 500 15 14 469 484 40.7 628 748 19.6 Comp. Ex. l 6 8.6 100 11 623 742 20.1 500 15 14 449 462 44.2 602 743 19.7 Comp.Ex. m 7 5.9 100 14 603 726 21.1 500 10 13 440 457 44.3 574 699 20.4 Comp. Ex. n 8 3.1 94 3 623 769 19.7 500 5 15 529 538 27.6 678 779 13.1 Comp.Ex. o 9 3.8 100 4 987 1085 14.8 570 2 15 622 638 42.9 938 1020 18.4 Inv.Ex. p 10 3.6 100 4 804 887 16.7 690 15 14 571 585 61.8 611 670 17.5 Inv.Ex. q 11 3.5 100 3 1104 1187 12.6 540 10 15 740 763 30.2 938 1031 13.4 Inv.Ex. r 12 3.2 100 5 996 1071 14.7 500 5 15 727 741 30.9 1006 1105 14.6 Inv.Ex. s 13 3.6 100 4 1006 1093 14.3 550 10 16 654 672 36.6 945 1039 15.8 Inv.Ex. t 14 3.8 100 5 713 767 19.5 500 15 14 521 530 41.0 606 666 20.7 Comp.Ex. u 15 3.2 99 13 639 743 21.3 500 12 10 454 573 46.9 703 764 23.0 Comp.Ex. v 16 3.3 98 4 702 771 19.4 500 15 15 498 517 44.6 631 686 20.3 Comp.Ex. w 17 3.5 92 3 707 803 17.3 400 10 11 643 681 17.5 777 845 18.1 Comp.Ex. x 18 3.6 74 6 885 1092 9.8 500 10 25 797 948 8.5 593 689 10.2 Comp.Ex [Table 4] Test piece No. Steel sheet No. TS-1(MPa) Changes in quality relative to quality at room temp. Warm press formability Remarks (YS-2)/(YS-1) (El-2)/(El-1) (YS-3)/(YS-1) (El-3)/(El-1) Cracks Hardness (HV) Evaluation a 1 795 0.71 2.1 1.00 1.12 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. b 2 836 0.73 1.4 1.01 1.10 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. c 0.69 2.2 0.99 1.13 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. d 0.61 2.8 0.98 1.15 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. e 0.54 3.5 0.75 1.18 ○ ○ ○ Inv.Ex. f 0.46 4.4 0.67 0.68 ○ × × Comp. Ex. g 0.69 2.2 0.98 1.13 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. h 0.69 2.2 1.01 0.56 × ○ × Comp. Ex. i 3 746 0.84 1.7 0.76 0.81 × × × Comp. Ex. j 4 768 0.70 2.4 0.71 0.99 ○ × × Comp. Ex. k 5 774 0.73 2.3 0.83 1.01 ○ × × Comp. Ex. l 6 742 0.72 2.5 0.80 0.98 ○ × × Comp. Ex. m 7 726 0.73 2.5 0.76 0.97 ○ × × Comp. Ex. n 8 769 0.85 1.5 0.90 0.66 × × × Comp. Ex. o 9 1085 0.63 2.9 0.95 1.24 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. p 10 887 0.71 3.7 0.76 1.05 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. q 11 1187 0.67 2.4 0.85 1.06 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. r 12 1071 0.73 2.1 1.01 0.99 ○ ○ ○ Inv.Ex. s 13 1093 0.65 2.6 0.94 1.10 ○ ○ ○ Inv. Ex. t 14 767 0.73 2.1 0.85 1.06 ○ × × Comp. Ex. u 15 743 0.71 2.2 1.10 1.08 ○ × × Comp. Ex. v 16 771 0.71 2.3 0.90 1.05 ○ × × Comp. Ex. w 17 803 0.91 1.0 1.10 1.05 × × × Comp. Ex. x 18 1092 0.90 0.9 0.67 1.04 × × × Comp. Ex. - For all the steel sheets in Inventive Examples (the test pieces Nos. a, b, c, d, e, g, o, p, q, r and s), the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) was not less than 780 MPa, the yield stress of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (YS-2) was not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature (YS-1), and the total elongation of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (El-2) was not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature (El-1). Further, for all the steel sheets in Inventive Examples, the yield stress (YS-3) and the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the above heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature were each not less than 70% of the yield stress (YS-1) and the total elongation (El-1) at room temperature (before the introduction of the strain). Furthermore, all the steel sheets in Inventive Examples exhibited good warm press formability.
