EP2734667B1 - Procede de fonctionnement d'un seche linge a pompe a chaleur - Google Patents

Procede de fonctionnement d'un seche linge a pompe a chaleur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2734667B1
EP2734667B1 EP12731471.4A EP12731471A EP2734667B1 EP 2734667 B1 EP2734667 B1 EP 2734667B1 EP 12731471 A EP12731471 A EP 12731471A EP 2734667 B1 EP2734667 B1 EP 2734667B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat pump
compressor
process air
pump dryer
action
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP12731471.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2734667A2 (fr
Inventor
Hasan Gökcer ALBAYRAK
Sven Baumgarten
David Paul Michaud
Rudolf Seidl
Jörg SKRIPPEK
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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Priority to PL12731471T priority Critical patent/PL2734667T3/pl
Publication of EP2734667A2 publication Critical patent/EP2734667A2/fr
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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/32Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/34Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers  characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • D06F58/50Responding to irregular working conditions, e.g. malfunctioning of blowers
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/28Air properties
    • D06F2103/32Temperature
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/50Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers related to heat pumps, e.g. pressure or flow rate
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/26Heat pumps
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/58Indications or alarms to the control system or to the user
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/20General details of domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/206Heat pump arrangements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a heat pump dryer, in particular circulating air heat pump dryer, so that an imminent or already occurred error in operation is recognizable.
  • the invention further relates to a designed for carrying out the method heat pump dryer.
  • Recirculating heat laundry dryers typically include a laundry treatment space connected to a circulating process air duct so that the laundry treatment space and process air duct form a closed process air loop in which process air is circulated.
  • a fan is provided in the process air duct.
  • a heater which heats the process air flowing into the laundry treatment room so that it heats laundry located in the laundry treatment room.
  • Still wet laundry releases moisture to the process air, which emerges from the laundry treatment room as moist-warm process air.
  • Fluidically behind the laundry treatment room is located in the process air duct, a condensation device which cools the moist-warm process air, whereupon it condenses out. The now condensed cool process air is conveyed to the heater where it is heated and returned to the laundry treatment room.
  • a heat pump is provided instead of a dedicated heater and a dedicated condensation device.
  • the heat pump operates as a heat recovery unit and has at least one evaporator, a condenser or condenser, a compressor or compressor and a relaxation device.
  • the evaporator takes over the function of the condensation device and the condenser the function of heating.
  • the evaporator is disposed on and thermally coupled to a warmer portion of the process air loop, and the condenser is at a colder portion of the process air loop and is thermally coupled thereto.
  • the thermal coupling can be achieved for example via a coolant / process air heat exchanger.
  • the heat pump or its refrigerant is from the evaporator Heat from the process air taken and delivered to the condenser, and discharged from the condenser to the process air.
  • the heat transfer in the heat pump is done essentially by a refrigerant that flows in a refrigerant circuit formed by the heat pump.
  • a restricted or blocked process air duct can be identified by means of a temperature difference of the process air at different positions.
  • the temperature difference can be sensed, for example, between an input and an output of the laundry treatment room, the condenser, etc. These two temperature sensors are needed, which is relatively complex and expensive.
  • DE 10 2008 041 019 A1 describes a condensation dryer with a drying chamber for the objects to be dried, a process air circuit, a first fan in the process air circuit, a heat pump in which a refrigerant circulates, with an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and a throttle, and a temperature sensor for measuring a Temperature of the refrigerant, and a controller, wherein the controller includes first means for comparing a temperature of the refrigerant with an upper limit temperature stored for the refrigerant in the controller; second means for the temperature-based switching off of the compressor and for switching on the compressor after the expiration of a delay period each after a shutdown; a counting device for detecting a number n of cases in which the compressor is turned off, which counting device is incremented in each case of turning off; and third means for comparing the number n with a predetermined limit number stored in the controller and for evaluating the difference in the presence of an inadmissible operating condition.
  • DE 10 2007 016 077 A1 discloses a condensation dryer with a drying chamber for objects to be dried, a process air circuit in which a heater for heating the process air and the heated process air is feasible by means of a first blower on the objects to be dried, an air-to-air heat exchanger and a heat pump circuit with an evaporator, a compressor and a condenser, wherein the heat pump circuit and the heater are arranged to act with a heating power in the process air circuit, a control and regulating unit is provided, through which the heating power is controlled depending on at least one parameter of the heat pump cycle.