- On the other hand, the steel sheets in Comparative Examples (the test pieces Nos. f, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, t, u, v, w and x), that is, the steel sheets which fail to satisfy the inventive range in terms of any of the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1), the yield stress (YS-2) or the total elongation (E1-2) of the steel sheet heated to the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, and the yield stress (YS-3) or the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the above heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature, exhibited poor warm press formability.
- When the steel sheets were worked under conditions outside the warm press forming conditions according to the invention (the test pieces Nos. f and h), the yield stress after the steel sheet was cooled to room temperature (YS-3) failed to be not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before heating (YS-1), or the total elongation after the steel sheet was cooled to room temperature (El-3) failed to be not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before heating (El-1) as a result.
- Because the testing temperature (the heating temperature) in the elevated temperature tensile test for the test piece No. f in Comparative Example had exceeded 700°C, an austenite phase was formed and carbides became coarse during heating, resulting in a marked deterioration in mechanical characteristics after heating.
- Because an excessively large strain was applied to the test piece No. h in Comparative Example, the dislocation was not fully recovered during heating and the steel sheet cooled to room temperature after heating exhibited poor ductility.
- For the test pieces Nos. i and j in Comparative Examples, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa because of the low temperature for heating the slab and because of the low finishing temperature, respectively.
- In the test pieces Nos. k, l and m in Comparative Examples, the average particle diameter of carbides was above 10 nm because of the excessively long exposure to a high temperature after finish rolling or because the average cooling rate or the coiling temperature had been outside the inventive range. Consequently, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa.
- For the test piece No. n in Comparative Example, a sufficient amount of carbides was not obtained because of the low coiling temperature. Consequently, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa. Further, because much carbon was present in the form of solute carbon instead of being precipitated as carbides, the strain aging precipitation of solute carbon occurred during heating with the results that the decrease in stress and the increase in ductility at the time of heating were suppressed as well as that the steel sheet cooled to room temperature after heating exhibited poor ductility.
- For the test piece No. t in Comparative Example, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa because Expression (2) failed to be satisfied and the balance among the contents of carbide-forming elements, namely, carbon, titanium, vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum, was not appropriate.
- In the test piece No. u in Comparative Example, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa because the Mn content was so low that carbides were precipitated at a high temperature and became coarse.
- For the test piece No. v in Comparative Example, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) did not reach 780 MPa because Expression (1) was not satisfied and the amount of precipitated carbides was insufficient.
- The test piece No. w in Comparative Example failed to satisfy Expression (2) and contained a large amount of carbon which was not involved in the formation of carbides. As a result, strain aging occurred during heating for warm press forming, the yield stress at the heating temperature range (the warm press forming temperature range) (YS-2) was high, and the total elongation at the heating temperature range (the warm press forming temperature range) (El-2) was insufficient. Thus, the steel sheet was shown to be unsuited for warm press forming.
- In the test piece No. x in Comparative Example, ferrite transformation was delayed and the ferrite phase area fraction was small because of the high W content. Consequently, deteriorations were observed in mechanical characteristics at room temperature after heating.
- Next, among the steel sheets described in Table 2, the steel sheets corresponding to Inventive Examples (Nos. 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13) were tensile tested in the same manner as described above (the elevated temperature tensile test and the tensile test after cooling to room temperature) to determine relations between mechanical characteristics (yield stress and total elongation) at the heating temperature range of 400 to 700°C as well as the mechanical characteristics after the steel sheets were subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range and cooled to room temperature, and the mechanical characteristics at room temperature before heating.