  • the parameter is detected as the power consumption of the compressor.
  • corresponding data of the power supply of the compressor can be detected by the control and regulation unit, for which purpose possibly already existing sensors can be used, and evaluated accordingly.
  • the object is achieved by a method for operating a heat pump dryer, wherein at least one operating parameter of a compressor of a heat pump is monitored for a change.
  • This heat pump dryer makes use of the fact that a disturbance of a circulation of the process air in the process air circulation on the compressor becomes noticeable. It has additionally been shown that a disturbance of a circulation of a refrigerant in the heat pump to the compressor is noticeable.
  • dedicated sensors can be dispensed with. The method is used in particular for detecting an error case.
  • the heat pump dryer may be a household appliance (for example also referred to as "white goods").
  • the heat pump dryer can be a washer-dryer or a pure tumble dryer.
  • the heat pump dryer may in particular be a circulating air heat pump dryer, since there the heat pump can work very effectively.
  • the heat pump dryer may alternatively be used e.g. be an exhaust air heat pump dryer.
  • the heat pump dryer may in particular be a heat pump dryer as described above.
  • the heat pump may in particular be a compression heat pump.
  • the expansion device may be an expansion valve (also called a throttle valve), e.g. a controllable expansion valve or a capillary with a fixed flow cross-section.
  • An operating parameter of the compressor may, in particular, be understood as meaning a parameter (directly) relating to the compressor as such, for example a rotational speed or a power or power consumption.
  • a parameter directly relating to the compressor as such, for example a rotational speed or a power or power consumption.
  • no parameter can be understood which acts only indirectly on the compressor, such as a temperature of a refrigerant.
  • the compressor may be a variable speed or variable speed compressor.
  • the compressor is operated at a constant speed ⁇ and an electric power P of the compressor is monitored.
  • an electric power can be understood in particular at least one parameter from which the power can be derived, for example, a motor current of a drive motor of the compressor at a constant motor voltage.
  • the determination of the electrical power can be determined, for example, by means of a determination of a value of a current which passes through a stator winding of the drive motor.
  • the compressor is operated at a constant electric power P and a speed w of the compressor is monitored. In both modes, a (fast or slow) change in power P are used to detect an announcing or already existing error case.
  • a threatening or occurred fault can be detected which considerably impairs operation of the heat pump drier in a short time, prevents further operation or even damages the heat pump drier, e.g. an immediate clogging of the process air duct or a break in the refrigeration cycle.
  • a change with time of one or more variable operating parameters p (for example the rotational speed, the power and / or the load torque) that is variable for a particular operating mode is determined and compared with a predetermined limit value.
  • the at least one operating parameter p may be detected at regular time intervals ⁇ t and the gradient ⁇ p / ⁇ t compared with the predetermined threshold value.
  • the gradient method can also be carried out, for example, with average values of the at least one operating parameter p over a plurality of time intervals ⁇ t.
  • a plurality of values of the at least one operating parameter p can be recorded at different times t and summed or integrated into a total value and the total value compared with a predetermined limit value.
  • a predetermined threshold value of the at least one operating parameter p is considered, but the at least one operating parameter p itself.
  • the at least one action may include (at least) a notification signal to a disabled process air circulation. Because with a clogging of the process air duct and thus a reduced process air volume flow heat transfer between the evaporator and the condenser is reduced. The resulting increased temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser leads to an increased pressure difference between an inlet and an outlet of the compressor, which in turn leads to an increased compression load. Consequently, a power increase is needed to keep the speed ⁇ of the compressor constant.
  • the alert signal may be a warning signal (e.g., visual and / or audible) to a user.
  • the warning signal for the user may, for example, also include a text with an indication of possible causes and, if necessary, a troubleshooting (for example a change of a lint filter).
  • the at least one action may also include at least one action that affects operation of the heat pump dryer, e.g. switching off or switching to a fault mode of the heat pump dryer.