- In detail, a tensile test was carried out at a testing temperature of 400°C or 650°C to determine the average yield stress (Y2-2) and total elongation (El-2); separately, test pieces were subjected to a tensile test at 400°C or 650°C in which a strain of not more than 20% described in Table 5 was applied to the test piece, and were thereafter cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate described in Table 5, and the resultant test pieces were tensile tested at room temperature to determine the average yield stress (YS-3) and total elongation (El-3). The results are described in Table 5.
[Table 5] Steel sheet No. Microstructure of steel sheet Mechanical characteristics at room temp. Tensile conditions at elevated temp. Mechanical characteristics during heating Mechanical characteristics after heating Changes in quality relative to quality at room temp. Remarks Ferrite grain diameter (µm) Ferrite phase area fraction (%) Precipitate particle diameter (nm) YS-1 (MPa) TS-1 (MPa) El-1 (%) Heating temp. (°C) Strain (%) Rate of cooling after tension (°C/s) YS-2 (MPa) El-2 (%) YS-3 (MPa) El-3 (%) (YS-2)/ (YS-1) (El-2)/ (El-1) (YS-3)/ (YS-1) (El-3)/ (El-1) 1 3.5 99 3 708 795 18.2 400 1 12 562 24.8 721 18.5 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 15 711 16.5 1.0 0.9 650 1 16 415 54.6 715 19.1 0.6 3.0 1.0 1.0 10 20 705 20.3 1.0 1.1 2 3.6 100 4 757 836 18.0 400 1 50 552 25.2 762 18.6 0.7 1.4 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 60 748 16.8 1.0 0.9 650 1 60 433 55.8 761 18.8 0.6 3.1 1.0 1.0 15 60 703 26.7 0.9 1.5 9 3.8 100 4 987 1085 14.8 400 1 15 658 20.8 997 15.3 0.7 1.4 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 16 964 12.6 1.0 0.9 650 1 14 521 49.9 991 15.7 0.5 3.4 1.0 1.1 18 15 829 22.5 0.8 1.5 10 3.6 100 4 804 887 16.7 400 1 52 586 22.1 807 16.4 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 55 784 14.9 1.0 0.9 650 1 59 502 50.2 806 17.2 0.6 3.0 1.0 1.0 18 58 706 24.4 0.9 1.5 11 3.5 100 3 1104 1187 12.6 400 1 16 763 16.7 1115 12.3 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 15 1085 11.8 1.0 0.9 650 1 16 541 39.1 1098 13.4 0.5 3.1 1.0 1.1 18 15 982 20.2 0.9 1.6 12 3.2 100 5 996 1071 14.7 400 1 65 624 20.5 1002 14.5 0.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 68 976 12.8 1.0 0.9 650 1 65 535 49.0 994 14.5 0.5 3.3 1.0 1.0 18 66 847 22.6 0.9 1.5 13 3.6 100 4 1006 1093 14.3 400 1 16 654 18.4 1015 14.1 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 Inv.Ex. 10 16 990 12.9 1.0 0.9 650 1 15 539 47.2 994 15.0 0.5 3.3 1.0 1.0 18 16 845 22.0 0.8 1.5 - In all the steel sheets according to the present invention, as shown in Table 5, the tensile strength at room temperature (TS-1) was not less than 780 MPa, the yield stress of the steel sheet heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (YS-2) was not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature (YS-1), the total elongation of the steel sheet heated to the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C (E1-2) was not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature (El-1), the yield stress (YS-3) and the total elongation (El-3) after the steel sheet was subjected to a strain of not more than 20% at the heating temperature range stated above and cooled to room temperature were each not less than 70% of the yield stress (YS-1) and the total elongation (El-1) at room temperature (before the introduction of the strain).
- In Inventive Examples where the microstructures and the chemical compositions of the steel sheets were controlled to be the preferred microstructures and chemical compositions, the microstructures remain substantially a ferrite single phase at the heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C, and the state of carbides in the steel sheets does not change at the heating temperature range to such an extent that the quality of the steel sheets is adversely affected. Thus, the steel sheets which have been heated to the heating temperature range (warm press forming temperature range) and subjected to warm press forming may be cooled to room temperature at any cooling rate without suffering any adverse effects on the quality of the steel sheets after warm press forming. Accordingly, the inventive high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming can be applied to warm press forming in a facility fitted with a quenching apparatus which rapidly cools the steel sheets after warm press forming. It is needless to mention that the inventive high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming can also be applied to warm press forming in a facility which is not fitted with such a quenching apparatus.
Claims (5)
- A high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming, characterized in that the tensile strength at room temperature is not less than 780 MPa, the yield stress at a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C is not more than 80% of the yield stress at room temperature, the total elongation at the heating temperature range is not less than 1.1 times the total elongation at room temperature, the yield stress of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the yield stress at room temperature before the heating, and the total elongation of the steel sheet after the steel sheet is heated to the heating temperature range, subjected to a strain of not more than 20% and cooled from the heating temperature to room temperature is not less than 70% of the total elongation at room temperature before the heating, wherein the steel sheet has a chemical composition consisting of, in mass%:C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%,Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%,S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%,N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not less than 0.01% and not more than 0.25%,and optionally one, or two or more of V: not more than 0.5%, Mo: not more than 0.5% and W: not more than 1.0%,
the balance comprising Fe and inevitable impurities, and satisfying Expressions (1) and (2) below, and wherein the steel sheet includes a microstructure which has a matrix having a ferrite grain diameter of not less than 1 µm and a ferrite phase area fraction of not less than 95% and in which a carbide having an average particle diameter of not more than 10 nm is precipitated in the matrix:
Expressions - The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to claim 1, wherein the steel sheet has a coating layer on the surface.
- The high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming according to claim 2, wherein the coating layer is a hot-dip galvanized layer or a galvannealed layer.
- A method of working high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming, comprising heating the high-strength steel sheet for warm press forming described in any one of claims 1 to 3 to a heating temperature range of 400°C to 700°C and subjecting the steel sheet to a strain of not more than 20%.
- A method for manufacturing high-strength steel sheets for warm press forming, comprising heating a steel slab to a temperature of not less than 1100°C and not more than 1350°C, hot rolling the steel slab to a steel sheet at a finishing temperature of not less than 820°C, starting cooling within 2 seconds after the hot rolling, cooling the steel sheet at an average cooling rate of not less than 30°C/s in the temperature range from a temperature of not less than 820°C to a coiling temperature, and coiling the steel sheet into a coil at a coiling temperature of not less than 550°C and not more than 680°C, the steel slab having a chemical composition consisting of, in mass%:C: not less than 0.03% and not more than 0.14%, Si: not more than 0.3%,Mn: above 0.60% and not more than 1.8%, P: not more than 0.03%,S: not more than 0.005%, Al: not more than 0.1%,N: not more than 0.005%, and Ti: not less than 0.01% and not more than 0.25%,and optionally one, or two or more of V: not more than 0.5%, Mo: not more than 0.5% and W: not more than 1.0%,
the balance comprising Fe and inevitable impurities, the chemical composition satisfying Expressions (1) and (2) below:
Expressions
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JP2011158508A JP5754279B2 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2011-07-20 | High strength steel sheet for warm forming and manufacturing method thereof |
PCT/JP2012/004462 WO2013011660A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2012-07-11 | High-strength steel sheet for warm forming and process for producing same |
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EP2735623A1 EP2735623A1 (en) | 2014-05-28 |
EP2735623A4 EP2735623A4 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
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US (1) | US20140141280A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2735623B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5754279B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101607033B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103687976B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2840724C (en) |
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JP5541263B2 (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2014-07-09 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-strength hot-rolled steel sheet excellent in workability and manufacturing method thereof |
JP5957878B2 (en) * | 2011-12-27 | 2016-07-27 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High strength hot-rolled steel sheet for warm forming and manufacturing method thereof |