  • the compressor in the case where the compressor is operated at a constant speed ⁇ , that abnormal power reduction is detected, and subsequently, an action related to refrigerant loss is triggered. Because it has been shown that with a loss of coolant, a lower power is needed to keep the speed ⁇ constant.
  • the at least one action can be configured analogously as described above.
  • the warning signal may give the user an indication of a loss of refrigerant and / or give an indication to notify a customer service or issue such notification itself, e.g. over the internet with a networked heat pump dryer.
  • the at least one action may e.g. include switching off or switching to an error mode of the heat pump dryer in order to avoid a total failure of the heat pump dryer and thus high repair costs.
  • the compressor is operated at a constant power P, that an abnormal speed decrease is detected and following, e.g. analogously as described above, at least one action is triggered.
  • the at least one action may include an output of at least one notification signal to a disabled process air circulation.
  • the compressor is operated at a constant power, that an abnormal speed increase is detected and following, e.g. analogously as described above, at least one action is triggered.
  • the at least one action may include an output of at least one notification signal for a loss of refrigerant.
  • a load torque T may be used as an operating parameter, i.e. as an operating parameter to be regulated or as an operating parameter to be monitored.
  • At least the method may also be triggered based on the integral method or based on any other suitable method.
  • the at least one limit value can be dependent on an arbitrarily adjustable but then at least temporarily fixed operating parameter (eg a constant speed or power).
  • a plurality of limit values can be used or stored by the heat pump drier in dependence on at least one other operating parameter, for example in the form of a table or characteristic curve.
  • the object is also achieved by a heat pump dryer, in particular circulating air heat pump dryer, wherein the heat pump dryer is set up for carrying out the method.
  • the heat pump dryer can be designed analogously to the method and also achieve the same advantages.
  • An advantage is for example a fault detection without or with only a small additional expenditure on equipment.
  • the compressor may be a variable speed or variable speed compressor.
  • the method runs at least partially in a central control unit of the heat pump dryer.
  • the method at least partially runs in a motor control of the heat pump dryer.
  • Fig.1 shows a designed as a household appliance heat pump dryer in the form of a circulating air heat pump dryer 1.
  • the circulating heat pump dryer 1 has a laundry treatment room in the form of a rotatable laundry drum 2, which is connected to a circulating process air duct 3.
  • the laundry drum 2 and the process air duct 3 form a closed process air circuit in which process air L is circulated.
  • a fan 4 is present in the process air duct 3.
  • a condenser 8 of a heat pump acting as a heater (as will be described in more detail below), which heats the process air L flowing into the laundry drum 2 so that this laundry W warming up in the laundry drum 2 warms up.
  • Still wet laundry W gives off moisture to the process air L, which emerges as a moist-warm process air L from the laundry drum 2.
  • Fluidically behind the laundry drum 2 is located in the process air duct 3 serving as a condenser evaporator 7 of the heat pump, which cools the hot-humid process air L, whereupon it condenses out.
  • the now condensed cool process air L is conveyed to the condenser 8 acting as heating, heated there and fed back into the laundry drum 2.
  • a heat pump 7 to 10 For particularly energy-saving operation of the recirculating heat pump dryer 1 is a heat pump 7 to 10 with an evaporator 7, a condenser 8, a variable speed compressor or compressor 9 and a relaxation device here in the form of a capillary 10 as a heat recovery unit.
  • heat is taken up by the evaporator 7 from the process air L and passed to the condenser 8, and discharged from the condenser 8 back to the process air L.
  • the heat transfer in the heat pump 7 to 10 takes place essentially by a refrigerant K, which flows in a formed by the heat pump 7 to 10 refrigeration cycle.
  • the circulating-air heat pump drier 1 furthermore has a control device 11, which, inter alia, receives and / or evaluates operating parameters of the compressor 9 and controls or regulates the compressor 9.
  • the control device 11 is coupled to two temperature sensors 12 and 13, which here measure a temperature difference of the process air L, here purely by way of example in front of and behind the laundry drum, alternatively, for example, also upstream of and behind the evaporator 7.