WO2013115205A1 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Hot-rolled steel for power generator rim and method for manufacturing same |
JPWO2013132821A1 (en) * | 2012-03-06 | 2015-07-30 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Warm press molding method and automotive framework parts |
JP5920246B2 (en) * | 2012-03-06 | 2016-05-18 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Warm press forming method |
WO2013132823A1 (en) * | 2012-03-06 | 2013-09-12 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Warm press forming method and automobile frame component |
JP5821864B2 (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2015-11-24 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-strength hot-rolled steel sheet excellent in burring workability and manufacturing method thereof |
JP5637225B2 (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-12-10 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-strength hot-rolled steel sheet excellent in burring workability and manufacturing method thereof |
JP6052503B2 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2016-12-27 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-strength hot-rolled steel sheet and its manufacturing method |
JP5892147B2 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2016-03-23 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High strength hot rolled steel sheet and method for producing the same |
JP5870961B2 (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2016-03-01 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Warm press forming method |
JP5929846B2 (en) * | 2013-06-18 | 2016-06-08 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Warm press molding method and molding die used in this molding method |
US10202667B2 (en) | 2013-06-27 | 2019-02-12 | Jfe Steel Corporation | High strength hot rolled steel sheet and method for manufacturing the same |
JP6075339B2 (en) * | 2013-08-12 | 2017-02-08 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Manufacturing method of high strength members |
CN103725956A (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-04-16 | 安阳钢铁股份有限公司 | High-strength light-weight steel for dumper compartment and production method of steel |
WO2017144419A1 (en) * | 2016-02-23 | 2017-08-31 | Tata Steel Ijmuiden B.V. | Hot formed part and method for producing it |
CN105838996A (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2016-08-10 | 河北钢铁股份有限公司承德分公司 | 800MPa-grade high-strength and weather-proof steel plate and production method thereof |
CN115094318B (en) * | 2022-06-18 | 2023-11-10 | 首钢集团有限公司 | 600 MPa-level steel for carriage plate and production method thereof |
CN115927959B (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2023-07-18 | 北京科技大学 | 2.2 GPa-grade low-cost low-carbon heterogeneous lamellar ultra-high-strength dual-phase steel and preparation method thereof |
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JP4506005B2 (en) | 2001-03-01 | 2010-07-21 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | High strength steel sheet for warm forming and forming method thereof |
JP3775337B2 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2006-05-17 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High formability, high-tensile hot-rolled steel sheet with excellent material uniformity, manufacturing method and processing method thereof |
JP4007050B2 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2007-11-14 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-tensile welded steel pipe excellent in workability and fatigue characteristics, its manufacturing method, and steel strip for welded steel pipe material |
JP3821043B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2006-09-13 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Hot-dip galvanized high-strength hot-rolled steel sheet with excellent weldability, manufacturing method and processing method thereof |
JP3993831B2 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2007-10-17 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Steel sheet with excellent curability and impact properties after hot forming and method of using the same |
JP4466352B2 (en) * | 2004-12-10 | 2010-05-26 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Hot rolled steel sheet suitable for warm forming and manufacturing method thereof |
JP4776296B2 (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2011-09-21 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Processing method of super high strength steel sheet exhibiting super plasticity |
JP5326403B2 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2013-10-30 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High strength steel plate |
JP4955497B2 (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2012-06-20 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Hot-rolled steel sheet with excellent fatigue characteristics and stretch flangeability balance |
JP2010053434A (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-11 | Nakayama Steel Works Ltd | High strength hot rolled thin steel sheet having excellent ductility and method for producing the same |
JP5609223B2 (en) * | 2010-04-09 | 2014-10-22 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | High-strength steel sheet with excellent warm workability and manufacturing method thereof |
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CA2840724A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
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CN103687976A (en) | 2014-03-26 |
CA2840724C (en) | 2016-02-09 |
CN103687976B (en) | 2016-05-18 |
JP2013023721A (en) | 2013-02-04 |
US20140141280A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
MX2014000642A (en) | 2014-04-30 |
WO2013011660A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
EP2735623A4 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
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KR101607033B1 (en) | 2016-03-28 |
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