  • the process air circuit clogged, e.g. due to clogging of a lint filter or blower 4. This can be done quickly, e.g. suddenly or within a few seconds or minutes. With a slow blockage of the process air cycle, the clogging can build up over several operating cycles. Also, there may be a slow leakage and thus escape of the refrigerant K from the heat pump 7 to 10, e.g. by a leaking seal or hairline crack, or to a quick leak, e.g. due to breakage of a pipe or loosening of a connection of the refrigeration cycle.
  • step S1 the control device 11 regulates the compressor 9 to a predetermined rotational speed ⁇ .
  • the compressor 9 for example, be adjusted to a constant power or a constant torque.
  • the control unit 11 monitors an electric power (alternatively or additionally: a load torque) of the compressor 9 by monitoring a stator current of a drive motor (o.Fig.) Of the compressor 9, for example, is measured or calculated at regular time intervals .DELTA.t.
  • the power P as such a second threshold Pmax ( ⁇ ) (slow blockage) can be performed by the control unit 11 an action A2, eg a text "process air circulation is threatening to clog, please check lint filter” or similar. spent, possibly together with a transfer of the circulating heat pump dryer 1 in a failure mode in which the drying process is stopped.
  • step S4 of FIG Fig.2 shown the power P within a predetermined period .DELTA.t or a multiple thereof, for example by a first threshold .DELTA.Pmax ( ⁇ ) predetermined (quick coolant outlet), the control unit 11 also at least one action A3 are triggered, for example, together with an audible warning a text "coolant outlet, heat pump defective, please contact Customer Service” or similar be issued, advantageously together with a transfer of the circulating air heat pump dryer 1 in an error mode in which the drying process, in particular the operation of the heat pump 7 to 10, is stopped.
  • step S5 of FIG Fig.2 shown as such a second threshold Pmin ( ⁇ ) (slower coolant outlet)
  • the controller 11 as at least one action A4, for example, also the text "coolant outlet, heat pump defective, please contact customer service” or similar. be issued, advantageously together with a transfer of the circulating air heat pump dryer 1 in an error mode in which the drying process, in particular the operation of the heat pump 7 to 10, is stopped.
  • the controller may additionally determine a temperature difference across the temperature sensors 12 and 13 (eg, by the gradient method, the integral method, or by direct comparison with a threshold) and at least following to resolve an action A5 (step S6).
  • action A5 may be similar to actions A1 and / or A2.
  • the laundry drying device (dryer or washer-dryer) can also be configured as an exhaust air dryer, in which no circulating process air circuit is present, but from outside a cooling air inlet channel to the laundry treatment room leads and a cooling air outlet channel leads from the laundry treatment room to the outside.
  • exhaust air dryer drying device may be present in the process air cycle upstream of the laundry treatment room to accelerate a drying process.
  • a temperature difference at the heat pump for example in front of and behind the evaporator, the condenser, the compressor and / or the expansion device.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Washing Machine And Dryer (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé (S1-S6) pour faire fonctionner un sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur (1), en particulier un sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur à circulation d'air (1), dans lequel, de manière à détecter un dysfonctionnement d'une circulation d'air de traitement ou un dysfonctionnement d'une circulation de fluide frigorigène dans une pompe à chaleur (7 à 10), on surveille une modification d'au moins un paramètre de fonctionnement (w, P) d'un compresseur (9) de la pompe à chaleur (7 à 10) (S2 à S5).
  2. Procédé (S1-S6) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel on fait fonctionner le compresseur (9) à une vitesse de rotation (w) constante et on surveille une puissance (P) du compresseur (9).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel on fait fonctionner le compresseur (9) à une puissance constante (P) et on surveille une vitesse de rotation (w) du compresseur (9).
  4. Procédé (S1-S6) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel on surveille une modification (ΔP/ΔT) dudit au moins un paramètre de fonctionnement (P) (S2, S4).
  5. Procédé (S1-S6) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel on surveille l'atteinte ou le passage d'un seuil prédéterminé (Pmax, Pmin) dudit au moins un paramètre de fonctionnement (P) (S3, S5).
  6. Procédé (S1-S6) selon la revendication 2 et l'une des revendications 4 et 5, dans lequel on détecte une augmentation de la puissance (S2, S3) et on déclenche ensuite au moins une action (A1, A2), en particulier on délivre un signal indiquant un débit d'air de traitement entravé.
  7. Procédé (S1-S6) selon la revendication 2 et l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, dans lequel on détecte une diminution de la puissance (S4, S5) et on déclenche ensuite au moins une action (A3, A4), en particulier on délivre un signal indiquant une perte de fluide frigorigène.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 3 et l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, dans lequel on détecte une diminution de la vitesse de rotation et on déclenche ensuite au moins une action, en particulier on délivre un signal indiquant un débit d'air de traitement entravé.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 3 et l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, dans lequel on détecte une augmentation de la vitesse de rotation et on déclenche ensuite au moins une action, en particulier on délivre un signal indiquant une perte de fluide frigorigène.
  10. Procédé (S1-S6) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel on mesure en plus une différence de température de l'air de traitement (L) au-dessus d'un tambour (2) contenant du linge à sécher (W) (S6).
  11. Sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur (1), en particulier sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur à circulation d'air (1), lequel sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur (1) comporte une pompe à chaleur (7 à 10), un compresseur (9) et une unité de commande centrale (11), ladite unité de commande centrale (11) étant adaptée pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé (S1 à S6) selon l'une des revendications précédentes.
  12. Sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur (1) selon la revendication 11, lequel sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur (1) comporte un compresseur (9) à vitesse de rotation variable.
EP12731471.4A 2011-07-20 2012-07-05 Procede de fonctionnement d'un seche linge a pompe a chaleur Active EP2734667B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL12731471T PL2734667T3 (pl) 2011-07-20 2012-07-05 Sposób pracy suszarki z pompą ciepła

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011079449A DE102011079449A1 (de) 2011-07-20 2011-07-20 Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Wärmepumpentrockners
PCT/EP2012/063098 WO2013010804A2 (fr) 2011-07-20 2012-07-05 Procédé de fonctionnement d'un séchoir à pompe à chaleur

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2734667A2 EP2734667A2 (fr) 2014-05-28
EP2734667B1 true EP2734667B1 (fr) 2015-07-01

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EP12731471.4A Active EP2734667B1 (fr) 2011-07-20 2012-07-05 Procede de fonctionnement d'un seche linge a pompe a chaleur

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EP (1) EP2734667B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102011079449A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL2734667T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013010804A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013104124B4 (de) * 2013-04-24 2022-06-02 Miele & Cie. Kg Verfahren zur Erkennung einer wenigstens teilweisen Verstopfung eines Prozessluftkanals in einemTrockner und Trockner zur Durchführung eines solchen Verfahrens
WO2014187494A1 (fr) * 2013-05-23 2014-11-27 Arcelik Anonim Sirketi Sèche-linge à pompe à chaleur et procédé de séchage du linge l'employant
DE102014206650A1 (de) * 2014-04-07 2015-10-08 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Trockner mit einer vibrationsarmen Wärmepumpe und Verfahren zu seinem Betrieb
CN112030492B (zh) * 2019-06-03 2022-11-22 青岛海尔洗衣机有限公司 一种干衣设备

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005075728A1 (fr) * 2004-02-04 2005-08-18 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Appareil de séchage et méthode de fonctionnement de celui-ci
DE102005041145A1 (de) * 2005-08-29 2007-03-01 Alpha-Innotec Gmbh Wäschetrockner
DE102007016077A1 (de) * 2007-04-03 2008-10-09 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Kondensationstrockners mit einem Wärmepumpenkreis, sowie entsprechender Kondensationstrockner
US7928855B2 (en) * 2008-02-15 2011-04-19 Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Diagnostic device for a washing appliance, and associated apparatus and method
DE102008041019A1 (de) * 2008-08-06 2010-02-11 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Kondensationstrockner mit einer Wärmepumpe und Erkennung eines unzulässigen Betriebszustands sowie Verfahren zu seinem Betrieb

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PL2734667T3 (pl) 2015-12-31
WO2013010804A2 (fr) 2013-01-24
WO2013010804A3 (fr) 2013-10-10
DE102011079449A1 (de) 2013-01-24
EP2734667A2 (fr) 2014-05-28

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